Tike count-strength product my 8: en assessing the character of cotton yarns, the product of the count and the Jea strength is a useful measure of the merit of the yarn from a strength point of view. The count-strength product, C.S.P., enables comparisons to be made between yarns of similar, but not necessarily identical, count. It often happens that a series of tests on a nominal, say 60s, yarn is in fact made on yarn of perhaps * 59-2s or 60-8s, Corrections to the C.S.P. are therefore made and inspin- ning test reports the ‘corrected lea count-strength product’ is quoted. Com 44 Compa ae Yaron of differnt cunt fer “ast Prifriqe Atrey th th than, re my sD428 PRINCIPLES OF TEXTILE TESTING Some C.S.P. values for various yarns may be read off the graph of Figure 6.9 which shows how the C.S.P. varies as the twist factor is changed. The concept of the C.S.P. may be used to derive an index by which the spinning quality of a cotton may be judged or the spinning efficiency of a particular system. Standard C.S.P. values have been chosen, 2,000 for carded and 2,250 for combed yarns. ‘As the count of a yarn becomes finer the C.S.P. falls, therefore at a certain count the C.S.P. will be equal to the standard. This count is then termed the ‘highest standard count’. Hence, the H.S.C. for a sample of cotton is a measure of its spinning quality. These standards have been developed by the Shirley Institute (B.C.LR.A.) and are based on the conditions under which spinning tests are carried out there. In an excellent paper by Lord and Underwood (Emp. Cott. Gr. Rev. No. 1 (1958)) many aspects of fibre and yarn testing are covered and the principles of the C.S.P. and HLS.C. are discussed in detail. Skein-breaking tenacity In a report of the London Conference of the International Standards Organisation, Technical Committee 38, 1960, a new specimen size for yarn count testing was suggested. The skein would be 50 m long, i.e. 50 wraps on a one metre wrap reel. This skein would be tested on a strength testing machine and the breaking load measured in kilogrammes. In place of the count x strength product (CS.P.) a measure of the yarn strength ‘quality’ would be the ‘skein-breaking tenacity’ and this would be calculated as follows: (Average skein-breaking load in kilogrammes) Skein-breaking x 1000 tenacity gl ee (grammes per . 2 x wraps in skein x average linear density tex) of unstrained yarn, in tex Direct comparison of this figure with single thread tenacity from single thread tests would be possible. The ballistic test ‘This test on hanks of yarn has a number of desirable features: (1) It is simple to carry out and it tests a large sample. (2) It is rapid (faster than the lea test). (3) It is not as liable to operator errors as the lea test. (4) Yarn friction plays a negligible part in determining the result. (5) Every thread breaks and contributes to the final result. (6) The machine is robust and no power supply is needed. (7) The broken lea may be used for a count test.THE TENSILE TESTING OF TEXTILES 429 The ballistic test records the amount of | energy or work required to break a hank of yarn and in effect three characteristics of the yarn are combined in one figure: breaking load, breaking extension, and work factor. Unfortunately the breaking load and the breaking extension cannot be separated. Further, a strong inextensible yarn may not be distinguished from a weaker but more extensible yarn. The spinner is concerned with the way in which current qualities of yarn vary from week to week, i.e. he is concerned with the compari- son of basically similar specimens. Changes in the cotton quality, the machinery performance, etc., must be detected. The ballistic test is sensitive enough to do this job; it may in fact be more sensitive in the detection of increase in yarn irregularity than the lea test. Neverthe- less, the lea test maintains its place in routine testing and has not been replaced by the ballistic test.