For Final

Uses of Photography in Law Enforcement
Application of photography in law enforcement

 It is imperative for the investigator to photographed all possible evidences at the crime scene
before moving or touching them. It is not expected that the crime scene will be left
undisturbed for an indefinite period of time. However, a record of the position and the
condition of details of the scene must be made before they are altered in any way but objects
and condition that are not relevant to the crime scene should not be included.
 The photograph may explain how a crime took place and show all the scenes from all angles
and include all evidence possible. The investigator should proceed carefully without undue
haste, so that errors will not be made which may affect the quality of photographs.
The best evidence rule as applied to photographs
 Photograph is not a legal substitute for the object or article itself as evidence. Nevertheless,
all physical evidence should be photographed. A photograph of revolver will not be accepted
as evidence in court. The weapon itself must be brought to court but the court may recognize
that certain evidence cannot be brought to court. Buildings or roads are examples.
 Other evidence change quickly. Vehicles using and passing on it will quickly destroy skid
marks on the highway. Wounds and bruises as evidence of injury will heal and disappear
before the case comes to trial. Such nature or kind of evidence can be preserved by
PHOTOGRAPHY and introduce in court as EVIDENCE.
Prepared by: Joey Cain R. Meneses, RCRIM

C. General Crime Scene Photography
Photographs are one way to record a crime scene.
1. Field notes
2. Photographs
3. Sketches
Five steps in recording the crime scene.
1. Secure the scene

2. Take preliminary notes
3. Take overview or preliminary photographs
4. Make a basic sketch
5. Record each item of evidence
Taking overview or preliminary photographs
1. Purpose:
a. To show the scene exactly as it was when you first saw it.
(1) If something was moved before you arrived, don't try to reconstruct the scene
as it was. The photographs should show the scene as you found it.
2. Major crime photography
a. First discuss the crime, evidence and photographs needed with other investigators at the
scene
b. Be careful not to destroy any evidence while taking the photographs.
c. Outside the scene
(1) Exterior of the building where the crime occurred and in some cases the whole locale.
(2) Aerial photographs of the scene and the surrounding area can be useful in some types
of cases.
(3) Original series of photographs should also show all doors, windows and other means of
entrance or exit.
d. Inside the scene

(1) Begin with a view of the entrance.
(2) Then photograph the scene as it appears when you first step into the room.
(3) Next, move around the room to get photographs of all the walls.
(a) These photographs should also show the positions of any potential items of evidence.
(4) Include photographs of other rooms connected with the actual crime scene.

3. Using video to record the crime scene
a. Frequently valuable to show an overview of the scene.
Photographs to record items of evidence.

1.Take two photographs of each item of evidence.
a. One should be an orientation (midrange) shot to show how the item is related to its
surroundings.
b. The second photograph should be a close-up to bring out the details of the object itself.
2. Measuring and marking devices.

a. Take two photographs if a marking or measuring device is used.
(1) One photograph without the device, the other with the device.
(2) So the defense can't claim that the scene was altered or that the device was
concealing anything important.
D. Rules In Crime Scene Photography

Rule 1 - Do Not Disturb the Scene
This is the cardinal rule of crime scene photography. Both later investigators and judges
need to see the scene, as it was when the police arrived.
Note: Recommended size of photograph in court is 5” X 7” or 8”X10” or bigger…
E. Points To Be Remembered In Crime Scene Photography

1) Always take preliminary photographs before the scene is altered in any way.
2) Take a complete set of pictures (Overall, Mid Range & Close - up). Shoot from different angles
and distances. Film is cheaper than lost cases.
3) Use fresh film and keep it away from heat.
4) Keep your pictures sharp. Use a tripod if possible. Focus carefully. Be sure your lens is clean.
5) Avoid back lighting. It creates silhouettes and may cause flare. If you must shoot toward a light,
shade the lens as best you can.
6) Use side lighting to bring out texture, accident damage, tool marks and any other irregularities
on a surface. Avoid it when shooting recesses, containers and closets.
7) Front lighting is normally the best in police work. Use it unless three dimensional details need to
be recorded(then use side lighting).
8) The flash provides portable and easily controlled light. In sunlit scenes, it fills in the shadows and
brings out details that they might otherwise hide.
9) Aiming your flash at a highly polished surface may cause "glare". Point the camera/flash at the
surface from a 45 degree angle.
10) Cover the flash with a clean white handkerchief for close subjects to prevent the flash from
"burning" the subject in with overexposure or harsh light.
11) When some important objects are near you and others are far away, use your flash but expect
those objects closer to you to be overexposed and those further away to be underexposed. Try

taking an extra shot without a flash if there is some "available" light but you will most likely have to
use a tripod or rest the camera on some solid stationary object to prevent a blurred or unclear
image.
12) Keep all your equipment in good condition and readily available. It will then give maximum
usefulness and minimum trouble.
F. Basic Rule for Evidence Close-up Photography

As a general rule, always keep the film plane parallel (at a right angle or 90 degrees) to the plane
of the evidence
(Ex. Impressions, tool marks, weapons and the like)
G. Flash Fill in Crime Scene and Evidence Photography

When to Use Flash Fill
In scenes illuminated by bright sunlight there will usually be dark shadow areas. Detail in
the deep shadow areas will be lost when the exposure is based on the overall brightness of the
scene. With the use of flash fill, the brightness level in the shadow areas can be raised to the overall
brightness of the scene.
Without flash fill, detail in shadows is With flash fill, detail in the shadow area is recorded.
lost.
Types of photography use in Law Enforcement and their uses

