PRE-CALCULUS

Course Material No. 3

Jhanna Mae V. Tadique

Mathematics Teacher
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PRE-CALCULUS • NU LAGUNA

ELLIPSE AND HYPERBOLA

3
LESSON OUTLINE LEARNING OUTCOMES

Graph of: Here’s what I will teach you in this course material:
Ellipse
Graph the equations or properties of an ellipse and a
Hyperbola
Situational Problems hyperbola in a Cartesian plane.
involving:
Solve situational problems involving ellipse and hyperbola.
Ellipse
Hyperbola

CONTENT STANDARDS RESOURCES NEEDED

The learners demonstrate an

For this lesson, you would need the following resources:
understanding of key concepts of
ellipse and hyperbola.
• Ellipse and Hyperbola.pptx
• Course Material 3
PERFORMANCE STANDARDS
• Instructional videos (see References)
The learners shall be able to model • Laptop, cellphone, activity sheets, course material, MS
situations appropriately and solve
problems accurately using the Teams software, OneNote
concepts of ellipse and hyperbola.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Pretest 3 Pretest

Before you start, try answering the following

questions. 4 Make It Real

1. How can you convert standard equation to general

equation or vice versa? 5 Ellipse

_________________________________________
9 Let’s Do This
2. What is the difference between circle and parabola
geometrically?

________________________________________ 10 Hyperbola

3. What is ellipse? Hyperbola?

Written Work 3: Trip to
13 Planetary Orbits
________________________________________

4. How can you differentiate the general equation of 14 Did You That…
the ellipse and hyperbola?

________________________________________
17 Lesson Summary

5. What is/are the important properties of an ellipse

that can be used in its graph? How about in
hyperbola? 17 Key Terms

________________________________________
18 Posttest

18 References
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PRE-CALCULUS • NU LAGUNA

Conic Sections
Key Point
Conic sections are not just used
as an impressive artistry to make
a design, but I also use in
different field. Ellipse can be
found in science and most used
to make sounds in the air waves
to bounce back on the wall.
Hyperbola can be used as a
structural design in buildings,
bridges, roads, and many more.

This activity will help you to familiarize the graph of conic sections and
how they may differ to each other. Make sure that you have an access in
geogebra, desmos, or other ICT tools for graphing.
WHO AM I?
Task: Through the use of different ICT tools for graphing, graph the given equation and write
the conic section being formed on the space provided after the equation.
𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 1: 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 36𝑥 − 24𝑦 + 36 = 0
𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 2: 9𝑥 2 + 4𝑦 2 + 36𝑥 − 24𝑦 + 36 = 0
𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 3: 𝑦 2 + 36𝑥 − 24𝑦 + 36 = 0
𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 4: 𝑥 2 −𝑦 2 + 2𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 2 = 0
QUESTIONS:
1. How do you compare the equation of:
1.1. equation 1 and 2?

1.2. equation 1 and 3?

1.3. equation 1 and 4?

2. Without graphing the general equation, how can you identify the given conic section?
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`
Ellipse
Ellipse is a set of all points on
the plane where the sum of
Last week, we discussed the different types of conic sections according to their distances from two
distinct points is constant.
on how they formed through the intersection of a plane and double right
circular cone. This course material will further discuss the definition, Foci (𝑭𝟏 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑭𝟐 ) are the two
fixed points of the ellipse.
properties, and graph of an ellipse and hyperbola.
Vertices (𝑽𝟏 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑽𝟐 ) are the
two points on the ellipse which
are points of intersection of the
Graph of an Ellipse ellipse and the line passing
through the foci.
Like the parabola, the ellipse has more than one standard equation. This
̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
The Midpoint 𝑽 𝟏 𝑽𝟐 is called the
equation depends upon the major axis of an ellipse; it’s either horizontal or CENTER 𝑪(𝒉, 𝒌) of the ellipse.

vertical. The properties and standard equations are given below. Major axis is the line segment
connecting 𝑽𝟏 and 𝑽𝟐 passing
Standard Equation Properties Standard Equation through the foci and its length
is 𝟐𝒂.

Minor axis is the line segment

connecting 𝑪𝑽𝟏 and 𝑪𝑽𝟐
passing through the center and
its length is 𝟐𝒃.

Co-vertices (𝑪𝑽𝟏 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑪 𝑽𝟐 )

are the two points on the ellipse
which intersect the minor axis.

Major axis

You should always consider the parts and properties of the

ellipse in sketching its graph. Same in other types of conic sections, IMPORTANT NOTES:
you first need to identify all parts of an ellipse and plot it in a
𝒂 is the distance from
rectangular Cartesian plane. center to vertex
𝒃 is the distance from
center to co-vertex
𝒄 is the distance from
center to focus
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PRE-CALCULUS • NU LAGUNA

Example 1: Identify the center, vertices, foci, and co-vertices of the

given equation, then graph the ellipse in the Cartesian Pythagorean Theorem
It is used to find the missing side of a
plane. right triangle.

