caches caches caches caches caches caches caches caches caches caches caches caches caches caches

caches caches caches caches cachesrademarks Rio Star and Ruby-Sweet, also sometimes promoted

as Reddest and Texas Choice. The 'Rio Red' is a mutation-bred variety that was developed by
treatment of bud sticks with thermal neutrons. Its improved attributes of mutant variety are fruit and
juice color, deeper red, and wide adaptation.[11]
The 'Star Ruby' is the darkest of the red varieties.[1] Developed from an irradiated 'Hudson' grapefruit
('Hudson' being a limb sport of 'Foster', itself a limb sport of the 'Walters'),[12] it has found limited
commercial success because it is more difficult to grow than other varieties.[13][14]
rademarks Rio Star and Ruby-Sweet, also sometimes promoted as Reddest and Texas Choice. The
'Rio Red' is a mutation-bred variety that was developed by treatment of bud sticks with thermal
neutrons. Its improved attributes of mutant variety are fruit and juice color, deeper red, and wide
adaptation.[11]
The 'Star Ruby' is the darkest of the red varieties.[1] Developed from an irradiated 'Hudson' grapefruit
('Hudson' being a limb sport of 'Foster', itself a limb sport of the 'Walters'),[12] it has found limited
commercial success because it is more difficult to grow than other varieties.[13][14]
rademarks Rio Star and Ruby-Sweet, also sometimes promoted as Reddest and Texas Choice. The
'Rio Red' is a mutation-bred variety that was developed by treatment of bud sticks with thermal
neutrons. Its improved attributes of mutant variety are fruit and juice color, deeper red, and wide
adaptation.[11]
The 'Star Ruby' is the darkest of the red varieties.[1] Developed from an irradiated 'Hudson' grapefruit
('Hudson' being a limb sport of 'Foster', itself a limb sport of the 'Walters'),[12] it has found limited
commercial success because it is more difficult to grow than other varieties.[13][14]
rademarks Rio Star and Ruby-Sweet, also sometimes promoted as Reddest and Texas Choice. The
'Rio Red' is a mutation-bred variety that was developed by treatment of bud sticks with thermal
neutrons. Its improved attributes of mutant variety are fruit and juice color, deeper red, and wide
adaptation.[11]
The 'Star Ruby' is the darkest of the red varieties.[1] Developed from an irradiated 'Hudson' grapefruit
('Hudson' being a limb sport of 'Foster', itself a limb sport of the 'Walters'),[12] it has found limited
commercial success because it is more difficult to grow than other varieties.[13][14]
rademarks Rio Star and Ruby-Sweet, also sometimes promoted as Reddest and Texas Choice. The
'Rio Red' is a mutation-bred variety that was developed by treatment of bud sticks with thermal
neutrons. Its improved attributes of mutant variety are fruit and juice color, deeper red, and wide
adaptation.[11]
The 'Star Ruby' is the darkest of the red varieties.[1] Developed from an irradiated 'Hudson' grapefruit
('Hudson' being a limb sport of 'Foster', itself a limb sport of the 'Walters'),[12] it has found limited
commercial success because it is more difficult to grow than other varieties.[13][14]
rademarks Rio Star and Ruby-Sweet, also sometimes promoted as Reddest and Texas Choice. The
'Rio Red' is a mutation-bred variety that was developed by treatment of bud sticks with thermal
neutrons. Its improved attributes of mutant variety are fruit and juice color, deeper red, and wide
adaptation.[11]
The 'Star Ruby' is the darkest of the red varieties.[1] Developed from an irradiated 'Hudson' grapefruit
('Hudson' being a limb sport of 'Foster', itself a limb sport of the 'Walters'),[12] it has found limited
commercial success because it is more difficult to grow than other varieties.[13][14]
rademarks Rio Star and Ruby-Sweet, also sometimes promoted as Reddest and Texas Choice. The
'Rio Red' is a mutation-bred variety that was developed by treatment of bud sticks with thermal
neutrons. Its improved attributes of mutant variety are fruit and juice color, deeper red, and wide
adaptation.[11]
The 'Star Ruby' is the darkest of the red varieties.[1] Developed from an irradiated 'Hudson' grapefruit
('Hudson' being a limb sport of 'Foster', itself a limb sport of the 'Walters'),[12] it has found limited
commercial success because it is more difficult to grow than other varieties.[13][14]
rademarks Rio Star and Ruby-Sweet, also sometimes promoted as Reddest and Texas Choice. The
'Rio Red' is a mutation-bred variety that was developed by treatment of bud sticks with thermal
neutrons. Its improved attributes of mutant variety are fruit and juice color, deeper red, and wide
adaptation.[11]
The 'Star Ruby' is the darkest of the red varieties.[1] Developed from an irradiated 'Hudson' grapefruit
('Hudson' being a limb sport of 'Foster', itself a limb sport of the 'Walters'),[12] it has found limited
commercial success because it is more difficult to grow than other varieties.[13][14]
rademarks Rio Star and Ruby-Sweet, also sometimes promoted as Reddest and Texas Choice. The
'Rio Red' is a mutation-bred variety that was developed by treatment of bud sticks with thermal
neutrons. Its improved attributes of mutant variety are fruit and juice color, deeper red, and wide
adaptation.[11]
The 'Star Ruby' is the darkest of the red varieties.[1] Developed from an irradiated 'Hudson' grapefruit
('Hudson' being a limb sport of 'Foster', itself a limb sport of the 'Walters'),[12] it has found limited
commercial success because it is more difficult to grow than other varieties.[13][14]
rademarks Rio Star and Ruby-Sweet, also sometimes promoted as Reddest and Texas Choice. The
'Rio Red' is a mutation-bred variety that was developed by treatment of bud sticks with thermal
neutrons. Its improved attributes of mutant variety are fruit and juice color, deeper red, and wide
adaptation.[11]
The 'Star Ruby' is the darkest of the red varieties.[1] Developed from an irradiated 'Hudson' grapefruit
('Hudson' being a limb sport of 'Foster', itself a limb sport of the 'Walters'),[12] it has found limited
commercial success because it is more difficult to grow than other varieties.[13][14]
n Costa Rica, especially in Atenas, grapefruit are often cooked to remove their sourness, rendering
them as sweets; they are also stuffed with dulce de leche, resulting in a dessert called toronja
rellena (stuffed grapefruit).[16] In Haiti, grapefruit is used primarily for its juice (jus de Chadèque), but
also is used to make jam (confiture de Chadèque).[17][18]
Grapefruit varieties are differentiated by the flesh color of fruit they produce. Common varieties are
yellow and pink pulp colors. Flavors range from highly acidic and somewhat sour to sweet and tart,
resulting from composition of sugars (mainly sucrose), organic acids (mainly citric acid),
and monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes providing aromas.[19] Grapefruit mercaptan, a sulfur-
containing terpene, is one of the aroma compounds influencing taste and odor of grapefruit,
compared with other citrus fruits.[20]

