D.R.R.R.

11
Disaster Response and Risk Reduction – Grade 11
Quarter 3 – Module 2: Risk Factors Underlying Disasters
First Edition, 2020

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Published by the Department of Education - Schools Division of Pasig City

Development Team of the Self-Learning Module

Writer: Andy C. Glova
Editor: Melvina S. Tarcena
Reviewers: Melvina S. Tarcena
Illustrator:
Layout Artist: Micaelle Lauren V. Tenorio
Management Team: Ma. Evalou Concepcion A. Agustin
OIC-Schools Division Superintendent
Carolina T. Revera, CESE
OIC-Assistant Schools Division Superintendent
Manuel A. Laguerta EdD
OIC-Chief, Curriculum Implementation Division

Education Program Supervisors

Librada L. Agon EdD (EPP/TLE/TVL/TVE)

Liza A. Alvarez (Science/STEM/SSP)
Bernard R. Balitao (AP/HUMSS)
Joselito E. Calios (English/SPFL/GAS)
Norlyn D. Conde EdD (MAPEH/SPA/SPS/HOPE/A&D/Sports)
Wilma Q. Del Rosario (LRMS/ADM)
Ma. Teresita E. Herrera EdD (Filipino/GAS/Piling Larang)
Perlita M. Ignacio PhD (EsP)
Dulce O. Santos PhD (Kindergarten/MTB-MLE)
Teresita P. Tagulao EdD (Mathematics/ABM)

Printed in the Philippines by the Department of Education – Schools Division

of Pasig City
 D.R.R.R. 11
Quarter 3
Self-Learning Module 2
Risk Factors Underlying Disasters
Introductory Message

For the Facilitator:

Welcome to the Disaster Readiness and Risk Reduction Grade 11 Self-

Learning Module on Risk Factors Underlying Disasters!

This Self-Learning Module was collaboratively designed, developed, and

reviewed by educators from the Schools Division Office of Pasig City headed by its
Officer-in-Charge Schools Division Superintendent, Ma. Evalou Concepcion A.
Agustin, in partnership with the City Government of Pasig through its mayor,
Honorable Victor Ma. Regis N. Sotto. The writers utilized the standards set by the K
to 12 Curriculum using the Most Essential Learning Competencies (MELC) in
developing this instructional resource.

This learning material hopes to engage the learners in guided and independent
learning activities at their own pace and time. Further, this also aims to help learners
acquire the needed 21st-century skills especially the 5 Cs, namely: Communication,
Collaboration, Creativity, Critical Thinking, and Character while taking into
consideration their needs and circumstances.

In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the
body of the module:

Notes to the Teacher

This contains helpful tips or strategies that
will help you in guiding the learners.

As a facilitator, you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this
module. You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing them to
manage their learning. Moreover, you are expected to encourage and assist the
learners as they do the tasks included in the module.
 For the Learner:

Welcome to the Disaster Readiness and Risk Reduction Self-Learning Module

on Risk Factors Underlying Disasters!

This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful
opportunities for guided and independent learning at your own pace and time. You
will be enabled to process the contents of the learning material while being an active
learner.

This module has the following parts and corresponding icons:

Expectations - This points to the set of knowledge and skills

that you will learn after completing the module.

Pretest - This measures your prior knowledge about the lesson

at hand.

Recap - This part of the module provides a review of concepts

and skills that you already know about a previous lesson.

Lesson - This section discusses the topic in the module.

Activities - This is a set of activities that you need to perform.

Wrap-Up - This section summarizes the concepts and

application of the lesson.

Valuing - This part integrates a desirable moral value in the

lesson.

Posttest - This measures how much you have learned from the
entire module.
 EXPECTATIONS
This module is about the concept of disaster in your daily life. After going
through this module, you are expected to:

1. differentiate the risk factors underlying disasters;

2. measure mitigating plans that can be done to reduce the risk factors
underlying disaster;

3. promote a mitigating plan that can be done to reduce the risk factors
underlying disaster through infographics or poster making.

PRETEST

DIRECTIONS: Circle the best answer for each of the following questions.