(𝒙−𝟐)𝟐 (𝒚+𝟐)𝟐 𝑎2 = 𝑏2 + 𝑐 2
a. + =𝟏
𝟗 𝟐𝟓 𝑏2 = 𝑎2 − 𝑐 2
𝑐 2 = 𝑎2 − 𝑏2
(𝒙+𝟏)𝟐 (𝒚−𝟕)𝟐
b. + =𝟏
𝟏𝟔𝟗 𝟏𝟒𝟒

Solution:
(𝒙−𝟐)𝟐 (𝒚+𝟐)𝟐
a. The standard equation is + = 𝟏. Given this equation,
𝟑𝟐 𝟓𝟐
you can easily identify the center, 𝒂, and 𝒃. Remember that 𝒂 is
always larger than 𝒃. Thus 𝒉 = 𝟐,
𝒌 = −𝟐, 𝒂 = 𝟓, 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒃 = 𝟑. Solve for the value of 𝒄 because you
need it to find the value of the other parts of an ellipse.
Using the Pythagorean theorem, 𝒄 = √𝟓𝟐 − 𝟑𝟐 = 𝟒.
Since the denominator of variable 𝒚 is larger than variable
𝒙, the major axis of an ellipse is vertical. Using the
properties of standard equation 2, we have:

Center: 𝑪(𝟐, −𝟐)

𝑭𝟏 = [𝟐, (−𝟐 − 𝟒)] → (𝟐, −𝟔)
Foci:
𝑭𝟐 = [𝟐, (−𝟐 + 𝟒) ] → (𝟐, 𝟐)
𝑽𝟏 = [𝟐, (−𝟐 − 𝟓)] → (𝟐, −𝟕)
Vertices:
𝑽𝟐 = [𝟐, (−𝟐 + 𝟓)] → (𝟐, 𝟑)
𝑪𝑽𝟏 = [(𝟐 − 𝟑), −𝟐] → (−𝟏, −𝟐) Figure 1
Co-vertices:
𝑪𝑽𝟐 = [(𝟐 + 𝟑), −𝟐] → (𝟓, −𝟐)

To graph the ellipse, plot all the points in a Cartesian plane

and connect the vertices and co-vertices to sketch the ellipse
(see Figure 1). ✓ if the denominator of variable 𝒙 is
larger than the denominator of
variable 𝒚 the major axis of an
ellipse is horizontal; but
✓ if the denominator of variable 𝒚 is
larger than the denominator of
variable 𝒙 the major axis of an
ellipse is vertical
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(𝒙+𝟏)𝟐 (𝒚−𝟕)𝟐
b. The standard equation is + = 𝟏. From the given equation,
𝟏𝟑𝟐 𝟏𝟐𝟐
the center is at (−𝟏, 𝟕), thus 𝒉 = −𝟏 𝒌 = 𝟕, 𝒂 = 𝟏𝟑, 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒃 = 𝟏𝟐. Solve
for the value of 𝒄 = √𝟏𝟑𝟐 − 𝟏𝟐𝟐 = 𝟓. Since the denominator of variable
𝒙 is larger than variable 𝒚, the major axis of an ellipse is horizontal.
Using the properties of standard equation 1, we have:
Center: 𝑪(−𝟏, 𝟕)
𝑭𝟏 = [(−𝟏 − 𝟓), 𝟕] → (−𝟔, 𝟕)
Foci:
𝑭𝟐 = [(−𝟏 + 𝟓) , 𝟕] → (𝟒, 𝟕)
𝑽𝟏 = [(−𝟏 − 𝟏𝟑), 𝟕] → (−𝟏𝟒, 𝟕)
Vertices:
𝑽𝟐 = [(−𝟏 + 𝟏𝟑), 𝟕] → (𝟏𝟐, 𝟕)
𝑪𝑽𝟏 = [−𝟏, (𝟕 − 𝟏𝟐)] → (−𝟏, −𝟓)
Co-vertices:
𝑪𝑽𝟐 = [−𝟏(, 𝟕 + 𝟏𝟐)] →−(−𝟏, 𝟏𝟗)

Figure 2

Situational Problem Involving Ellipse

Like the other conic sections, there are many applications in real life
involving ellipse. The common application of an ellipse is the whispering
gallery in which the whisper of one person can be heard clearly in other parts
of the gallery. Let us apply the concept and properties of the ellipse in solving
the situational problem.