Drug interactions[edit]
Main article: Grapefruit–drug interactions
Grapefruit and grapefruit juice have been found to interact with numerous drugs and in many cases,
to result in adverse direct and/or side effects (if dosage is not carefully adjusted).[21]
This happens in two very different ways. In the first, the effect is from natural furanocoumarins such
as bergamottin and 6',7'-dihydroxybergamottin, which occur in both grapefruit flesh and peel.
Furanocoumarins inhibit the CYP3A4 enzyme, including the P450 enzyme family responsible for
metabolizing 90% of drugs. The action of the CYP3A4 enzyme itself is to metabolize many
medications.[22][23] If the drug's breakdown for removal is lessened, then the level of the drug in
the blood may become too high or stay too long, leading to adverse effects.[23] On the other hand,
some drugs must be broken down to become active, and inhibiting CYP3A4 may lead to reduced
drug effects.[citation needed]
The other effect is that grapefruit can block the absorption of drugs in the intestine.[23] If the drug is
not absorbed, then not enough of it is in the blood to have a therapeutic effect.[23] Each affected drug
has either a specific increase of effect or decrease.[24]
One whole grapefruit, or a glass of 200 ml (7 US fl oz) of grapefruit juice may cause drug overdose
toxicity.[25] Typically, drugs that are incompatible with grapefruit are so labeled on the container
or package insert.[23] People taking drugs should ask their health-care provider or pharmacist
questions about grapefruit and drug interactions.[23]

History[edit]
Grapefruit originated as a natural hybrid.[26] One ancestor of the grapefruit was the Jamaican sweet
orange (Citrus sinensis), itself an ancient hybrid of Asian origin; the other was the Indonesian
pomelo (C. maxima).[1] Both C. sinensis and C. maxima were present in the West Indies by 1692.
One story of the fruit's origin is that a certain "Captain Shaddock"[1] brought pomelo seeds to
Jamaica and bred the first fruit, which were then called shaddocks.[27] This apparently referred to a
captain who traded in the West Indies in the 17th century.[28] The grapefruit then probably originated
as a naturally occurring hybrid between the two plants some time after they had been introduced
there.[1][2]

Forbidden-Fruit-Tree

The Trunk, Leaves, and Flowers of this Tree, very much resemble

those of the Orange-tree.

The Fruit, when ripe, is something longer and larger than the largest

Orange; and exceeds, in the Delicacy of its Taste, the Fruit of every

Tree in this or any of our neighbouring Islands.

It hath somewhat of the Taste of a Shaddock; but far exceeds that, as

well as the best Orange, in its delicious Taste and Flavour.

