Simplified Learning and Assessment Sheet (SLASh)

Subject: Science Quarter First Grade: 9

Title: Non- Mendelian Inheritance Week: 4

Most Essential Learning Competency:

Explain the different patterns of Non-Mendelian Inheritance

Presentation of Lesson:

In this lesson, you will learn the different patterns of Non-Mendelian

inheritance. This is a type of inheritance wherein the patterns of phenotypes does
not coincide with those that was presented in the Mendelian Laws of in-heritance.
It also describes the inheritance of traits linked to a single gene in the
chromosomes.

What is incomplete dominance?

The phenomenon in which two true-breeding parents crossed to produce an

intermediate offspring (also known as heterozygous) is called incomplete
dominance. It is also referred to as partial dominance or intermediate inheritance.

In incomplete dominance, the variants (alleles) are not expressed as

dominant or recessive; rather, the dominant allele is expressed in a reduced ratio.

To further understand the basic concept of incomplete dominance, some

terms are defined briefly as follows:

An allele is a form, version, or set of gene expressions. An organism consists

of two alleles from each parent for one gene. The allele that masks or
suppresses other alleles and becomes prominent in the offspring is called
a dominant allele. The effect of an allele that is suppressed by the dominant
allele and does not appear in the offspring is referred to as a recessive
allele. Multiple alleles refer to the various alleles (two or more) for the
same gene.
An organism that possesses two same alleles for a specific gene and can
truly breed for the allele is described as homozygous. An organism that
possesses two different alleles for a specific gene is described
as heterozygous.
A set of genes in an organism that is inherited by the offspring and that

the genotype. Phenotype is determined by the genotype and refers to the

(physically observable features).

The number of times of trait appearance in the offspring after crossing the
genes or alleles of the specific trait identified through the genotypic ratio.
The genotypic ratio is better understood through the Punnett
square. Punnett square shows all the possible traits (genotypes) of the new
offspring in graphical or table form after the crossing of homozygotes.

Although we commonly refer to different alleles as being dominant or

recessive, dominance is a property of the phenotype. There are many
forms of dominance: complete dominance, incomplete dominance, and
codominance. In complete dominance, there is no difference in

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phenotype between AA and Aa individuals. In incomplete dominance,
the phenotype in a heterozygous individual is visibly less intense than
that in an individual homozygous for the dominant allele, so
that AA and Aa genotypes produce different phenotypes. Hence, the
heterozygote (Aa) will have a phenotype intermediate between that
of AA and aa individuals.

Defining incomplete dominance

Incomplete dominance is defined differently as follows:

The incomplete dominance is referred to as the dilution of the dominant

allele with respect to the recessive allele, resulting in a new heterozygous
phenotype. For example, the pink color of flowers (such as snapdragons or

The intermediate trait appearance in between the phenotypes of homozygous

traits in the heterozygote is called incomplete dominance.
The formation of a third phenotype specifically with traits that results from
the combination of parent alleles is known as incomplete dominance or
The incomplete dominance is referred to as intermediate inheritance in
terms of trait expression, and none of the alleles from the paired alleles
expressed over the other for a specific trait .
According to some definitions, there are several assumptions about
incomplete dominance; an incomplete dominance occurs due to the
combination of parent alleles, both dominant and recessive. Whereas,
several definitions define incomplete dominance as a phenomenon in which
the heterozygote produced possesses an intermediate trait between the two
homozygous traits. Moreover, some definitions show incomplete dominance
in which the new offspring has a specific trait in less intensity than the
dominant trait among the paired alleles. In other words, the trait is neither
dominant nor recessive.

The situation in which the phenotype of the heterozygote is clearly manifested is

a cross between two homozygous phenotypes. After the combination of homozygous
alleles (F1 generation), the heterozygote will have the intermediate trait. At F2
generation, it, then, shows a ratio of 1:2:1 phenotype in which the two are
intermediate traits and others are either dominant and recessive traits.

In incomplete dominance, both alleles of the homozygous genotypes are not

expressed over one another; rather, an intermediate heterozygote is formed.

or characteristics.

How does incomplete dominance work?

To understand the mechanism of incomplete dominance, the botanists use Punnett

square. The Punnett square predicts the genotype of the breeding experiment. In this
case, one plant producing red flowers and another plant producing white flowers are
crossed.

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Example:

The above Punnett square results in heterozygous offspring with an

intermediate trait of pink color, showing that no allele gets dominated over the
other. The two alleles are not expressed in a way to hide the effect of the other
allele; instead, the phenotype is in between the two and intermediate. Thus, the
heterozygote is one that produces flowers with a pink color.