Example 2: The dome of a whispering gallery has

the form of a semi-ellipse so that two persons
standing at the foci will be able to hear each
other. This is because sound waves from one
3m 14m 3m
focus bounce off to the other when they reach
the semi-elliptical ceiling. If one such
whispering gallery focuses 3m from an end of Figure 3

the semi-ellipse, and the other focuses 14m

away from the first focus, how high is the dome
at the center?
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PRE-CALCULUS • NU LAGUNA

Solution: Your task is to find the dome's height at the center, assuming
that the center is at the origin. If you visualize the given problem and plot
all the given, the high of the dome represents the half of the minor axis
(𝒃). To solve the value, you may use the Pythagorean theorem provided
that the values of 𝒂 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒄 are given. Analyze the problem, it said that the
first person (standing at one focus) is 3m away from the end of a semi-
ellipse in which this end is one of the vertices of an ellipse and the
distance between the two person (standing both at foci) is 14m. Given
these distances, you can now find the length of the major axis, thus
𝟐𝒂 = 𝟑 + 𝟏𝟒 + 𝟑 = 𝟐𝟎 → 𝒂 = 𝟏𝟎𝒎. Recall that foci are the fixed
points and 𝒄 is the distance from center to focus, therefore 𝒄 = 𝟕𝒎. To
find the value of 𝒃, use the Pythagorean theorem
𝒃 = √(𝟏𝟎)𝟐 − (𝟕)𝟐 = 𝟕. 𝟏𝟒𝒎.
Therefore, the dome is 𝟕. 𝟏𝟒𝒎 high from the center of the whispering gallery.

Example 3: According to Kepler’s Laws, all

planets move about the sun in elliptical
4.4 billion km
orbits having the sun as one of the foci.
Let us consider the movement of Pluto,
in which the farthest it gets from the sun
is 7.4 billion kilometers while the closest
it gets to the sun is 4.4 billion 7.4 billion km
kilometers. Find the equation of Pluto’s
orbit assuming a center at (𝟎, 𝟎).
Figure 4
Solution: Your task is to find the equation of
Pluto’s orbit, meaning to say you need the center and the value of 𝒂 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒃.
The challenge is to find 𝒂 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒃 since the center is already given (𝟎, 𝟎).
Recall that 𝒂 is the distance from center to vertex, 𝒃 is the distance from center
to the vertex. If you analyze and visualize the problem, you cannot easily find
the value of 𝒂 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒃 since the given is the distance from one of the foci to the
vertices. But you can use those distances to find the missing values. Remember
PRE-CALCULUS • NU LAGUNA 9

that the major axis is a line segment connecting the two vertices, therefore the
major axis 𝟐𝒂 = 𝟕. 𝟒 + 𝟒. 𝟒 = 𝟏𝟏. 𝟖 𝒃𝒊𝒍𝒍𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒌𝒊𝒍𝒐𝒎𝒆𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒔 Since 𝟐𝒂 = 𝟏𝟏. 𝟖,
then 𝒂 = 𝟓. 𝟗. Since the distance from the center to the vertex is 𝟓. 𝟗, therefore
𝒄 = 𝟓. 𝟗 − 𝟒. 𝟒 = 𝟏. 𝟓 𝒃𝒊𝒍𝒍𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒌𝒊𝒍𝒐𝒎𝒆𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒔. Using the Pythagorean theorem,
𝒃 = √(𝟓. 𝟗)𝟐 − (𝟏. 𝟓)𝟐 = 𝟓. 𝟕𝟏 𝒃𝒊𝒍𝒍𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒌𝒊𝒍𝒐𝒎𝒆𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒔.
𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐
Thus, the equation of Pluto’s orbit is (𝟓.𝟗)𝟐 + (𝟓.𝟕𝟏)𝟐 = 𝟏 that can be written as

𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐
+ 𝟑𝟐.𝟔𝟎 = 𝟏.
𝟑𝟒.𝟖𝟏

Task: For the following ellipses, find the following: coordinates of the center, foci,
vertices, and co-vertices. Sketch the graph of the ellipse.

(𝑥−3)2 (𝑦−1)2
1. + =1
25 16

Center (1 pt):

Foci (2 pts):

Vertices (2 pts):

Co-Vertices (2 pts):

Graph (3 pts):

𝑥2 (𝑦−5)2
2. + =1
64 100

Center (1 pt):

Foci (2 pts):

Vertices (2 pts):

Co-Vertices (2 pts):

Graph (3 pts):
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Hyperbola is a set of all points

Hyperbola on the plane which which the
absolute value of the difference
of the distances from two
Graph of a Hyperbola distinct fixed points, called foci,
is constant.
In graphing the hyperbola, you need to determine its parts and
Foci (𝑭𝟏 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑭𝟐 ) are the two
properties. Analyze the given carefully and identify if the transverse fixed points of hyperbola.

axis of the hyperbola is horizontal or vertical. The properties and Vertices (𝑽𝟏 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑽𝟐 ) are the
two points of intersection of the
standard equations are given below. hyperbola and the principal
axis.