 —Description from Hughes' 1750 Natural History of Barbados

A hybrid fruit, called forbidden fruit, was first documented in 1750 (along with 14 other citrus fruits
including the guiney orange) by a Welshman, Rev. Griffith Hughes, who described specimens from
Barbados in The Natural History of Barbados.[1][29][30] However, Hughes's forbidden fruit may
have been a plant distinct from grapefruit although still closely related to it.[31]
In 1814, naturalist John Lunan published the term grapefruit to describe a similar Jamaican citrus
plant.[27] Lunan reported that the name was due to its similarity in taste to the grape (Vitis vinifera).
[32] An alternative explanation offered by Tussac (1824) is that this name may allude to clusters of
the fruit on the tree, which often appear similar to bunches of grapes.[33] After this, authors of the
period used both terms forbidden fruit and grapefruit as synonyms.[citation needed]
In 1830, the Jamaican version of the plant was given the botanical name Citrus paradisi by botanist
James Macfadyen.[34] Macfadyen identified two varieties – one called forbidden fruit, the other
called Barbadoes Grape Fruit. Macfadyen distinguished between the two plants by fruit shape with
the Barbadoes Grape Fruit being piriform while the forbidden fruit was "maliformis." Macfadyen's and
Hughes's description differ, so it is not clear that the two reports are describing the same plant.
Kumamoto et al. (1987) suggest that Hughes's golden orange was actually a grapefruit while his
forbidden fruit was a different plant that had since became extinct and frequently confused with
grapefruits. Later, 
n Costa Rica, especially in Atenas, grapefruit are often cooked to remove their sourness, rendering
them as sweets; they are also stuffed with dulce de leche, resulting in a dessert called toronja
rellena (stuffed grapefruit).[16] In Haiti, grapefruit is used primarily for its juice (jus de Chadèque), but
also is used to make jam (confiture de Chadèque).[17][18]
Grapefruit varieties are differentiated by the flesh color of fruit they produce. Common varieties are
yellow and pink pulp colors. Flavors range from highly acidic and somewhat sour to sweet and tart,
resulting from composition of sugars (mainly sucrose), organic acids (mainly citric acid),
and monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes providing aromas.[19] Grapefruit mercaptan, a sulfur-
containing terpene, is one of the aroma compounds influencing taste and odor of grapefruit,
compared with other citrus fruits.[20]

Drug interactions[edit]
Main article: Grapefruit–drug interactions
Grapefruit and grapefruit juice have been found to interact with numerous drugs and in many cases,
to result in adverse direct and/or side effects (if dosage is not carefully adjusted).[21]
This happens in two very different ways. In the first, the effect is from natural furanocoumarins such
as bergamottin and 6',7'-dihydroxybergamottin, which occur in both grapefruit flesh and peel.
Furanocoumarins inhibit the CYP3A4 enzyme, including the P450 enzyme family responsible for
metabolizing 90% of drugs. The action of the CYP3A4 enzyme itself is to metabolize many
medications.[22][23] If the drug's breakdown for removal is lessened, then the level of the drug in
the blood may become too high or stay too long, leading to adverse effects.[23] On the other hand,
some drugs must be broken down to become active, and inhibiting CYP3A4 may lead to reduced
drug effects.[citation needed]
The other effect is that grapefruit can block the absorption of drugs in the intestine.[23] If the drug is
not absorbed, then not enough of it is in the blood to have a therapeutic effect.[23] Each affected drug
has either a specific increase of effect or decrease.[24]
One whole grapefruit, or a glass of 200 ml (7 US fl oz) of grapefruit juice may cause drug overdose
toxicity.[25] Typically, drugs that are incompatible with grapefruit are so labeled on the container
or package insert.[23] People taking drugs should ask their health-care provider or pharmacist
questions about grapefruit and drug interactions.[23]

History[edit]
Grapefruit originated as a natural hybrid.[26] One ancestor of the grapefruit was the Jamaican sweet
orange (Citrus sinensis), itself an ancient hybrid of Asian origin; the other was the Indonesian
pomelo (C. maxima).[1] Both C. sinensis and C. maxima were present in the West Indies by 1692.
One story of the fruit's origin is that a certain "Captain Shaddock"[1] brought pomelo seeds to
Jamaica and bred the first fruit, which were then called shaddocks.[27] This apparently referred to a
captain who traded in the West Indies in the 17th century.[28] The grapefruit then probably originated
as a naturally occurring hybrid between the two plants some time after they had been introduced
there.[1][2]

Forbidden-Fruit-Tree

The Trunk, Leaves, and Flowers of this Tree, very much resemble

those of the Orange-tree.

The Fruit, when ripe, is something longer and larger than the largest

Orange; and exceeds, in the Delicacy of its Taste, the Fruit of every

Tree in this or any of our neighbouring Islands.

It hath somewhat of the Taste of a Shaddock; but far exceeds that, as

well as the best Orange, in its delicious Taste and Flavour.