1. What factor that contributes to the increase of disaster risks that refers to the
quality of construction often is low and building codes, and registration
processes, and other regulatory mechanisms are lacking, as well as numerous
other development priorities displace?
A. Climate Change C. Poverty
B. Environmental Degradation D. Rapid and Unplanned Urbanization

2. Which of the following is NOT a problem caused by environmental degradation?

A. Loss of biodiversity
B. Hurting the economy
C. The harming of many indigenous peoples
D. They are all problems caused by environmental degradation

3. Which is NOT a factor contributing to the increase of disaster risks?

A. Urbanization C. Climate Change
B. The planting of trees D. Over-exploitation of species

4. Which factor underlying disasters that we can reduce risk through establishing
urban development programs that lessen the creation of slums in risk areas,
prevent the growth of housing on dangerous slopes or flood plains, and provide
the poor with access to safe lands?
A. Climate Change C. Environmental Degradation
B. Poverty D. Rapid and Unplanned Urbanization
5. Which mitigating plan is the most effective to reduce the risk factors related to
flooding prone areas in Pasig and should be the highest priority of the local
government?
A. Have adequate drainage systems to avoid flooding.
B. Maintain and strengthen coastal wave barriers, river levees, floodways, and
flood ponds.
C. Protect communities by installing early warning systems. Make warnings more
effective with regular drills and increase community ability to foresee, prepare for,
and cope with disasters.
D. They are all effective mitigating plans to reduce the risk factors related to
flood and should be the top three priorities of the local government of
Pasig.

RECAP
Directions: Read each statement below carefully. Place a T on the line if you think
a statement is TRUE. Place an F on the line if you think the statement is FALSE.

_____1. A disaster results from a combination of hazards, conditions of vulnerability,

and insufficient capacity or measures to reduce the potential negative
consequences of risk.

_____2. A disaster always receives widespread media coverage and not caused by
nature and doesn’t have human origins.

_____3. Disasters frequently result in damage to the ecological environment,

displacement of populations, and destruction of a population’s homeland.

_____4. A large event such as a major earthquake is not a disaster when it happens
in an area without any people.

_____ 5. Hazard is a dangerous phenomenon, substance, human activity or condition

that may cause loss of life, injury or other health impacts, property damage,
loss of livelihoods and services, social and economic disruption, or
environmental damage.

LESSON

Tropical Storm "Ketsana," locally known as "Ondoy," swept across metro

Manila and parts of Central Luzon on Saturday, September 26, 2009, and brought
a month's worth of rain in just 12 hours. The waters rose so fast that people living
in low lying areas were caught unaware and had to stay on the roofs of their houses
to avoid being swept away by the floods.

Why are disasters happening? What are the different underlying factors that
lead to this kind of disaster? What can we do to avoid or minimize these factors?
 FIGURE 1
Aftermath of
Tropical Storm
Ondoy at Ortigas
Extension, Pasig
City. At least 140
died from the
storm, and more
than 450,000
people have been
displaced and
have sought
shelter in
schools,
churches and
other evacuation
shelters.
httpswww.google.comimgresimgurl=http%3A%2F%2Finapcache.boston.com%2Funiversal%2Fsite_graphics%2Fblogs%2Fbigpicture%2F
ketsana_09_30%2Fk15_20519531.jpg&imgrefurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.boston.com%2Fbigpicture%2F2009%2F09%2Ftyphoon_k

Disaster happens for many reasons but four main factors are contributing to
the increase of disaster risks: Climate Change, Rapid Urbanization, Poverty, and
Environmental Degradation.
1. CLIMATE CHANGE
Climate change will create a new hazard such as glacier melting, sea-level rise,
and extreme weather events in proportions never seen before. This will aggravate the
existing disaster risks and vulnerabilities and expose millions of people never affected
before around the world.
The facts:

In its Fourth Assessment Report, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate

Change (IPCC) predicted that by 2100:
• Sea level will rise by between 18cm and 59cm; sea-level rise, coupled with
coastal storms, will increase the risks of flooding and threaten protective
ecosystems. Oceans will become more acidic and warmer.
• Tropical cyclones (including typhoons and hurricanes) will become more
intense, with higher peak wind speeds and heavier precipitation, as tropical sea
surface temperatures increase.
• Increased drought in some regions will lead to land degradation, crop damage,
and reduced yields; livestock deaths and wildfire risks will increase, and
people dependent on agriculture will face food and water shortages,
malnutrition, and increased disease, with many being forced to migrate.
• Greater rainfall in some areas will trigger more floods and landslides, with
consequent disruption to agriculture, urban settlements, commerce, and
transport.
 • As temperatures rise, glaciers melt, increasing the risk of lake bursts and
disastrous floods; as mountain glaciers recede, farmers and towns downstream
that depend in the summer months on glacial meltwater will increasingly be at
risk.