For F2 generation, the heterozygotes are crossed to see the respective

phenotypes.

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 Simplified Learning and Assessment Sheet (SLASh)
The phenotype in the F2 generation results in the same ratio as proposed by
Mendel, i.e., 1:2:1. The offspring phenotypes were 25% red flowers, 25% white
flowers, and 50% pink flowers. This shows that incomplete dominance does not
necessarily involve absolute blending because the heterozygote contains both
distinct traits or alleles, i.e., red and white color, which after crossing the
heterozygotes in the F2 generation, the red and white color traits still appear.
Moreover, in incomplete dominance, the offsprin
expression gets intermediate between the two parent traits

Punnett Square

In order to determine if a trait is codominant, a tool called Punnett

square may help. Punnett square helps to show all possible allelic combinations in
a test cross. It determines the possible genotypes of the offspring. It is a diagram in
grids and letters to represent alleles. An uppercase letter (e.g. A) denotes a
dominant trait or genotype and a lowercase denotes a recessive trait or genotype
(e.g. a).

Graded Performance Task: (in one whole sheet of paper)

Directions: Answer the questions. Make a Punnett Square to support your answers
where indicated. Express percentages as probabilities.

1. In snapdragons flower color is controlled by incomplete dominance. The two

alleles are red (R) and white (W). The heterozygous genotype is express as
pink.
a. What is the phenotype of a plant with the genotype RR? ______
b. What is the phenotype of a plant with the genotype WW? _____
c. What is the phenotype of a plant with the genotype RW? _____

2. A pink-flowered plant is crossed with a white-flowered plant. What is the

probability of producing a pink-flowered plant? _____
W W Parents _____ X _____

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3. What crossed will produce the most pink-flowered plants? Show a Punnett
square to support your answer.

W W

R Parents ______ X _____

Graded Quiz:
Directions: Read the following questions carefully and choose the letter of the best
answer. Put your response Provided.

13. Which one of these is NOT a disease in circulatory system?

a. Stroke c. Asthma
b. Hypertension d. Heart Attack
14. What are some things you can do to help support your lungs health?
a. Smoking regularly c. Drink alcohol excessively
b. Regular exercise and balanced diet d. Stress all the time
15. Which of these diseases are caused by smoking, high blood pressure, excessive
alcohol intake and diabetes?
a. Hypertension b. Stroke c. Atherosclerosis d. Heart Attack
16. Which of these diseases that a person may experience breathing difficulty
because of the mucus or phlegm forms in the airways obstructing the flow of
oxygen into the lungs?
a. Common cold b. Asthma c. Bronchitis d. Influenza
17. Which of the following will benefit our body in eating a balanced diet?
a
b. It can leads to depression.
c. We are feeling empty and stress.
d. Our body will become malnourished.
18. What are some things you can do to help support your lungs health?
a. Smoking regularly c. Drink alcohol excessively
b. Regular exercise and balanced diet d. Stress all the time

19. Which of these best describe what a personal hygiene is?

a. Having a shower but wearing the same clothes
b. Washing your hands
c. Using soap to clean yourself
d. Both B and C
20. How can you make good choices and stay healthy?
a. Consult health professionals when you are not feeling well.
b. Use internet to diagnose and treat yourself.
c. Buy over the counter medications.
d. Listen to anybody that gives you advices
21. A plant shows incomplete dominance in size. A tall plant (TT) is crossed with a
medium plant (TS). What fraction of plants will also be tall?
a. 25% b. 50% c. 75% d. 100%

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22. A red flowered plant (RR) breeds with a White flowered plant (WW). The gene for
petal color in these plants expresses incomplete dominance. What percentage of
the offspring will have pink (RW) flowers?

a. 0%
b. 50%
c. 25%
d. 100%

23. This type of inheritance pattern is a MIXTURE of both traits.

a. Incomplete dominance
b. Complete dominance
c. Co-Dominance
d. Recessive pattern

Pink rose
24. Snap dragon color is a incomplete dominant trait. A red flower (RR) is crossed
with white flower (rr)? What color are flowers that are Rr?
a. red b. white c. red and white d. pink
25. What type of inheritance do two alleles have if their traits blend together?
a. incomplete dominance c. multiple allele
b. co- dominance d. Mendelian Inheritance

Reflection /Journal: (copy and answer in your notebook)

Today I learned about ___________________________________________________________

I like the lesson because ________________________________________________________

I need to learn more about ______________________________________________________

I can learn more if I _____________________________________________________________

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