Heat the water in a beaker.

What is the effect of

the heat to water?
4.3 Temperature increases

Continue to heat even though the water in the

beaker is started to boil.
The ‘ais kacang’ (a) Is the temperatre rise up?
which is colder than No
surrounding is
absorbing heat from (b) If not, what is the effect of the heat
surrounding air. What supplied to the boiling water?
changes happens to Break up the bond between water molecules.
the ‘ais kacang’? Water changes to stim

Name the heat absorbed or given out at constant

temperature during change of phase.
Latent Heat
A fish can be
cooked by Define Latent Heat:
steaming in a Heat absorbed or released at constant
steamer pot. What temperature during change of phase of a
changes happens substance
to the water in the
steamer pot when Phase Change
it boiled?

Activity 1:
Aim: To study the change in temperature when
heat is supplied to a solid at its melting point.

Heat the ice in a beaker slowly.

(a) Do the thermometer reading increase?
The temperature remains the same
.

Why the temperature remains constant during a

change of phase?
• Heat absorbed is used to break up the bonds
between solid molecules.
• Kinetic energy of the molecules does not
increase.

(b) What is the effect of the heat supplied to the

ice?
The heat absorbed by the ice is used to break
up the bond between the molecules.
 Activity 2:
Aim: Heating Curve and Cooling Curve

When liquid boils, the heat absorbed is used to

1. Completely break the bonds between particles

2. Do work against atmospheric pressure when
the gaseous vapour expands into the
atmosphere

Specific latent heat: The quantity of heat, Q that is LM :

absorbed or released during a change of phase of Heat mcθ – specific heat capacity
1 kg of the substance without any change in its is absorbed
temperature.
Temperature increases
Specific latent heat of fusion: Heat absorbed for a
Kinetic energy increases
1 kg substance to change from solid to liquid at
constant temperature
Phase L: solid
The quantity of heat, Q that is absorbed during
M: solid
melting or the quantity of heat released during
freezing of 1 kg of the substance at constant
temperature. MN:
Heat mL – specific latent heat of
Specific latent heat of vaporization: Heat fusion is absorbed
absorbed for a 1 kg substance to change from Temperature Constant
liquid to gas at constant temperature.
The quantity of heat, Q that is absorbed during Kinetic energy Constant
boiling or the quantity of heat released during
condensation of 1 kg of the substance at constant Phase M: solid
temperature. MN: solid & liquid
N: liquid
Physical
NO
Symbol Quantity Unit
Heat mcθ – specific heat capacity
Q is absorbed
l= Q Quantity of heat J
Temperature increases
m m Mass Kg
Kinetic energy increases
l Specific latent J kg-1
heat Phase N: liquid
O: liquid
What does it mean by the specific latent heat of
fusion of ice is 336 000J kg-1? OP:
336 000 J of heat is needed for 1 kg ice to melt to Heat mL – specific latent heat of
become water at 0 °C. vaporization is absorbed
Temperature constant
What does it mean by the specific latent heat of
vaporization of water is 2 260000 J kg-1? Kinetic energy constant
2.26 x 10 6 J of heat is needed for 1 kg of water to
boil to become gas at 100 ⁰C. Phase O: liquid
OP: liquid & gas
P: gas
Cooling Curve Activity 3
Aim: To compare and discuss
(i) specific latent heat of fusion of ice and wax
(ii) specific latent heat of vaporisation of water
and oil

