Senior High School

ORIENTAL MINDORO NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

SUPPLEMENTARY LEARNING MATERIALS

Earth and Life Science

Quarter 2 – Week 1 – 2
Introduction to Life Science

Competencies:

1. Explain the evolving concept of life based on emerging pieces

of evidence.
2. Describe how unifying themes (e.g. structure and function,
evolution, and ecosystems) in the study of life show the
connections among living things and how they interact with each
other and with their environment.
 Evidences and Processes of
Evolution
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What I Need to Know

How do we define life? We simply describe life as easy as it is recognised to be but often much harder to
define it. Animals and Plants are organisms that we consider to have life and what is common with these 2 is that
both are made up of cells which can be unicellular or multicellular depending to which descendant an organism
belongs. There are different characteristics of life and these are nutrition, reproduction, excretion, growth, movement,
respiration, and sensitivity. Several attempts have been made from time to time to explain on the origin of the Earth
and how life really began. As a result, people have come up with different theories providing their own explanation on
the possible mechanism on the origin of life. This chapter is your introduction to a slice through time. We begin with
Earth‟s formation and move on to life‟s chemical origins and the evolution of traits present in modern eukaryotes.

What Is It
 Origin of the Universe and Earth

There were many theories inferred by different scientists on the origin of the universe. Few of these are the
Theory of Special Creation, Theory of Spontaneous Generation, Theory of Biogenesis, Theory of Biochemical
Evolution, Theory of Panspermia , and Deep Sea hydrothermal vent theory. These theories may have or may have
not scientific basis.
Some believed that organisms were put to Earth by some divine forces while others say that life did not originate
from Earth but from other celestial bodies. Among the scientists, the most accepted theory is that life came from
lifeless matter. According to the primordial soup theory proposed by Alexander Oparin and John Haldane, that life
started in a primordial soup of organic molecules. Some form of energy from lightning combined with the chemicals in
the atmosphere to make the amino acids (the building block of proteins.
Studies of the modern universe allow astronomers and physicists to propose and test ideas about its origin.
According to the big bang theory the universe began in a single instant, about 13 to 15 billion years ago. In that silent
expansion, all existing matter and energy suddenly appeared and exploded outward from a single point. Simple
elements such as hydrogen and helium formed within minutes. Then over millions of years, gravity drew the gases
together and they condensed to form giant stars. The explosions of the early stars scattered heavier elements which
formed into galaxies. Five billion years ago, a cloud of dust and rocks (asteroids) orbited the star which is known as
the sun. When the asteroids collided with another asteroids, it merged into bigger asteroids. The heavier these pre-
planetary object became, the more gravitational pull they exerted, and the more material they gathered. About 4.6
billion years ago, this gradual build-up of materials had formed Earth and other planets of our solar system.

The Common Ancestor of All Life

All living things are made up of cells. Some are unicellular and some are multicellular. Unicellular organisms
that are mostly known are paramecium, amoeba, bacteria, and yeast. The multicellular cells include animal cells,
plant cells, and the human body and germ cells. Given what scientists know about relationships among modern
species. Most assume that this common ancestor was prokaryotic, meaning it did not have a nucleus. There was a
scarcity of oxygen during the early Earth so the ancestral cell must also have been anaerobic meaning capable of
living without oxygen.
What are the evidences to prove such statement? Looking for and finding signs of early cells poses a
challenge. Cells are microscopic and cannot be seen through our naked eye and is difficult to fossilize. Furthermore,
few ancient rocks that could hold early fossils still exist. Tectonic plate movements have destroyed nearly all rocks
older than about 4 million years, most slightly younger rocks have been heated that destroy traces of biological
material. Structures formed by non-biological mechanisms sometimes resemble fossils. To avoid mistakes on

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accepting materials like genuine fossils, scientists repeatedly analyse purported fossil finds and they often question
one another‟s conclusion.