1. . INFRARED PHOTOGRAPHY Infrared photography is the recording of images formed by
infrared radiation. Because infrared radiation is invisible, some special techniques may be
needed. But, in general, most of the commonly required methods are as simple as those of
ordinary photography. These uses a special films that are sensitive to infrared radiation.
 Pictures can be taken with infrared rays even at night or in complete darkness.
Uses In Law Enforcement
1. Questioned documents. Even crossed-out words or writings on a charred piece of paper

can be read if photographs of them are taken with infrared rays.
2. Aerial photography.
a. Infrared photography can enhance the contrast of the terrain.
b. Coniferous (darker) and deciduous (lighter) growth is differentiated.
3. Surveillance photography.
4. Detection of gunshot-powder burns, stains and irregularities in cloth.
5. Detection of certain types of secret writings.
6. It can differentiate inks, dyes, and pigments that appears visually the same;
7. Fabrics that appear to be similar but have been dyed differently can be identified by
infrared;
8. It may also reveal the contents of sealed envelopes;
9. It is also valuable in detecting stains on cloth, including blood stains that are not visible to
the eye; and,
10. Powder residues surrounding bullet holes in cloth, even when the fabric is dark in color or
bloodstained, may be made visible by infrared.
2. ULTRAVIOLET PHOTOGRAPHY
Some materials will absorb ultraviolet, while others will reflect these radiations.
Some have partial reflection. These effects can be recorded photographically using
ultraviolet radiation. Black-and-white films are sensitive to most wavelengths of ultraviolet.
By using a filter that absorbs all visible light but passes ultraviolet, it is possible to make a
photographic exposure with just ultraviolet.
Uses in Law Enforcement

a. Try ultraviolet photography after visible light techniques and infrared light techniques fail
(questioned documents, etc.).
b. Fingerprints on multicolored surfaces (dust with fluorescent powder or ninhydrin).
c. Body secretions such as urine, semen and perspiration often glow when illuminated by
ultraviolet light.
d. Money and other valuables can be dusted or marked to identify thiefs.
e. Photographing “invisible ink”.
Reflective UV photography will show bruising or bite marks that are no longer visible.

3. X-RAY PHOTOGRAPHY – is widely use in medicine, industry, and science. It is quite different
from ordinary photography. X rays are invisible electromagnetic waves. They behave much like
visible light. But they can pass through things such as wood, cardboard, and flesh, which light
cannot penetrate.
4. PHOTOMICROGRAPHY – It combines a camera with microscope. Pictures can then be taken of
things too small to be seen with naked eye. A photograph taken through a microscope is called
photomicrograph.
Photomicrography is the practice of photographing very small objects in order that they may be
seen in comfort. (One should not confuse this with micro-photography, which is the opposite.)
5. MICRO-PHOTOGRAPHY – A.K.A. Micro-filming
This is photography made on a vastly reduced scale, to be observed using a microscope or
projected using a "magic lantern." Though George Shadbolt is credited with being the inventor of
micro-photography, the first known example of micro-photography was by John Benjamin Dancer,
in 1839, when he produced photographs 15mm in diameter.
Micro-photography is the production of photographs in which the image of an objects is
reproduced much smaller than it actually is. It is just the opposite of photomacrography.
6. MACROPHOTOGRAPHY - Photography of a subject where the image is recorded in the same or
larger than actual size.
It is the process of obtaining a magnified photograph of a small object without the use of a
microscope, by using a short focus lens or macro lens/close-up lens and a long bellow extension.

CRIME SCENE PHOTOGRAPHY
Four types of photograph/ view
 General view/ long range view- the overall view of the crime scene. Use to establish the
location of the crime scene, it is than through photographing the scene that includes the
nearby surrounding and a reference point.
 Medium range/ mid range view- photographing the exact or immediate crime scene
usually taken in four various angles. To show the four angles of the crime scene including
possible route path of the suspect. Approximately 10-20 ft from the subject.
 Close- ups- use for identification, it also depict individual evidences. Normally taken at
approximately 5 ft or less from the subject.
 Extreme close- ups- shows the extent of damage or injury cause by the suspect.
Requirements of a photograph admitted as evidence in court
No matter how extensive the photographic efforts are at the crime scene, photographs must stand
the test of legal admissibility. This general standards used to review the credibility of the
photographs are;
1. Accurate representations
2. Free of distortion
3. Material and relevant
4. Unbiased
Requirements of crime scene photographs
1. Clarity- presenting bare facts (must not blurred)

2. Consistency- must show its purpose, photographs must form a set together related to the
scene as a whole.
3. Scale- determine the actual measurement/ size of the object being photographed.
Objective of crime scene photography
1. To produce a pictorial record of everything regarding the crime.

2. To help in keeping the police officers memory accurately as possible as to where he finds
things.
3. To help in securing obtaining confession, description and information to the case.
Importance of crime scene photography

1. For identification of persons, documents, fingerprints, shoe print, splashes of blood, etc.
2. Preservation of evidence in court
3. Describes better than words
4. Proves statement
5. Record things you may fail to notice

Guidelines in taking photographs of crime scene
For indoor:
1. 1st shot: establish the first shot in general view by photographing the crime scene showing a
reference point.
2. 2nd shot: photograph the exact place where the crime was committed. It must shown on the
photograph whether it is residential, factory, alleys, etc.
3. 3rd shot: photograph the main door and possible entrance and exit of the perpetrator. In
robbery cases whether the perpetrators enters at the window.
4. 4th shot: before proceeding to the main crime scene, hallways and other adjacent rooms
must be photographed.
5. 5th shot: the exact place. It may be a room or a toilet. It is advisable to use the wide angle
lens in a limited space to show the angles.
6. 6th shot: close up shots is applicable to the objects and or suspects attacked.
7. 7th shot: extreme close up to show the extent of damage or injury caused by the suspects
and to show other vital evidence.
SURVEILLANCE AND INVESTIGATIVE PHOTOGRAPHY