Center 𝑪(𝒉, 𝒌) is the midpoint

of vertices or foci.

Principal axis is the line that

passes through the foci.

Transverse axis is the line

segment joining 𝑽𝟏 and 𝑽𝟐 .

Co-vertices (𝑪𝑽𝟏 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑪 𝑽𝟐 )

are the endpoints pf conjugate
axis.

Conjugate axis is perpendicular

to the transverse axis and has
the co-vertices as its endpoints.

Auxiliary rectangle is a
rectangle with sides parallel to
axes, and of length 𝟐𝒂 and 𝟐𝒃.
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Example 1: Find the center, vertices, co-vertices, foci, and

asymptotes of the given equation. Then sketch the graph in a
(𝑥−2)2 (𝑦+1)2
Cartesian plane of − =1
9 16

Solution:

The first step is to write the given equation into the standard
(𝑥−2)2 (𝑦+1)2
equation of the hyperbola, so we have − = 1. Given the
32 42

standard equation, we can now easily identify the center (ℎ, 𝑘) and the
values of 𝑎 and 𝑏. Thus 𝒉 = 𝟐, 𝒌 = −𝟏, 𝒂 = 𝟑, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝒃 = 𝟒. To solve for ,
use the Pythagorean theorem, thus

𝑐 2 = 32 + 42 → 𝑐 2 = 9 + 16 → 𝑐 2 = 25 → 𝒄 = 𝟓.

Since the rational expression with the variable 𝑥 is positive and

the rational expression with the variable 𝑦 is negative, the given hyperbola
has a horizontal transverse axis.

Center 𝑪(𝟐, −𝟏)

Vertices 𝑽𝟏 = [(𝟐 − 𝟑), −𝟏] → (−𝟏, −𝟏)

𝑽𝟐 = [(𝟐 + 𝟑) , −𝟏] → (𝟓, −𝟏)

Co-vertices 𝑪𝑽𝟏 = [𝟐, (−𝟏 − 𝟒)] → (𝟐, −𝟓)

𝑪𝑽𝟐 = [(𝟐 − 𝟓), −𝟏] → (−𝟑, −𝟏)

Foci 𝑭𝟏 = [(𝟐 − 𝟓), −𝟏] → (−𝟑, −𝟏)

𝑭𝟐 = [(𝟐 + 𝟓), −1] →−(𝟕, −𝟏)

𝟒 Figure 5
Asymptotes
𝒚 = −𝟏 ± (𝒙 − 𝟐)
𝟑

To sketch the graph of the hyperbola, plot all the points in a

Cartesian plane, draw the auxiliary rectangle, and sketch the curve of a
hyperbola (see Figure 5).
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Situational Problem Involving Hyperbola

Let us apply the concept of hyperbola in a real-life situation. Hyperbola is
one of the geometric figures used as a structural design in buildings, bridges,
roads, and many more.

Example 2: A design for a cooling tower project is shown in Figure 6.

Find the equation of the hyperbola that models the sides of the
cooling tower. Assume that the center of the hyperbola—indicated
by the intersection of dashed perpendicular lines in the figure—is the
origin of the coordinate plane. Round-off the final values to four
Figure 6
decimal places.
Solution: Assume that the center of the tower is at the origin so that we can use the standard
𝑥2 𝑦2
equation of the hyperbola with a horizontal transverse axis: 𝑎2 − 𝑏2 = 1 where the branches

of the hyperbola from the sides of the cooling tower. Your first task is to find the values of
𝑎2 and 𝑏2 to complete the model. Recall that the length of the transverse axis of a hyperbola
is 2𝑎 in which is represented by the distance where the sides are closest, which is given as
40𝑚. So 2𝑎 = 40, then 𝑎 = 20 therefore 𝒂𝟐 = 𝟒𝟎𝟎. To solve for 𝑏2 , all we have to do is to
substitute the values of 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑎2 to the given equation. To do this, you need to solve for
the values of 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦. Based on the given, we can use the dimension of the tower to find
some point (𝑥, 𝑦) that lies on the hyperbola. We will use the top right corner of the tower to
represent that point. Since the 𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 bisects the tower, our 𝑥 − 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 can be represented
by the radius of the top, which is 𝒙 = 𝟑𝟎𝒎. The 𝑦 − 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 is represented by the distance
from the origin to the top. Therefore 𝒚 = 𝟔𝟕. 𝟎𝟖𝟐𝒎. Therefore,
(30)2 (67.082)2 (30)2 (67.082)2
− = 1 → (𝟒𝟎𝟎𝒃𝟐 ) [ 400 − = 1] (𝟒𝟎𝟎𝒃𝟐 )
400 𝑏2 𝑏2

(30)2 𝑏2 − 400(67.082)2 = 400𝑏2

500𝑏2 400(67.082)2
(30) 𝑏 − 400𝑏 = 400(67.082)2 →
2 2 2
=
500 500
𝒃𝟐 = 3599.996 ≈ 𝟑𝟔𝟎𝟎
The hyperbolic equation can model the sides of the tower as,
𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐
− 𝟑𝟔𝟎𝟎 =𝟏
𝟒𝟎𝟎
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WRITTEN WORK 3
TRIP TO PLANETARY ORBITS!

