Verb- A verb is a word that expresses an action, states that something exists,

links the subject to another word, or helps other verbs make a

statement.

• Action verb- A verb that expresses physical or mental action

Run, walk, think, dream…

• Linking verb- Links subject and

predicate
I am a teacher.
I grew taller last year.

• Auxiliary verb- helps the main verb

to make a statement

We must go now.

I am eating my breakfast.

Tenses of the Verbs

What do they look like?

• Simple Present Tense

- Base for of the verb/ -s form of the verb
kick/ kicks leave/ leaves run/ runs is/are

• Simple Past Tense

- Add –d or –ed or past tense form
Kicked left run was
• Simple Future Tense - Will + base for of the verb
will kick will leave will run will be
 • Present Progressive Tense - am/ is / are + present participle form of the verb
am reading

• Past Progressive Tense- was/ were + present participle form of the verb
was reading

• Future Progressive Tense- will be + verb + present participle form of the verb
will be reading

• Present Perfect Tense- has/ have + past participle form of the verb
has read have eaten

• Past Perfect Tense- had + past participle form of the verb

had read had eaten

• Future Perfect Tense- will have past participle form of the verb
Will have read will have eaten

• Present Perfect Progressive- has/ have + been + present participle form of the verb
has been living have been crying

• Past Perfect Progressive- had + been + present participle form of the verb
had been living had been crying

• Future Perfect Progressive- will + been + present participle form of the verb
will have been living will have been crying

Gerund- Verb+ ing / Functions as noun

Eating has been my addiction. Playing computer for hours is bad.

• Participle- Past participle form or present participle form/ Functions as adjectives

The shining light is from this tower. My burnt bread was a disaster.
Driving fast, the rider met an accident.

• Infinitive- To + base for of the verb/ Functions as noun, adjective, or adverb

To attend our classes is our job. (noun)
The boy to attend the meeting will be Jay. (adj)
To win, you must do your best. (adv)
 • Adverb- An adverb is a modifier of verb, adjective, another adverb, or verbal
That pretty girl sings melodiously.
That captivatingly pretty girl sings very melodiously.
Singing melodiously is my friend.

Classes of adverbs

• Simple adverb- Intensifier/ Placed before it modifies

I love you very much.

• Interrogative adverb
Where have you been?

• Conjunctive adverb
I go where you go.

• Adverbial Phrase
I placed it on the table.
I have loved you for many years.

• Adverbial Clause
I cried when you left.
Prepositions- A preposition shows relationship
of a noun or pronoun to another word or
words in the sentence.

• Object of preposition- The object

of a preposition is the noun or
pronoun governed or connected
by a preposition.
On the table

• Prepositional Phrase- A preposition, its object, and the words that go with the object
The book on the table is not mine. She slept on the floor.
 - Prepositional phrase could be noun, adjective, or adverb
In front of the class is nerve-racking place for me. (subject)
The most nerve-racking place for me is in front of the class. (subject complement)
The book on the table is not mine. (adjective)
The book is on the table. (adverb)

Conjunctions- Conjunctions connect words, phrases, or clauses.

• Coordinating Conjunctions
aka FANBOYS / Connects words, phrases, or clauses that are equal in rank
Eve and Ram decided to sing together. Coffee, tea, or me?
I would catch a grenade for you, but you wouldn’t do the same.

• Correlative conjunctions
Connects words, phrases, or clauses that are equal in rank, but these conjunctions
come in pairs. / both…and, either… or, neither…nor, not only…but also
I like both coffee and tea. Not only you kicked him in the leg, but also punched him in the gut.

• Subordinating Conjunctions- Are used to

introduce subordinating clauses
I was happy before I met you.

Sentence Patterns
S-LV-C
Subject = Noun/ Pronoun Linking Verbs= No action! (verbs of being/ sense verbs)
Complement= Noun/Pronoun/ Adjective
S-LV-C
She is beautiful./ Our very lavish mentor smells fragrant. / My students and I are extremely hungry.
The girl in white dress is my mother. / You look delicious. / That is my computer.
Mrs. Seguiban is my favorite teacher.
S-IV
Subject= Noun/ Pronoun IV= Intransitive Verb (no object follows)
S-IV
She dances. / She dances gracefully. / She danced gracefully during the ceremony last weekend.
Marco Ate hurriedly. / The boys and the girls in the yard are eating in the dining hall.
S-TV-DO
Subject= Noun/ Pronoun TV= Transitive Verb (action word; it is followed by a receiver.
DO= Direct Object (noun/ pronoun)
S-TV-DO
She kissed me. / They ate ice cream and cake.
Toni, Krystal, and Selein watched a movie and played games all night.
S-TV-IO- DO
Subject= Noun/ Pronoun TV= Transitive Verb (action word; it is followed by a receiver.
IO= Indirect Object DO= Direct Object (noun/ pronoun)
S-TV-IO- DO
She gave me a cake. / The bakers baked the children some cookies.
Lyn served her mother the breakfast.
S-TV-DO-OC
Subject= Noun/ Pronoun TV= Transitive Verb (action word; it is followed by a receiver.
DO= Direct Object (noun/ pronoun) OC= Object Complement
S-TV-DO-OC
Some parents consider their children lucky. / I name you Simoun.
The teachers called him smart.
Kinds of Sentences according to Structure
Simple Sentence- Only has one thought
Simple subject; simple predicate
Simple subject; compound predicate
Compound subject; simple predicate
Compound subject; compound predicate
Simple Sentence
The girl in red dress ate a cake.
The girl in red dress ate a cake and drank a cola.
The girl in red dress and the boy in blue ate a cake.
The girl in red dress and the boy in blue ate a cake and drank a cola.

Compound- A compound sentence has two independent clauses.

- An independent clause is a part of a sentence that can
stand alone because it contains a subject and a verb and
expresses a complete thought.
- Compound sentences have two thoughts, made up of two
independent clauses and are connected by FANBOYS or a
semi colon.
Compound Sentence
He likes spaghetti, but she likes pizza.
You are the sun, and I am the moon.
I love her, yet she doesn’t know it.
Complex Sentence- A complex sentence is an independent clause joined by
one or more dependent clauses.
- A dependent clause either lacks a subject or a verb or has
both a subject and a verb that does not express a
complete thought.
- A complex sentence always has a subordinator (as,
because, since, after, although, when) or relative
pronouns (who, that, which).
Complex Sentence
The girl who is wearing the red gown is my cousin.
I need you because I love you.
We believe that we are correct.
Although she loves me, she loathes me so much.
The teacher will always be there whenever you need him.
Compound- Complex Sentence- A compound-complex sentence has two
independent clauses and at least one dependent clause.
Compound- Complex Sentence
After they lost the match, the boys went home, for they feel so bad.
I believe in her, and she believes in me because we support each other.