The Oldest Fossil Cells

The divergence that separated the two prokaryotic domains, Bacteria and Archaea, occurred very rarely in
the history of life, and no fossils from before this divergence have been discovered.
It has been studied that the first form of life is believed to have appeared 3.5 billion years ago.
Palaeontologists are the scientists who study fossils found
microscopic living cells known as microfossils in rocks that
formed 3.5 billion years ago after Earth cooled and solidified
using radioisotope dating (which uses radioactive materials
such as the radioactive components of potassium-argon). The
microfossils‟ filaments found in Western Australia resemble

chains of modern photosynthetic bacteria and the rocks in which

they occur are thought to be remains of ancient stromatolites
Example of microfossils of
which are mounded, layered structure that forms in shallow sulphur-metabolizing cells
sunlit water when a mat of photosynthetic bacteria traps in 3.4-billion-year-old
minerals and sediment. These stromatolites increases in size rocks of Western Australia
over time as new layers form over the old. These organisms
have been so abundant 1.25 billion years ago and were common worldwide.
Many types of bacteria carry out photosynthesis, but only one group, cyanobacteria, do so by an oxygen-
producing pathway. The microfossils of cyanobacteria were among the easiest to recognize. The forms of these
organisms were remained the same and left chemical fossils in the form of broken products from pigments. The first
microfossil that showed remains of organisms with differences in structure and characteristics was seen 1.5 billion
years ago on the rocks. They are bigger compared to bacteria and have internal membranes and thicker wall. These
findings marked the beginning of eukaryotic organisms on Earth. The evolution of oxygen-producing photosynthesis
in cyanobacteria had started on early life. About 2.5 billion years ago, oxygen released by these bacteria had begun
to accumulate in Earth‟s air and creating a new, global selection pressure. Other species considered oxygen as toxic
thus evolved gradually in its absence.
How did multicellular organisms evolve?
Multicellular organisms are believed to have evolved from unicellular eukaryotes and until now it is the
concept that we believe. Some single eukaryotic cells, like unicellular algae, formed multicellular aggregates through
association with another cell producing colonies. From colonial aggregates, the organisms evolved in order to form
multicellular organisms through cell specialization. Organisms like protozoans, sponges, and fungi came to being.
The first fossilized animals which were discovered 580 million years ago were soft-bodied. The continuous process of
cell specialization brought the emergence of complex and diverse plants and animals, including human beings.
Charles Darwin said that organisms change over time as a result of adaptation to their environment in order to
survive.

Rise of the Eukaryotes

Nucleus is not often preserved during fossilization but other traits provide evidence that a fossilized cell was
eukaryotic. These eukaryotic cells are generally larger than the prokaryotic cells. A cell wall with complex patterns,
spines, or spikes probably belonged to a eukaryote. Researchers and scientists also look for biomarkers (substance
that occurs only or predominantly in cells of a specific type) for each eukaryotes just like the steroids found present
only to eukaryotes.

Difference between Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes

Prokaryotic Cell Eukaryotic Cell
„pro‟= pre, „karyon‟=nucleus „eu‟ = true , „karyon‟= nucleus
Originated about 3.5 billion years ago Originated about 1.2 billion years ago
Primitive forms Advanced

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Unicellular
Developing nucleus
Small in size
Non-bounded membrane
Fig. 2. A diagram of a Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic Cell.
ORIGIN AND EVOLUTION EUKARYOTES
Organelle
 Nucleus
 Mitochondria and
Chloroplast
Other Organelles
 Ribosomes
 Golgi Apparatus
 Lysosomes
 Endoplasmic
Reticulum
 Vacuole
 Chloroplasts
Multicellular
True nucleus present
Larger in Size
Membrane-bounded
Origin
- The DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) of the prokaryotes lies on unenclosed
in the cell‟s cytoplasm while the DNA of the eukaryotes are enclosed with
an endomembrane (group of members and organelles). The nucleus
and endomembrane system evolve when plasma membrane of
an ancestral prokaryote folded inward (See fig.3)
- Mitochondria and chloroplasts resemble bacteria in their size and
shape, and they replicate independently of the cell that holds them.
Bacteria have their own DNA in the form of a singular chromosome and
have at least two outer membranes and innermost membrane similar to
bacterial plasma membrane.
- Recognition to their similarities led to endosymbiotic hypothesis which
states that mitochondria and chloroplast both evolved from bacteria.
- Endosymbiosis – “living inside” and refers to a relationship on which
one organism lives inside another. Given the mitochondria and
chloroplasts evolved from bacteria, scientists are now studying which
modern bacteria are the closest of these organelles. Based from their
studies, metabolic and genetic similarities between organelles and
specific bacterial groups are considered to be evidence of shared
ancestry.
Description
- Makes protein
- Makes and does the packaging and processing of proteins
- It contains enzymes to help break the food down
- Transports items around the cell
- For water or food storage
- Present in plants only; uses sunlight to make food through
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 photosynthesis
 Cell wall - Rigid; supports the cell

Figure 3. Steps in the Evolution of eukaryotic organelles.