One of the important applications of an ellipse is the

planetary motion. The revolution of the planets around the Sun is in the
ellipses paths that was discovered by Johannes Kepler. But before this
fact revealed, most of the people believed that the planets traveled
along circular paths, a circle being the most symmetric among all conic
sections.

A. Find the properties, standard equation, and sketch the graph (manually) of the ellipse
and hyperbola given below.

Rubrics for checking: 5 points – properties (show the solutions, if any)

2 points – standard equation
3 points – graph (do not forget the labels)

1. Foci at (0, −3) and (0, 7), and vertex 4 units below the focus
2. 𝑦 2 + 4𝑥 2 = 16
3. Center (−2, 5) and vertices (2, 5) and (−6, 5).

B. Solve the following problems.

Rubrics for checking: 2 points – given

5 points – solutions
2 points – final answer
1 point – conclusion

4. The distance of Earth from the sun is about from 149,600,000 km. Assume that
the center is the origin, and its major axis is the 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠. What is the equation
of its elliptical orbit where the Sun is one of the foci?
5. An explosion was heard by two stations 1200𝑘𝑚 apart, located at 𝐹1 (−600, 0)
and 𝐹2 (600, 0). If the explosion was heard in 𝐹1 two seconds before it was heard
in 𝐹2 , what is the possible locations of the explosion? Note: use 340 𝑘𝑚/𝑠 as
the speed of sound.
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DID YOU KNOW THAT…..

DERIVATION OF THE STANDARD EQUATION OF AN ELLIPSE

̅̅̅̅̅̅𝟏 ȁ + ȁ𝑷𝑭
Let ȁ𝑷𝑭 ̅̅̅̅̅̅𝟐 ȁ = 𝟐𝒂

Using the distance formula, substitute the coordinates of point 𝑷 and foci;

√[𝒙 − (𝒉 − 𝒄)]𝟐 + [𝒚 − 𝒌]𝟐 + √[𝒙 − (𝒉 + 𝒄)]𝟐 + [𝒚 − 𝒌]𝟐 = 𝟐𝒂

Rewrite 𝒙 − (𝒉 − 𝒄) = (𝒙 − 𝒉) + 𝒄 and 𝒙 − (𝒉 + 𝒄) = (𝒙 − 𝒉) − 𝒄;

√[(𝒙 − 𝒉) + 𝒄]𝟐 + [𝒚 − 𝒌]𝟐 + √[(𝒙 − 𝒉) − 𝒄]𝟐 + [𝒚 − 𝒌]𝟐 = 𝟐𝒂

In solving radical equation, you must leave one radical term on the left side;

√[(𝒙 − 𝒉) + 𝒄]𝟐 + [𝒚 − 𝒌]𝟐 = 𝟐𝒂 − √[(𝒙 − 𝒉) − 𝒄]𝟐 + [𝒚 − 𝒌]𝟐

Square both sides;

𝟐 𝟐
ቀ√[(𝒙 − 𝒉) + 𝒄]𝟐 + [𝒚 − 𝒌]𝟐 ቁ = ቀ𝟐𝒂 − √[(𝒙 − 𝒉) − 𝒄]𝟐 + [𝒚 − 𝒌]𝟐 ቁ

Expand and simplify;

[(𝒙 − 𝒉) + 𝒄]𝟐 + [𝒚 − 𝒌]𝟐 = 𝟒𝒂𝟐 − 𝟒𝒂√[(𝒙 − 𝒉) − 𝒄]𝟐 + [𝒚 − 𝒌]𝟐 + [(𝒙 − 𝒉) − 𝒄]𝟐 + [𝒚 − 𝒌]𝟐

(𝒙 − 𝒉)𝟐 + 𝟐𝒄(𝒙 − 𝒉) + 𝒄𝟐 + [𝒚 − 𝒌]𝟐 = 𝟒𝒂𝟐 − 𝟒𝒂√[(𝒙 − 𝒉) + 𝒄]𝟐 + [𝒚 − 𝒌]𝟐 + (𝒙 − 𝒉)𝟐 − 𝟐𝒄(𝒙 − 𝒉) + 𝒄𝟐 + [𝒚 − 𝒌]𝟐