2. RAPID AND UNPLANNED URBANIZATION

The rapid growth of cities, combined with climate change and the urban
population explosion, will create new stresses for urban settlements and make city
dwellers increasingly vulnerable.

The Facts:
✓ According to UN-HABITAT, up to 3,351 cities around the world are located in
low-lying coastal zones that may be affected by rising sea levels. Six out of the
10 largest cities are also located along seismic fault lines.
✓ Eight of the 10 most populous cities on the planet are vulnerable to
earthquakes; 6 of the 10 are vulnerable to floods, storm surges, and tsunamis.
✓ Ineffective land-use planning, inadequate enforcement of building codes,
and faulty construction standards put millions at risk.
✓ By 2015, 33 cities will have at least 8 million residents; of these, 21 are in
coastal areas and particularly vulnerable to meteorological hazards driven
by climate change (e.g. Dhaka, Shanghai, Manila, Jakarta, and Mumbai).
✓ Cities with weak governance and small and medium-sized urban areas are
more vulnerable to disasters as they have weaker capacities to manage urban
growth, deforestation, and destruction of coastal systems.

3. Poverty
Poverty and socio-economic inequalities are aggravating disaster factors. They
not only make poor people more vulnerable to disasters but they trap them in a
vicious circle of poverty.

The Facts
➢ Disasters hit poor people the hardest. It is not only true in developing countries
but also in developed countries. Extensive research shows the poor are more
likely to occupy dangerous, less desirable locations, such as flood plains, river
banks, steep slopes, and reclaimed land because the price is cheaper. Poor
people tend to live in a poorly built and unprotected building that will be the
first to collapse in any disaster.

➢ Disasters affect poor countries and poor communities disproportionately. The

World Bank reports that: “This disproportionate effect on developing countries
has many explanations. Lack of development itself contributes to disaster
impacts, both because the quality of construction often is low and building
 codes, and registration processes, and other regulatory mechanisms are
lacking, as well as numerous other development priorities displace attention
from the risks presented by natural events” ( Hazards of Nature, Risks to
Development, World Bank 2006).

➢ Disasters have long-term consequences on poor people as they have fewer

means to recover. Poor people not only lose their family members, houses, the
main source of income and livelihoods when disasters happen but also become
more vulnerable to future disasters.

4. Environmental Degradation
Communities can all too often increase the probability and severity of
disasters- by destroying the forests, coral reefs, and wetlands that might have
protected them.

The facts
Forests once covered 46 percent of the Earth’s land surface – half of these have
disappeared; only one-fifth of the Earth’s forests remain undisturbed.
Coral reefs are home to one-fourth of all marine species; 60 percent of coral
reefs could be lost in the next 20-40 years.
The expansion of deserts and the degradation of land threaten nearly
one-quarter of the planet’s land surface; more than 250 million are directly
affected by desertification and 1 billion are at risk.
Global warming could be accompanied by widespread species loss, ecosystem
damage, flooding of human settlements, and greater frequency and severity of
other disasters due to vulnerability to natural hazards.

Why we should protect the environment?

Wetland and forest ecosystems function as natural sponges that absorb and
slowly release surface water, rain, snowmelt, groundwater, and floodwater. The
destruction of such natural buffers can put tens of thousands at risk.
Mangroves, dunes, and reefs, for example, act as natural physical barriers that
protect communities from coastal hazards. As they disappear, communities become
at greater risk of flooding. Likewise, deforestation makes flooding more severe
because slopes stripped of tree cover are less able to hold water. As a result, soil
erosion lowers the productivity of farmland, amplifies drought, and eventually leads
to desertification.
 ACTIVITIES
ACTIVITY 1 – Differentiate the Risk Factors

Gather information from news and internet resources about the four risk
factors underlying disaster, and then describe its effects and possible mitigating
plans.