Substance Phase at Specific latent

room heat of fusion
temprature J/kg
Wax Solid 2.0 x 105

Ice Solid 3.34 x 105

PQ : (a) Compare the specific latent heat of fusion of

ice and wax.
Heat mcθ – specific heat capacity
Ice > wax
is released
Temperature decreases
(b) State the difference between ice and wax in
terms of strength of bond between molecules.
Kinetic energy decreases Strength of bond between molecules of ice is
bigger (the molecules of ice are closer)
Phase P: gas
Q: gas Phase at Specific latent
Substance room heat of
QR: temperature vaporisation
Heat mL – specific latent heat of J/kg
vaporization is released Water Liquid 22.6 x 105
Temperature Constant
Turpentine Liquid 2.51 x 105
Kinetic energy Constant oil
Petrol Liquid 3.49 x 105
Phase Q: gas
QP: gas
P: gas (c) Compare the specific latent heat of
vaporisation for water and petrol.
RS : Petrol > water
Heat mcθ – specific heat capacity is
released (d) State the difference between water and petrol
Temperature Decreases in terms of strength bond between molecules
and distance of separation between
Kinetic energy Decreases molecules and distance of separation
between molecules in gaseous phase.
Phase R: liquid Strength bond between molecules of petrol is
S: liquid larger because the distance of separation
between petrol molecules are closer.
ST:
Heat mL – specific latent heat of (e) Why is specific heat of vaporisation of water
fusion is released is larger than specific latent heat of fusion of
Temperature Constant ice?
• In latent heat of fusion, the energy is given to
Kinetic energy Constant the molecules in solid so that they can move
freely as in a liquid.
Phase S: liquid • In latent heat of vaporization, a large amount
ST: liquid & solid of energy is needed to separate the liquid
T: solid molecules to gas molecules and overcome
the atmospheric pressure to allow them to
move around as gas molecules.
Solve problems involving specific latent heat 4. An immersion heater
rated at 500 W is fitted
When the heat added or When the heat added into a large block of ice
removed changes the or removed changes at 0 C. The specific
temperature of an the phase of an object latent heat of fusion of
object, the heat is at constant ice is 3.34 x 106 J kg-1.
calculated using temperature, the heat How long does it take to
Q = mcθ is calculated using melt 1.5 kg of ice?
Q = ml Pt = mL
If heat is supplied by electric heater to change t = mL/P
the phase of a substance, the equation Q = ml = 1.5 x 3.34 x 105 = 1 002 s
can be written as 500
Q = Pt = ml
5. A 500 W electric heater is
P = power of the heater, unit in W, used to boil water. What
t = time ,unit is seconds is the time required to
reduce the mass of water
by 70 g after the water
Exercise 1 has reached its boiling
1. If 2 kg of ice melts point? (Specific latent
when 452 000 J of heat of vaporization of
heat energy is water is 2.26 x 106 J kg-1)
supplied to it, what is Pt = ml
the specific latent t = (0.07)(2,260000)/500
heat of ice? = 316.4 s
L = Q/m
= 452000 J
2 kg
= 226000 J kg-1 6. 0.5 kg of water of 30 ⁰C
is heated until all of it is
2. An immersion heater converted to steam.
supplies heat at a rate of 50 What is the amount of
J s-1 to an insulated vessel heat energy supplied to
containing a liquid. The it?
liquid is brought to its (Specific heat capacity of water = 4 200 J kg-1C-1
boiling point and kept Specific latent heat of vaporization = 2.26 x 106 J kg-1)
boiling for 2 minutes, during
which time the mass of the 0.5 kg of water → 0.5 kg of water → 0.5 kg of steam
liquid lost is 40 g. What is at 30 ⁰C Q1 at 100 ⁰C Q2 at 100 ⁰C
the value of the specific
latent heat of vaporization of Q1 = mcθ = 0.5 x 4200 x 70 = 147,000 J
the liquid? Q2 = ml = 0.5 x 2260000 = 1,130,000 J
m = 0.04 kg P = 50 W t = 2 x 60 =120 s Q = Q1 + Q2 = 147,000 + 1,130,000 = 1,277,000 J
L = Q/m = Pt/m
= (50)(120) 7. 3.2 kg of water at 28 C is heated until half of
0.04 it is changes to steam at 100 C. How much
= 150,000 J kg-1 heat energy needs to be supplied to the
= 1.5 x 105 J kg-1 water?
3. Ice cubes of mass 50 g at 0 C is heated by a (Specific heat capacity of water = 4 200 Jkg-1C-1
50 W heater. The ice takes 5 minutes to melt Specific latent heat of vaporization = 2.26 x 106 J kg-1)
completely. What is its specific latent heat of
fusion of ice? 3.2 kg of water → 3.2 kg of water → 1.6 kg of steam
Pt = mL at 28 ⁰C Q1 at 100 ⁰C Q2 at 100 ⁰C
L = Pt/m
= 50 x 300 Q1 = mcθ = 3.2 x 4200 x 72 = 967,680 J
0.050 Q2 = ml = 1.6 x 2260000 = 3,616,000 J
= 3.0 x 105 J kg-1 Q = Q1 + Q2 = 967,680 + 3,616,000 = 4,583,680 J
Experiment 4.3:
Aim: (i) To determine specific latent heat of Discussion:
fusion of ice 1. Explain why the stopwatch does not start
(ii) To determine specific latent heat of right after the heater is switched on?
vaporisation of water The ice will be waited until it melts constantly