—Description from Hughes' 1750 Natural History of Barbados

A hybrid fruit, called forbidden fruit, was first documented in 1750 (along with 14 other citrus fruits
including the guiney orange) by a Welshman, Rev. Griffith Hughes, who described specimens from
Barbados in The Natural History of Barbados.[1][29][30] However, Hughes's forbidden fruit may
have been a plant distinct from grapefruit although still closely related to it.[31]
In 1814, naturalist John Lunan published the term grapefruit to describe a similar Jamaican citrus
plant.[27] Lunan reported that the name was due to its similarity in taste to the grape (Vitis vinifera).
[32] An alternative explanation offered by Tussac (1824) is that this name may allude to clusters of
the fruit on the tree, which often appear similar to bunches of grapes.[33] After this, authors of the
period used both terms forbidden fruit and grapefruit as synonyms.[citation needed]
In 1830, the Jamaican version of the plant was given the botanical name Citrus paradisi by botanist
James Macfadyen.[34] Macfadyen identified two varieties – one called forbidden fruit, the other
called Barbadoes Grape Fruit. Macfadyen distinguished between the two plants by fruit shape with
the Barbadoes Grape Fruit being piriform while the forbidden fruit was "maliformis." Macfadyen's and
Hughes's description differ, so it is not clear that the two reports are describing the same plant.
Kumamoto et al. (1987) suggest that Hughes's golden orange was actually a grapefruit while his
forbidden fruit was a different plant that had since became extinct and frequently confused with
grapefruits. Later, 
n Costa Rica, especially in Atenas, grapefruit are often cooked to remove their sourness, rendering
them as sweets; they are also stuffed with dulce de leche, resulting in a dessert called toronja
rellena (stuffed grapefruit).[16] In Haiti, grapefruit is used primarily for its juice (jus de Chadèque), but
also is used to make jam (confiture de Chadèque).[17][18]
Grapefruit varieties are differentiated by the flesh color of fruit they produce. Common varieties are
yellow and pink pulp colors. Flavors range from highly acidic and somewhat sour to sweet and tart,
resulting from composition of sugars (mainly sucrose), organic acids (mainly citric acid),
and monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes providing aromas.[19] Grapefruit mercaptan, a sulfur-
containing terpene, is one of the aroma compounds influencing taste and odor of grapefruit,
compared with other citrus fruits.[20]

Drug interactions[edit]
Main article: Grapefruit–drug interactions
Grapefruit and grapefruit juice have been found to interact with numerous drugs and in many cases,
to result in adverse direct and/or side effects (if dosage is not carefully adjusted).[21]
This happens in two very different ways. In the first, the effect is from natural furanocoumarins such
as bergamottin and 6',7'-dihydroxybergamottin, which occur in both grapefruit flesh and peel.
Furanocoumarins inhibit the CYP3A4 enzyme, including the P450 enzyme family responsible for
metabolizing 90% of drugs. The action of the CYP3A4 enzyme itself is to metabolize many
medications.[22][23] If the drug's breakdown for removal is lessened, then the level of the drug in
the blood may become too high or stay too long, leading to adverse effects.[23] On the other hand,
some drugs must be broken down to become active, and inhibiting CYP3A4 may lead to reduced
drug effects.[citation needed]
The other effect is that grapefruit can block the absorption of drugs in the intestine.[23] If the drug is
not absorbed, then not enough of it is in the blood to have a therapeutic effect.[23] Each affected drug
has either a specific increase of effect or decrease.[24]
One whole grapefruit, or a glass of 200 ml (7 US fl oz) of grapefruit juice may cause drug overdose
toxicity.[25] Typically, drugs that are incompatible with grapefruit are so labeled on the container
or package insert.[23] People taking drugs should ask their health-care provider or pharmacist
questions about grapefruit and drug interactions.[23]
History[edit]
Grapefruit originated as a natural hybrid.[26] One ancestor of the grapefruit was the Jamaican sweet
orange (Citrus sinensis), itself an ancient hybrid of Asian origin; the other was the Indonesian
pomelo (C. maxima).[1] Both C. sinensis and C. maxima were present in the West Indies by 1692.
One story of the fruit's origin is that a certain "Captain Shaddock"[1] brought pomelo seeds to
Jamaica and bred the first fruit, which were then called shaddocks.[27] This apparently referred to a
captain who traded in the West Indies in the 17th century.[28] The grapefruit then probably originated
as a naturally occurring hybrid between the two plants some time after they had been introduced
there.[1][2]

Forbidden-Fruit-Tree

The Trunk, Leaves, and Flowers of this Tree, very much resemble

those of the Orange-tree.

The Fruit, when ripe, is something longer and larger than the largest

Orange; and exceeds, in the Delicacy of its Taste, the Fruit of every

Tree in this or any of our neighbouring Islands.

It hath somewhat of the Taste of a Shaddock; but far exceeds that, as

well as the best Orange, in its delicious Taste and Flavour.

