AMBO UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF SOCIAL SCIENCE AND HUMANITY

DEPARTMENT OF POLITICAL SCIENCE AND INTERNATIONAL

RELATIONS

THE CHALLENGES AND PROSPECTS OF THE UNITED STATES OF

AFRICAN INTEGRATION IN ACHIEVING POLITICAL ISSUES

Seinory essay SUBMITTED TO AMBO UNIVERSITY OF BACHELOR OF

POLITICAL SCIENCE AND INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

BY

NAME ID NO

1, GARUMA BULCHA UGR/38003/12

2, ALEMU AWAJE UGR/38011/12
3, YOSEF BIZUAYEHU UGR/38041/12

MAJOR ADVISOR; Demiso Dereje(MA)

CO; ADVISOR;Tadelech Bubamo(MA)

 MARCH 2023, AMBO, ETHIOPIA

THE CHALLENGES AND PROSPECTS OF THE UNITED STATES OF AFRICAN

INTEGRATION IN ACHIEVING POLITICAL ISSUES

APPROVED BY THE BOARD OF EXAMINERS

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Advisor Signature Date

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 Table of Contents
Page
Acknowledgement……………………………………………………………………..I
Abstract…………………………………………………………………………………..II
CHAPTER ONE
1. INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………………………
1.1BACKGROUND……………………………………………………………………
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM……………………………………………
1.3 General OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY………………………………
1.3.1. SPECIFIC OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY………………………….
1.4 Research question .....................
1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE TUDY
1.6 SCOPE OF THE STUDY……...................................................
1.7. LIMITATION…………………………………………………………...............
1.8 organization of study ........................................................
CHAPTER TWO
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
APPROACHES TO INTEGRATION……………………………………………………
2.1.What is integration……………………………………………………
2.2.Theories of integration………………………………………………………
2.2.1.Functionalism………………………………………………………
2.2.2.Neo functionalism…………………………………………………………
2.2.3. Theories of European integration……………………………………
2.2. 4 Theories of European Integration……………………………………………
2.4.1. Federalism.................................................... ........
2.4 2. Neo functionalism ...................................................
2.4.3. Intergovernmentalism ..............................................
CHAPTER THREE
3. Research Methodology ..............................................
3.1. Research Approach ...........................................................
3.2 . Research design .............................
3.3 Data source ................................................................
3.4 Data collection instruments .............................................
3.4.1Questioner ....................................... .......... .. ............
3.4.2 interviews ....................................................................
3.4.3 focus group discussion ..............................................
3.4.4 ethical consideration .................................................
CHAPTER FOUR
4. DATA ANALYSIS AND PRESENTATION…………………………………….
4.1 The Aims and Vision of the United States of Africa…………………………..
4.2 The Challenges and Prospects towards Pan- Africans Integration in achieving
political issues ……………………
4.3 Mechanism to Vulnerable the Challenges that Can be Address and Maintain the
Problems to Become a Better……………………………………
4.4 Challenges and prospects towards the United States of Africa integration
……………………
4.4.1 Challenges towards Building the United States of Africa
integration………………………
4.4.2 Lack of political will and Commitment ………………………………………
4.4.3 Lack of Grassroots Participation………………………………………………
4.4.4 Fear to lose Sovereignty of States……………………………………………………
4.4.5 Problems Related to RECs…………………………………………………
4.4.6 Security Challenges………………………………………………………………
4.4.7 Financial Challenges …………………………………………………………
4.4.8 The Challenges of Globalization……………………………………………
4.4.9 Prospects towards the United States of Africa……………………………………
CHAPTER Five
5. Conclusion and Recommendations ...........................................
5.1 Conclusion ..........................................................................
5.2 Recommendation...............................................................
5.3 References............................................................................
Acronyms
AU African Union.
APER African Priority Programme for
Economic Recovery.
IMF International Monetary Fund.
EU European Union.
ECOSCC, economic, social and cultural council
NEPAD New Partnership of Africans Development.
NATO Nations of Atlantic Treaty Organization.
OAU Organization of African Unity.
REC’S.Regional Economic Communities.
UN United Nations.
W B World Bank.
WTO World Trade Organization.
 Abstract
Greater African integration has long been a cherished but exclusive goal, political
leaders at official conferences and formal summits have long promoted the idea,
although with only limited results, on the ground. There is a renewed impetus to establish
closer economic and political lies among the continent's numerous countries, based on a
heightened appreciation of the need for regional integration and a clearer understanding
of past failures. Political liberation and DE-colonialism were the rallying ideology up on
which economic integration and unity, found eloquent articulation in the 1960s. With the
independence of several African states and the subsequent establishment of a plethora of
integrative mechanisms. All the pan-African conferences were particularly unequivocal
in their advocacy of freeing Africa in an all-round sense with an urge for economic
cooperation as the basis of economic and political transformation.
These efforts culminated in the formation of the Organization of African Unity (OAU) in
1963. Nevertheless, Africa has no positive integrative story to tell after several years of
the OAU especially as the continent become threatened increasingly by its failure to cope
with the challenges of development and globalization. Thus, the current integrative
reforms in the continental body constitute a response to the emerging global order. A
conscious effort to expand economic and political space as well as the needed instrument
to strengthen integration in Africa. This paper, therefore, examines the current
African integration effort in the age of globalization in a bid to show the current
development and future challenges.

Key Words: integration, political integration, challenges, and prospects.

1. INTRODUCTION
As an introduction, we are going to see the challenges and prospects of the United States
of African integration in achieving political issues, statement problems, the background
of the study, methodology of the study, research questions, objectives of the study,
general objective and specific objectives, limitations of the study, organization of the
study and as a whole part of the research included.

1.1 Background of the study

The pan-African movement through the period of independence and afterward integration
has been perceived as the major step to picking the continent out of these problems. The
history of Pan-African ism started as a protest movement of American and West Indian
negro against the brutal experience they faced on the plantation as slavery or
marginalization created a sense of one among people of African descent living in the
diaspora,(Adekunle 1973:4).

The black that was oppressed as well as alienated began to think the need for unity of
action and racial integration led to the birth of pan-African ism as the most ambitious and
inclusive ideology. The pan-African ism aspiration had undergone many challenges and
obstacles which around leadership crisis, economic crisis, social injustice, and failure of
pan-African ism integration. Most African states have been since independence, but the
struggle for African integration efforts that belonged to the post-colonial period
particularly was to no Avail Jefferson,(1960:14).

Africa had started their journey towards unity in a very gradual manner but inside this
deep gradualism, there is a drop of hope that is moving forward, of these moves the most
important place to trace to the situation existing before and after the formation of the
organization for African unity (OAU). During its formation in the 1960s, African leaders
were different on what kind of organization it should be (Mathews, 2007).