Importance of photography in surveillance
 The purpose of surveillance is to provide the investigator with information or evidence, and
photography is the best method in recording this information. In surveillance, the
photographer must maintain secrecy. This means that photographs must be taken at a
distance with a telephoto lens, or with a concealed camera.
Fixed surveillance
 The prime considerations are concealment and the field of view. The camera must be
positioned where it cannot be observed but still have a clear view of the scene. It is best to
take first an overall view of the scene to establish location, and then use a lens of long focal
length to make recognizable photographs of the suspect. If motion pictures are used, the
first few feet of film should be taken of the data board, and if a clock is located in the
scene’s area the clock should be photographed at the beginning and end of each scene.
This establishes the time the photograph was taken. The date board is photographed on
each roll of film.
 Notes should be maintained on the exposure, film type, etc. , and the names, time of
arrival or departure of the persons of interest who are photographed. Vehicles or other
objects of interest should all be recorded if photographed. Cases in which this type of
surveillance photography is used are drug purchases, black market operations, thefts from
parked automobiles, or when meeting of two or more persons must be proven to establish
their presence at a certain area or that they are acquainted.
Moving Surveillance.
 Moving surveillance provides the greatest problem in photography, since the investigator is
often in the open, and must take the photographs with a minimum of concealment. It is
best to operate in teams, one man driving and the other taking the photographs. If a foot

surveillance is required, the problem is increased since two men together are more obvious
than one. If the suspect’s destination is known, it is best to set up a pre- selected position
and take the picture when the suspect arrives.
Surveillance Leading to Apprehension

 In cases of narcotics sale leading to immediate apprehension, photographs must be taken
of the purchase and the apprehension. When the investigator makes the apprehension he
will grasp the suspect’s hands to prevent him from dropping the narcotics. This action must
be photographed, as well as the evidence still in the suspect’s hand if possible. The
evidence taken from the suspect such as syringes, hypodermic needles, etc. , must be
photographed.
 If an apprehension is made after a forced entry and surprising the suspects while they are
using narcotics, the first photographs are taken as soon as entry is gained. This is to record
the suspects position and action. Any evidence revealed during the search of the suspects
and the room they are in must also be photographed, as and where it is found and later at
the photo lab for identification and record.
Mug shot photography

It is usually use for personal identification which is the first use of photography in police work.
 For taking mug shots of suspects, photograph the subject in front of the height scale
without footwear to determine his/her exact height.

 Let the subject hold the case verifier. Mug shots should be done in the following angles
with the case number displayed at each shot.
PREPARATION OF MUGFILE
 A mug file is gallery (file) or collection of police photographs of criminal suspects that is
used for giving positive identification. The MUGFILE contains the following
data/information.
1. Offender's (Suspect's) data
2. Victim's data
3. Property data
4. offense data
5. Photograph of offender (suspect) at different angles
6. Miscellaneous photographs, such as:
a. Close - up shots of distinguishing marks
b. A series of circumstantial photographs of the crime scene
 The series of offender's photographs includes the following:
1. Facial close-up
2. Half body angle
3. Whole body angle
4. Right side view - close-up, half body, whole body
5. Left side view - close-up, half body, whole body
6. Close-up shots of distinguishing marks
Front view, whole body
DELA CRUZ, JUAN y SANTOS

MURDER-CC #1234
MAY 9, 2021

FONT TYPE- ARIAL BOND
FONT SIZE- 90
LINE SPACE-95PT.
FRONT VIEW, HALF BODY- HEAD TO ELBOW
LEFT SIDE VIEW- HALF BODY-HEAD TO ELBOW

Right side view- half body- head to elbow
Digital versus Analog Photography

SOME USES OF DIGITAL PHOTOGRAPHY IN LAW ENFORCEMENT
1. Automated Fingerprint Identification System (AFIS)
2. Crime Scene Reconstruction
3. Computerized Composite Facial Sketching
4. Integrated Ballistic Identification System (IBIS)
LEGAL FOUNDATION OF DIGITAL PHOTOGRAPHY
1. Rules on Electronic Evidence

Acting on the Memorandum dated June 18, 2001 of the Committee on the Revision of Rules of
Court to draft on the E-Commerce Law (R.A. No. 8792) the Supreme Court, EN BANC, approved
the said resolution.
Analog Photography
 Uses the combined actions of the light, camera, sensitized materials and chemical
processing in the reproduction of images of subjects.
 Photographs can not be displayed and printed only after the chemical processing.
Disadvantages
 Pictures can be shown only after the printing
 Costly to operate when compared to digital camera, since you need to buy new film since
after exposure you cannot recycle the one that was already exposed.
 Photos cannot be transferred from one film to another since it serves as the permanent
recording device of images after light exposure.
 In chemical processing it requires different chemicals in converting latent images into
visible.
 Printing of photos can only be done through chemical processing that usually done in a
dark room.
 Time consuming
Preparation & Admissibility of Photographic Evidence

PREPARATION AND PRESENTATION OF PHOTOGRAPHIC EVIDENCE
TECHNIQUES OF PHOTOGRAPHY
A. TAKING PHOTOGRAPH
The photographer needs only 4 things to take a picture: a camera, film, a subject and a light, as
photographer gain experience and feels the need for greater technical flexibility, the photographer
may wish to expand the range of his photographic equipment, including special lenses, and exposure
meter, filter and an electronic flash. However, such additional equipment is not essential and many
great photographers have worked with only the most basic equipment.

CHOOSING A CAMERA
The photographer’s choice of a camera depends on the kind of picture he intends to take, the
degree of mobility he needs, and the degree of control over exposure and composition he
requires. The simplest cameras use small (110, 126 or 35 mm) films or self-processing materials and
are quite suitable for most informal pictures.
 Many cameras that use 35mm, 120mm or 220mm film sufficiently small and lightweight for
great mobility in a wide variety of controls. Most cameras in this group can be fitted with
interchangeable lenses providing many combinations of local length, speed, size, and
convenience of operation.