—Description from Hughes' 1750 Natural History of Barbados

A hybrid fruit, called forbidden fruit, was first documented in 1750 (along with 14 other citrus fruits
including the guiney orange) by a Welshman, Rev. Griffith Hughes, who described specimens from
Barbados in The Natural History of Barbados.[1][29][30] However, Hughes's forbidden fruit may
have been a plant distinct from grapefruit although still closely related to it.[31]
In 1814, naturalist John Lunan published the term grapefruit to describe a similar Jamaican citrus
plant.[27] Lunan reported that the name was due to its similarity in taste to the grape (Vitis vinifera).
[32] An alternative explanation offered by Tussac (1824) is that this name may allude to clusters of
the fruit on the tree, which often appear similar to bunches of grapes.[33] After this, authors of the
period used both terms forbidden fruit and grapefruit as synonyms.[citation needed]
In 1830, the Jamaican version of the plant was given the botanical name Citrus paradisi by botanist
James Macfadyen.[34] Macfadyen identified two varieties – one called forbidden fruit, the other
called Barbadoes Grape Fruit. Macfadyen distinguished between the two plants by fruit shape with
the Barbadoes Grape Fruit being piriform while the forbidden fruit was "maliformis." Macfadyen's and
Hughes's description differ, so it is not clear that the two reports are describing the same plant.
Kumamoto et al. (1987) suggest that Hughes's golden orange was actually a grapefruit while his
forbidden fruit was a different plant that had since became extinct and frequently confused with
grapefruits. Later, 
n Costa Rica, especially in Atenas, grapefruit are often cooked to remove their sourness, rendering
them as sweets; they are also stuffed with dulce de leche, resulting in a dessert called toronja
rellena (stuffed grapefruit).[16] In Haiti, grapefruit is used primarily for its juice (jus de Chadèque), but
also is used to make jam (confiture de Chadèque).[17][18]
Grapefruit varieties are differentiated by the flesh color of fruit they produce. Common varieties are
yellow and pink pulp colors. Flavors range from highly acidic and somewhat sour to sweet and tart,
resulting from composition of sugars (mainly sucrose), organic acids (mainly citric acid),
and monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes providing aromas.[19] Grapefruit mercaptan, a sulfur-
containing terpene, is one of the aroma compounds influencing taste and odor of grapefruit,
compared with other citrus fruits.[20]

Drug interactions[edit]
Main article: Grapefruit–drug interactions
Grapefruit and grapefruit juice have been found to interact with numerous drugs and in many cases,
to result in adverse direct and/or side effects (if dosage is not carefully adjusted).[21]
This happens in two very different ways. In the first, the effect is from natural furanocoumarins such
as bergamottin and 6',7'-dihydroxybergamottin, which occur in both grapefruit flesh and peel.
Furanocoumarins inhibit the CYP3A4 enzyme, including the P450 enzyme family responsible for
metabolizing 90% of drugs. The action of the CYP3A4 enzyme itself is to metabolize many
medications.[22][23] If the drug's breakdown for removal is lessened, then the level of the drug in
the blood may become too high or stay too long, leading to adverse effects.[23] On the other hand,
some drugs must be broken down to become active, and inhibiting CYP3A4 may lead to reduced
drug effects.[citation needed]
The other effect is that grapefruit can block the absorption of drugs in the intestine.[23] If the drug is
not absorbed, then not enough of it is in the blood to have a therapeutic effect.[23] Each affected drug
has either a specific increase of effect or decrease.[24]
One whole grapefruit, or a glass of 200 ml (7 US fl oz) of grapefruit juice may cause drug overdose
toxicity.[25] Typically, drugs that are incompatible with grapefruit are so labeled on the container
or package insert.[23] People taking drugs should ask their health-care provider or pharmacist
questions about grapefruit and drug interactions.[23]

History[edit]
Grapefruit originated as a natural hybrid.[26] One ancestor of the grapefruit was the Jamaican sweet
orange (Citrus sinensis), itself an ancient hybrid of Asian origin; the other was the Indonesian
pomelo (C. maxima).[1] Both C. sinensis and C. maxima were present in the West Indies by 1692.
One story of the fruit's origin is that a certain "Captain Shaddock"[1] brought pomelo seeds to
Jamaica and bred the first fruit, which were then called shaddocks.[27] This apparently referred to a
captain who traded in the West Indies in the 17th century.[28] The grapefruit then probably originated
as a naturally occurring hybrid between the two plants some time after they had been introduced
there.[1][2]
 Forbidden-Fruit-Tree

The Trunk, Leaves, and Flowers of this Tree, very much resemble

those of the Orange-tree.

The Fruit, when ripe, is something longer and larger than the largest

Orange; and exceeds, in the Delicacy of its Taste, the Fruit of every

Tree in this or any of our neighbouring Islands.

It hath somewhat of the Taste of a Shaddock; but far exceeds that, as

well as the best Orange, in its delicious Taste and Flavour.