RISK FACTORS UNDERLYING

EFFECTS MITIGATING PLANS
DISASTER
Maintain and
Glaciers melting,
EXAMPLE: strengthen coastal wave
sea-level rise, and
Climate Change barriers, river levees,
extreme weather
floodways, and flood
events.
ponds.
Climate Change
Rapid Urbanization
Poverty
Environmental Degradation

ACTIVITY 2 - Checklist of Plans and Mitigations that can be Done to Reduce the
Risk Factors of Underlying Disaster

The first column of the table below is the list of things we can do personally
to reduce the risk of the underlying factors of disaster and our local government can
prioritize. Rate the entries in column 1 with the level of priority to reduce the risk
factors underlying any disaster. Please put a check (√) mark on the column which
corresponds to your evaluation.

For your guide, use the following codes:

SCALE VERBAL INTERPRETATION

5 Very Highly Priority (VHP)

4 Highly Priority (HP)
3 Moderately Priority (MP)
2 Slightly Priority (SP)
1 Not Priority (NP)

Accomplish the table below and seek for the help and opinion of your adult
household companion or any Barangay officials (if possible). Discuss with him/her
what are the different plans and mitigations the local officials are currently
implementing here in Pasig City or in your Barangay. Always remember to respect
the ideas he/she will share with you.
 Table 1. Checklist of Plans and Mitigations that can be Done to Reduce
the Risk Factors of Underlying Disaster

Plans and Mitigations that can be Done to Reduce 5 4 3 2 1

the Risk Factors of Underlying Disaster VHP HP MP SP NP
1. Make disaster risk reduction a national and local
priority, with strong institutions to implement decisions.
2. Build mechanisms that will get people out of harm’s way
of a hazard and prepare shelters to protect them when
they are forced to move.
3. Incorporate climate risks in infrastructure projects,
especially in hospitals, schools, and water supplies.
4. Have adequate drainage systems to avoid flooding.
5. Maintain and strengthen coastal wave barriers, river
levees, floodways, and flood ponds.
6. Set up early warning systems that reach all people, in
time for appropriate action, and accompany the
warnings with helpful advice.
7. Plan urbanization and avoid building in risk areas.
Avoid the development of slums, offering safe lands to
low-income families. Integrate seismic risk assessment
in the construction of buildings in areas exposed to
earthquakes.
8. Involve people at risk by educating them on disaster risk
reduction and in making their neighborhoods safer; this
effectively empowers people and increases their capacity
to respond to a disaster.
9. Protect communities by installing early warning
systems. Make warnings more effective with regular
drills and increase community ability to foresee, prepare
for, and cope with disasters.
10. Give poor communities access to financial mechanisms
to protect houses and incomes.
11. Establish urban development programs that reduce
the creation of slums in risk areas and prevent the
growth of housing on dangerous slopes or flood plains.
Provide the poor with access to safe lands.
12. Involve the poorest communities in building their
capacity to resist disaster since they have most to lose,
and to give them a greater political stake in the
community.
13. Give the poorest people full access to early warning
systems, preparedness measures, and at the same
time access to financial mechanisms that can help
them protect their homes, health, and livelihoods.
14. Develop micro-finance mechanisms that include micro-
credit, micro-savings, and micro-insurance --
instruments that help reduce poverty by also reducing
vulnerability to natural hazards.
15. Identify and protect natural buffers such as forests,
wetlands, and coral reefs. Restore forests and plant
mangroves to shield communities from hazards such
as storm surge, coastal flooding, and tropical storms.
 WRAP-UP
List the different factors and circumstances that you witnessed personally,
that contributes to the increase of disaster risks in your barangay. Write them in the
mind map below.

1.
7. 2.
CONTRIBUTORY
FACTORS TO
DIASTER RISK
IN YOUR
6. BARANGAY 3.

5. 4.

VALUING
AVTIVITY 3 – Infographics / Poster Making
Draw an infographic or a poster with three activities that will promote a
mitigating plan that can be done to reduce the risk factors underlying disaster and
write a two-sentence explanation for each.

