IJK & team Physical Properties

Physical Properties
and Chemistry of
OIL & GAS

In Jumanda K
injumanda@gmail.com
0818 0205 4292

Physical Properties of Hydrocarbon

1. Molecular weight
2. Vapor pressure
3. Density & Specific Gravity
4. Critical properties (Pressure and
Temperature)
5. Heat of combustion (Heating Value)

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Molecular Weight

Each natural gas component has different
molecular weight.

The density of each component is proportional to
its molecular weight.

The molecular weight of a mixture is counted from
its pure component molecular weight and its mole
fraction in the mixture.

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Molecular Weight Calculation

Air consists of 79 % Nitrogen and
21 % Oxygen

Molecular Weight of N2 = 2 x 14 = 28
Molecular Weight of O2 = 2 x 16 = 32

Molecular weight of Air =

(0,79) (28) + (0,21) (32) = 28,8

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C1 = CH4  BM = 16

C2 = C2H6  BM = 2x12 + 6 = 30

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Vapor Pressure
Each component vapor pressure (psia) is
depended on its temperature (oF)

The higher the temperature, the bigger vapor

pressure, because there will be greater number of
molecule which move to the vapor phase.

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Vapor Pressure

Pengetahuan tentang vapor pressure dapat digunakan
untuk menentukan pada tekanan dan temperatur berapa
komponen gas akan mengembun.

Konstanta Antoine:

Masing-masing komponen dalam gas mempunyai
konstanta Antoine.

Kontanta dan Persamaan antoine dapat digunakan
untuk memperkirakan pada suhu dan tekanan berapa
komponen gas tersebut mengembun.

Persamaan Antoine :

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Persamaan Antoine
ln P = A – B / (T+C)

P = tekanan
T = temperature
A, B, C = konstanta antoine

Vapor Pressure/Tekanan Uap

Titik Didih/Titik embun/Dew point/Bubble point

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Study Kasus

Kadar Etana sebelum masuk Depropanizer
dijaga < 2%.

Bila etana masuk Depropanizer > 2%, maka
pressure dan temp di Reboiler depropanizer
akan drop atau naiknnya lambat. Kenapa ?

Jawab: Etana yg lebih tinggi akan cenderung
menguap  menguap membutuhkan panas
 panas diambil dari aliran itu sendiri 
sehingga aliran lebih dingin.
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Avogadro's Law

Under the same conditions of pressure and

temperature equal volumes of all gases contain
equal numbers of molecules

6.02 x 1023

1 2 3
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Molecular Weight
One gram—molecular weight
of gas at standard
temperature and pressure

one (1) gram – mole = 22.4 litres

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Dalton's Law
or the Law of Partial
Pressures
Pm = Pa + Pb + Pc

Px
65 psi % Pressure = –––
Pm
x 100

20 psi 15 psi 30 psi

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Kinetic–Molecular Theory

Ke = 1/2 (mv2)
where
Ke = kinetic energy
v = velocity of molecule
m = mass of molecule

Implies
• Gas molecules have no attraction for
each other.
• The distance between molecules is
large compared to the size of the
molecules themselves.
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Meter at Flowing Conditions

Pf Vf
PfVf = mRTf = mR
Tf

Report at base conditions:

Pb Vb
PbVb = mRTb = mR
Tb

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Meter at Flowing Conditions

cont. . .

Report at base conditions, cont.:

Pf Vf Pb Vb
=
Tf Tb

VfPf Tb VfPf Tb Zb
Vb = Vb =
TfPb Tf Z fPb

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Charles’s Law
At Constant Pressure

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Charles’s Law

T V
P = constant

T V
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Coment
Besaran :

Massa (m)  mutlak

Voume (V)

Temperatur (T)

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Charles’s Law
At Constant Volume

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Charles’s Law

T P
V = constant

T P
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Boyle’s Law
At Constant Temperature

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Boyle’s Law

P V
T = constant

P V
• Force the same amount of gas to occupy less space
• Conservation of Mass

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Boyle’s & Charles’s Law

Combined

P1V1 P2 V2
=
T1 T2

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The Ideal Gas Law

P V = n RT

where
P = absolute pressure
V = volume
T = absolute temperature
m = number of moles (mol)
R = a proportionality factor called the Gas Constant