The Africa Union and the challenges African regions facing problems of regional
integration challenges on account of the pervasive nature of poverty, intra-state, conflicts,
political instability, facing serious governance, corruption issues, massive budget
shortfall, and persistent decline of water levels. Religious Islamic extremist
fundamentalism and the attempt to assassinate Egyptian president Hosni Mubarak in
Addis Ababa by Egyptian Islamist jihad while Mubarak was in Addis Ababa Ethiopia
attending an African Union conference. Besides, for instance, the collapse of the state of
Somalia Islamist jihadist clans factions and South Sudan ethnic rivalry, identities political
rivals, and scarce of resources, and in Nigeria BokoHaram jeopardized human security
and mutually destabilize political African integration (Oloo, 2007:29).

The African Union (AU) is the leading regional organization in Africa, the challenges of
regional integration in Africa in the context of globalization and prospects for the united
states of Africa, AU cannot successfully stop those problems. Africans are facing
Boundary disputes conflict, intra and interstates conflicts, and failure to coordinate or
cooperate to fight corruption, Good Governance and eradicate poverty (OAU,1963).

The African Union is the successor organization to organization the African Unity
(OAU). The OAU was established in 1963 at Ad dis A Ababa Ethiopia by 37
independent African nations to promote unity and development defend the sovereign and
territorial integrity of members eradicate all forms of colonialism promote internal
cooperation and coordinate member economic, diplomatic, educational health welfare
scientific and defense policies. The OAU was at the time the most significant result of
pan-African ism. The organization mediated several border and internal disputes and was
instrumental in bringing about majority rule and the end of apartheid in South Africa
which in 1994 become the 53rd nations to be admitted to the organization. Africa Union
which replace the OAU in 2002. On 9 July 2011, south Sudan become the 54 th African
Union member the challenge of accelerating economic-political integration in the
formation of the union government. The integration process in Africa keywords regional
integration globalization Africa union economic, development, political productive
structure in Africa problems and prospects(Mathews, 2007:19).

1.2 Statement of the problem

The main challenges facing African regional economic, political, social, and cultural in
not implementing their integration and cooperation of African countries remained largely
internally UN integrated in the post-colonial period. They were not states in the true
sense of statehood as reflected, for example, in the states of 19th-century Europe. Rather,
as Joseph Nye Jr suggests, they bore a close resemblance to the types of 16th- and 17th-
century Europe. Today, as then, national consciousness remains a state elite project rather
than a process that is driven from the bottom up. As a result, there is no nationalism in the
true sense of the word, only elite nationalistic projects (Nye,2004:112).

Lack of independent financial sources and external influence, involvement in intra and
inter-state conflicts. Africa has also heavily affected political integration attempts to build
a single government (Gromyko, 1983:55).

African state has also been highly affected by power abuse, corruption, nepotism, bribe,
and restricted political opponents and political participation are not well organized to
extract and use the existing natural resource in very good manners in order to rapidly
grow political and economic integration of Africans continent good leadership and
governance to lead and mobilize the mass or citizen of African to participate in political
rights of freedom (Ow usu, 2003:56).

Hence, the research will be an attempt to make a brief assessment of the challenges and
prospects of United States of Africa integration in achieving political issues.

Awareness of sponsoring or effort terrorist extreme and religious fundamentalism to

threaten or destabilize the security and peace in the continent that does not cooperate.
Coordinate the integration of African countries like assassination and unwanted coups,
avoiding the difference of border disputes, intra and interstates conflict, and lasting
solutions Protected continents countries from internal and external influences
involvement and defense from invention or aggression will be the main gap what is going
to conduct this research. Therefore, there is a need to assess the challenges and prospects
towards pan African successful integration of political stability (Murithi,2008).

To achieve greater unity and solidarity between the African countries and the peoples of
Africa were to defend the sovereignty, territorial integrity, and independence of its
Member States; to promote and defend African common positions on issues of interest to
the continent and its peoples; to promote democratic principles and institutions, popular
participation and good governance; (ibid)

The character of Africa's post-colonial development is excellently summed up by Ayittey

who calls it one giant false start, characterized by a wrong political system (one-party
states); a wrong economic system (statism); a wrong ideology (socialism); and a wrong
growth path (industrialization via import substitution) (Ayittey 2005).

Since 2022( professor Pollumumba) said; with the disappearance of the sprite of pan
African ism, we are weak, disunity and we are living in a weak continent because the
sprite of pan African ism disappeared.

Indeed, as former United Nations Secretary-General Kofi Annan said, Good governance
is perhaps the single most important factor in eradicating poverty and promoting
development.

The conceptual framework of "African politics" is intended to bridge the gap between
political science theory and the reality of African politics and is well-suited for the study
of a mid-sized region with shared issues. (Africa Recovery,1999 )

Intra-state conflict, terrorism, and unconstitutional changes of government are three of

the biggest security issues in Africa to monitor in 2022. These are ongoing concerns, and
the continental response (especially that of the AU Peace and Security Council (PSC)) to
these threats will be closely observed. Negative impacts of the conflicts retard the process
of integration .it also disturb the political stability and peaceful coexistence of Africa.
This has weakened the cohesion, unity, and emergence of a political union in Africa
(Olaosebikan, 2011).

Deeper underlying governance issues are often at the heart of these events, and it is
important that this link is made. Countries to watch following military coups in 2021
include Mali, Sudan, Guinea, and Ethiopia, where intrastate conflict is threatening
regional stability, also remains on the watch list this year (AU press,2022).

African Integration Report the Health crisis comes at a time when the Corona Virus
Disease 2019 (COVID-19) continues to ravage economies around the world, and the
continent is no exception. The economic impact of the pandemic on the African continent
is already clear: the first recession in 25 years, with economic activity falling by more
than 3% in 2020, according to a recent report by the World Bank. Returning the world to
any kind of recognizable 'normal' will take In a COVID-19 environment that has been
defined by the closure of national borders and the collapse of global supply chains, the
continent will become more interdependent than ever. While COVID-19 has slowed
down regional integration, Africa was not performing well even before the pandemic, as
documented in the previous African Integration Reports.e years.

1.3 General objective

The general objective of this study is to analyze the challenges and prospects of the
United States of Africa integration in Achieving Political issues.

1.3.1 Specific Objective of the Study

Identify the aims of the United States' integration of Africa.

To Analysis the problems that face the United states Africa integration and prospects in
achieving the political issues.

To discuss the possible investigation of the challenges and prospects of the united states
of Africa on the issues of political integration.

To explain the method to eliminate or reduced challenges to political integration and

prospects of the united states of Africa and mechanism to become better.