Almost every day, photography provides new evidence of its value as a powerful weapon in the
war against crime. More and more departments are coming to realize that. even in routine
incidents, simple pictures taken with simple cameras can make an impressive difference in court.
Furthermore, police departments are continually finding new ways to use photography, both as a
tool for investigation and as a means to record data quickly and accurately. Every defense law yer
knows that testimonial evidence may be proved inaccurate. Even signed confessions do not
necessarily prove guilt in court. But, photographs of physical evidence can show what happened so
clearly and convincingly that juries convict and judges sentence.
Photographic Evidence
Photograph offered in evidence should be a faithful representation of the subject matter. It should
not mislead the viewer in any important aspect. It should be free of distortion, in lines or shapes,
and tone relationship should be accurate. Important matter should be in sharp focus.
To be admissible as evidence, the object portrayed must itself be admissible. The admissibility of
photographs which prove a point in issue is decided by the court, based on the point in question,
and the degree of effectiveness with which the photograph accomplished this purpose. There are
two types of evidence photographs; those which represents objects of evidence, or a scene, and
serve in place of the object, or a verbal description of it; and those which actually prove a point in
issue, such a bullet comparison, document alterations or fingerprints.
Marking the Photograph

It is permissible to place a mark on a photograph to identify the print or object. These marks will
probably have to be explained to the satisfaction of the court before the print will be accepted.
After it is accepted, it will be marked as an exhibit by court.
Marking the Negative
The only marking permissible on a negative is an identification number which normally consists of
the case number and the sequence number of the negative placed on the border. Nothing should
be placed in the image area of the negative. When film is commercially processed, a processor’s
affidavit should be obtained stating that the film is normally processed and returned to the sender

neither altered nor edited. The chain of custody must also be maintained. It is also suggested that
the processor be listed as a witness in the case report.
Markings Placed in the Crime Scene
In some instances, it is permissible to place an identifying marker in the crime scene but should be
used with discretion and restraint. Care must be taken not to obscure important evidence by the
marker and the marker must be clearly visible and identifiable. Example is a stake showing the
location of an item of evidence that is too small to be seen in the overall photograph. If a marker is
used to indicate or establish size, a ruler calibrated in inch/millimeter should be used. The ruler
should bear the photographer’s initials so it can be identified if it is required to be presented in
court for verification.
Data Card
Each print and negative should have a data card containing a complete technical history (e.g.
f/stop, film, developing time, focal length, etc.). Care must be taken not to express any opinion in
this card, such as the nature of the offense, like the word Murder, or Suicide. Since the facts of the
case are not established at the time the scene was photographed. Opinion would indicate that the
investigator has already formed conclusions and this could be rendered the photographs
inadmissible as evidence.
Photographing the scene
To insure complete photographic coverage of the crime scene, a pattern should be established for
photographing the area. This pattern should be worked in a spiral clockwise starting at the point at
the perimeter of the scene, and working toward the center. Usually, the first photograph is of the
entrance into the area. The second photograph should include a portion of the area taken in the
first photograph. Because of this overlapping coverage, the scene can be viewed with the
assurance that no portion of the area has been excluded, and the relationship of objects in each
photograph is established.
When items of importance are discovered they should be photographed from a distance close
enough to identify the object, but still show enough of the surrounding to establish its location in
the overall crime scene photograph. The number of photographs required to provide complete
coverage of the scene will be determined by the nature of the crime and the location. However, no
less than four photographs are necessary to adequately show the interior of a room. If there is
doubt as to whether a photograph should be taken, it is best to take it. It is far better have too
many photographs than too few.
As a rule of thumb, it can be said that the camera should be at a witness level, or about 5 feet from
the floor. The camera should be placed to show a natural line of vision, such as an observer would

see, avoiding trick shots, and placed so that objects in the scene do not appear distorted or
unnatural by being too close to the lens. Photographs used as evidence must be large enough to
show details of the subject, but not so large as to be difficult to handle. An 8 x 10 inches is a
convenient size.
GETTING THE EVIDENCE INTO COURT

Any picture an officer takes may wind up in court. You will be safe if you keep this in mind for
every photo you shoot. Experience has shown that attention to a few simple rules can make
pictures acceptable to most judges.
Rule 1 - Do not disturb the scene
Rule 2 - Get a complete series of pictures
Rule 3 - Pay attention to camera angles
BEFORE SHOOTING: MAKE A CHECKLIST

Every photographer, even a skilled professional, occasionally makes a careless mistakes, like
shooting with an empty camera or forgetting to remove the lens cap. To avoid such fundamental
errors, experienced photographers have developed mental checklists to run through before
putting the camera to use and this includes the following questions to ask yourselves.
1) Is the camera already loaded?
2) How many exposures are left?
3) Is the camera free of dust and film chips?
4) Are you loading the film in subdued light?
5) Is the film moving properly to the take-up spool?
6) Is the camera back tightly latched?
7) Is the take-up spool turning?
8) Is the lens securely in place?
9) Is the lens clean?
10) Is your light meter set correctly for the speed of the film you are using?
11) is your light meter battery fully charged
12) Have you removed your lens cap or lens filters
BASIC PRINCIPLES OF CRIME SCENE PHOTOGRAPHY
Crime scene is vital in establishing proof that a crime was committed. The permanent record of the
crime scene is indispensable for successful investigation and presentation of a criminal case in the
court.
Once a person commits a crime, he automatically constructs a crime scene. This scene must be
preserved because it contains evidences of how the crime was committed, and who performed
such crime. Evidence left by a criminal at the scene must be protected. They must not be altered,
contaminated or mutilated through carelessness of investigating officers or by the curious acts of
bystanders or witness. To protect the crime scene from unnecessary or unauthorized disturbances
the usual practice of the investigators or first responding police officers is to cordon the area.