A. Specific latent heat of fusion of ice
Apparatus: Immersion heater (12V, 50 W), 2
beakers, retort stand and clamps, power supply, 2
filter funnels and triple beam balance and ice.
Procedure
2. Set 2 is known as control set. Explain the
necessity of control set in this experiment.
The ice in set 2 melts because it gets heat
only from the surroundings.
This control set is to ensure that the ice melts
due to the heat from the heater only
3. Compare the value of specific heat of fusion
of water with the exact value. Explain the
difference between the two values (if any)
The value will be higher because the water
also absorb heat from surroundings which
contribute more steam to be released.

B. Specific latent heat of vaporisation of water

Apparatus: Immersion heater (240 V, 1000 W),

stopwatch, weighing balance and water
1. Measure the masses of beaker 1 and beaker 2
and record as m1 and m2 respectively. Procedure
2. Arrange the apparatus as shown in the
diagram. At first, both the beakers are not
placed under the filter funnels.
3. Switch on the power supply of Set 1 and wait
until water flows from the filter funnels at a
steady rate. Place beaker 1 and beaker 2 under
respective funnels and start the stopwatch.
4. Switch off the power supply after 5 minutes.
5. Remove the beakers. Measure the masses of
both beakers again and record as m3 and m4
respectively.
Result : 1. When the water is boiling, record the initial
reading of the balance and start the
Mass beaker 1 m1 = 50 g
stopwatch at the same time.
2. After 5 minutes, record the reading of the
Mass beaker 2 m2 = 52 g
balance.
Mass beaker 1 + water m3 = 108 g Result:
Initial mass of water m1 = 685 g
Mass beaker 2 + water m4 = 78 g
Final mass of water m2 = 565 g
Enery supplied by heater Q = Pt = 36 x 5 x 50
= 10,800 J
Time taken t = 5 x 60 = 300 s
Mass of melted ice in m3 – m1 = 108 – 50
beaker 1 = 58 g
Power of heater P = 1000 W
Mass of melted ice in m4 – m2 = 78 – 52
beaker 2 = 26 g
Mass of water which is m1 – m2 = m =
Mass of melted ice due to heat supplied by boiled 685 – 565 = 120 g
immersion heater, = 0.12 kg
m = (m3 – m1) – (m4 – m2)
Specific latent heat of vaporisation of water
= 58 – 26 = 32 g = 0.032 kg
Pt = mL
L = Pt/m = 1000 x 300 = 2,500,000 J
Specific latent heat of fusion of ice: 0.12
Q = Pt = mL
L = Pt/m = 10,800 J = 337,500 J = 3.37 x 105 J
0.032 kg
Discussion
1. Is the value of specific latent heat of
vaporisation from this experiment smaller or
bigger than the actual value? Give reason.
The value will be higher because the water
also absorb heat from surroundings which
contribute more steam to be released.
2. Suggest ways to increase the accuracy of the
results of this experiment.
Make sure the immersion heater does not
touch the beaker
Activity 5
Aim: To show the evaporation causes cooling
Absorption of latent heat during melting and
evaporation can be used to give the effect of
cooling. Latent heat released during
condensation however is used for the purpose of
heating
A. Material / apparatus: beaker, alcohol,
thermometer
1. Dip one of your finger into the alcohol.
2. Take out your finger and wait for the alcohol
to evaporate. Can you feel a little bit cool at
your finger? Yes
3. Dip the bulb of a thermometer into the same
alcohol and observe the temperature shown.
4. Take out the thermometer and wait until the
alcohol on the thermometer evaporate.
Observe the temperature shown. State either
the temperature increases or decreases.
Temperature decreases.
B. Apparatus: beaker, straw, and white tile dan
piring kaca / Jubin putih
Bahan: alcohol and water (Text pg 143)
1. Pour 100 ml alcohol into a beaker.
2. Touch the outside of the beaker and the water
around the base of the beaker. Record your
observations.
3. Blow air repeatedly into the alcohol.
4. Touch the outside of the beaker. Record your
observations.
Discussion:
1. What happens to the alcohol when air is
blown into it?
Alcohol starts to evaporate
2. Compare the level of coldness of the beaker
before and after air is blown into the alcohol.
Explain your answer.
After air is blown into the alcohol, the beaker
is colder. When liquid evaporates, the liquid
molecules absorb specific latent heat of
vaporization from the surrounding. The heat
absorbed is used to break the bond between
molecules.
3. State the effect of evaporation.
Evaporation causes cooling to the
surrounding because surrounding loses heat.
Activity 6
Aim: Applications of Specific Latent Heat in
Everyday Life
1. Explain how drinks can be
cooled by adding in several
cubes of ice.
• When ice melt, it absorbs a
large amount of heat from the
drink.
• The drink lost heat, so its
temperature is lowered.
2. The freshness of fish and meat can be 6. Cooling system in refrigerator
maintained by placing them in contact with
ice. Explain.
• Ice has larger specific latent heat, so it
absorbs large amount of heat from the fish as
it melts.
• The temperature of fish decreases.
• Thus the fish can be kept at low temperature
for a longer time

