Case studies;

blood related

Study Comics
A 75-year-old man with a history
of chronic kidney disease who
presents with fatigue and
weakness. He has been receiving
dialysis for the past year.
Laboratory findings reveal low Hb
levels, low serum iron levels, and
low transferrin saturation.

Study Comics
Anemia of chronic kidney disease: This
type of anemia is due to decreased
production of erythropoietin in the
kidneys. Treatment may involve
erythropoietin-stimulating agents and
addressing the underlying kidney
disease. Laboratory findings may
reveal low Hb levels, low serum iron
levels, and low transferrin saturation.

Study Comics
A 30-year-old vegan woman who
presents with fatigue and
weakness. She has been
following a strict vegan diet for
the past 5 years. Laboratory
findings reveal low Hb levels and
low serum vitamin B12 levels.

Study Comics
 Vitamin B12 deficiency anemia: The
patient may have low levels of vitamin
B12 due to poor dietary intake or
malabsorption. Treatment may involve
vitamin B12 supplements and addressing
the underlying cause of the anemia.
Laboratory findings may reveal low Hb
levels, low serum vitamin B12 levels, and
elevated homocysteine and
methylmalonic acid levels.

Study Comics
A 60-year-old man who presents
with fatigue, pale skin, and a
history of alcohol abuse. He
reports drinking heavily for the
past 20 years. Laboratory
findings reveal low Hb levels,
elevated mean corpuscular
volume (MCV), and elevated
gamma-glutamyl transferase
(GGT) levels.

Study Comics
 Hemolytic anemia: This type of anemia
is due to the destruction of red blood
cells. Treatment may involve blood
transfusions, immunosuppressive
therapy, or addressing the underlying
cause of the anemia. Laboratory
findings may reveal low Hb levels,
elevated reticulocyte count, and
elevated lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)
levels.

Study Comics
A 20-year-old college student
who presents with fatigue and
weakness. She reports a recent
history of mono and is currently
taking antibiotics for a sinus
infection. Laboratory findings
reveal low Hb levels and elevated
white blood cell (WBC) count.

Study Comics
Aplastic anemia: This type of anemia is
due to decreased production of red
blood cells in the bone marrow.
Treatment may involve blood
transfusions, immunosuppressive
therapy, or a bone marrow transplant.
Laboratory findings may reveal low Hb
levels, low reticulocyte count, and
pancytopenia.

Study Comics
A 50-year-old woman with a
history of Crohn's disease who
presents with fatigue and
abdominal pain. She has had
several surgeries in the past to
remove portions of her small
intestine. Laboratory findings
reveal low Hb levels and low
serum iron levels.

Study Comics
Sickle cell anemia: This type of anemia
is due to abnormal hemoglobin that
causes red blood cells to become rigid
and sickle-shaped. Treatment may
involve pain management, blood
transfusions, and addressing
complications such as infections and
strokes. Laboratory findings may
reveal low Hb levels, elevated
reticulocyte count, and the presence
of sickle cells on blood smear.

Study Comics
A 65-year-old woman who
presents with fatigue, dizziness,
and shortness of breath. She has
a history of heart failure and has
been on diuretics for several
years. Laboratory findings reveal
low Hb levels and elevated B-
type natriuretic peptide (BNP)
levels.

Study Comics
Thalassemia: This type of anemia is due
to abnormal hemoglobin production.
Treatment may involve blood
transfusions, folic acid supplements,
and addressing complications such as
bone deformities. Laboratory findings
may reveal low Hb levels, microcytic
hypochromic red blood cells, and
elevated HbA2 levels.

Study Comics
A 40-year-old man who presents
with fatigue and weakness. He
has a history of ulcerative colitis
and has been taking
sulfasalazine for several years.
Laboratory findings reveal low Hb
levels and elevated inflammatory
markers such as C-reactive
protein (CRP) and erythrocyte
sedimentation rate (ESR).

Study Comics
G6PD deficiency anemia: This type of
anemia is due to a deficiency in the
enzyme glucose-6-phosphate
dehydrogenase. Treatment may involve
avoiding triggers that cause hemolysis
and addressing complications such as
jaundice. Laboratory findings may
reveal low Hb levels, elevated
reticulocyte count, and the presence
of Heinz bodies on blood smear.

Study Comics
A 25-year-old pregnant woman
who presents with fatigue and
weakness. She is in her second
trimester of pregnancy and
reports experiencing morning
sickness. Laboratory findings
reveal low Hb levels and normal
MCV levels.

Study Comics
Pernicious anemia: This type of anemia
is due to a deficiency in vitamin B12
absorption caused by autoimmune
destruction of the gastric parietal
cells. Treatment may involve vitamin B12
supplements and addressing the
underlying autoimmune disorder.
Laboratory findings may reveal low Hb
levels, low serum vitamin B12 levels, and
elevated intrinsic factor antibodies.

Study Comics
A 70-year-old woman with a
history of hypothyroidism who
presents with fatigue and
weakness. She has been taking
levothyroxine for several years.
Laboratory findings reveal low Hb
levels and normal MCV levels.

Study Comics
Diamond-Blackfan anemia: This type of
anemia is a rare genetic disorder that
is characterized by a defect in the
production of red blood cells in the
bone marrow. Treatment may involve
blood transfusions and addressing the
underlying genetic defect. Laboratory
findings may reveal low Hb levels, low
reticulocyte count, and macrocytic
anemia.

Study Comics
A 65-year-old male with a history
of hypertension and
hyperlipidemia presents with
chest pain, shortness of breath,
and palpitations. The patient
reports a family history of sudden
cardiac death.