Before taking photographs, the photographer should take note of the following pointers.
1. Evaluate or assess the crime scene then make a plan how to CAPTURE and PRESERVE it
before actually taking.
2. Photograph the crime scene environment (the scene in general) before focusing at the
focal point.
3. Take as many photographs as you can. Maximize the use of available supply of film.
4. Observe correct setting of the four (4) controls of the cameras including proper technique
or focusing, exposure, film development and printing.
5. In photographing the direct victim of a killing incident, make sure that the victim is dead
before taking photographic evidences.
6. Take a minimum of 4 photographs at different angles concerning the exterior and interior
of the scene, and the position of the victims and physical evidences.
7. Take photographs of the subject at different angles following a clockwise or
counterclockwise direction.
8. Sequence of pictures taken should be logical and consistent to help the investigations in
reconstructing the crime scene.
9. Do not remove or transfer anything at the crime scene unless the scene has been properly
measured, marked sketched and photographed.
10. Unnecessary or unauthorized touching, ?moving and transferring the properties, weapons,
and bodies found at the scene may cause MISLEADING INVESTIGATION.
11. Take note of any unusual conditions or circumstances existing at the crime scene or its
adjacent environment.
12. Take note of the existence of traffic lights, signals, and precautions.
13. Make and chalk the perimeter of the involved body, weapon, property, or vehicle before
moving them.
PROCEDURES IN PHOTOGRAPHING THE CRIME SCENE

 Crime scene photographs must be taken in different angles to show the entire and details
of the scene. The photographs must cover some reference points that establish exact
location of the crime scene.
 In crime scene photography, the order of taking pictures must he strictly followed. The
photographer; investigator must start taking pictures from the perimeter towards the
center while he is examining and observing the conditions of the crime scene. However, if
there are things, which are perishable within a short period, such things must be
photographed first.
 A crime procedures employed in photographing indoor and outdoor crime scenes are
more or less similar.
a. Geographical location of the scene that surrounds the crime scene.
b. Tracing and Linking evidences like footprints, tire marks and other traces or impression that
can be useful to identify and associate a suspect with the crime or to the scene;
c. External and internal conditions of the crime scene;
d. Points of ingress and egress.

One rule in crime scene photography is take as many photograph as you can. Many
photographic evidences pertaining to the crime scene are submitted in court. Crime scene
photographs may be grouped into four, which are as follows:
1. Exterior (outdoor) crime Scene Photographs

Photograph the environment (entire surrounding) of the crime scene. photographs
showing the environment of the scene must show the following:
a. Aerial Photograph - top view of the crime scene, which includes the geographical
location of the scene that surrounds the crime scene.
b. Photograph of the Crime Scene at 4 different angles (from 4 directions)
b.1. North side view/angle
b.2. East side view/angle
b.3. South side view/angle
b.4. West side view/ angle
c. Tracing and Linking evidences like footprints, tire marks and other traces or impression
that can be useful to identify and associate a suspect with the crime or to the scene.
d. Photographs of Points of Ingress and Egress as observed outdoors
e. Photographs of peculiar conditions observed at the exterior of the crime scene
2. Interior (indoor) Photographs of the Crime Scene
a. Overhead shot / angle

b. Photographs of the entrance and exist as observed inside
c. Photographs of peculiar conditions inside room.
3. Photographs of Victim or Victims

a. Overhead shot/angle
b. Photograph of victim at 4 different angles
1. head to foot shots angle
2. left angle
3. toot to head shot/angle
4. right angle
c. Close up photograph of the victims face
d. Close up photograph of the injuries wounds
e. Miscellaneous photographs
 Take a photograph of the perimeter / outline of the victim's body
4. Photographs of Physical Evidence
 Physical evidences to be photographed include, but not limited to, the following:
a. weapons - without and with measurement
b. biological and chemical stains
c. fibers
d. personal properties
e. bullet holes
f. visible impressions - fingerprints,

g. other significant physical evidences
PHOTOGRAPHIC LOG
File number: _____________

Nature of Case: ______________________________________________________________
Date and Time taken: _________________________________________________________
Name of Photographer: ________________________________________________________
Camera used: ________________________ Focal length of lens used: ___________________
Exposure Settings: ________________________ Source of Light: ____________________
Accessories used: ___________________________________________
Number of rolls/exposures taken: ______________________________________________
Film used: __________________________ ISO rating: _______________________
Developing Time: __________________________________ Developer used: _____________________
Number of Printed: ______________________________________ Size: _________________
Date Filed: ______________________________________
Received by: _______________________________
Date/Time of Recopy: ________________________
Number of Copies: __________________________
Requested by: ______________________________________________
Div./Sec./Unit: ______________________________________
Approved by: _____________________________________________________________
Name of police officers / Forensic Specialist and other people present at the crime
scene during the picture taking.
Admissibility of photographic evidence.

1. Three major points of qualification of a photograph in court.
a. Object pictured must be material or relevant to the point in issue.
b. The photograph must not appeal to the emotions or tend to prejudice the court or jury.
c. The photograph must be free from distortion and not misrepresent the scene or the object
it purports to reproduce.
2. You do not need to be an expert in photography to take crime scene photographs or testify
about them.