𝟒𝒂𝟐 − 𝟒𝒄(𝒙 − 𝒉) = 𝟒𝒂√[(𝒙 − 𝒉) − 𝒄]𝟐 + [𝒚 − 𝒌]𝟐 )

Divide both sides by 4;

𝒂𝟐 − 𝒄(𝒙 − 𝒉) = 𝒂√[(𝒙 − 𝒉) − 𝒄]𝟐 + [𝒚 − 𝒌]𝟐

Square both sides, then simplify;

𝟐
[𝒂𝟐 − 𝒄(𝒙 − 𝒉)]𝟐 = [𝒂√[(𝒙 − 𝒉) − 𝒄]𝟐 + [𝒚 − 𝒌]𝟐 ]

𝒂𝟒 − 𝟐𝒂𝟐 𝒄(𝒙 − 𝒉) + 𝒄𝟐 (𝒙 − 𝒉)𝟐 = 𝒂𝟐 [(𝒙 − 𝒉) − 𝒄]𝟐 + [𝒚 − 𝒌]𝟐

𝒂𝟒 − 𝟐𝒂𝟐 𝒄(𝒙 − 𝒉) + 𝒄𝟐 (𝒙 − 𝒉)𝟐 = 𝒂𝟐 [(𝒙 − 𝒉)𝟐 − 𝟐𝒄(𝒙 − 𝒉) + 𝒄𝟐 + (𝒚 − 𝒌)𝟐 ]
𝒂𝟒 − 𝟐𝒂𝟐 𝒄(𝒙 − 𝒉) + 𝒄𝟐 (𝒙 − 𝒉)𝟐 = 𝒂𝟐 (𝒙 − 𝒉)𝟐 − 𝟐𝒂𝟐 𝒄(𝒙 − 𝒉) + 𝒂𝟐 𝒄𝟐 + 𝒂𝟐 (𝒚 − 𝒌)𝟐
𝒂𝟒 − (𝒂𝟐 𝒄𝟐 ) = (𝒂𝟐 −𝒄𝟐 )(𝒙 − 𝒉)𝟐 + 𝒂𝟐 (𝒚 − 𝒌)𝟐
𝒂𝟐 (𝒂𝟐 − 𝒄𝟐 ) = (𝒂𝟐 −𝒄𝟐 )(𝒙 − 𝒉)𝟐 + 𝒂𝟐 (𝒚 − 𝒌)𝟐

Divide both sides by 𝒂𝟐 (𝒂𝟐 − 𝒄𝟐 ) ;

(𝒙 − 𝒉)𝟐 (𝒚 − 𝒌)𝟐
𝟏= + 𝟐
𝒂𝟐 𝒂 − 𝒄𝟐

Let 𝒃𝟐 = 𝒂𝟐 − 𝒄𝟐 ;

(𝒙−𝒉)𝟐 (𝒚−𝒌)𝟐
+ =𝟏
𝒂𝟐 𝒃𝟐
PRE-CALCULUS • NU LAGUNA 15

DID YOU KNOW THAT…..

DERIVATION OF THE STANDARD EQUATION OF A HYPERBOLA

̅̅̅̅̅̅𝟏 ȁ − ȁ𝑷𝑭
Let ȁ𝑷𝑭 ̅̅̅̅̅̅𝟐 ȁ = 𝟐𝒂

̅̅̅̅̅1 ȁ − ȁ𝑃𝐹
Use the distance formula for ȁ𝑃𝐹 ̅̅̅̅̅2 ȁ = 2𝑎

√[𝑥 − (ℎ − 𝑐)]2 +[𝑦 − 𝑘]2 − √[𝑥 − (ℎ + 𝑐)]2 +[𝑦 − 𝑘]2 = 2𝑎

Rewrite 𝑥 − (ℎ − 𝑐) = (𝒙 − 𝒉) + 𝒄 and 𝑥 − (ℎ + 𝑐) = (𝒙 − 𝒉) − 𝒄

√[(𝒙 − 𝒉) + 𝒄 ]2 +[𝑦 − 𝑘]2 − √[(𝒙 − 𝒉) − 𝒄]2 +[𝑦 − 𝑘]2 = 2𝑎

In solving radical equation, leave one radical term on the left side

√[(𝑥 − ℎ) + 𝑐 ]2 +[𝑦 − 𝑘]2 = 2𝑎 + √[(𝑥 − ℎ) − 𝑐]2 +[𝑦 − 𝑘]2

Square both sides

2 2
ቀ√[(𝑥 − ℎ) + 𝑐 ]2 +[𝑦 − 𝑘]2 ቁ = ቀ2𝑎 + √[(𝑥 − ℎ) − 𝑐]2 +[𝑦 − 𝑘]2 ቁ

Expand and simplify

[(𝑥 − ℎ) + 𝑐 ]2 +[𝑦 − 𝑘]2 = 4𝑎2 + 4𝑎√[(𝑥 − ℎ) − 𝑐]2 +[𝑦 − 𝑘]2 + [(𝑥 − ℎ) − 𝑐]2 +[𝑦 − 𝑘]2