Signs of Life

Biology is the study of life. Life does not only involve the living things itself only but also includes its deepest
characteristics. There are many characteristics of life and some of these will be discussed below.
This is an important introduction on how you define a living from a non-living for you to simply know how
important life is.

7 Basic Characteristics of Life

1. Nutrition
2. Reproduction
3. Excretion
4. Growth
5. Movement
6. Respiration
7. Sensitivity

Life Characteristic Definition/Example

Sensitivity Living things are able to respond to the environment
through a stimulus. Irritability is an example. Another
example is a living thing‟s response to light by facing
the sun and sweating as our body response to heat
which is also connected to excretion.
Reproduction Unicellular organisms reproduce by DNA replication
and dividing equally as the new cell prepares to form
two new cells while multicellular organisms often
reproduce using its gametes in order to form new
individuals. When there is reproduction, genes with
DNA will passed from generation to generation to
ensure that the offspring belong to the same species
having similar characteristics.
Growth and Development Organisms grow and develop according to its genes
that gives instruction that will direct the cellular growth
and development ensure that the offspring will grow up
and exhibit many of the same characteristics as its
parents. Mitosis and meiosis play an important role in
this matter.

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Nutrition Living things take in minerals and food from the
environment in order to survive and grow. It is the
process of which organism obtain energy and raw
materials from nutrients such as fats, carbohydrates
and proteins.
Respiration Respiration is the process in which the energy from the
food eaten is being released in al living cells.
Organisms break down the food within their cells with a
specific process to carry out the following processes.
Movement All living things move. Animals move from one place to
another. Plants also move but not as usually
observable than animals. Plants move in different ways
in order to grow and their movement may be so slow
that people cannot even recognize. A makahiya leaf
being touched is an example of movement through
thigmotrophism
Excretion All living things also excrete but in different ways.
Excretion is the result of many chemical reactions
happening in cells which they have to remove the
waste products which might poison the cells. Excretion
is the removal of toxic minerals in excess from the
organism.

Lesson Unifying Themes in the Study of Life

What I Need to Know

The study of life in general is very wide. And to help us understand this vastness, are what we call themes.
Themes are distinct characteristics, pattern, and or quality. To help us understand better the study of life, we can look
at themes individually and as a collective. In this way, we can easily digest the commonalities of those exhibiting life.

The unifying themes in the study of life are an organization, information, energy and matter, interactions,
and evolution. The study of organisms ranges from macro to micro or vice versa. This means that the study of life
can be from the planet earth as a planet that can host life to the molecular level that comprises that life. The good
thing, however, is that these large chunks of concept can be broken into smaller ones. Let us explore quickly these
levels in the table below:

Table 1.1 Levels of Biological Organization

Levels Characteristics / Definition
1. Molecules These refer to chemical structures that are composed of two or more atoms.
2. Organelles These are parts of the cell which are responsible for function and integrity.
Some are membrane bound while others are not.

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3. Cells These are the basic working and structural unit of an organism. Different
cells work in different organs. They are structured according to function.
Organisms can either be single-celled or multicellular in nature.
4. Tissues These are simply cells grouped together and performs a specialized
function.
5. Organ This this a body part or a part of an organism which is made up of a group
of tissues. An organ functions, specifically in a body.
6. Organism This refers to the individual living species. Each thriving plant or animal is
an organism.
7. Populations These refer to all individuals of a species living in a specific area. Let us
take for example a population of crabs living in a coastal area.
8. Communities These are the variety of species inhabiting a specific area. An example
would be a coastal community. In this community, we would expect to see a
variety of animal and plant species that thrives in coastal areas. Thus, a
community is a combination of different populations.
9. Ecosystems These refer to the biotic and abiotic factors in an area. This includes not
only the interaction between living things but also the interaction between
living and nonliving.
10. Biosphere This consists of all the livable parts of the earth, by livable, we are referring
to all spaces which is inhabited by life. This includes spaces in land, water,
and air.

Source:

https://www.simply.science/index.php/organization-of-life

Figure 1.1 The levels of Biological Organization

In the field of biology, not only is organization important as it gives a compartmentalized focus on the
different fields within biology but more importantly it gives us a glimpse of new characteristics that are not present in
the previous hierarchy of organization. These characteristics we refer to as, emergent properties, are a cause of the
interaction and position or arrangements of the previous organization‟s parts. This allows for the subsequent
organization to be more complex than the previous.

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 What I Need to Know

Another theme to help us understand the study of biology is information. All living things have to deal with
the transfer and expression of genetic information. Inside cells, chromosomes exist and inside chromosomes are
genetic material in the form of DNA or Deoxyribonucleic acid.

