EARTH AND LIFE SCIENCE
LESSON 1: BIG BANG THEORY
GALAXY
 A large group of stars outside of our
own Milky way.
 Made of billions to trillions of stars.
NEBULA
 A cloud in a space that is made of
gas and dust. (Can have stars inside).
SOLAR NEBULA THEORY
 Planets are formed at the same time
from the same cloud of stars.
 Planet formation sites observed
today as dust disk of T Tauri
WHY IS EARTH UNIQUE?
 It is the only planet to harbor life.
 It is in the goldilocks zone.
 It is a habitable planet.
 The only planet with oxygen in our
solar system.
WHY IS EARTH HABITABLE?
 It is the right distance to sun.
 It has strong magnetic field that
shields us from electromagnetic
radiation coming from the sun.
 It is protected by the plate tectonics
from the very hot temperature of the
core.
 It has the right chemical material that
could support life. (like water,
oxygen, etc.)
 It has oxygen in the atmosphere.
 Right atmospheric conditions.
LESSON 2: SUBSYTEM
SYSTEM
A set of connected or related parts
working together and forming complex
system as a whole.
CYCLES
 It is one of the major themes of
Earth’s subsystems.
 It is the processed wherein the
material in the Earth system was
continuously recycled in
numerous overlapping cycles.
(Water Cycle, Rock Cycle,
Carbon Cycle,)
THE EARTH SUBSYTEMS
 Biosphere
 Lithosphere (Geosphere)
 Hydrosphere
 Atmosphere
BIOSPHERE
 Is made up of living things and the
areas of Earth where they found.
 All microbes, plants, and animals can
be found somewhere in biosphere.
 The biosphere extends to any place
that life of any kind might exist.
(Upper areas of atmosphere and deep
underground caves or at the bottom
of the ocean)
HYDROSPHERE
  It is the liquid component of the Other gases – 0.04%
Earth (including glacial water)
 Covers 71% of the Earth’s Surface.
 Helps the atmosphere to become its GEOSPHERE (LITHOSPHERE)
current state.
 The Earth’s solid surface, often
WATER CYCLE called the crust of Earth.
 It includes continental and
 It is the cycle that explain the
oceanic crust as well as the
continuous movement of the
various layers of the Earth’s
water, above or below the Earth’s
Interior.
surface.
 The sun is the driving agent of LAYERS OF EARTH
the cycle.
 Crust
 Mantle
 Outer Core
 Inner Core

ATMOSPHERE
 A gaseous sphere and its envelopes
the Earth.
 Consist of a mixture of gases
composed primarily of nitrogen, LESSON 3: MINERALS AND ROCKS
oxygen, carbon dioxide, and water
vapor.
 Set of layers of gases that surrounds MINERALS AND ROCKS
or protects the planet that is held by
planet’s gravity.  Are the significant building blocks of
our dynamic earth.
 Make up solid part of lithosphere and
ATMOSPHERE EARTH provide us with valuable resources.
COMPOSITION:  More than 4,000 minerals identified
by scientist but only few occur as
Nitrogen – 78%
rock-forming minerals.
Oxygen – 20.95%
Argon – 0.93%
MINERAL
Naturally occurring, inorganic,
homogenous solid with definite chemical
composition and ordered internal/ crystalline
structure.
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF MINERALS
 Color
o It is the perceived wavelength
of light that bounced off from
the material and is detected
by our eyes.
 HARDNESS
o Mineral’s ability to scratch
another mineral or be
scratched by another mineral.
o It is the resistance of a
mineral from scratching.
 STREAK
o When you scratch a mineral
along a white tile it leaves a
powder.
o Steak is the color of that
powder.
o Steak can be different from
the mineral color.
 LUSTER
o It is the behavior of light as it
is reflected by the surface of
a mineral.
Metallic – reflects light like
polish metals.
Non-Metallic – pearly, waxy,
vitreous, silky.
 CLEAVAGE
o It is the tendency of mineral
to break along particular
directions.
o The breakage happens along
zones of weakness within the
crystal structure of the
mineral.
MINERAL GROUP
Silicates
 Minerals containing 2 most
abundant elements in the Earth’s
crust, namely, silicon and
oxygen.
 When linked together, these two
elements form the Silicon oxygen
tetrahedron – the fundamental
building block of silicate
minerals.
Oxides
 Minerals containing oxygen anion
(02-) combined with one or more
metal ions.
Sulfates
  Mineral containing sulfur and
oxygen anion (S04) – combined with
other ions.

TYPES OF ROCKS

 IGNEOUS ROCKS
o Extrusive/volcanic rock
 Forms when magma
makes its way to
Earth’s surface as lava
and then cools
o Intrusive/ platonic
 It cools slowly
beneath the earth
surface.
 Are sealed by magma.