Perpetuation of

Life, Earth and Life

Science

THE REPRODUCTION OF
PLANTS
 Angiosperms-also called
flowering plants, have seeds
enclosed within an ovary while
gymnosperms have unenclosed or
"naked" seeds on the surface of
their leaves or scales.
How do angiosperms and
gymnosperms reproduce?
 Reproduction in Angiosperms

 F l o w e r s are the sexual reproductive

organs in angiosperms.

1. Androecium (male reproductive

structure)
2. Gynoecium (female reproductive
structure).
 MALE REPRODUCTIVE PARTS of a
FLOWER

 Androecium is the male reproductive

structure of the plant that consists of a whorl
of stamens.
stamen is comprised of the filament
and the anther.
 filament is a long, slender stalk that
holds the anther
 anther produces the pollen grains
 pollen grains (male reproductive
cells).
Male
Reproductive
Parts of a
flower

a.Stamen
b.A cut section
of the
anther
 Female Reproductive Parts of
the Flower
 Gynoecium is the female reproductive
structure of a flower. It may consist of a single
pistil (monocarpellary) or may have several
pistils (multicarpellary).
 p i s t i l is made up of the stigma, the style, and
the ovary.
 s t y l e is a slender stalk that supports the stigma
while the stigma is the sticky part that
receives the pollen.
 O v a r y is the basal sac that contains the ovules
 O v u l e s female reproductive cells
Female
Reproductive
Parts of a
Flower
 Pollination
 I t unites the male and female
reproductive cells or gametes. It
takes place when the pollen
grains from the male anther are
transferred to the female stigma.
TYPES OF POLLINATION
1.Autogamy
2.Geitonogamy
3.Xenogamy
1. Autogamy

 I s a type of pollination where

pollen grains are transferred to
the stigma of the same flower.
2. Geitonogamy

 I s a type of pollination where

pollen grains are transferred to
the stigma of another flower of
the same plant.
3. Xenogamy

 I t is also called CROSS-

POLLINATION where pollen
grains are transferred to
the stigma of a different
plant.
 Agents of Pollination

 1 . Abiotic agents are non-living

things that aid in the transfer of
pollen grains from the anther to
the stigma. They include wind and
water.
 2 . Biotic agents are living things
that aid in pollination.They include
animals and even humans.
Example
 A bee, which sips nectar from flowers,
transfers the pollen grains from one
flower to another. It is an example
of a biotic agent.
Tips
 I n pollination, the pollen grains are
transferred to the female reproductive
structures of a flowering plant.
However, it does not guarantee the
transfer of the correct type of pollen to
another flower since the pollen grains
are of the same species as the stigma
where it came from.
It is the pistil of the flower that
recognizes whether the pollen is the
correct type or not.

If the received pollen is of the right

type, the pistil recognizes and
accepts the pollen to promote post-
pollination events that lead to
fertilization.
 Fertilization
t a k e s place when the sperm (germinated
pollen) unites with the egg (ovule)
forming a fertilized egg called zygote.
Process of Fertilization
1. The pollen grain attaches to the stigma.
2.Each pollen grain becomes a part of a
pollen tube,which grows down the neck
of the style and reaches the ovary.
3.Sperm cells are discharged into the
embryo sac,fertilizing the egg cell.
Process of Fertilization
 Double
Fertilization
D u r i n g double fertilization, the polen
grain enters the ovary and
releases two sperm cells. One sperm
cell unites with the egg cell forming a
diploid cell or zygote. The other sperm
cell bonds with two polar nuclei
forming a triploid endosperm nucleus.
 Post Fertilization
 D u r i n g post-fertilization,
the zygote develops into
an embryo while the
endosperm
nucleus develops into
the endosperm.
 A l s o , the ovule, which contains the
embryo and endosperm, matures into
a seed while the ovary forms
the pericarp of the fruit.
 T h e seed is the beginning of the next
generation. It grows into a seedling and
then into a mature plant. The mature
REPRODUCTION in GYMNOSPERMS

Unlike angiosperms, gymnosperms do not have

flowers and fruits. Their ovules, which become
seeds, are on the surface of a scale or
modified leaf. Examples of gymnosperms
include cycads and conifers.
Most gymnosperms have reproductive parts
called cones. They produce two kinds of cones:
the male and the female cones. The male
cones produce the pollen while the female
cones contain at least one ovule.
 POLLINATION IN GYMNOSPERMS

 I n gymnosperms, the main pollinating agent

is wind.
Wind carries the pollen from the male
cones to the female cones. A sticky substance
secreted by the ovule collects the pollen.
Post-Fertilization
The fertilized egg develops into an
embryo, and the other parts of the ovule
mature into the seed coat and food store.
TRY IT!

 C o l l e c t a Hibiscus or a gumamela
flower. Using a magnifying glass,
observe the pollen grains in an open
anther of the flower.
 I f a microscope is available, get a
pollen sample, place it on a glass slide
with a drop of water, and observe the
pollen grains under the microscope.
 WHAT DO YOU OBSERVE?

 W h a t do you think?
How do humans contribute to
the pollination of angiosperms
and gymnosperms?
 KEY POINTS

 Angiosperms have seeds enclosed within an ovary

while gymnosperms have unenclosed or "naked" seeds on the surface
of their leaves or scales.
 The flower consists of the gynoecium (female reproductive structure)
and androecium (male reproductive structure).
 Most gymnosperms have reproductive parts called cones. The male
cones produce the pollen while the female cones contain at least one
ovule.
 Pollination unites the male and female reproductive cells or
gametes.
 Fertilization is the union of pollen grain and ovule in the ovary.
 During double fertilization, one sperm cell fertilizes the ovule
forming the zygote (diploid) while the other sperm cell unites with the
two polar nuclei to form the endosperm (triploid).
 In angiosperm fertilization, the zygote matures into an embryo while
the rest of the ovule develops into a fruit.
 In gymnosperm fertilization, the zygote matures into an embryo
while the rest of the ovule develops into a seed.