DNA REPLICATION

PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
CENTRAL DOGMA
and
BIOTECHNOLOGY
BIOTECHNOLOGY
 Diagram the steps in DNA replication and protein
synthesis (STEM-BIO 12-IIIa-b-5)
 Outline the processes involved in genetic
engineering (STEM_BIO11/12-IIIa-b-6)
 Discuss the application of recombinant DNA
(STEM_BIO11/12-IIIa-b-7)
DNA REPLICATION
DNA REPLICATION is the process by which a double-
stranded DNA molecule is copied to produce two identical
DNA molecules. Replication is an essential process because,
whenever a cell divides, the two new daughter cells must
contain the same genetic information, or DNA, as the parent
cell.
 DNA REPLICATION
STAGES
1. Replication fork formation  HELICASE,
TOPOISOMERASE
2. Primer synthesis  PRIMASE
3. Elongation (leading and lagging strand synthesis; primer
removal)  DNA POLYMERASE, EXONUCLEASE
4. Ligation  DNA LIGASE
5. Termination
PROTEIN SYNTHEIS
 DNA Code ATG CCC GAG TGA
mRNA
UAC GGG CUC ACU
(Codons)
tRNA
AUG CCC GAG UGA
(Anticodons)
Amino acid
Methionine Proline Glutamic Acid Stop
sequence
BIOTECHNOLOGY
BIOTECHNOLOGY
Use of biological agents for technological advancement.
The primary applications of this technology are…
(vaccine and antibiotic production) and
(crop genetic modification in order to
increase yields).
, such as fermentation,
treating oil spills, and producing biofuels
BIOTECHNOLOGY
MODIFYING TECHNIQUES:
A. Classical Breeding (Natural method)
B. Genetic Engineering (Artificial method)
 Recombinant DNA technology
 Gene splicing
B. Gene Therapy
C. Cloning
 Cellular Cloning
 Molecular Cloning
 Reproductive Cloning
 CLASSICAL BREEDING
 breeders make two different breeds of same specie
mate to have a chance of having an offspring with
their desired trait.
 The organism that undergone this process is called
cisgenic organism
GENETIC ENGINEERING
 Changing the DNA in living
organisms to create something new by
means of recombinant DNA
technology and gene splicing
 The organism that undergone this
process is called transgenic organism
Genetically
Modified
Organism
 5 processes involved in
Genetic Engineering
1. ISOLATION
2. CUTTING
3. LIGATION
4. INSERTION
5. EXPRESSION
 5 processes involved in Genetic Engineering
– the desired gene from the donor and the bacterial
plasmid
 5 processes involved in Genetic Engineering
– Restriction enzymes act as molecular scissors
and cut DNA at specific sites called restriction sites

Restriction site
Restriction
site Restriction
enzymes
 5 processes involved in Genetic Engineering

Restriction site Restriction site

Donor DNA
5 processes involved in Genetic Engineering

Donor DNA

Plasmid Sticky Ends

 5 processes involved in Genetic Engineering
– combining the cut fragments of DNA and forming
artificial recombinant molecules (rDNA)
5 processes involved in Genetic Engineering
– Recombinant DNA introduced into bacterial cell

Bacterial
cell
Bacterial
chromosome

Recombinant DNA
 5 processes involved in Genetic Engineering
– Bacterial cell reproduces by means of Binary
Fission so as with the recombinant DNA inside making multiple
copies of the desired gene. When the protein is produced in large
amounts it is isolated and purified.
 GENE THERAPY
An application of gene editing technology, in its simplest
form, it involves the introduction of a good gene at a
random location in the genome to aid the cure of a disease
that is caused by a mutated gene. The good gene is usually
introduced into diseased cells as part of a vector transmitted
by a virus that can infect the host cell and deliver the foreign
DNA.
 CLONING
A method of creating an exact copy of apart of
genome or the whole organism
Cellular cloning
 natural occurring, performed by unicellular
organism
Molecular Cloning
 reproducing a desired regions or fragments
of the genome
Reproductive cloning
 artificial or induced in the laboratory.
Usually involved multicellular organisms.
 CLONING
======ogbl0pvfcxt
“DOLLY”

Dolly was born in July 1996 and was

introduced in March 1997.

Ian Wilmut and Keith Campbell fused 277

adult mammary gland cells with 277 egg
cells, but they achieved only thirteen
pregnancies, and only one pregnancy
resulted in a live birth.
 CLONING
“CC or Carbon Copy”

She was the world's first cloned pet.

Rainbow (Donor Cat) CC (Cloned Cat)
CC was born on December 22, 2001, to her
surrogate mom, Allie.

CC was genetically identical to Rainbow, the

cat who donated the genetic material. But the
cats looked different because coat patterns
and other features can be determined in the
womb. Allie (Surrogate Cat)