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ENERGY AND PHASE CHANGE

PHASE DIAGRAM
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 OBJECTIVES FOR THE DAY

Describe Explain Calculate

Describe the Explain solid-liquid, Calculate heat

transitions among liquid vapor, and changes in phase
gas, liquids, and solid-vapor and temperature
solids in terms of transitions in terms changes.
increase or of amount of energy
decrease in change;
molecular order;

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Vaporization and Vapor Pressure
Vaporization and FOR TWO LIQUIDS AT THE
IMFs SAME TEMPERATURE, THE
LIQUID WITH THE WEAKER
IMF WILL VAPORIZE FASTER.
LIQUIDS THAT VAPORIZE
EASILY – VOLATILE

LIQUIDS THAT DO NOT

VAPORIZE EASILY – NON
VOLATILE

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Phase Changes
PHASE CHANGES

A phase change is the reversible physical change

that occurs when a substance changes from one
state of matter to another

Melting, freezing, vaporization, condensation,

sublimation, and deposition are six common
phase changes
 Types of Phase Changes and Their Enthalpies

• Gas to liquid, and vice versa

– As the temperature drops (and/or the
pressure rises), the molecules in the gas
phase come together and form a liquid
in the process of condensation; the
opposite process, changing from a
liquid to a gas, is vaporization.
• Liquid to solid, and vice versa
– As the temperature drops further, the
particles move more slowly and
become fixed in position in the process
of freezing; the opposite change is
called melting, or fusion.
• Gas to solid, and vice versa
– At ordinary conditions,
solid CO2 changes directly to a gas, a
process called sublimation. Freeze-
dried foods are prepared by freezing
the food and subliming the water. The
opposite process, changing from a gas
directly into a solid, is called deposition.

©McGraw-Hill Education.
THE EXOTHERMIC REACTION AND
ENDOTHERMIC REACTION HAVE EQUAL
BUT OPPOSITE ENERGY TRANSFER

Exothermic

Endothermic
What happens during a phase
change?
During a phase change,
heat energy is either
absorbed or released.

Heat energy is released

as molecules slow down
and move closer
together.

Heat energy is absorbed

as molecules speed up
and expand.
Descriptions of Types of Phase Changes
 Phase changes can occur in two directions.
 One way the matter is gaining energy from
the surroundings.
 This is called an endothermic change.
 In an endothermic change the system (the
material) ABSORBS energy from its
surroundings
 Heating ice to melt it into water is an
example of this.
Descriptions of Types of Phase Changes
 Phase changes going the other direction
involves the matter giving energy to the
surroundings or the surroundings taking
energy from the matter.
 Water freezing is an example of this.
 RELEASE of energy to its surroundings during
a phase change is called an Exothermic
Change.
 During freezing, the freezer (or cold
environment) takes energy from the matter.
Temperature and Phase Changes

The temperature of a substance does

not change during a phase change

When a solid changes to a liquid

At the melting point, the
At first the temperature rises temperature stops rising and The temperature will begin to
as a solid warms up remains the same until the rise again
melting is complete
Temperature and Phase Changes

The temperature of a substance does

not change during a phase change

When a liquid changes to a solid

At the freezing point, the
At first the temperature of the After the freezing is complete,
temperature will remain at that
liquid will drop until it reaches the temperature will begin to
temperature until all of the
the freezing point drop again
liquid freezes
Temperature and Phase Changes

4. The temperature at which a substance freezes

(its freezing point) is identical to the
temperature at which it melts (its melting point)

5. When a liquid changes to a gas

b. The temperature then remains
a. The temperature keeps rising
the same until the boiling is
until it reaches the boiling point
complete
PHASE NCHANGE
 Heat (q)
• Heat: the transfer of energy between objects due to a
temperature difference
• Flows from higher-temperature object to lower-temperature
object

If T1 > T2
System Heat Surroundings
(T2) q system = -
(T1)
exothermic

If T1 < T2
System Heat Surroundings
(T2) q system = +
(T1)
endothermic
specific heat capacity (C): amt. of heat needed to raise
temp. of 1 g of a substance 1oC (1 K)

• Only useable within a state of matter (i.e. s, l, or g)

For energy changes involving…

heat of fusion (ΔHfus): melting/freezing
heat of vaporization (ΔHvap): boiling/condensing
There are NO temp changes during a phase change.
Various Specific Heat Capacities
Specific
Substance heat capacity
(J/K g)