Recall in your grade 8, you learned about the two mechanisms in cell division, mitosis and meiosis. Before
each process happens and or is completed, the very first thing that occurs is the replication of genetic materials. The
replication or copying of the DNA is to ensure that the daughter cells will receive the same complete set of
chromosomes with that of the parent cell. These DNA will then contain sections called genes. This replication of the
DNA prior to cell division will eventually be the template for the trillions of cells that will make up an organism.

The structure of the DNA is responsible for its ability to store information. It is a double helix of strands of
building blocks called, nucleotides. The following nucleotides are adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine – aptly
abbreviated as A, T, C, and G, respectively. The different sequence of these four nucleotides accounts for the
encoding of information in the DNA. Think of it this way, the way we arrange the alphabet to form words is, in a way,
like how these nucleotides are sequenced for encoding information as shown in figure 2.

https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/primer/basics/dna

Figure 1.2 DNA structure

The sequencing provides for a blueprint for most genes to make proteins. In turn, these proteins accounts
for different function in the body and in different organism. Like for example, a single-celled gene may specifically
create a protein that will be able to breakdown a carbohydrate molecule, while a human gene may specify a protein
to act as an antibody to help fight off infections.

The protein production is controlled indirectly through another related molecule, the RNA. The RNA in this
process serves as an intermediary. The nucleotide sequence along a gene is transcribed into a mRNA, then
translated into the building blocks of protein, amino acids. The amino acid in this case is a link series, after
completed, they form a specific protein with a unique shape and function. This whole process where the information
in a gene guides to create a cellular product is called, gene expression.

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 What I Need to Know

Unity and Diversity of Life

Evolution is a much-debated topic in the past, but withstanding scientific evidences, evolution has stood its
ground and became a field. Evolution by characteristic is the scientific thought which states that the organisms of
today are the modified descendants of their ancestors in the past as shown in figure 3.

Evolution is said to be the scientific thought that would explain or make sense of all the organisms now.
Fossil records show that organisms have been evolving for billions of years now, and that this accounts for the vast
diversity and variation of organisms in the past and present. Fossil records also show evidences of unity aside from
variation. There are animals presently that may seem different from one another, let‟s take for example the arm of a
human being, wing of the bat, leg of a dog, and flipper of a whale, they might have different uses but their underlying
anatomy are similar to one another. They considered homologous structures.

One notable evolutionary view emerged in the 1800s, when the father of evolution, Charles Darwin,
published the book, “The Origin of Species”. This book contained Charles Darwin‟s studies and observations, which
expressed two main points. One, that “contemporary species arose from a succession of ancestors that differed from
them”. This is what we call, descent with modification and accounts for the dual nature of life‟s unity and diversity.
Second, that “natural selection is the primary reason of descent with modification”.

Natural selection sprung from Darwin‟s observations from his studies. It states that species with inherited
traits are more adaptive to the environment which means they are more likely to survive and reproduce than those
who are not. This is because the environment constantly selects for the production of traits from the random variant
traits naturally occurring within a population.

https://geneticliteracyproject.org/2018/07/23/evolution-is-aimless-how-do-we-explain-external-
testicles/

Figure 1.3 Concept of Evolution

What I Need to Know

A characteristic common to all forms of life is the need for energy. This is a requirement for organisms to
perform life processes. The various indicators of life and processes like growing, reproducing, moving, and other
intracellular processes require that the organism spend energy.

The sun is the primary source of energy in the environment. All organisms rely on the sun‟s energy input ot
survive. It provides energy on earth in the form of light and is received and utilized by the autotrophs or producers.
These autotrophs or producers are photosynthetic organisms. These organisms are able to harvest sunlight to create
their own food. The photosystems harvest light ang together with raw materials like CO2, and water covert light

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energy into chemical energy. This process is called photosynthesis. The chemical energy in the form of food
molecules will then be passed by plants and other photosynthetic organisms to other organisms that are not able to
produce their own food. Note that that there is already energy transfer happening in this process. The organisms
receiving the energy from producers are called consumers, as shown in figure 4 below.

https://www.tutorialspoint.com/environmental_studies/environmental_studies_energy_flow_in_ecosystem.ht
m

Figure 1.4 Energy Flow in An Ecosystem

When an organism uses energy to perform work or certain processes, such as cell division, or pumping of
blood from the heart to circulation, some of the energy used is lost in the environment in the form of heat. In a
nutshell, energy in an ecosystem flows through in one direction, enters as light and exits as heat. And in contrast,
chemicals used are recycled. The chemicals that a plant absorbs from the soil and water is incorporated into the
plant body, then later passed on to the animal that eats the plant. Eventually, these chemicals will then be returned
into the environment by decomposers like bacteria that breaks down dead matter. These chemicals will then be taken
up by the soil (usually) and is ready to be again absorbed by the plants. Then the cycle goes on, as shown in figure 5
below.