—Description from Hughes' 1750 Natural History of Barbados

A hybrid fruit, called forbidden fruit, was first documented in 1750 (along with 14 other citrus fruits
including the guiney orange) by a Welshman, Rev. Griffith Hughes, who described specimens from
Barbados in The Natural History of Barbados.[1][29][30] However, Hughes's forbidden fruit may
have been a plant distinct from grapefruit although still closely related to it.[31]
In 1814, naturalist John Lunan published the term grapefruit to describe a similar Jamaican citrus
plant.[27] Lunan reported that the name was due to its similarity in taste to the grape (Vitis vinifera).
[32] An alternative explanation offered by Tussac (1824) is that this name may allude to clusters of
the fruit on the tree, which often appear similar to bunches of grapes.[33] After this, authors of the
period used both terms forbidden fruit and grapefruit as synonyms.[citation needed]
In 1830, the Jamaican version of the plant was given the botanical name Citrus paradisi by botanist
James Macfadyen.[34] Macfadyen identified two varieties – one called forbidden fruit, the other
called Barbadoes Grape Fruit. Macfadyen distinguished between the two plants by fruit shape with
the Barbadoes Grape Fruit being piriform while the forbidden fruit was "maliformis." Macfadyen's and
Hughes's description differ, so it is not clear that the two reports are describing the same plant.
Kumamoto et al. (1987) suggest that Hughes's golden orange was actually a grapefruit while his
forbidden fruit was a different plant that had since became extinct and frequently confused with
grapefruits. Later, 
n Costa Rica, especially in Atenas, grapefruit are often cooked to remove their sourness, rendering
them as sweets; they are also stuffed with dulce de leche, resulting in a dessert called toronja
rellena (stuffed grapefruit).[16] In Haiti, grapefruit is used primarily for its juice (jus de Chadèque), but
also is used to make jam (confiture de Chadèque).[17][18]
Grapefruit varieties are differentiated by the flesh color of fruit they produce. Common varieties are
yellow and pink pulp colors. Flavors range from highly acidic and somewhat sour to sweet and tart,
resulting from composition of sugars (mainly sucrose), organic acids (mainly citric acid),
and monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes providing aromas.[19] Grapefruit mercaptan, a sulfur-
containing terpene, is one of the aroma compounds influencing taste and odor of grapefruit,
compared with other citrus fruits.[20]
Drug interactions[edit]
Main article: Grapefruit–drug interactions
Grapefruit and grapefruit juice have been found to interact with numerous drugs and in many cases,
to result in adverse direct and/or side effects (if dosage is not carefully adjusted).[21]
This happens in two very different ways. In the first, the effect is from natural furanocoumarins such
as bergamottin and 6',7'-dihydroxybergamottin, which occur in both grapefruit flesh and peel.
Furanocoumarins inhibit the CYP3A4 enzyme, including the P450 enzyme family responsible for
metabolizing 90% of drugs. The action of the CYP3A4 enzyme itself is to metabolize many
medications.[22][23] If the drug's breakdown for removal is lessened, then the level of the drug in
the blood may become too high or stay too long, leading to adverse effects.[23] On the other hand,
some drugs must be broken down to become active, and inhibiting CYP3A4 may lead to reduced
drug effects.[citation needed]
The other effect is that grapefruit can block the absorption of drugs in the intestine.[23] If the drug is
not absorbed, then not enough of it is in the blood to have a therapeutic effect.[23] Each affected drug
has either a specific increase of effect or decrease.[24]
One whole grapefruit, or a glass of 200 ml (7 US fl oz) of grapefruit juice may cause drug overdose
toxicity.[25] Typically, drugs that are incompatible with grapefruit are so labeled on the container
or package insert.[23] People taking drugs should ask their health-care provider or pharmacist
questions about grapefruit and drug interactions.[23]

History[edit]
Grapefruit originated as a natural hybrid.[26] One ancestor of the grapefruit was the Jamaican sweet
orange (Citrus sinensis), itself an ancient hybrid of Asian origin; the other was the Indonesian
pomelo (C. maxima).[1] Both C. sinensis and C. maxima were present in the West Indies by 1692.
One story of the fruit's origin is that a certain "Captain Shaddock"[1] brought pomelo seeds to
Jamaica and bred the first fruit, which were then called shaddocks.[27] This apparently referred to a
captain who traded in the West Indies in the 17th century.[28] The grapefruit then probably originated
as a naturally occurring hybrid between the two plants some time after they had been introduced
there.[1][2]

Forbidden-Fruit-Tree

The Trunk, Leaves, and Flowers of this Tree, very much resemble

those of the Orange-tree.

The Fruit, when ripe, is something longer and larger than the largest

Orange; and exceeds, in the Delicacy of its Taste, the Fruit of every

Tree in this or any of our neighbouring Islands.

 It hath somewhat of the Taste of a Shaddock; but far exceeds that, as

well as the best Orange, in its delicious Taste and Flavour.