3. How steam is used to cook food?

• Water has large specific latent heat of
vaporisation
• When the steam condenses on the fish, Name the cooling agent used: freon
the specific latent heat is released directly to
the fish. A refrigerator uses the cooling effect from
This enable the fish to be cooked faster evaporation. During circulation of the cooling
agent, heat is absorbed from inside the
4. Explain why our bodies feel cool after refrigerator and released outside.
sweating.
• The sweats on the body evaporates.
Process Explaination
• It absorbs specific latent heat of vaporisation
1 Compressor compresses cooling
from the body.
agent (gas) to increase pressure and
• As a result, the body is cooled by the removal
its temperature.
of the heat
2 Condenser
In the condenser, cooling agent
(gas) releases latent heat during
condensation.

3 Expansion valve
Cooling agent (liquid) flows through
expansion valve. This valve has tiny
hole which allows liquid at high
pressure is ejected into the
evaporator tube which is at lower
pressure. Liqud changes to gas.

5. Why the burn due to steam is more serious
than the burn due to hot water only?
• Water has large specific latent heat of
vaporisation.
• When steam condenses on the skin, large
amount of heat is released to the skin.
• Can cause serious injuries.
4 Freezer
In the evaporator (freezer), cooling
agent (in liquid) evaporates and
absorbs latent heat from inside the
refrigerator.
5 Cooling agent / Freon
Cooling agent in gas flows out from
evaporator to the compressor.
Four phase of change of matter that involve 4. The specific latent heat of fusion is the heat
specific latent heat required to ___
A. change 1 kg of ice into water at 0 C
Process Application B. change 1 kg of water to steam at 100 C
Cooling drinks and food with C. change the temperature of 1 kg of ice by
Melting ice cubes 1 C
D. change the temperature of 1 kg of water
Cooling body on hot day by 1 C
Evaporation Cooling system of
refrigerator 5. There is no rise in temperature when heat is
Cooling system of air supplied to melt ice. Which of the following
conditioner explains this observation?
A. The heat is used to exert pressure on
Cooling as liquid nitrogen molecules.
Boiling boils B. The heat is used to increase the
vibrations of molecules.
Process of steaming food C. The heat is used to increase the kinetic
Condensation Heating espresso coffee energy of molecules.
D. The heat is used to overcome the
attractive forces between molecules.

6. Drinks can be cooled by adding in several

cubes of ice. When the ice is melting ______.
A. large amount of heat is absorbed and
lowers the temperature of the drink.
B. a large amount of heat is released and
1. Latent heat is ‘hidden’ because it ___________. lowers the temperature of the drink.
A. cannot be measured C. the kinetic energy of the water molecules
B. does not actual exist increases.
C. is a form of internal kinetic energy
D. is used to overcome the attractive forces 7. The graph shows the heating curve of a
between the molecules substance. Which of the phases labeled A, B,
C or D, shows heat is absorbed during the
2. Specific latent heat is measured in ______ melting process?
A. J C-1
B. J kg-1 C-1
C. J kg-1
D. J kg-1 C-1

3. The following is a temperature – time graph for

a substance Y which is heated. What is
happening at QR?