1.4 Research questions

The study attempt to address the following research questions

1. What are the aims of the integration of the United States of Africa?

2. What are the challenges that affect the prospect of the United States of Africa
integration on the achieving of political issues?

3. What is a possible investigation for the challenge and prospects of African political
integration?

4. What are the methods to eliminate or reduce challenges to achieving political

integration and prospects in the United States of Africa and how to become better?
1.5. The Significance of the Study

Covering significance of this paper is to give an overview of African political challenges

and facing countries and regional levels to the African Union and analyses whether the
challenges Africans face will be regain repeated the previous problems that the African
Union has to solve, manage, and do so to stabilize the continent.

This research will give a better consideration for the recently proposed union government
and whether the dream and the vision of the United States of Africa are to be put into
consideration as well as a reality. This research can be a reference for other researchers
who want to be going to research on political integration of African states and also it may
use for African states if it's valid for them.

It gives additional knowledge for readers, students, and others who wanted to study
African state integration on political issues.

1.6 Scope of the Study

The study doesn't address every aspect of the political African integration process. It
covers the short background of the political African movement, political correct the
formation of the organization African States (OAU) and gives greater emphasis on the
challenge of establishing the united states of Africa and gives emphasize on some sort of
the problems and challenges solving mechanisms such as cooperation between African
states and if the problem is occurred making peacefully negotiations.

This research deeply focused on some political African integration problems such as
financial dependence inter-state conflict, corruption, and poverty.

1.7 Limitation
The main problem in conducting the study is the time constraint given for finalizing the
study in addition, regarding the maximum effort of the advisor, the lack of experience of
the researcher can be another limitation to the best quality of the study.

An additional limitation to this study is also the use of the internet library because of
many users in our campus digital library, which gives to us obstacles to using the digital
library when we want to work on our research.
In addition, in the beginning, the research the set objective to conduct in-depth interviews
with the chief mediate but the researcher couldn't access them and get their addresses
which create difficulty to get the most reliable data on the study due to financial
constraints.

1.8 Organization of the Study

Paper organized chapter one; introduction parts, statements of problems, general

objectives, specific objectives, research questions, the significance of the study, scopes,
limitations, and this organization of the study.in chapter two; we will see the conceptual
framework of political integration Chapter Three; methodology and data analysis, chapter
Four Data presentation and analyses we will have seen, and Chapter Five;
recommendation, conclusion, and references.

CHAPTER TWO
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
APPROACHES TO INTEGRATION
2.1 What is integration?
Integration has been defined as a series of voluntary decisions by previous states to
remove barriers to the exchange of goods, services, and capital person (Lind Berg,1970;
46). A common definition of regional integration states that it is a shift of certain national
activities towards a new center. Integration, therefore, is a form of collective action
among countries in order to obtain a certain goal, this can be as grand as political
unification or free trade areas (Haas, 1958;10).
Haas further more described integration as a product of an institutionalized pattern of
interest in politics, played out within existing international organization behind the
nation-states.
Political integration is defined as the surrendering of sovereignty among integrating
member state in favor of a particular sovereign supra-national entity (king
solver,2011).political integration is significant to promote common political values and
systems, Legitimate and Democratic institution, peace, security, and stability, for
instance, southern African Development Community (SADC), Promotes the
establishment of shared value and norms. The shared value and norms regulate the goal
of regional cooperation and Development (De Melo & Tiskata,2014).
In general political integration is the process where two or more actors from new actors
need not be a state in the same sense but rather a world government or some type of
regional integration. (Galtung, 1963:37)
According to Pent land (1973:11), the debate up to now with regard to integration lies in
the distinction between what is roughly known as, the state model of federalists who opt
for the formation of supranational political authority and the community model looking
for the emergence of forms of an international community which lacks state like
institutions and who emphasize instead on the propensity of peoples to interest and
cooperate across state boundaries.
There are many theoretical approaches to integration for real but here the paper will focus
on two only two theories namely functionalism and Neo functionalism
2.2. Theories of Integration
2.2.1. Functionalism
Functionalism as a theory, as Groom (1978:) argue was highly influenced by David
Mitrany who through his classic essay a working peace system proposes a powerful
statement as an alternative to power politics in international relations. Functionalism
although have a concept of the structure of the integrated community in their work they
disregard the blueprint of such structures. The hallmark of their model relies on the
flexible creation and thereby the adoption of institutions to social and economic needs as
these needs arise and fade away. Functionalism is all about ways of creating a durable
peace system in the international society where by ways helps to shape a better world.

Here David Mitrany strengthens his argument in the sense that the world of the twentieth
century was characterized by the growing number of technical issues that could be
resolved only by cooperative action across state boundaries such issues, whether within
or among states could best be addressed by highly trained specialist or technicians, rather
than by politician.
Miltrany believed that the emergency of technical issues would lead to a perceived need
for collaborative action assignable to technical experts whose approaches were essentially
based on political consideration.
Functionalism is critical of traditional democratic government with popularly elected
assemblies which are increasingly incapable of exercising detailed control over
legislation in developed societies or being responsive to changing needs(Lindberg,1970)