MITIGATING PLANS

POSTTEST

DIRECTIONS: Circle the best answer for each of the following questions.
1. Which factor underlying disasters that we can reduce risk through establishing
urban development programs that lessen the creation of slums in risk areas,
prevent the growth of housing on dangerous slopes or flood plains, and provide
the poor with access to safe lands?
A. Climate Change C. Environmental Degradation
B. Poverty D. Rapid and Unplanned Urbanization
2. Which of the following are consequences associated with climate change?
A. The ice sheets are declining, glaciers are in retreat globally, and our oceans
are more acidic than ever
B. Surface temperatures are setting new heat records about each year more
extreme weather like droughts, heatwaves, and hurricanes
C. Global sea levels are rising at an alarmingly fast rate — 18 centimeters in
the last century alone and going higher.
D. All three consequences above are associated with climate change.
3. Which is NOT a factor contributing to the increase of disaster risks?
A. Urbanization C. Climate Change
B. The planting of trees D. Over-exploitation of species
4. Which of the following is NOT a problem caused by environmental degradation?
A. Loss of biodiversity
B. Hurting the economy
C. The harming of many indigenous peoples
D. They are all problems caused by environmental degradation
5. What factor that contributes to the increase of disaster risks that refers to the
quality of construction and building codes is low, and other regulatory
mechanisms are lacking, as well as numerous other development priorities are
displaced?
A. Climate Change C. Poverty
B. Environmental Degradation D. Rapid and Unplanned Urbanization

KEY TO CORRECTION WRAP-UP

 Rubrics for Infographics / Poster Making (20 points)

0 1 2 3 4
The title is The title is
Partial / The title is present,
correctly written correct,
TITLE No title Incomplete but capitalized and
in neat, attractive creative, and
title. spelled incorrectly.
letters. colorful.
1 fact is 2-3 facts are 5 facts are
No facts on 4 facts are written
FACTS posters.
written or facts written or partially
and are correct
written and
are incorrect. correct. are correct
4 neat, clear,
No 3 neat, and clear
1 illustration 2 illustrations and creative
illustrations illustrations
ILLUSTRATIONS on the
related to related to the topic
related to the
illustrations
events are present related to the
poster topic
topic
The poster
A very limited The poster has a The poster uses uses neat,
No color is
COLOR present
amount of fair amount of neatly colored clear, and
color is present colors. elements. creative
coloring.
poster lacks The poster is
Poster lacks
neatness The poster is The poster is very organized
neatness and
APPEARANCE and is
is mostly
somewhat organized and is wit neat color,
poorly organized and neat neat and clear. easy to read
disorganized
organized lettering.
TOTAL

References:
Belen, Josefina G. and Rimando, Rolly E. (2016), Disaster Readiness and Risk
Reduction (first edition). Rex Book Store, Inc. Manila, Philippines.

Leone, Brigitte et al. (2017). Disaster Through A Different Lens. A Guide for Journalists
Covering Disaster Risk Reduction. UNISDR. Retrieved at
https://www.unisdr.org/files/20108_mediabook.pdf Retrieved on June 28, 2020.

Pasig City Resilience to Earthquakes and Floods Project. (2012). Pasig City
Government. Retrieved at https://emi-megacities.org/?emi-project=pasig-
city-resilience-to-earthquakes-and-floods-project. Retrieved on June 29, 2020

Risk Reduction and Management WordPress. (2017). Risk Factors Underlying

Disasters. Retrieved at
https://riskreductionandmanagement.wordpress.com/2017/10/08/lesson-6-risk-
factors-underlying-disasters/ Retrieved on June 28, 2020.

Sarmiento, Juan Pablo, “Disaster risk Reduction, DD04 – Study Guide and Course
Text” (2009). DRR Faculty Publications4. Retrieved at
https://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/drr_fac/4 Retrieved on June 26, 2020
United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (2004). Living with Risk: A
Global Review of Disaster Reduction Initiatives. Geneva, Switzerland. Retrieved at
https://www.undrr.org/publication/living-risk-global-review-disaster-reduction-
initiatives. Retrieved on June 28, 2020.