Gold 0.129 Metals do not

Silver 0.235 generally
require much
Copper 0.385 energy to heat
Iron 0.449 them up
Aluminum 0.897 (i.e. they heat
up easily)
H2O(l) 4.184 Water requires
H2O(s) 2.03 much more
H2O(g) 1.998 energy to heat
up
We can find the heat of a substance loses or gains using:
where q = heat (J) q = m C DT
m = mass of substance (g)
(used within a given
C = specific heat (J/goC) state of matter)
DT = temperature change (oC) AND
DH = heat of vap/fus (J/g)
q = m ΔH
Heating Curve
g (used between two
+ l/g Cg
states of matter or
Temp.

l ΔHvap
s/l Cl during a phase change)
s ΔHfus –
Cs
D = final – initial
HEAT
 Using heat capacities…

q = m  C  ΔT
q (J) = mass (g)  C (J/goC)  ΔT (oC)
q = joules (J)
 Heating Curves
• Temperature Change within phase
• change in KE (molecular motion)
• depends on heat capacity of phase
C H2O (l) = 4.184 J/goC (requires the most heat)
C H2O (s) = 2.077 J/goC
C H2O (g) = 2.042 J/goC (requires the least heat)

• Phase Changes (s ↔ l ↔ g)
• change in PE (molecular arrangement)
• temperature remains constant
• overcoming intermolecular forces
ΔHfus = 333 J/g (s ↔ l)
ΔHvap = 2256 J/g (l ↔ g)
 Heating Curve of Water
From Ice to Steam in Five Easy Steps

q4 q5

q1: Heat the ice to 0°C

q1 = m Cs ΔT
q3 q2: Melt the ice into a liquid at 0°C
q2 q2 = m ΔHfus
q3: Heat the water from 0°C to 100°C
q3 = m Cl ΔT
q1
q4: Boil the liquid into a gas at 100°C
Heat q4 = m ΔHvap
Heat
q5: Heat the gas above 100°C
qtot= q1 + q2 + q3 + q4 + q5 q5 = m Cg ΔT
 Heating Curve Practice
1. How much energy (J) is required to heat
12.5 g of ice at –10.0 oC to water at 0.0 oC?
4 5 Notice that your q values are
positive because heat is added…
3
2
q1: Heat the ice from -10 to 0°C
1
q1 = 12.5 g (2.077 J/g oC)(0.0 - -10.0 oC) = 259.63 J
q2: Melt the ice at 0°C to liquid at 0 oC
q2 = 12.5 g (333 J/g) = 4162.5 J

qtot = q1 + q2 = 259.63 J + 4,162.5 J = 4,420 J

 Heating Curve Practice
2. How much energy (J) is required to heat 25.0
g of ice at –25.0 oC to water at 95.0 oC?
Notice that your q values are
4 5 positive because heat is added…

3 q1: Heat the ice from -25 to 0°C

2 q1 = 25.0 g (2.077 J/g oC)(0.0 - -25.0 oC) = 1298.1 J
1 q2: Melt the ice at 0°C to liquid at 0 oC
q2 = 25.0 g (333 J/g) = 8325 J
q3: Heat the water from 0°C to 95 °C
q3 = 25.0 g (4.184 J/g oC)(95.0 – 0.0oC) = 9937 J

qtot = q1 + q2 + q3 = 1298.1 J + 8,325 J + 9937 J = 19,560 J

 Heating Curve Practice
3. How much energy (J) is removed to cool 50.0 g of steam
at 115.0 oC to ice at -5.0 oC?
Notice that your q values are
4 5 negative because heat is removed…
q5: Cool the steam from 115.0 to 100°C
3
2 q5 = 50.0 g (2.042 J/g oC)(100.0 - 115.0 oC) = -1531.5 J
q4: Condense the steam into liquid at 100°C
1
q4 = 50.0 g ( - 2256 J/g) = -112,800 J
q3: Cool the water from 100°C to 0 °C
q3 = 50.0 g (4.184 J/g oC)(0.0 – 100.0oC) = -20920 J
q2: Freeze the water into ice at 0 °C
q2 = 50.0 g (- 333 J/g) = -16650 J
q1: Cool the ice from 0°C to – 5.0 °C
q1 = 50.0 g (2.077 J/g oC)(- 5.0 – 0.0oC) = -519.25 J

qtot = q1 + q2 + q3+ q4 + q5 = -1531.5 J + -112,800 J + -20920 J + -16,650 J + -519.25 J =

-152,000 J
 Heating Curve for Water
(Phase Diagram)
F
140 q4 = m DHvap
120 DHvap = +/- 2256 J/g 5
BP q2 = m DHfus D E
100
DHfus = +/- 333 J/g 4
80 q5 = m C D T
Temperature (oC)