Miltrany stress in this aspect the need for greater specialist assemblies that act as a bridge
between institutional and the general public. This happens when the felt needs of the
people, on one hand, and the technical knowledge on the other hand merge in such a way
as to maximize responsiveness, efficiency, knowledge, and participation in the
democratic framework. This indicates a positive attitude that regards new kinds of
assemblies that are attached to international organizations. This assures the Functionalism
approval of the role to be played, in the integration process functionalism view the
regional focus state model as in adequate and highly rigid because of their assumption
that form depends on the function where those functional need is changing shifting ad
getting complied from time to time in support of this argument.
Pent land (1973:15)their point of intersection between the two is as follows.
Instead of the standard vision of integration as a process of growth leading to a specific
goal like this, functionalism points as to the concept of a process that not only operates in
many social sectors at different speeds but also might result in one of the members of the
institution from each of which remain subject to repaid changes, This view was strongly
favored by Neo functionalism.
Functionalism assumes further that the provision of welfare is likely to remove one of the
major coursed of discontent in the modern world, one that easily leads to violence in
states and between them (Taylor and Groom, 1978:4). This argument was given a fir
ground by professor miltrany in his writing of 1944 as follows, Give people a moderate
sufficiency of what they need and ought to have and they will keep the peace this has
proved nationality but national not yet been tried internationally.
The question is not just satisfying a need but whether there is to be positive use for the
mechanism of welfare provisional to undermine loyalties to the state and build an
international socio-psychotically community that transcends the frontier of the states. It is
the functionalist option that strong nationalism feelings of people can be weakened by
their search for welfare via international cooperation than allegiance to national prestige
through competition and possible conflict; because welfare has the capacity to shift and
diffuse loyalties away from state to supranational that held to crease world peace system.
In general, functionalism is the approach that measures the success of integration not by
changes in some quantifiable pattern of policy which result, in addition, it is an approach
that stresses concrete needs and problem-solving and marks in the judgment of success
and failure in terms of policy outputs rather than an assessment of process or
structures(Ibid:)
2.2.2. NEO Functionalism
NEO functionalism posits that integration results from the need to shift specific functions
away from exclusively nation-state control towards supranational institutions (Oolo,
2007:5)these new units, it's assumed would hold the decision-making power enjoyed by a
nation-state. NEO functionalism's major emphasis on the role of non-state actors especial,
the secretariat of the regional organizations, interest groups, and social movements that
exists at the level of the region serves as a footstep for further integration (Pent land,
1973;98)here even though member states are important actors, they do exclusive
determine the direction and extent of subsequent change, Rather the regional bureaucrats
that occur when state agree to give some degree of supranational responsibility can play
the game.
Lind Berg in his study of European company operated the Neo functionalism idea of
spillover as given action related to a specific goal creates a situation in which the original
goal can be assured only by taking further action which in turn create a further condition
and need for more action (Harrison, 1978:25)
New functionalism which is attributed to Ernst has been highly influenced by the works
of David Miltrany (Groom 1978:35) accordingly though this approach denies the
functionalism view as being territorial and state-eccentric, they are influenced by
Miltrany ‘s notion of a learning process giving rise to task expansion spillover to create a
working peace system.
Here new functionalism is different from the functionalism in their view of setting up of
central institution for proposed communities where these institutions are expected to play
the creative role to achieve the intended objective giving them federal gesture for the very
fact that the decision to be binding in the jurisdiction of member countries (Harrison, thus
no functionalism theories assume that politics would be placed by recreation at the
community level of consensus characteristics of the domestic political system (Harrison
1978:54).
The power of the sovereign nation was no longer needed to supply the framework for
peaceful resolution of internal conflict and was unfitted to discharge a like responsibility
in the international setting, was in the place of being superseded by the authority of
supranational institutions, for NEO functionalism political dedication to central
institution based on force not bring integration but rather the perceived assumption to
benefit from it will have a spillover effect from economic to the final end of political
unity. Therefore, integration is incremented as the proceeding state of integration would
result or give to more integration(Harrison,1975:4)
2.3. Theories of European Integration
European integration theorist has been studied at great length. The history of European
communities the EU and its integration process has been under security by scholars from
all over the world. Often it’s rightfully mentioned that European Union is truly quite a
unique case in the international sphere having less competence and sovereignty than
nation-states. But experiencing a level of supranational and integration between all
organizations like U, N, and NATO but so far EU. integration has been considered one of
the most successful organizations that ever existed in the globe. (Ernst B.Haas,1958)
2.4 Theories of European Integration
2.4.1. Federalism
Federalism as a theory of integration is not as prominent as the other theory however it
can help to provide more or fewer explanations for integration.
Thought Federalism means to different people it has great significant move to applied
Europeans Integration Never the less federalism theory tends to over more normative
than analytical in that sense federalism is more discussed.(Altiro Spinelli,1907).
Theory federalism on the other hand perceived as a narrower sense of intergovernmental
relations and its long sense as a combination of self-rule shared power and constitutional
sharing power on a non centralized basis.
Federalism theory was one of the most prominent theories that for real pushing European
integration (Laursin 2008).
2.4.2. Neo Functionalism.
Neo functionalism theory of integration is understood as a process of implicitly the
notion of that integration process evolving over time and taking on its own dynamic
(Haas, 1958).
Moreover, regional integration is characterized by multiple diverse and changing
especially supranational one also build a coalition across the government (Haas,
1964:71).
Neo-functional ism's conception of change is succinctly encapsulated in a notion of
spillover. Incremental decision-making is given primacy over grand design where
seemingly marginalized adjustments are often derived from the unintended. The three
types of spillover have generally been identified as functional political and cultivated
spillover. In another way, the national elite would come to promote further integration
through governmental and socialization processes which tend to foster integration.
Cultivated spillover concerns the role of supranational institutions are effective to
increase the promotion of integration (Tranholm. Mikkelse, 1991)
2.4.3. Intergovermentalism
Intergovermentalism hypo cries that the development of European integration is
determined by the state's interest and the outcome of member state bargain
(EU )Integration is only determined and takes place if there is a permanent and outcome
access of excess of gain and loss for nation-state its that thus viewed strength the nation-
state since it takes place according to its role.(Hoffman, Mill Word 1992) while
Intergovernmental ism governments are the permanent actors the role of the
supranational institution is downplayed. The government only transfer sovereignty to
institutions where potential joint gains are large but the effort to secure compliance by
other government through decentralized means like efficiency the primary source of
 integration lies in the interest of the state themselves and the relative power each prig to
the stable of the bargain (morisve,1993:89)

CHAPTER THREE
3. Research Methodology
3.1. Research Approach
To manage this study effectively and together with adequate and reliable information the
researchers employed both qualitative and quantitative methods. The qualitative method was
adopted mainly to collect data through interviews, focus group discussion, and observation, and
these data will also analyze through narration and explanation of the respondent ideas and use of
participant observations, interviewing, and non-statistical methods of analysis and reporting,
and necessary take place in the natural setting and quantitative method will be used to collect
data through questionnaires which will be analyzed through charts and tables to find out the
necessary data that support data gathered through interview, focus group discussion and
observation and it involves studies that make use of statistical analysis to obtain their findings
include formally and systematically measurement (Belay and(
& Abdinasir,2015).Because the qualitative method is very important for the researcher to clarify
and would have got brief information about the challenges and prospects of United States of
Africa integration in achieving political issues. In the study related to the Interviews focus
group discussion for key informants and questionnaires for the respondents or generally for
primary data collection.
3.2 Research design
To manage the study effectively and to collect adequate and reliable information, the researcher
used both qualitative and quantitative methods. Because the nature of the study is both
descriptive and analytical and the researcher requires a qualitative method used to describe the
primary data collected through interviews and questioners methods used the measurement such
as tabulation, percentage, and numerically related sources The researchers will be used
descriptive research design. The reason is to explain and describe the challenges and prospects
of the United State of Africa integration in achieving political issues in the study area. and
utilizes both qualitative and quantitative methods in order to gather information from primary
and secondary sources of data by using interviews, questionnaires, and focus group discussions.
In this study, The main goal of descriptive research is to describe the data and characteristics of
challenges and prospects of United States of Africa integration in achieving political issues,
(shields .2013).
3.3. Data Source

The paper has applied a secondary source of data collection method for studying of
challenges and prospects of the United States of African integration as a political aspect.