8. Diagram below is a graph which shows the

heating curve of water.

A. Substance Y is being heated up

B. Substance Y is boiling at its boiling point.
C. Substance Y is melting at its melting
point.
D. Substance Y undergoes chemical
changes.
 What is the effect of the heat absorbed by the
water between point S and point T? (2007)
A. It weakens the forces between the water
molecules.
B. It breaks the bonds between the water
molecules.
C. It increases the kinetic energy of the water
molecules.
D. It strengthens the bonds between the water
molecules.
13. The latent heat of fusion for water is heat
9. Diagram 13 shows the cooling curve of a
substance.
12. What occurs during the melting of
naphthalene?
A. Heat is released by the naphthalene
B. Temperature of the naphthalene does not
increase
C. The bonding force between the
naphthalene molecules increases
D. The kinetic energy of the naphthalene
molecules remains constant.
absorbed by….
A. 1 kg of ice during melting without
changes in temperature
B. 1 m3 of ice during melting without
changes in temperature
C. 1 kg of water to increase the temperature
by 1 °C
D. 1 m3 of water to increase the temperature
by 1 °C.

14. How much heat is needed to be supplied to

change 500 g of ice block at 0 °C to water at
0°C? (specific latent heat of fusion = 3.36 x
At which stages are specific latent heat 105 J/kg)
released? A. 6.72 x 102 J
A. VW and XY B. 1.68 x 105 J Q = mL = (0.5) x 3.36 x 105
B. WX and YZ C. 6.72 x 105 J
C. VW and YZ D. 1.68 x 108 J
D. WX and XY

10. Diagram 14 shows the heating curve of a PAPER 2 SECTION A

sample of naphthalene. 1. A solid substance of mass 0.1 kg is heated
using 200 W heater. A graph showing in
variation of temperature with time is shown in
Figure below.

(a) Based on the graph, what are the states of

matter between point
(i) WX : solid
(ii) XY : solid and liquid
(iii) YZ : liquid

Naphthalene starts to melt at the time

A. tO
B. t2
C. t1
D. t3
11. Diagram 15 shows a process of change of
state.

(b) Using kinetic theory of matter explain why

In which process, A, B, C or D, is latent heat
of vaporization absorbed? (2010)
(i) at section XY , the temperature is remains
constant?
Energy is used to break the bonds between
solid molecules. Kinetic energy does not
change.
 (ii) at section YZ the temperature increases 3. SPM 2007
kinetic energy increases. Kinetic energy is Diagram 1 shows the change of phase when 1 kg
directly proportional to temperature. of ice is converted into steam.

(c) Using the graph,determine

(ii) the melting point of the substance? 0

(ii) the specific latent heat of fusion of the

substance.
L = Pt/m = 200 x 7 x 60 = 840,000 J kg-1
0.1 Q1 , Q2 , and Q3 are the heat energies absorbed
during the heating process.

2. SPM 2005: (a) Name the heat energy, Q1 , which is

Sweating is one of the ways our body maintains absorbed from R to S.
the body temperature of about 37o C. Sweat is Latent heat
largely made up of water and it comes from sweat
glands as shown in the following figure. (b) State one reason why the temperature at R
and S is the same even though heat is
supplied.
Overcome the bonds between molecules

(c) Calculate the heat energy, Q2 , which is

absorbed from S to T.(The specific heat
capacity of water, C = 4 200 J kg-1 ºC-1]
Q = 1.0 x 4 200 x 100 = 420 000 J

(d) Sketch the graph of temperature against time

on Diagram 2 to show the change of phase
When sweat evaporates, it takes heat away from
from R to U.
our body.
(a) What is meant by evaporation?
The process of liquid transform into gas

(b) Using kinetic theory of matter, explain how

evaporation takes away heat from our body.