(𝑥 − ℎ)2 + 2𝑐(𝑥 − ℎ) + 𝑐 2 + (𝑦 − 𝑘)2 = 4𝑎2 + 4𝑎√[(𝑥 − ℎ) − 𝑐 2 ]+[𝑦 − 𝑘]2 + (𝑥 − ℎ)2 − 2𝑐(𝑥 − ℎ) + 𝑐 2 + (𝑦 − 𝑘)2

4𝑎2 − 4𝑐(𝑥 − ℎ) = −4𝑎√[(𝑥 − ℎ) − 𝑐]2 +[𝑦 − 𝑘]2

Divide each term by 4

𝑎2 − 𝑐(𝑥 − ℎ) = −𝑎√[(𝑥 − ℎ) − 𝑐]2 +[𝑦 − 𝑘]2

Square both sides and then simplify
2
[𝑎2 − 𝑐(𝑥 − ℎ)]2 = ൣ−𝑎√[(𝑥 − ℎ) − 𝑐]2 +[𝑦 − 𝑘]2 ൧
𝑎4 − 2𝑎2 𝑐(𝑥 − ℎ) + 𝑐 2 (𝑥 − ℎ)2 = 𝑎2 [[(𝑥 − ℎ) − 𝑐]2 +[𝑦 − 𝑘]2 ]
𝑎4 − 2𝑎2 𝑐(𝑥 − ℎ) + 𝑐 2 (𝑥 − ℎ)2 = 𝑎2 [(𝑥 − ℎ)2 − 2𝑐(𝑥 − ℎ) + 𝑐 2 +[𝑦 − 𝑘]2 ]
𝑎4 − 2𝑎2 𝑐(𝑥 − ℎ) + 𝑐 2 (𝑥 − ℎ)2 = 𝑎2 (𝑥 − ℎ)2 − 2𝑎2 𝑐(𝑥 − ℎ) + 𝑎2 𝑐 2 +𝑎2 [𝑦 − 𝑘]2
(𝑎2 − 𝑐 2 )(𝑥 − ℎ)2 − 𝑎2 [𝑦 − 𝑘]2 = 𝑎2 𝑐 2 − 𝑎4
(𝑎2 − 𝑐 2 )(𝑥 − ℎ)2 − 𝑎2 [𝑦 − 𝑘]2 = 𝑎2 (𝑐 2 − 𝑎2 )

Divide both sides by 𝑎2 (𝑐 2 − 𝑎2 )

൫𝑎 2 −𝑐 2 ൯(𝑥−ℎ)2 𝑎 2 [𝑦−𝑘]2 𝑎 2 (𝑐 2 −𝑎 2 )
− 𝑎2(𝑐 2−𝑎2) = 𝑎2(𝑐 2−𝑎2)
𝑎 2 (𝑐 2 −𝑎 2 )

(𝑥−ℎ)2 (𝑦−𝑘)2
− =1
𝑎2 𝑐 2 −𝑎 2

Let 𝑏 2 = (𝑐 2 − 𝑎2 )

(𝒙−𝒉)𝟐 (𝒚−𝒌)𝟐
− =𝟏
𝒂𝟐 𝒃𝟐
 16
PRE-CALCULUS • NU LAGUNA

Be innovative. Many of us consider problem-solving as one of the hardest things to do in

Mathematics. But is it really difficult? Or if we don’t understand something, we try to
“thick harder” and wish that it will become clear to us. Instead of learning to change our
way of thinking, we learn to continue with the wrong thinking and hope that the right
solution comes to us.

As a Nationalian, you must think of other ways or techniques to solve

mathematical problems. Don’t limit yourself on what processes and techniques were
taught to you. Be an innovative student; find a solution on your own.

Answer the following questions. Write your answer inside the ellipse and hyperbola.

What new concepts did you learn

How did this lesson help you to develop
from this lesson?
your character as a Nationalian?
PRE-CALCULUS • NU LAGUNA 17

LESSON SUMMARY

Ellipse is a set of points where the sum of their distances from the foci is
constant while hyperbola is the absolute value of the difference of their
distances from the foci is constant.

The standard equation of an ellipse depends on its major axis while on

the other hand, the standard equation of the hyperbola is based on its
transverse axis.