TESTIFYING IN COURT
“A Man of Science”
If the law has made you a witness, remain a man of science,

You have no victim to avenge, no guilty or innocent person to ruin or save,
You must be witness within the limits of science.
(P. Brouardel)
POINTS OF OBJECTION ON THE ADMISSIBILITY OF A PHOTOGRAPH*

1. Accuracy of color
2. Alterations on negatives or on prints
3. Computer generated image
4. Enlargements
5. Errors in printing
6. Equipment
7. Lighting
8. Markings on photographs such as lines, circles, arrows, numbers, etc. are to be avoided
except on comparison charts.
MISLEADING PHOTOGRAPHS
1. Retouching on the negatives or prints
2. Double or multiple exposure
3. Paste-up or composite photographs
4. Montage or superimposition
5. Camera viewpoint or position
6. Effect of focal length of lens
7. Effect of filters
8. Effect of using another object to show the size of an object
9. Effect of under-exposure or over-exposure
10. Effect of cropping
11. Effect of lighting
12. Reversed photographs

PREPARATION AND PRESENTATION OF PHOTOGRAPHIC EVIDENCE
TECHNIQUES OF PHOTOGRAPHY
A. TAKING PHOTOGRAPH
The photographer needs only 4 things to take a picture: a camera, film, a subject and a light,
as photographer gain experience and feels the need for greater technical flexibility, the
photographer may wish to expand the range of his photographic equipment, including special
lenses, and exposure meter, filter and an electronic flash. However, such additional equipment is not
essential and many great photographers have worked with only the most basic equipment.
CHOOSING A CAMERA
The photographer’s choice of a camera depends on the kind of picture he intends to take, the degree
of mobility he needs, and the degree of control over exposure and composition he requires. The
simplest cameras use small (110, 126 or 35 mm) films or self-processing materials and are quite
suitable for most informal pictures.
Many cameras that use 35mm, 120mm or 220mm film sufficiently small and lightweight for
great mobility in a wide variety of controls. Most cameras in this group can be fitted with
interchangeable lenses providing many combinations of local length, speed, size, and convenience
of operation.

Almost every day, photography provides new evidence of its value as a powerful weapon in
the war against crime. More and more departments are coming to realize that. even in routine
incidents, simple pictures taken with simple cameras can make an impressive difference in court.
Furthermore, police departments are continually finding new ways to use photography, both as a
tool for investigation and as a means to record data quickly and accurately. Every defense law yer
knows that testimonial evidence may be proved inaccurate. Even signed confessions do not
necessarily prove guilt in court. But, photographs of physical evidence can show what happened so
clearly and convincingly that juries convict and judges sentence.
Photography is an essential tool for the law enforcement investigator. As a tool, it enables him to
record the visible, and in many cases, the invisible evidence of a crime. The photographic evidence
can then be stored indefinitely and retrieved when needed. In short, there is no other process which
can record, remember, and recall criminal evidence as well as photography.
Photographic Evidence
Photograph offered in evidence should be a faithful representation of the subject matter. It should
not mislead the viewer in any important aspect. It should be free of distortion, in lines or shapes, and
tone relationship should be accurate. Important matter should be in sharp focus.
To be admissible as evidence, the object portrayed must itself be admissible. The admissibility
of photographs which prove a point in issue is decided by the court, based on the point in question,

and the degree of effectiveness with which the photograph accomplished this purpose. There are
two types of evidence photographs; those which represents objects of evidence, or a scene, and
serve in place of the object, or a verbal description of it; and those which actually prove a point in
issue, such a bullet comparison, document alterations or fingerprints.
Marking the Photograph
It is permissible to place a mark on a photograph to identify the print or object. These marks will
probably have to be explained to the satisfaction of the court before the print will be accepted. After
it is accepted, it will be marked as an exhibit by court.
Marking the Negative
The only marking permissible on a negative is an identification number which normally consists of
the case number and the sequence number of the negative placed on the border. Nothing should
be placed in the image area of the negative. When film is commercially processed, a processor’s
affidavit should be obtained stating that the film is normally processed and returned to the sender
neither altered nor edited. The chain of custody must also be maintained. It is also suggested that
the processor be listed as a witness in the case report.
Markings Placed in the Crime Scene
In some instances, it is permissible to place an identifying marker in the crime scene but should be
used with discretion and restraint. Care must be taken not to obscure important evidence by the
marker and the marker must be clearly visible and identifiable. Example is a stake showing the
location of an item of evidence that is too small to be seen in the overall photograph. If a marker is
used to indicate or establish size, a ruler calibrated in inch/millimeter should be used. The ruler
should bear the photographer’s initials so it can be identified if it is required to be presented in court
for verification.
Data Card
Each print and negative should have a data card containing a complete technical history (e.g. f/stop,
film, developing time, focal length, etc.). Care must be taken not to express any opinion in this card,
such as the nature of the offense, like the word Murder, or Suicide. Since the facts of the case are
not established at the time the scene was photographed. Opinion would indicate that the
investigator has already formed conclusions and this could be rendered the photographs
inadmissible as evidence.

Photographing the scene
To insure complete photographic coverage of the crime scene, a pattern should be

established for photographing the area. This pattern should be worked in a spiral clockwise starting
at the point at the perimeter of the scene, and working toward the center. Usually, the first
photograph is of the entrance into the area. The second photograph should include a portion of the
area taken in the first photograph. Because of this overlapping coverage, the scene can be viewed
with the assurance that no portion of the area has been excluded, and the relationship of objects in
each photograph is established.
When items of importance are discovered they should be photographed from a distance
close enough to identify the object, but still show enough of the surrounding to establish its location
in the overall crime scene photograph. The number of photographs required to provide complete
coverage of the scene will be determined by the nature of the crime and the location. However, no
less than four photographs are necessary to adequately show the interior of a room. If there is doubt
as to whether a photograph should be taken, it is best to take it. It is far better have too many
photographs than too few.
As a rule of thumb, it can be said that the camera should be at a witness level, or about 5
feet from the floor. The camera should be placed to show a natural line of vision, such as an observer
would see, avoiding trick shots, and placed so that objects in the scene do not appear distorted or
unnatural by being too close to the lens. Photographs used as evidence must be large enough to
show details of the subject, but not so large as to be difficult to handle. An 8 x 10 inches is a
convenient size.
GETTING THE EVIDENCE INTO COURT

