Change of State 3

3.2 Latent heat

A Energy and change of state

Heat and Gases

 Change of State 3
3.2 Latent heat

A Energy and change of state

Molecular K.E.
increases

Molecular P.E.
increases
Heat and Gases
 Change of State 3
3.2 Latent heat

A Energy and change of state

Heat and Gases

 Change of State 3
3.2 Latent heat

A Energy and change of state

Molecular K.E.
decreases

Molecular P.E.
decreases
Heat and Gases
 Change of State 3
3.2 Latent heat

A Energy and change of state

• Latent heat

the energy absorbed or released

when a body changes its state

latent heat latent heat

solid gas
liquid

latent heat latent heat

Heat and Gases 5

 Change of State 3

• During change of state,

latent heat = Δ internal energy

internal internal energy

energy

latent latent
heat heat
melting freezing
or or
vaporization time condensation time
0 0

Heat and Gases 6

 Change of State 3

Expt 1 Cooling curve of octadecan-1-ol

Purpose

To study how the temperature of octadecan-1-ol

changes when it cools from a liquid to a solid.
thermometer

boiling tube

water bath

octadecan-1-ol

Heat and Gases 7

 Change of State 3
Procedure

Cooling curve of octadecan-1-ol

Heat and Gases 8

 Change of State 3
B Temperature and change of state

• Cooling curve of octadecan-1-ol

temp.
temperature
remains constant
temperature drops
as the liquid cools temperature drops again until it
reaches the room temperature

freezing point

room temp.

liquid &
liquid solid solid time

Heat and Gases 9

 Change of State 3

The mixture
liquid solid

• During freezing, proportion of

liquid and solid changes
• Temperature remains constant

temp.

time

Heat and Gases 10

 Change of State 3

• If no energy was further removed

⇒ freezing stops

⇒ the proportion remains unchanged

59 °C 30% solid
octadecan-1-ol 70% liquid

59 °C
water bath

Heat and Gases 11

 Change of State 3

Length of time

• The faster the energy is removed (i.e. higher P)

⇒ shorter freezing time & steeper slope

temp.

higher P
time

Heat and Gases 12

 Change of State 3
C Molecular KE and PE

During a change of state

• No change in temperature ⇒ no change in molecular KE

• Energy absorbed or released = change in molecular PE

latent heat = change in molecular PE

• latent heat of fusion

= change in molecular PE during melting / freezing
• latent heat of vaporization
= change in molecular PE during vaporization / condensation

Heat and Gases 13

 Change of State 3

molecular molecular amount of energy

process behaviour of molecules
PE KE absorbed or released

melting or
vaporization
absorb energy
⇒ break bonds  — = latent heat

 temperature
absorb energy
⇒ move faster on average —  = C ΔT

solidification or
condensation
form bonds
⇒ release energy  — = latent heat

 temperature
move slower on average
⇒ release energy —  = C ΔT

Heat and Gases 14

 Change of State 3
D Solid to liquid to gas

• Stage 1,3,5: PE stays almost the same

• Stage 2,4: absorbs energy but ΔT = 0

temp.
5
boiling point 4
3
melting point 2
1

↑KE ↑PE ↑KE ↑PE ↑KE

solid solid liquid liquid gas KE PE
+ liquid + gas

Heat and Gases 15

 Change of State 3
temp. 5
4
3
2
1

time

• latent heat of vaporization ≫ latent heat of fusion

⇒ duration of stage 4 ≫ duration of stage 2

(∵ the same power)
Microscopic interpretation
of change of state Checkpoint 4

Heat and Gases 16