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 https://www.tutorialspoint.com/environmental_studies/environmental_studies_energy_flow_in_ecosystem.ht
m

Figure 1.5 Nutrient Cycle in an Ecosystem

Remember the organizational hierarchy presented in the beginning of this lesson? From the molecular level
to the ecosystem, and to the biosphere in general, interaction is important. Interaction‟s collegiate definition in the
Meriam-Webster Dictionary is the mutual or reciprocal action or influence. In biology, interaction at every level of
hierarchy is important as it ensures smooth operation and combination of parts to function. This is very much evident
in the interaction of molecules in the cell, and in the parts or components of the ecosystem.

When we talk about the lower levels of hierarchy in biology, we are referring to the interactions that make up
the organism, this means, molecule level up to the organ level. The interaction in the lower levels of hierarchy is
important for operations of certain regulations. Let us take for example the regulation of waste materials in the body,
particularly carbon dioxide. The body needs to keep the levels of carbon dioxide in the lungs low so that it can easily
diffuse from the blood to the lungs and excreted via
exhaling. This process alone, allows for a lot of
interaction in between organs, cells, tissues, and
molecules. This ability to self-regulate is made
possible by a mechanism we call, feedback.

https://byjus.com/biology/exchange-regulation-of-gases/

Figure1.6 Gas Exchange at the Alveolus

In an ecosystem, we see interaction at a macro level. Every organism interacts with other organisms, and
with the abiotic environment as well. The grass blade, for example, can be eaten by a caterpillar and in turn is eaten
by a bird. The bird, when it dies will then undergo breakdown with the help of decomposers, and materials from the
decomposition like molecules will then be absorbed by the soil. You see, interaction like this ensures that the
ecosystem continues to thrive through having a regulated function, as shown in figure 7 below.

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 https://young7science16.weebly.com/interactions-and-

ecosystems.html Figure 1.7 Simple Food Web/ Ecosystem

Interaction

-Quarter 2 – Week 1 & 2

SUMMATIVE TEST

Multiple Choice. Read the sentences or questions carefully. Choose the letter of the correct answer. Write your
answer on a separate sheet of paper.

1. They proposed that life started in a primordial soup of organic molecules.

A. Alexander Oparin & John Haldane C. James Black & Oswald Avery
B. Charles Darwin & Gregor Moran D. Linda Buck & Elizabeth Blackwell
2. Paramecium, amoeba, bacteria and yeast are mostly known as .
A. Multicellar cells B. unicellar organisms C. both A & B D. none of the above
3. These include animal cells, plant cells, and the human body and germ cell.
A. Multicellar cells B. unicellar organisms C. both A & B D. none of the above
4. The scientists who study fossils.
A. Paleontologist B. Herpetologists C. Meteorologists D. Anthropologists
5. Mounded, layered structure that forms in shallow sunlit water when a mat of photosynthetic bacteria traps minerals &
sediment.
A. cyanobacteria B. microfossils C. stromatolites D. none of the above
6. Oxygen is carried throughout the body by
A. Red blood cells B. white blood cells C. Plasma D. Guard cells
7. Which of the following works as the brain of the cell?
A. Lysosomes B. Nucleolus C. Nucleus D. Mitochondria
8. According to the big bang theory, ________________.
A. the universe expanded out from a single point C. carbon and oxygen were the first elements to form
B. Earth and our sun formed simultaneously D. all of the above
9. The first eukaryotes were ___________.
A. Fungi B. Plants C. Protists D. Animals
10. It contains enzymes to help break the food down.
A. Lysosomes B. vacuole C. ribosomes D. cell wall
11. It makes and does packaging and processing of proteins.
A. ribosomes B. Golgi apparatus C. lysosomes D. Vacuole
12. It is the “living inside” and refers to a relationship on which one organism lives inside another.
A. ribosomes B. lysosomes C. mitochondria D. endosymbiosis