—Description from Hughes' 1750 Natural History of Barbados

A hybrid fruit, called forbidden fruit, was first documented in 1750 (along with 14 other citrus fruits
including the guiney orange) by a Welshman, Rev. Griffith Hughes, who described specimens from
Barbados in The Natural History of Barbados.[1][29][30] However, Hughes's forbidden fruit may
have been a plant distinct from grapefruit although still closely related to it.[31]
In 1814, naturalist John Lunan published the term grapefruit to describe a similar Jamaican citrus
plant.[27] Lunan reported that the name was due to its similarity in taste to the grape (Vitis vinifera).
[32] An alternative explanation offered by Tussac (1824) is that this name may allude to clusters of
the fruit on the tree, which often appear similar to bunches of grapes.[33] After this, authors of the
period used both terms forbidden fruit and grapefruit as synonyms.[citation needed]
In 1830, the Jamaican version of the plant was given the botanical name Citrus paradisi by botanist
James Macfadyen.[34] Macfadyen identified two varieties – one called forbidden fruit, the other
called Barbadoes Grape Fruit. Macfadyen distinguished between the two plants by fruit shape with
the Barbadoes Grape Fruit being piriform while the forbidden fruit was "maliformis." Macfadyen's and
Hughes's description differ, so it is not clear that the two reports are describing the same plant.
Kumamoto et al. (1987) suggest that Hughes's golden orange was actually a grapefruit while his
forbidden fruit was a different plant that had since became extinct and frequently confused with
grapefruits. Later, 
n Costa Rica, especially in Atenas, grapefruit are often cooked to remove their sourness, rendering
them as sweets; they are also stuffed with dulce de leche, resulting in a dessert called toronja
rellena (stuffed grapefruit).[16] In Haiti, grapefruit is used primarily for its juice (jus de Chadèque), but
also is used to make jam (confiture de Chadèque).[17][18]
Grapefruit varieties are differentiated by the flesh color of fruit they produce. Common varieties are
yellow and pink pulp colors. Flavors range from highly acidic and somewhat sour to sweet and tart,
resulting from composition of sugars (mainly sucrose), organic acids (mainly citric acid),
and monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes providing aromas.[19] Grapefruit mercaptan, a sulfur-
containing terpene, is one of the aroma compounds influencing taste and odor of grapefruit,
compared with other citrus fruits.[20]

Drug interactions[edit]
Main article: Grapefruit–drug interactions
Grapefruit and grapefruit juice have been found to interact with numerous drugs and in many cases,
to result in adverse direct and/or side effects (if dosage is not carefully adjusted).[21]
This happens in two very different ways. In the first, the effect is from natural furanocoumarins such
as bergamottin and 6',7'-dihydroxybergamottin, which occur in both grapefruit flesh and peel.
Furanocoumarins inhibit the CYP3A4 enzyme, including the P450 enzyme family responsible for
metabolizing 90% of drugs. The action of the CYP3A4 enzyme itself is to metabolize many
medications.[22][23] If the drug's breakdown for removal is lessened, then the level of the drug in
the blood may become too high or stay too long, leading to adverse effects.[23] On the other hand,
some drugs must be broken down to become active, and inhibiting CYP3A4 may lead to reduced
drug effects.[citation needed]
The other effect is that grapefruit can block the absorption of drugs in the intestine.[23] If the drug is
not absorbed, then not enough of it is in the blood to have a therapeutic effect.[23] Each affected drug
has either a specific increase of effect or decrease.[24]
One whole grapefruit, or a glass of 200 ml (7 US fl oz) of grapefruit juice may cause drug overdose
toxicity.[25] Typically, drugs that are incompatible with grapefruit are so labeled on the container
or package insert.[23] People taking drugs should ask their health-care provider or pharmacist
questions about grapefruit and drug interactions.[23]

History[edit]
Grapefruit originated as a natural hybrid.[26] One ancestor of the grapefruit was the Jamaican sweet
orange (Citrus sinensis), itself an ancient hybrid of Asian origin; the other was the Indonesian
pomelo (C. maxima).[1] Both C. sinensis and C. maxima were present in the West Indies by 1692.
One story of the fruit's origin is that a certain "Captain Shaddock"[1] brought pomelo seeds to
Jamaica and bred the first fruit, which were then called shaddocks.[27] This apparently referred to a
captain who traded in the West Indies in the 17th century.[28] The grapefruit then probably originated
as a naturally occurring hybrid between the two plants some time after they had been introduced
there.[1][2]

Forbidden-Fruit-Tree

The Trunk, Leaves, and Flowers of this Tree, very much resemble

those of the Orange-tree.

The Fruit, when ripe, is something longer and larger than the largest

Orange; and exceeds, in the Delicacy of its Taste, the Fruit of every

Tree in this or any of our neighbouring Islands.

It hath somewhat of the Taste of a Shaddock; but far exceeds that, as

well as the best Orange, in its delicious Taste and Flavour.

—Description from Hughes' 1750 Natural History of Barbados

A hybrid fruit, called forbidden fruit, was first documented in 1750 (along with 14 other citrus fruits
including the guiney orange) by a Welshman, Rev. Griffith Hughes, who described specimens from
Barbados in The Natural History of Barbados.[1][29][30] However, Hughes's forbidden fruit may
have been a plant distinct from grapefruit although still closely related to it.[31]
In 1814, naturalist John Lunan published the term grapefruit to describe a similar Jamaican citrus
plant.[27] Lunan reported that the name was due to its similarity in taste to the grape (Vitis vinifera).
[32] An alternative explanation offered by Tussac (1824) is that this name may allude to clusters of
the fruit on the tree, which often appear similar to bunches of grapes.[33] After this, authors of the
period used both terms forbidden fruit and grapefruit as synonyms.[citation needed]
In 1830, the Jamaican version of the plant was given the botanical name Citrus paradisi by botanist
James Macfadyen.[34] Macfadyen identified two varieties – one called forbidden fruit, the other
called Barbadoes Grape Fruit. Macfadyen distinguished between the two plants by fruit shape with
the Barbadoes Grape Fruit being piriform while the forbidden fruit was "maliformis." Macfadyen's and
Hughes's description differ, so it is not clear that the two reports are describing the same plant.
Kumamoto et al. (1987) suggest that Hughes's golden orange was actually a grapefruit while his
forbidden fruit was a different plant that had since became extinct and frequently confused with
grapefruits. Later, 
n Costa Rica, especially in Atenas, grapefruit are often cooked to remove their sourness, rendering
them as sweets; they are also stuffed with dulce de leche, resulting in a dessert called toronja
rellena (stuffed grapefruit).[16] In Haiti, grapefruit is used primarily for its juice (jus de Chadèque), but
also is used to make jam (confiture de Chadèque).[17][18]
Grapefruit varieties are differentiated by the flesh color of fruit they produce. Common varieties are
yellow and pink pulp colors. Flavors range from highly acidic and somewhat sour to sweet and tart,
resulting from composition of sugars (mainly sucrose), organic acids (mainly citric acid),
and monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes providing aromas.[19] Grapefruit mercaptan, a sulfur-
containing terpene, is one of the aroma compounds influencing taste and odor of grapefruit,
compared with other citrus fruits.[20]