This has been accomplished by selecting the materials that are believed to fit the purpose
of the study and which are considered to comply with the research objective. After
important information was gathered from secondary sources it started and categorized
into chapters of the research according to its relevance. Following this process, the drafts
of the research have been discussed by using the information that has been examined.
Assessed and analyze so that they could respond to the statement of the problem the
research questions and the general and specific objectives.
The study the research used both primary and secondary data collection Primary data was
collected from public officials, administrative bodies, and experts using open and closed-
end questionnaires, focus group discussions, and interviews, and secondary data will be
collected from different documents of various organizations, newspapers, magazines,
books, and articles
3.4. Data Collection Instruments

The study research was used to collect relevant information for the study. Such as
questionnaires, interviews, and focus group discussions.
3.4.1. Questionnaires
Both closed and open-ended questionnaires were selected, because; they are faster to collect
data than other tools. Close-ended questionnaires are used for respondents to give their
responses and it takes relatively little time. Open-ended questionnaires intended for respondents
to give their responses in their words freely. These questionnaires were distributed to literate
youths.
3.4.2. Interviews
the researcher used to raise the interview in multi-dimension direct or indirect based on the first
interview and asked the other interview and also chained interview. The researcher prefers this
type of interview method has been used on collecting information from the views and in this
method stratified sampling technique was selected based on the sample random sampling
method. The researcher simply used general guidelines about the topic on which both the
researcher and interviewees are free to use their own working and sentence construction with
continuous analysis and construction of new questions the researcher come up with in-depth and
holistic data.
Personal face-to-face interviews will be conducted in a structured and semi-structured manner
to acquire more information to reduce non-response and to increase supplementary information.
The interview provided challenges and prospects of the United state of Africa integration

3.4.3 Focus group discussion

The focus group interview is defined as bringing together a group of selected volunteers (non-
probability sampled) and it is a means to gather in-depth qualitative data. Moreover, it is a
group interview in which individuals are selected and assembled by the researcher to discuss
and comment on topics that are identified by the researcher to draw upon respondents, attitudes,
feelings, beliefs, experiences, and reactions (Morgan, 1991). The researcher would be selected
eight informants.
3.4.4 Ethical consideration
Ethical consideration is a benchmark to accomplish success for this study. The researcher would
be followed research ethics to receive available data from the respondents. In gathering the
required data for this research, respondents' identify kept confidential. Besides, the respondents
would be informed that their response is used for academic purposes only. During primary data
collection, the researcher approached the respondents in a polite and respectful way. In general,
the researcher for this study employed ethical considerations.

CHAPTER four
4. DATA ANALYSIS AND PRESENTATION.
4.1 The Aims and Vision of the United States of Africa.
The united states of Africa is a proposed concept for a Federation of some or all of the
54th sovereign states on the African continent. The concept takes its origin from Marcus
Garvey's 1924 poem, Hail united states of Africa. The African Union AU advanced the
idea of the united states of Africa had previously pushed for its creation at a (2000)
summit in Lome Togo having described the AU as a failure on a number of occasions
that only a true pan- African states can provide stability and wealth to African. A number
of senior AU members also support the proposed federation, believing that it could bring
peace to a new Africa. (AU,1963),

The solution is a sweeping wave of economic liberalization and the imbalances in the
distribution of benefit, in favor of strong economics, has increased the urgency for
African countries to join hand to expand, fortify, solidify, and integrate their economic
space, to serve a platform for take-off and effective integration into the global economy.
Regional integration therefore at the very least constitutes Africa’s response to
Globalization, and an instrument to reverse the trend toward the marginalization of the
continent. Africa was being threatened increasingly by marginalization by its failure to
cope with the demands of globalization. Generally, regional integration can be political,
economic, social, or cultural but regional integration is a process of combining separate
economics into larger political and communities are inextricably intertwined. To the
extent that political and economic forces regional integration has thus as a process of
peacefully creating a larger coherent political system out of previously separate units
each of which voluntarily cedes some part of its sovereignty to a central authority and
renounces the use of force for solving conflict between member states. In reality, regional
integration is a process seemingly, participating countries inexorably seek, inter alias
economics of scale increased commercial activities. Mobility via institutional integration
and policy integration both or which refer to the growth of collective decision-making
and the sharing of responsibility for policies. The best path to regional integration is to
create a higher supranational authority to which participating states surrender part of their
sovereignty. This perspective, otherwise known as the Federalist strategy, call for a
federal structure, where political power is legally shared between the national and
supranational level of government. (Ansah,2013).
4.2. The Challenges and Prospects Towards Pan- African Integration
At the period of independence, it was obvious that Africa’s development lies in the unity
of her people..Indeed, it was the quest for unity that fired African nationalism and led to
pan-African ism as a guiding ideology upon which the battle for de colonialism was
fought with vigor strength and determination. One of the main challenges acting Africa’s
regional economic communities (RECS) in implementing their integration. Distribution
of gains triumphed over the traditional efficiency gains across Africa’s regional economic
communities (RECS). The small sparsely populated, and often isolated economies across
Africa make a compelling case for these economies of scale and reduce the thickness of
borders, But lack of complementary among partners and diminishing returns to the
exploitation of resources has supplied resources to the market (Nzongola-ntalaja,2002:3)
The challenges of regional integration in Africa in the context of Globalization and
prospects for the United States of Africa. Africans are facing Boundary disputes conflict,
intra and interstates conflicts, and failure to coordinate or cooperate to fight corruption,
Good Governance, and eradicate poverty.
Besides the challenges of integration were internal and external aggression to destabilize
regional dynamic security of democracy and development and of the regions continents.
This they have demonstrated with increased determination and expressing or
characterized public declaration on the issue of regional cooperation and integration by
firstly establishing an organization of African Unity even before the subject gained
currency in the global development agenda and discourse. The eventual establishment of
the Organization of African Unity (OAU) reflects the determination and solutions of
African peoples to accomplish concrete continental unity. Through ideological division
brought about as a result of different colonial political experiences among the newly
independent states and the nationalistic devotion of each independent state to the process
of nation-building and institutional development affected the strong realization of the
dream of OAU (Okumu,2008).
By the challenges of addressing the issue of continental socio-economic transformation
were becoming more urgent. This was reinforced by the economic decline experience
previously, the realization of the non-viability of externally dependent strategies of
development, and the imperative of integration. Regional economic integration within the
AUs notion of building the United States of Africa is the purpose of the discovery of
some facing Africans. The validity of the proposition that political integration is a
desirable strategy for overcoming Africa’s deep-seated developmental challenges is
critically assessed. The old model of regionalism cast on the ideological paradigm of pan-
African ism with its primary focus on politics rather than economic progress, focusing on
trade reform under the current political arrangement and in the context of globalization is
assessed. Aspiration of continental integration, a vision that led to the creation of the
Organization of African Unity (OAU) in 1963. The current transformation of (OAU) into
the African Union (AU) has significantly strengthened the movement towards the goal of
the pan- African political and economic union (Abuja Treaty 1991).
4.3.Mechanism to Vulnerable the Challenges that Can be Address and Maintain the
Problems to become A better
Africa’s Priority Programme for Economic Recovery (APER) on an emergency program
designed to address the development crisis of the Africa OAU declaration on the political
and socio-economic situation in Africa and the fundamental changes taking place in the
world which underscores Africa’s resolve to seize the initiative to determine its destiny
and to address the challenges to peace, democracy, and security. The charter on popular
participation was adopted in a testimony to the renewed determination of the OAU to
endeavor to place the African citizen at the center of development and decision-making
(Paul G.2000).
The mechanism for conflict prevention, management, and the solution is a practical
expression of the determination of the African leadership to find solutions to African
problems to come better life. Its challenges enable Africa to realize sustainable peace and
development. The vision behind it radiates the desire for the promotion of accelerated
socio-economic integration of the continental, which will lead to greater unity and
solidarity between African countries. Assisting the African continent build capacity for
addressing the future crisis.
African partnership, plans, and proposals into the dynamic of the discovery of solutions
to African problems. Mechanism to address the root causes of the crisis and prevent
future famines. Africans themselves are coming forth to help ensures a brighter future for
the African continent. A further important component of a strong state is the ability to
formulate policy goals autonomously from particular groups in society. Africa as a
continent to strategically adopt and initiate policies to enable it to become what is ought
to be in relation to economic growth and development.