Any picture an officer takes may wind up in court. You will be safe if you keep this in mind for every
photo you shoot. Experience has shown that attention to a few simple rules can make pictures
acceptable to most judges.
Rule 1 - Do not disturb the scene
Rule 2 - Get a complete series of pictures
Rule 3 - Pay attention to camera angles
BEFORE SHOOTING: MAKE A CHECKLIST

Every photographer, even a skilled professional, occasionally makes a careless mistakes, like shooting
with an empty camera or forgetting to remove the lens cap. To avoid such fundamental errors,
experienced photographers have developed mental checklists to run through before putting the
camera to use and this includes the following questions to ask yourselves.
1) Is the camera already loaded?
2 ) How many exposures are left?
3) Is the camera free of dust and film chips?
4) Are you loading the film in subdued light?
511 Is the film moving properly to the take-up spool?
6) Is the camera back tightly latched?
7) Is the take-up spool turning?
8) Is the lens securely in place?

9) Is the lens clean?
10) Is your light meter set correctly for the speed of the film you are using?
11) is your light meter battery fully charged
12) Have you removed your lens cap or lens filters
BASIC PRINCIPLES OF CRIME SCENE PHOTOGRAPHY
Crime scene is vital in establishing proof that a crime was committed. The permanent record of the
crime scene is indispensable for successful investigation and presentation of a criminal case in the
court.
Once a person commits a crime, he automatically constructs a crime scene. This scene must be
preserved because it contains evidences of how the crime was committed, and who performed such
crime. Evidence left by a criminal at the scene must be protected. They must not be altered,
contaminated or mutilated through carelessness of investigating officers or by the curious acts of
bystanders or witness. To protect the crime scene from unnecessary or unauthorized disturbances
the usual practice of the investigators or first responding police officers is to cordon the area.
Before taking photographs, the photographer should take note of the following pointers.
1. Evaluate or assess the crime scene then make a plan how to CAPTURE and PRESERVE it before
actually taking.
2. Photograph the crime scene environment (the scene in general) before focusing at the focal
point.
3. Take as many photographs as you can. Maximize the use of available supply of film.
4. Observe correct setting of the four (4) controls of the cameras including proper technique or
focusing, exposure, film development and printing.
5. In photographing the direct victim of a killing incident, make sure that the victim is dead before
taking photographic evidences.
6. Take a minimum of 4 photographs at different angles concerning the exterior and interior of
the scene, and the position of the victims and physical evidences.
7. Take photographs of the subject at different angles following a clockwise or counterclockwise
direction.
8. Sequence of pictures taken should be logical and consistent to help the investigations in
reconstructing the crime scene.
9. Do not remove or transfer anything at the crime scene unless the scene has been properly
measured, marked sketched and photographed.
10. Unnecessary or unauthorized touching, ?moving and transferring the properties, weapons,
and bodies found at the scene may cause MISLEADING INVESTIGATION.
11. Take note of any unusual conditions or circumstances existing at the crime scene or its
adjacent environment.
12. Take note of the existence of traffic lights, signals, and precautions.
13. Make and chalk the perimeter of the involved body, weapon, property, or vehicle before
moving them.

PROCEDURES IN PHOTOGRAPHING THE CRIME SCENE
Crime scene photographs must be taken in different angles to show the entire and details of the
scene. The photographs must cover some reference points that establish exact location of the crime
scene.
In crime scene photography, the order of taking pictures must he strictly followed. The photographer;
investigator must start taking pictures from the perimeter towards the center while he is examining
and observing the conditions of the crime scene. However, if there are things, which are perishable
within a short period, such things must be photographed first.
A crime procedures employed in photographing indoor and outdoor crime scenes are more or less
similar.
a. Geographical location of the scene that surrounds the crime scene.
b. Tracing and Linking evidences like footprints, tire marks and other traces or impression that can
be useful to identify and associate a suspect with the crime or to the scene;
c. External and internal conditions of the crime scene;
d. Points of ingress and egress.
One rule in crime scene photography is take as many photograph as you can. Many photographic
evidences pertaining to the crime scene are submitted in court. Crime scene photographs may be
grouped into four, which are as follows:
1. Exterior (outdoor) crime Scene Photographs
Photograph the environment (entire surrounding) of the crime scene. photographs showing
the environment of the scene must show the following:
a. Aerial Photograph - top view of the crime scene, which includes the geographical location of the
scene that surrounds the crime scene.
b. Photograph of the Crime Scene at 4 different angles (from 4 directions)
b.1. North side view/angle
b.2. East side view/angle
b.3. South side view/angle
b.4. West side view/ angle
c. Tracing and Linking evidences like footprints, tire marks and other traces or impression
that can be useful to identify and associate a suspect with the crime or to the scene.
d. Photographs of Points of Ingress and Egress as observed outdoors
e. Photographs of peculiar conditions observed at the exterior of the crime scene
2. Interior (indoor) Photographs of the Crime Scene
a. Overhead shot / angle

b. Photographs of the entrance and exist as observed inside
c. Photographs of peculiar conditions inside room.
3. Photographs of Victim or Victims

a. Overhead shot/angle
b. Photograph of victim at 4 different angles

1. head to foot shots angle
2. left angle
3. toot to head shot/angle
4. right angle
c. Close up photograph of the victims face
d. Close up photograph of the injuries wounds
e. Miscellaneous photographs
• Take a photograph of the perimeter / outline of the victim's body
4. Photographs of Physical Evidence

Physical evidences to be photographed include, but not limited to, the following:
a. weapons - without and with measurement
b. biological and chemical stains
c. fibers
d. personal properties
e. bullet holes
f. visible impressions - fingerprints,
g. other significant physical evidences
PHOTOGRAPHIC LOG
File number: _____________