The general equation of the ellipse and hyperbola is

𝐴𝑥 2 + 𝐶𝑦 2 + 𝐷𝑥 + 𝐸𝑦 + 𝐹 = 0 where in ellipse 𝑨 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑪 have the
same signs but different values while in hyperbola, the values of
𝑨 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑪 have opposite signs.

In graphing both the ellipse and hyperbola, you need to find its
parts using the corresponding properties then plot all the points in
a Rectangular Cartesian plane.

KEY TERMS

Asymptotes Hyperbola
Center Major axis
Co-vertices Minor axis
Ellipse Transverse axis
Foci Vertices
 18
PRE-CALCULUS • NU LAGUNA

POSTTEST

Directions: Answer the following questions.

_______ 1. If ̅̅̅̅̅
𝑃𝐹1 + ̅̅̅̅̅
𝑃𝐹2 is equal to ̅̅̅̅̅
𝑄𝐹1 + ̅̅̅̅̅
𝑄𝐹2 , the conic section defined
is?
𝑥2 𝑦2
_______ 2. Given the equation − = 1, the transverse axis of the
4 9

hyperbola is?
(𝑥−1)2 (𝑦+3)2
_______ 3. If the given standard equation of an ellipse is + = 1,
16 25

what is the major axis?

𝑥2 𝑦2
_______ 4. What is the general equation of − = 1?
4 9
(𝑥−1)2 (𝑦+3)2
_______ 5. What is the general equation of + = 1?
16 25

REFERENCES
Chua, Siman L. et.al (2016). Precalculus Souring 21st Century Mathematics. 927 Quezon Ave. Quezon
City: Phoenix Publishing House, Inc.
Cueno, Anthony et.al (2020). Pre-Calculus for Senior High School. C & E Publishing, Inc.
Garces, I. J., et al. (2016). Pre-Calculus. Quezon City: Vibal Publishing House, Inc.
Kaufmann, J. E. et. Al. (2007). Algebra for College Students. CA, USA: Thomson Brooks/Cole.
Larson, R., et al (2019). Precalculus. Quezon City: Rex Book Store, Inc.
Melosantos, L. A., et al. (2016). Math Connections in the Digital Age Pre-Calculus. Quezon City: SIBS
Publishing House, Inc.
Pelias, J. G. (2016). Pre-Calculus. Quezon City: Rex Bookstore Inc.
Swokowski, Earl W. et.al (2017). Precalculus: functions and graphs. Boston, MA. Cengage Learning

Online Sources:
www.khanacademy.org
www.onlinemathlearning.com
courses.lumenlearning.com
www.mathsisfun.com
PRE-CALCULUS • NU LAGUNA 19

Videos:

Ellipse

Pre-Calculus : Conic Sections - ELLIPSE - YouTube

ELLIPSE: AN INTRODUCTION || PRE-CALCULUS - YouTube
Pre Calculus - Intro to Ellipse | Finding the Foci, Vertices and Graph of Ellipse - YouTube
How to find the vertices and foci of an ellipse - YouTube
PRECALCULUS: Analyzing an Ellipse - YouTube
Standard Equation of Ellipse (Center at h, k) - Pre-Calculus / Analytic Geometry - YouTube
How to Graph Equation of Ellipse with Center at (h, k) | Pre Calculus - Conic Section - YouTube
Graphing Conic Sections Part 2: Ellipses - YouTube
PROBLEM SOLVING INVOLVING ELLIPSE || PRECALCULUS - YouTube
Application of Ellipse (Word Problem #1) - Pre-Calculus / Analytic Geometry - YouTube
Situational Problem Involving Ellipses - YouTube

Hyperbola

Hyperbolas - Conic Sections - YouTube

INTRODUCTION OF HYPERBOLA || PRE-CALCULUS 2 - YouTube
Pre-Calculus: Conic Section - HYPERBOLA - YouTube
Analytic Geometery: Conic Section - Analyzing Hyperbola in Filipino - YouTube
Finding the vertices, foci and asymptotes of a hyperbola - YouTube
Learn how to graph a hyperbola - YouTube
How to Graph a Hyperbola | Pre Calculus - Hyperbola Conic Sections @Math Teacher Gon -
YouTube
Graphing Conic Sections Part 4: Hyperbolas - YouTube
Application of Hyperbola (Word Problem) - Pre-Calculus / Analytic Geometry - YouTube
PROBLEM SOLVING INVOLVING HYPERBOLA || PRECALCULUS - YouTube
SOLVING PROBLEM INVOLVING HYPERBOLA (PRE-CALCULUS) - YouTube

CONTRIBUTORS:
MS. KARLA MARIE M. GALANG
MS. JHANNA MAE V. TADIQUE