NEPAD and the new vision for Africa. NEPAD is a merger of the Millennium
partnership for Africa’s Recovery Programme and the Omega Plan (OAU,2001). It is a
project of the AU aimed at tackling issues such as peace and security, good economic,
political, and corporate governance, and making the continent an attractive destination for
foreign investment.
A NEPAD (2001) positioning document says: the new partnership for Africa’s
development is a pledge by African leaders, based on a common vision and a firm shared
conviction, that they have a pressing duty to eradicate poverty and to place their
countries, both individually and collectively, on a path of sustainable growth and
development and at the same time to participate actively in the world economy and body
politics. The key driver of NEPAD was the challenge to end the economic
marginalization of Africa, and therefore to attract the necessary resources into our
continent to ensure its development, which stands at the heart of both of vision of an
African Renaissance and NEPAD.
The NEPAD initiative is quite timely given the African situation and its emphasis that the
hopes of Africa’s people for a better life lie in their own hands and not on the
magnanimity of this helping to increase Africa's profile (Owusu, 2003 ).
NEPAS is rooted in good governance and democracy, which distinguishes it from
previous regional development initiatives. An interesting issue however is that the
feasibility of democracy in Africa depends not so much on the pronouncements of
African leaders, rather, it lies more on how democracy can be used to meet the social and
economic needs of the people.
4.4 Challenges and Prospects Towards the United States of African integration
4.4.1 Challenges towards Building the United States of Africa integration
 Africa has traveled a long distance to reach the present level in its historical passage
Africa has had some successes such as the liberation of its people from the slave trade
and colonialism, trying to go forward in its integration, both economic and political once.
Despite its successful history, Africa has also confronted many challenges in its move
toward continental integration. This chapter tries to assess some of the most serious
challenges that Africa needs to tackle in its attempt to realize a united Africa.
4.4.2 Lack of political will and Commitment
Lack of leadership commitment was one of the hurdles that Africa has been confronted
with in striving on their ways to create the OAU. This absence of good work in favor of
continental unity leads to the creation of loss of organization of states i.e. the OAU in the
1960s. but if there would been leaders of Africa who were fully committed and ready to
sacrifice everything, then they would have created the United States of Africa by the
1960s (Oloo, 2007:29).
The problem of political interest has not still resolved in the discussion of continental
issues by African leaders. Most of the time, AU summits or sessions were novel ideas
that would be raised but fail to be compromised even if the leaders do not afford to listen
to the opinion of one another. On the same side, the absence of political interest emerges
from the infant political maturity of those who engage in debates which have been shown
by their frequent coming out of the conferences. Therefore, one issue that needs to be
treated is to have a willing leadership for the integration (ibid ).
4.4.3 Lack of Grassroots Participation
There has been almost no mechanism for popular participation in the regional integration
process both at regional as well as sub-regional levels. In the regional economic
communities, (REC) government and inter-governmental organizations have generally
monopolized the dialogue on integration. In the meantime, various mechanisms are
emerging on how to engage people in the process, but are rarely put into action. For
example, in AU, civil society participation in summits has been minimal and been
minimal and waning not better to OAU which has no provision for civil society
participation. The united states of Africa should be designed to be the representative of
the people, not only the member governments; however, participation in the AU has been
limited thus far. Although certain women advocacy groups have been actively consented
to by the courts, there is little genuine civil society participation except for a few selected
groups who were favored by their respective governments to attend the summit.
Moreover, the role of the Economic, social and culture council (ECOSOCC), designed to
increase the involvement of non-governmental bodies is unclear and the provision for
membership are vague (Adogamhe, 2008:57)
For example, in the AU, civil society participation in summits has been minimal and
waning not better than OAU which has no provision for civil society participation. The
united states of Africa should be designed to be the representative of the people, not only
the member governments; however, participation in AU has been limited thus far.
Although certain women advocacy groups have been actively consented to by the courts,
there is little genuine civil society participation except for a few selected groups who
were favored by their respective governments to attend the summit moreover, the role of
the economic, social, and cultural council (ECOSOC), designed to increase the
involvement of non-governmental bodies, is unclear and the provisions for membership
are vague (ADOGAMHE, 2008:57).
The problem relating to lack of popular participation is not a surprising one, from their
very nature the state structure in respective African countries is built on the ashes of
strong control and dominance of all branches of political offices. This ultimately leads to
reluctance to give room for popular participation, which holds true both at the national
and continental levels.
4.4.4 Fear of loss of Sovereignty of States
The idea of building a united Africa started in the 19 th c. in this respect the
transformation of OAU to AU was seen as an important step towards building united
Africa. However, one of the greatest hurdles to such unity has been the African state's
grip on their sovereign power (wachira, 2001:1) any regional organization needs the
necessary political interests to eliminate barriers to trade, create common policies, and
establish common institutions. The age-old problem of sovereignty, which was the fear of
transforming authority to supranational bodies, based on narrow politico-economic
interests, remains a major challenge that the Africa Union Assembly has to grapple with
(Adogamhe, 200:55).
Most African ruling elite tends to perceive sovereignty as the source of power, privilege,
and wealth within their individual states, which enables them to maintain their patronage
and client network system. Therefore, some remain doubtful that the African ruling elite
will voluntarily commit political class suicide by surrendering their quasi-sovereign state
for the continental union government project, which also undermines their privileges and
advantages, There is no doubt that the AU remains the most visible vehicle for achieving
a united state of Africa, to be realized through closer integration of its member states. In
light of the envisaged collective benefits, the transfer of some sovereign powers to the
AU by members, which will ensure greater coordination, is justifiable(ibid ).
4.4.5 Problems Related to REC’S
Regional economic communities (REC) are laid down as a building block for Africa’s
integration efforts. Despite this reality, the action taken to make them important
contributors was of heartbreaking. African leaders have had little success in their
integration and development efforts. Thus regionalism, as applied in Africa, can only be
viewed as a form of escapism from real challenges at the domestic level; as well as a
strategy to consolidate alliances that would reinforce the political sovereignty of member
states (Oloo, 2007:28)
Little interaction between the AU and REC and the consequent little translation of Rec's
goals in to plans and budgets as well as the implementation of AU goals continue to dog
African unity. This has been made difficult by the fact that man state belongs to more
than one REC as well as competing and conflicting interests between the RECs and AU.
Translating REC’S goals in to national plans and budgets was an important interface
between individual countries, the REC’s and the AU. But member states have deficient
national mechanisms for doing so (Ibid).
At a general level, three factors account for the disappointing performance REC’S
operate; first, the strategies adopted, that has been shaped by the European model without
giving any due recognition to realities existing in Africa. Second, the structure of Africa’s
economy which was over lacked problems like; heavy external debt, falling per ca-pita
income, and the absence of societal groups with a vested interest in promoting regional
integration. Finally, the dominance of politics over economics. This was the ideological
differences existing between those espousing a free market economy and those