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Variations of the Ideal Gas

Equation

P2 V2 T1 P1V1 T2
P1 = P2 =
T2 V1 T1 V2

P2 V2 T1 P1 V1 T2
V1 = V2 =
T2 P1 T1 P2

P1V1T2 P2 V2 T1
T1 = T2 =
P2 V2 P1V1

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Density

Density is defined as Mass per Unit Volume

Example:
• Pound per gallon
• Grams per cubic centimetre
• Pounds per cubic feet

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Density of Water

The Density of Water Is About

1 gm/cc

62.4 lb/cu ft

1,000 kg/m3

8.3 lb/gal

The Density of Ambient Air is about

0.0012 gm/cc
0.075 lb/cu ft
1.2 kg/m3
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Density

7000 – Steel

Definition:
SOLID

Mass
Density =
Volume
1000 – Water
LIQUID

Consider a 1 m x 1 m x 1 m cube.
800 – Crude Oil The weight of this volume will vary
for different materials.
550 – LPG

300 – Ethylene
GAS

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150 – Natural Gas

1.2 – Air
0 – Vacuum
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Density

Why Measure Density?

Density can identify fluids.

Density can determine quantity.

Density can determine quality.

What Changes Density?

Temperature

Pressure

Composition

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Gas Quality

• Gas Composition and its Properties

• Components as Hydrocarbon and Inert
• Gravity and Heating Value

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Gravity Contribution Factors

Molecular weight of air is 28.9625

Molecular Normal Iso

Weight Methane Propane Butane Butane Pentane
Carbon 12.011 1 3 4 4 5
Hydrogen 1.0079 4 8 10 10 12
Total 16.0426 44.0962 58.1230 58.1230 72.1498
Gravity 28.9625 0.5539 1.5225 2.0068 2.0068 2.4911

MWgas
Gravity = –––––
MWair

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Critical Point
Each component has it’s different critical
pressure and critical temperature.

Vapor can be condensed by compression if it’s

vapor temperature is lower then it’s critical
temperature.

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Heat of Combustion
Heat of combustion is the number of energy
produced from the combustion of a certain
component in natural gas.

Heat of combustion of a mixture is counted

from the heat of combustion of each
component and it’s mole fraction.

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High and Low Heating Values

HHV (High Heating Value): Energy produced from
combustion, with the condition of H2O is in liquid phase

LHV (Low Heating Value): Energy produced from
combustion, with the condition of H2O is in vapor
phase

The difference between HHV and LHV is the

condensation heat of H2O

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Pembakaran Hydrocarbon

Pembakaran : reaksi HC dengan Oksigen.

Pembakaran metana:
CH4 + 2 O2  CO2 + 2 H2O + ∆HR

bila H2O berupa uap  ∆HR = LHV

bila H2O berupa cair  ∆HR = HHV

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Heating Value Btu

Determined
Gravity Btu
by controlled
testing Methane 0.5539 1010.0

Ethane 1.0382 1769.7

Propane 1.5225 2516.2

Iso-Butane 2.0068 3252.0

N-Butane 2.0068 3262.4

Iso-Pentane 2.4910 4000.9

N-Pentane 2.4910 4008.7

Hexanes, Average 2.9753 4756.0

Estimation Techniques for

Physical Properties

There are many methods for estimating the
physical properties of fluids.

In this session will be discussed the general
methods for estimating thermodynamic
properties (P-V-T ,density)

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Equation of State

Any equation correlating P, V and T is called an
equation of state. It all started with the Boyle-
Charles Laws which state that P times V is
proportional to T, the net result is:
PV = nRT
P: absolute pressure, V: volume, n= number of
moles, T: absolute temperature, R: universal gas
constant

The equation is valid up to pressure about 60 psi
(4 bar)

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Equation of State

Value of R

P V T R

Bar 0.08314(bar)(m3)/(k
M3 K
mol)(K)
0.08314(bar)(m3)/(k
kPa M3 K
mol)(K)
10.73 (psia)(ft3)/(lb-
psia ft3 oR
mole)(oR)
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Equation of State
Non ideal gas equations of state

Van der Walls (1873)
(P+a/V2)(V-b) = RT

Compressibility Factor
PV = ZnRT

Peng-Robinson (1976)
P = RT/(V-bpr) – αapr/(V(V+bpr)+bpr(V-bpr))

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Terima Kasih

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