Drug interactions[edit]
Main article: Grapefruit–drug interactions
Grapefruit and grapefruit juice have been found to interact with numerous drugs and in many cases,
to result in adverse direct and/or side effects (if dosage is not carefully adjusted).[21]
This happens in two very different ways. In the first, the effect is from natural furanocoumarins such
as bergamottin and 6',7'-dihydroxybergamottin, which occur in both grapefruit flesh and peel.
Furanocoumarins inhibit the CYP3A4 enzyme, including the P450 enzyme family responsible for
metabolizing 90% of drugs. The action of the CYP3A4 enzyme itself is to metabolize many
medications.[22][23] If the drug's breakdown for removal is lessened, then the level of the drug in
the blood may become too high or stay too long, leading to adverse effects.[23] On the other hand,
some drugs must be broken down to become active, and inhibiting CYP3A4 may lead to reduced
drug effects.[citation needed]
The other effect is that grapefruit can block the absorption of drugs in the intestine.[23] If the drug is
not absorbed, then not enough of it is in the blood to have a therapeutic effect.[23] Each affected drug
has either a specific increase of effect or decrease.[24]
One whole grapefruit, or a glass of 200 ml (7 US fl oz) of grapefruit juice may cause drug overdose
toxicity.[25] Typically, drugs that are incompatible with grapefruit are so labeled on the container
or package insert.[23] People taking drugs should ask their health-care provider or pharmacist
questions about grapefruit and drug interactions.[23]
History[edit]
Grapefruit originated as a natural hybrid.[26] One ancestor of the grapefruit was the Jamaican sweet
orange (Citrus sinensis), itself an ancient hybrid of Asian origin; the other was the Indonesian
pomelo (C. maxima).[1] Both C. sinensis and C. maxima were present in the West Indies by 1692.
One story of the fruit's origin is that a certain "Captain Shaddock"[1] brought pomelo seeds to
Jamaica and bred the first fruit, which were then called shaddocks.[27] This apparently referred to a
captain who traded in the West Indies in the 17th century.[28] The grapefruit then probably originated
as a naturally occurring hybrid between the two plants some time after they had been introduced
there.[1][2]

Forbidden-Fruit-Tree

The Trunk, Leaves, and Flowers of this Tree, very much resemble

those of the Orange-tree.

The Fruit, when ripe, is something longer and larger than the largest

Orange; and exceeds, in the Delicacy of its Taste, the Fruit of every

Tree in this or any of our neighbouring Islands.

It hath somewhat of the Taste of a Shaddock; but far exceeds that, as

well as the best Orange, in its delicious Taste and Flavour.

—Description from Hughes' 1750 Natural History of Barbados

A hybrid fruit, called forbidden fruit, was first documented in 1750 (along with 14 other citrus fruits
including the guiney orange) by a Welshman, Rev. Griffith Hughes, who described specimens from
Barbados in The Natural History of Barbados.[1][29][30] However, Hughes's forbidden fruit may
have been a plant distinct from grapefruit although still closely related to it.[31]
In 1814, naturalist John Lunan published the term grapefruit to describe a similar Jamaican citrus
plant.[27] Lunan reported that the name was due to its similarity in taste to the grape (Vitis vinifera).
[32] An alternative explanation offered by Tussac (1824) is that this name may allude to clusters of
the fruit on the tree, which often appear similar to bunches of grapes.[33] After this, authors of the
period used both terms forbidden fruit and grapefruit as synonyms.[citation needed]
In 1830, the Jamaican version of the plant was given the botanical name Citrus paradisi by botanist
James Macfadyen.[34] Macfadyen identified two varieties – one called forbidden fruit, the other
called Barbadoes Grape Fruit. Macfadyen distinguished between the two plants by fruit shape with
the Barbadoes Grape Fruit being piriform while the forbidden fruit was "maliformis." Macfadyen's and
Hughes's description differ, so it is not clear that the two reports are describing the same plant.
Kumamoto et al. (1987) suggest that Hughes's golden orange was actually a grapefruit while his
forbidden fruit was a different plant that had since became extinct and frequently confused with
grapefruits. Later,