proclaiming some sort of socialist economy. This ideological difference leads to
ignorance of the need for economic integration (Qobo, 2007:3).
4.4.6 Security Challenges
The enduring legacy of colonialism in Africa has been the national borders and economic
exploitation, which have distorted the contemporary pattern of political and economic
development in the continent. The chronic internal conflicts in Africa have resulted in
vast population movement in and out of different national boundaries, to this effect the
migrants who were displaced because of war and conflict are being treated hardly. That is
inconsistent with the calls for African solidarity (Adogamhe, 2008:51).
The power vacuum created in the aftermath of the cold war accounts in part for the
subsequent anarchy and escalating ethnic and religious conflicts in many parts of Africa.
Some ethnic leaders and warlords, who did not afford to be rulers of existing countries,
have capitalized on ethnic divisions and persistent instability to organize secessionist
movements aimed at creating new states. These eth no religious conflicts aren’t confined
to national borders rather they have spillover effects to neighbors and to the larger
continent. This is one of the security threats that Africa was and still facing (Nye,
1968:60).
The constitutive act of the AU stressed the linkage between peace, security, respect for
human rights, and cooperation as requisite for Africa’s sustainable development. This is
an indication for the question of security to be multi-dimensional. Security in this sense is
not only the absence of war but also having to solve all problems leading to insecurity
such as hunger and poverty. The importance of improvements in education. The health
and safety of ordinary people would have to be emphasized in the effort to tackle security
challenges (Ibid).
4.4.7 Financial Challenges
Another teething issue in the effort sat continental integration in Africa is the over-
dependency on donors. The lack of funding for AU operations was a huge constraint to
its efficient operation. Many problems in Africa such as weak human resource capacity.
Limited staff and lack of organizational resources are often the results of limited funding
(Gromyko, 1983:55).
The frailer of member states to contribute their share to AU has strengthened the problem
of funding that the union is facing. For instance, in 2007, nearly all member states are
behind in their payment to the AU while accounting methods in the organization are
systematically flawed. Attribute to the member states lack of political will or the lack of
capacity to pay that annual contribution because even the budget of an individual state is
highly dependent on external aid and loan.
4.4.8 The Challenges of Globalization
Today we are living in the age of globalization. Globalization means the integration of
world economies through trade, financial flows, the exchange of technology, information,
and the movement of people. Besides, globalization is also the process of integration of
culture, technology, and governance. In its operation, globalization started to help the
accumulation of wealth for a few West and marginalize the rest. When the market is
going to dominate all social and political order, the opportunities and rewards of
globalization spread unequally and inequitably, by concentrating power and wealth in a
selected group of people, nations, and corporations while marginalizing the other (Horah,
2004:25).
By any standards, African countries remain marginal to all global trends. The continuing
marginalization of Africa in global politics as well as the economic setup is not a recent
phenomenon. The marginalization of Africa started long before the 19th century when
slavery was followed by colonialism treating Africa not as an innovator but rather as a
follower of others' tails. Colonialism had played a profound role in alienating Africans in
psychological, economic, and political dimensions creating a sense of inferiority and
developing the West at the expense of Africa (Mazrui, 1977:3).
In the present sense even though globalization has done many good things by diffusing
new technology to the lands of Africa but its evil side takes the broader realities existing.
A good example of globalization's effect on Africa is the disposal of its production to
Africa’s baby market and completely killing the infant industries of the continent. The
there evils’ are also the other agents of Globalization. These are the World Bank (WB),
International Monetary Fund (IMF), and World Trade Organization (WTO), especially
WTO is an institution shaped to a greater extent to kill the trading capacity of Africans
among themselves (Owusu, 2003:56).
An indigenous socio-cultural renaissance is necessary for Africa’s meaningful
participation in the high globalization world of the 21st century. This can be done by
strengthening the ties between African countries in terms of trade, infrastructural
development, building common economic integration schemes, and a common economic
development strategy that would take into consideration Africa’s discriminated position.
Generally, for Africa to be out of this problem unity is the only way, i.e, unity in all
spheres.
4.4.9 Prospects Towards United States of Africa integration
The idea of forming a single government for Africa has taken its roots in the pan-African
movement of the early 1990s. this idea of a single government for Africa has been
reflected in different forms. For instance, in terms of forging an organizational structure
such as OAU, AU and the debate to create top create a union government for the maxima
list dreams for creating a united state of Africa. This attempt to move to a single authority
has gone through various historical events such as the slave trade, colonialism, struggles
against apartheid, and current globalization. These historic events have their own role in
hindering Africa’s attempt to unite (Murithi, 2008:13)
In terms of progress, Africa has been around more than fifty years old in its renewed
struggle for a truly integrated continent despite its long effort, likely or unlikely still
Africa is not able to build a single and unified government that works towards achieving
the demands of its people. The idea of uniting Africa has been proposed in two
directions, the one to form directly the United States of Africa, and the other to form
through gradual functional integration. To days the functionalism theory has got strong
acceptance among African leaders. This is indicated by the ongoing debate that has been
started in 2005 and continued till today. The debate has sought a good starting by making
some studies on how to build a union government for the ultimate creation of the United
States of Africa (Adogmahe, 2008:58).
The debates on union government have covered some important issues that Africa needs
to truly tackle in its attempt for continental integration. These include; the need to reduce
dependence on an external body for its finance; the need to create ways of tackling the
challenge of globalization; the quest for the union government to be a union of people;
and finally the creation of African values as a benchmark to create united Africa.
For the dream of the united states of Africa to become a reality, AU must, first and
foremost, agree at the very minimum on the areas in which the states have to surrender
their sovereignty. In this case, the commission represents the interest of the collectivist on
the understanding that the action so taken will be binding on the member states (Oloo,
2007:31).
The most critical resolution that should be given priority is the introduction of
membership conditions as had earlier been envisioned in the NEPAD. Membership of the
United States of Africa should not be Defacto membership of all African states.
Ascension to the united states of Africa should be based on specific conditions and
performance indicators rather than on a verbal commitment by heads of state about
African integration. Similarly, any economic grouping of African countries should be
seen by the members as an organization that they aspire to join, not one to which they
belong by simply being members of clubs of independent African nations. As in the case
of the EU, membership of the united states of Africa could be pegged on well-established
economic and political criteria (Murithi, 2008:84).
The desirability of united Africa is no doubt, but the question is in what way should this
happen. Africa has gone long way in its attempt for the goal of integration to be met,
starting from liberation to the current age of Globalization. This process will call on
African leaders to accept a vision of the federal union as the ultimate goal of African
integration with a clear road map and time frame for its realization. It also strengthens all
the existing sub-regional institutions as building blocks for continental integration. This
will afford the African states the opportunity to develop an enabling environment for
common security, good governance, and basic infrastructure which may be required to
establish an effective continental single government (knife,1999:4).