60 C g = 2.042 J/goC
3
40
q3 = m C DT
20 Cl = 4.184 J/goC
MP B
0 C
2
-20
1 A→B warm ice
-40 B→C melt ice (s → l)
-60 q1 = m C D T C→D warm water
Cs = 2.077 J/goC D→E boil water (l → g)
-80 A
E→D condense steam (g → l)
E→F superheat steam
-100
Heat
 Calculating Energy Changes - Heating
Curve for Water

140 DH = mol x DHvap

120 DH = mol x DHfus
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Temperature (oC)

80
60 Heat = mass x Dt x Cp, gas
40
20 Heat = mass x Dt x Cp, liquid
0
-20
-40
-60
-80 Heat = mass x Dt x Cp, solid
-100
Time
 1. What is the total number of joules
released when a 5.00-gram sample
Identify of water changes from liquid to solid
which heat at 0oC?
equation will 2. Heat is added to a 200.0-gram
sample of H2O(s) to melt the sample
be used for at 0°C. Then the resulting H2O(l) is
each of the heated to a final temperature of
following 65°C. Show the numerical setup for
calculating the total amount of heat
problems required to raise the temperature of
and show a H2O(l) from 0°C to its final
numerical temperature.
setup. 3. What is the minimum amount of heat
required to completely vaporize 20.0
grams of water at its boiling point.
 • How much heat is
needed to change 75g of
ice at 0°C to a liquid at
the same temperature?
Heat of
Fusion
Calculations
• How much heat is
released when 250g of
water changes to ice at
0°C?
 • How much heat must be
supplied to evaporate
50g of water?

Heat of
Vaporization
calculations • How much heat is
required to evaporate
150.g of a substance at
its boiling point if it has a
Hv= 987 J/g?
 Heating Curve Challenge Problems
140 DH = mol x DHvap
1. A sample of ice at -25oC is 120
100
DH = mol x DHfus

80
placed into 75 g of water 60 Heat = mass x Dt x Cp, gas

Temperature (oC)
40

initally at 85oC. If the final 20

0
Heat = mass x Dt x Cp, liquid

temperature of the mixture -20

-40
-60

is 15oC, what was the mass -80

-100
Heat = mass x Dt x Cp, solid

of the ice? Time

2. A 38 g sample of ice at -5oC is placed into 250 g of water

at 65oC. Find the final temperature of the mixture
assuming that the ice sample completely melts.

3. A 35 g sample of steam at 116oC are bubbled into 300 g

water at 10oC. Find the final temperature of the system,
assuming that the steam condenses into liquid water.
Phase Diagrams
Phase Diagram

• Phase Diagram
– Map of the state or phase of a substance as a
function of pressure (y-axis) and temperature
(x-axis)

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Phase Diagrams

• These are a
convenient way to
represent the phases
of any substance as a
function of
temperature and
pressure.
 Major Features of a Phase Diagram
Phase Diagrams
• Phase Diagrams
– Regions
• Solid, liquid, gas
– Lines (curves)
• Fusion,
vaporization,
sublimation
– Points
• Critical, triple

Normal FP and BP
are indicated here
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 Navigating Within a Phase Diagram
Phase Diagrams
• Temperature change (constant P) – line
A
– T rises
– S → l (no DT)
– T rises
– l → g (no DT)

– No DT during the
phase change

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 Navigating Within a Phase Diagram
Phase Diagrams
• Pressure change (constant T) – line B
– P decreases
– L→ g (no DP)
– P decreases

– No DP during the
phase change.

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 Phase Diagrams
• The Triple Point is the temperature and pressure that a
substance can exist as all three states of matter (solid,
liquid and gas) as all three have the same vapor pressure.
• The Critical Temperature is defined as the temperature
above which the vapor cannot exist as a liquid no matter
what pressure is applied.
• The Critical Pressure is the pressure required to
condense a vapor at the critical temperature.
• Together the critical temperature and critical pressure
make the Critical Point.
• The melting point at 1 atm is the Normal Melting Point.
Phase Diagram for Carbon
 Application for Phase Diagrams

• Note: on the phase

diagram for water that
the melting point of
ice decreases as the
external pressure
increases. This is
opposite to
observations for most
other liquids.
Phase Diagrams

• For ice skating, the

narrow blade exerts a
large external energy
on the ice melting it
beneath the blade,
and refreezing as the
blade leaves the
surface. This allows
the smooth gliding
action.
Phase diagrams

• As pressure
decreases so does
the boiling point of
water.