The binding forces between water molecules

break.
The heat from the body is used / absorbed to
break the binding forces 4. SPM 2008
Diagram 8.1 shows a 500 W electric heater being
(c) State two environmental factors that affect used to heat a beaker of water on a compression
the rate of evaporation of sweat. balance.
Temperature, surface area of a container, wind, air
humidity

(d) While playing badminton, 0.05 kg of sweat

was evaporated from Ahmad’s body.
Calculate the quantity of heat lost from his
body due to the evaporation. The latent heat
of vaporization of sweat is 2.3 x 106 J kg-1
[2 marks]
Q = mL = 0.05 x 2.3 x 106 = 1.15 x 105

(a) State the energy change involved when

using the heater to heat the water. [1 mark]
Electric energy to heat
 [1 mark]
(b) The mass of water is 0.5 kg and the specific
heat capacity of water is 4 2000 J kg-1 ºC-1. (ii) State one reason for the answer in 8(e)(i).
The initial temperature of the water is 30 ºC. Shortest time taken
Calculate the energy absorbed by the water [1 mark]
to reach its boiling point.
[2 marks] Question 4: SPM 2015
Diagram 4 shows ice cubes are being heated by
600 W immersion heater for 60 seconds. The
melting ice cubes are collected in a beaker. The
specific latent heat of fusion is 3.3 x 105 Jkg-1
(c) When the water is boiling, the reading of the
compression balance decreases by 0.0125 kg
in 60 s. Calculate the specific latent heat of
vaporization of the water.
[2 marks]

(d) Q, R and S are three different hot plates. (a) What is the meaning of specific latent heat of
These hot plates are used to heat ‘roti canai’. fusion?
Table 8 shows the characteristics of each The amount of heat required to melt 1 kg of solid
plate. without any change of temperature
[1 mark]
Hot plate Specific Mass, Power,
heat m/ kg P/W (b) Explain why the temperature does not
capacity change when the ice cubes changes to
Jkg-1⁰C-1 liquid.
Q 390 3.0 600 1st : Energy is used to overcome the binding force
R 900 2.5 1 200 between molecules
S 400 4.0 900 2nd : The kinetic energy does not change

The initial temperature of each plate is 30 ºC. (c) Calculate

The plates are ready to use when their (i) The energy absorbed by the ice cubes
temperature reaches 200 ºC. [2 marks]
Calculate the time to reach 200 ºC for each E = Pt = 600 x 60
plate. [5 marks] = 36000 J

(i) Plate Q (ii) The mass of ice cubes which have

melted.
[2 marks]
Pt = mL
m = 36000/3.3 x 105 = 1.09 x 10-1 kg
(ii) Plate R

(iii) Plate S

(e)(i) Based on the answers in 8(d), which plate is

the most suitable for heating ‘roti canai’?
Plate S
6. Section B
(a)(i) What is meant by specific latent heat of
vapourization? [1 mark]

Heat required to change 1 kg of substance from liquid to

gas without change of temperature.

(ii) Explain why someone who is sweating feels cool

when he is under a rotating fan. [4 marks]

• Sweat evaporates
• Specific latent heat of vaporization is absorbed from
the body.
• The speed of moving air increases
• Rate of evaporation increase and the body feels
cooler.

(b) A solid substances, of mass 0.05 kg, is heated

using an immersion heater of 240 V, 0.1 kW.
Diagram below shows the heating curve of the
solid.

• High specific heat capacity

• Heats up slower/ store more heat
Calculate: • High boiling point
(i) the specific latent heat of fusion of the • Become gas slowly
substance • Large fan
218 – 78 = 140 ⁰C // • Suck more air
time 4.8 – 3.6 = 1.2 minutes • Many fins
Pt = mcθ • Increases surface area / releases heat faster
100 x 1.2 x 60 = 0.05 x c x 140 • R: high specific heat capacity, high boiling point,
c = 1 029 J kg-1 ⁰C-1 large fan and many fins

(ii) The specific heat capacity of the substance in

liquid state.
Pt = mL = (100) (2.6 x 60) = 0.05L
L = 3.12 x 105 J/kg

[5 marks]

(b) You are asked to investigate the features of

cooling material and the design of a car engine
radiator as in Diagram 7.2. Explain the suitability of
each features in Diagram 7.2 and then determine
the most suitable car engine radiator to be used.
Give a reason for your choice.
[10 marks]