CHAPTER five.
5 . Conclusion and Recommendations
5.1 Conclusion
Pan-African ism and Africa renaissance provide a new direction for the regeneration and
rebirth of Africa in the twenty-first century. Pan African ism has been a compiling dream
of Africa and Africans in Diaspora s for a long time, particularly in the twentieth century.
The ideology of pan African ism is a fascinating one, given the diverse cultural,
linguistic, religious, geographical, and other barriers that militate against the constriction
of common goals and beliefs
Pan-African ism since its birth in the 1990s has been reflected in various aspects. In its
first and original sense, pan-African was the struggle of black Africans and Afro-
Americans against discrimination faced in Diasporas. Then onwards, Pan African ism
reshaped itself as the movement of Africans for the economic, social, cultural, and
political emancipation of colonialism and presently globalization. It also goes further
stage to take an institutionalized form first interns of pan-African conferences and
congresses, and later in organizational forms such as the OAU and AU.
The most striking development in Africa’s integration attempt has been the establishment
of a new, improved regional organization for the continent, the African Union (AU)
which replaced the 39 years old OAU. This event marked the renaissance of Pan- African
ism, that is, Africa’s quest for unity and dignity, and for an equitable place in the
emerging world order. In addition, the AU is a better organization in terms of structure
and coverage of continental issues.
As to the good and formidable developments, Africa is also confronting many challenges
in its integration process. But the solution for these problems facing Africa is in the hands
of African leaders and citizens, that need to have a strong commitment to continental
unity. In this respect. Africa is being a good starting through creating ways of tackling
challenges such as security, finance, and others. For example, the Peace and security
council is playing a prominent role in bringing peace to the continent.
Of integration is the better option for Africa which would take Recs as its strong
foundation. Finally, if Africa is successful in tackling the existing challenges, building
the United States of Africa will change from a dream to a reality, but the time span may
differ from what has been expected.
5.2 Recommendation
Africa has re-started on good grounds by drawing extensively from the experiences of the
European Union it re-drawing the strategies of continental integration. This is germane
because a way to encourage integration is to learn from the experience of other regions,
which have achieved a measure of success. There is also the increasing need to
strengthen bilateral links, which in turn provide a basis for multi-lateral cooperation, also,
Africa needs to promote and expand trade as well as the movement of capital, peoples,
goods, and services. This is bound to assist the member states to mutually benefit.
Joint efforts should also be made to improve the precondition for enhanced integration
through initiatives aimed at infrastructures, which are UN-affordable for the small states.
Together with this, measures should be taken to remove tariff bull works and encourage
the division of labor, quicken specialization in production, and stimulate economies of
scale.
There is a need to develop conflict prevention mechanisms through a sub-regional
program of education in order to mediate actively in conflict situations. The smaller
integrative blocs such as ECOWAS, SADC, etc.. in turn, should create mechanisms for
preventing conflicts and promoting for this is that integration is best developed in an
atmosphere of trust and confidence among nations and their populations.
Above all, there is a need to establish a formidable research institute to help in assessing
the programmers of current integration as well as the level of accomplishment of
continental efforts.
This is necessary to improve the economic and political environment for technological
innovation and development. The integration of Africa may be a complex process, but the
stakes are high, and will ultimately determine the continent’s political and economic
future.
in order to progress the integration of the quintet state of Africa all of Africa's strengths
needed to co-exist cooperation and cooperation to avoid power abuse corruption,
nepotism, bribe, restricted political opponents, and allow political participation.
Well organized to extract and use the existing material resources very good manners in
order to rapidly growing economy of integration of Africans continent good leadership
and good governance to lead and mobilize or inspiration the mass or citizens of Africans
to participate political rights emancipation of freedom awareness of sponsoring or
exporting terrorist extremism and religious fundamentalism to threat or destabilize the
security and peace in the continent that does not coordinates and cooperates the
integration of African countries like assassination and unwanted coup data.Narrowed the
differences of border disputes ethnic politics intra and interstates conflicts and the lasting
solution.
Protected continents countries from internal and external, threatened influences,
involvement, and defense its from invention or aggression.
Finally, African integration has to fight and eradicate poverty and protected the
environment educated their citizens obtained opportunities against HIV AIDS, and get
healthcare, social, welfare, and human development and empowerment gender issue
equality of women, African leaders have to come up with one voice for the risk and seek
of dreams vision of united states of Africans.

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