13. An RNA that functions as an enzyme is a ___________.

A. Protein B. Protocell C. ribosome D. ribozyme
14. _________ refers to the sum of chemical reactions of an organism.
A. Photosynthesis B. Respiration C. Metabolism D. Homeostasis
15. It is the ability of living things to produce new individuals closely resembles them.
A. Excretion B. Reproduction C. Respiration D. Creation
16. This contains all life on earth.
A. Ecosystem B. biosphere C. community D. earth
17. This is the fundamental unit of structure and function among organisms.
A. Cell B. tissue C. organ D. organ system
18. This is a type of cell that lacks a true nucleus and membrane – bound organelles.
A. Prokaryotic B. eukaryotic C. sex cells D. muscle cell
19. Uses sunlight to make food through photosynthesis and it present in plants only.
A. Cell wall B. chloroplasts C. vacuole D. endoplasmic reticulum
20. This is the form of that genetic materials take in chromosomes.
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 A. DNA B. RNA C. gene D. chromatid

21. It transport items around the cell.

A. Ribosomes B. Golgi apparatus C. lysosomes D. endoplasmic reticulum
22. It supports the cell.
A. Endoplasmic reticulum B. vacuole C. chloroplasts D. cell wall
23. This is the entire collection of genetic instruction that an organism inherits.
A. Genome B. gene expression C. genomics D. alleles

24. The DNA contains sections called .

A. RNA B. genes C. chromatid D. none of the above
25. Producers in a food chain or web are in nature.
A. Heterotrophic B. singular C. single – celled D. photosynthetic
26. He is the father of evolution.
A. Alexander Graham Bell B. Copernicus C. Charles Darwin D. Gregor Mendel
27. These refer to chemical structures that are composed of two or more atoms.
A. Molecules B. organelles C. cells D. tissues
28. This refer to all individuals of species living in a specific area.
a. Communities B. ecosystem C. population D. biosphere
29. These are the variety of species inhabiting a specific area.
A. Communities B. ecosystem C. population D. biosphere
30. Fragmentation occurs when an organism breaks a part of itself into a fragment, and the fragment develops into a new
organism.
Which of these organisms is an example of this kind?
A. starfish B. jellyfish C. bacteria D. yeast

Performance Task
WEEK 1 & 2

ACTIVITY 1: ANSWER THE RIDDLE

Given the concept of the evolution of prokaryotes and the organelles. Find the secret message by answering the
questions below. Choose your answer from the table then write the corresponding letter to the boxes below to answer the
riddle: Did you hear the one about a chemist who was reading a book about helium?

Cell Lysosomes Chloroplast Endoplasmic Ribosomes Mitochondria

Membrane Reticulum
P C D L N U O
Golgi
Vacuole Animal Cell Chromosomes Cytoplasm Nucleolus Cell Wall
Apparatus
U T T H I E T
Unicellular
Eukaryotic Prokaryotic Multicellular

D W N O

1) It is a jelly-like fluid structure inside the cell that provides an area of movement for all dissolved molecules that keep
the cell working.
2) A structure found in the nucleus that helps produce ribosomes.
3) It is a thin layer around the cell but not a rigid one. It has openings to allow transportation and exchange of materials.
4) When a cell needs energy, it brings in nutrients and break it down and supply energy to the cell.
5) Cell storage.

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 6) It helps produce food for plants and absorbs light energy from the sun and use it to convert C02 and H 20 into sugar and
oxygen.
7) It is the digestive system in an animal cell because it contains enzymes that break down wastes and other materials.
8) These build proteins in the cell and can be found in several places in the cells which includes in the cytosol and on the
endoplasmic reticulum.
9) They do the DNA synthesis and direct the genetic information of the cell. These are made of DNA and found in the
nucleus and usually in pairs.
10) Brain of the cell.
11) An organelle that serves as the transport system.
12) It is only found in the plant cells that support the plat which is also made of specialized sugar called cellulose.
13) It gathers molecules and make them more complex. It also stores them or send them into the cytosol or out of the cell.
This organelle also processes the proteins produced by the endoplasmic reticulum and ribosomes.
14) It does not contain cell wall.
15) An organism made up of one cell.
16) Organism composed of many cells
An organism that lacks nucleus
18) An organism with true nucleus.

Question:

Did you hear the one about a chemist who was reading a book about helium?

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 17 12

10 8 14 13 9

15 16 18 11

Answer: _______________________________________________________

ACTIVITY 2
We learned that bacteria are unicellular and can be either be benefited by humans or endanger humans.
This activity is to fill in “the hands” some ways to keep yourself away from being infected by some
bacteria or viruses especially during the pandemic. Color “the hand”. At the center of the hand,
make your own slogan about the importance of hygiene and hand washing.

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