Nature of Case: ______________________________________________________________
Date and Time taken: _________________________________________________________
Name of Photographer: ________________________________________________________
Camera used: ________________________ Focal length of lens used: ___________________
Exposure Settings: ________________________ Source of Light: ____________________
Accessories used: ___________________________________________
Number of rolls/exposures taken: ______________________________________________
Film used: __________________________ ISO rating: _______________________
Developing Time: __________________________________ Developer used:
_____________________
Number of Printed: ______________________________________ Size: _________________
Date Filed: ______________________________________
Received by: _______________________________
Date/Time of Recopy: ________________________
Number of Copies: __________________________
Requested by: ______________________________________________
Div./Sec./Unit: ______________________________________
Approved by: _____________________________________________________________
Name of police officers / Forensic Specialist and other people present at the
crime scene during the picture taking.
PREPARATION OF MUGFILE
A mug file is gallery (file) or collection of police photographs of criminal suspects that is used for
giving positive identification. The MUGFILE contains the following data/information.

1. Offender's (Suspect's) data
2. Victim's data
3. Property data
4. offense data
5. Photograph of offender (suspect) at different angles
6. Miscellaneous photographs, such as:
a. Close - up shots of distinguishing marks
b. A series of circumstantial photographs of the crime scene
The series of offender's photographs includes the following:
1. Facial close-up
2. Half body angle
3. Whole body angle
4. Right side view - close-up, half body, whole body
5. Left side view - close-up, half body, whole body
6. Close-up shots of distinguishing marks
TESTIFYING IN COURT
“A Man of Science”
If the law has made you a witness, remain a man of science,

You have no victim to avenge, no guilty or innocent person to ruin or save,
You must be witness within the limits of science.
(P. Brouardel)
POINTS OF OBJECTION ON THE ADMISSIBILITY OF A PHOTOGRAPH*

1. Accuracy of color
2. Alterations on negatives or on prints
3. Computer generated image
4. Enlargements
5. Errors in printing
6. Equipment
7. Lighting
8. Markings on photographs such as lines, circles, arrows, numbers, etc. are to be avoided
except on comparison charts.
MISLEADING PHOTOGRAPHS
1. Retouching on the negatives or prints
2. Double or multiple exposure
3. Paste-up or composite photographs
4. Montage or superimposition
5. Camera viewpoint or position
6. Effect of focal length of lens
7. Effect of filters

8. Effect of using another object to show the size of an object
9. Effect of under-exposure or over-exposure
10. Effect of cropping
11. Effect of lighting
12. Reversed photographs

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Uses of Photography in Law Enforcement

Application of photography in law enforcement

Prepared by: Joey Cain R. Meneses, RCRIM

1. Secure the scene

Taking overview or preliminary photographs

c. Outside the scene

d. Inside the scene

Prepared by: Joey Cain R. Meneses, RCRIM

a. Frequently valuable to show an overview of the scene.

Photographs to record items of evidence.

2. Measuring and marking devices.

D. Rules In Crime Scene Photography

Note: Recommended size of photograph in court is 5” X 7” or 8”X10” or bigger…

E. Points To Be Remembered In Crime Scene Photography

Prepared by: Joey Cain R. Meneses, RCRIM

F. Basic Rule for Evidence Close-up Photography

G. Flash Fill in Crime Scene and Evidence Photography

Types of photography use in Law Enforcement and their uses

Prepared by: Joey Cain R. Meneses, RCRIM

Uses In Law Enforcement

1. Questioned documents. Even crossed-out words or writings on a charred piece of paper

Uses in Law Enforcement

Prepared by: Joey Cain R. Meneses, RCRIM

Prepared by: Joey Cain R. Meneses, RCRIM

Requirements of a photograph admitted as evidence in court

Requirements of crime scene photographs

1. Clarity- presenting bare facts (must not blurred)

Objective of crime scene photography

1. To produce a pictorial record of everything regarding the crime.

Importance of crime scene photography

Prepared by: Joey Cain R. Meneses, RCRIM

SURVEILLANCE AND INVESTIGATIVE PHOTOGRAPHY

Prepared by: Joey Cain R. Meneses, RCRIM

Surveillance Leading to Apprehension

Mug shot photography

Prepared by: Joey Cain R. Meneses, RCRIM

Front view, whole body

DELA CRUZ, JUAN y SANTOS

Prepared by: Joey Cain R. Meneses, RCRIM

FRONT VIEW, HALF BODY- HEAD TO ELBOW

LEFT SIDE VIEW- HALF BODY-HEAD TO ELBOW

Prepared by: Joey Cain R. Meneses, RCRIM

Digital versus Analog Photography

Prepared by: Joey Cain R. Meneses, RCRIM

LEGAL FOUNDATION OF DIGITAL PHOTOGRAPHY

1. Rules on Electronic Evidence

Preparation & Admissibility of Photographic Evidence

Prepared by: Joey Cain R. Meneses, RCRIM

CRIME SCENE PHOTOGRAPHY

Marking the Photograph

Marking the Negative

Prepared by: Joey Cain R. Meneses, RCRIM

Markings Placed in the Crime Scene

Photographing the scene

Prepared by: Joey Cain R. Meneses, RCRIM

GETTING THE EVIDENCE INTO COURT

BEFORE SHOOTING: MAKE A CHECKLIST

BASIC PRINCIPLES OF CRIME SCENE PHOTOGRAPHY

Prepared by: Joey Cain R. Meneses, RCRIM

PROCEDURES IN PHOTOGRAPHING THE CRIME SCENE

Prepared by: Joey Cain R. Meneses, RCRIM

1. Exterior (outdoor) crime Scene Photographs

2. Interior (indoor) Photographs of the Crime Scene