Study Comics
Diagnosis: Atrial fibrillation. Treatment:
Rate control with beta-blockers or
calcium channel blockers,
anticoagulation therapy, and possible
rhythm control with electrical
cardioversion or anti-arrhythmic
medications.

Study Comics
A 55-year-old female with a
history of diabetes and obesity
presents with fatigue, dizziness,
and intermittent chest
discomfort. The patient also
reports occasional episodes of
palpitations.

Study Comics
 Diagnosis: Ventricular tachycardia.
Treatment: Immediate defibrillation and
anti-arrhythmic medications.

Study Comics
A 40-year-old male with a history
of congenital heart disease
presents with shortness of breath,
palpitations, and syncope. The
patient also reports a recent
history of alcohol abuse.

Study Comics
 Diagnosis: Brugada syndrome.
Treatment: Implantable cardioverter-
defibrillator (ICD) implantation and
avoidance of triggers such as certain
medications or fever.

Study Comics
A 50-year-old female with no
prior cardiac history presents
with sudden onset palpitations,
chest pain, and lightheadedness.
The patient also reports a history
of anxiety.

Study Comics
 Diagnosis: Supraventricular
tachycardia. Treatment: Vagal
maneuvers, anti-arrhythmic
medications, or electrical cardioversion
if necessary.

Study Comics
A 30-year-old male with a history
of smoking and drug abuse
presents with chest discomfort,
palpitations, and syncope. The
patient also reports a recent
history of methamphetamine use.

Study Comics
 Diagnosis: Cocaine-induced myocardial
infarction and ventricular fibrillation.
Treatment: Immediate defibrillation, anti-
arrhythmic medications, and cessation
of cocaine use.

Study Comics
A 50-year-old male with a history
of congestive heart failure
presents with worsening dyspnea,
orthopnea, and fatigue. The
patient also reports intermittent
episodes of palpitations and
chest discomfort.

Study Comics
 Diagnosis: Atrial fibrillation with rapid
ventricular response. Treatment: Rate
control with beta-blockers or calcium
channel blockers, anticoagulation
therapy, and possible rhythm control
with electrical cardioversion or anti-
arrhythmic medications.

Study Comics
A 75-year-old female with a
history of chronic obstructive
pulmonary disease presents with
worsening dyspnea, cough, and
fatigue. The patient also reports
occasional episodes of
palpitations and
lightheadedness.

Study Comics
 Diagnosis: Atrial flutter with rapid
ventricular response. Treatment: Rate
control with beta-blockers or calcium
channel blockers, anticoagulation
therapy, and possible rhythm control
with electrical cardioversion or anti-
arrhythmic medications.

Study Comics
A 35-year-old female with a
history of mitral valve prolapse
presents with palpitations and
chest discomfort. The patient
also reports occasional episodes
of syncope.

Study Comics
 Diagnosis: Supraventricular
tachycardia. Treatment: Vagal
maneuvers, anti-arrhythmic
medications, or electrical cardioversion
if necessary.

Study Comics
A 55-year-old male with a history
of hypertension and diabetes
presents with chest pain,
dyspnea, and fatigue. The
patient also reports occasional
episodes of palpitations and
lightheadedness.

Study Comics
 Diagnosis: Ventricular tachycardia.
Treatment: Immediate defibrillation and
anti-arrhythmic medications.

Study Comics
A 40-year-old female with no
prior cardiac history presents
with sudden onset palpitations,
dizziness, and syncope. The
patient also reports a family
history of sudden cardiac death.

Study Comics
 Diagnosis: Long QT syndrome.
Treatment: Beta-blockers or
pacemaker implantation, and avoidance
of triggers such as certain
medications or electrolyte imbalances.

Study Comics
A 65-year-old male with a history
of rheumatic fever presents with
fatigue, dyspnea on exertion, and
palpitations. The patient also
reports a recent history of chest
pain and syncope.

Study Comics
 Diagnosis: Mitral stenosis. Treatment:
Medical management with diuretics and
beta-blockers, possible valve repair or
replacement.

Study Comics
A 55-year-old female with a
history of mitral valve prolapse
presents with chest discomfort,
shortness of breath, and fatigue.
The patient also reports
occasional episodes of
palpitations and
lightheadedness.

Study Comics
 Diagnosis: Mitral regurgitation.
Treatment: Medical management with
diuretics and beta-blockers, possible
valve repair or replacement.

Study Comics
A 70-year-old male with a history
of hypertension presents with
shortness of breath, fatigue, and
ankle swelling. The patient also
reports a recent history of chest
pain and syncope.

Study Comics
 Diagnosis: Aortic stenosis. Treatment:
Medical management with diuretics and
beta-blockers, possible valve repair or
replacement.

Study Comics
A 60-year-old female with a
history of aortic valve stenosis
presents with chest pain,
dyspnea, and fatigue. The
patient also reports occasional
episodes of palpitations and
lightheadedness.

Study Comics
 Diagnosis: Aortic regurgitation.
Treatment: Medical management with
diuretics and beta-blockers, possible
valve repair or replacement.

Study Comics
A 65-year-old male with a history
of atrial fibrillation presents with
sudden onset weakness on the
left side of his body, slurred
speech, and confusion. The
patient also reports a history of
hypertension and hyperlipidemia.

Study Comics
Diagnosis: Embolic stroke due to atrial
fibrillation. Treatment: Anticoagulation
therapy and possible thrombolytic
therapy or mechanical thrombectomy.

Study Comics
A 50-year-old female with a
history of deep vein thrombosis
presents with sudden onset
numbness and tingling in her
right arm, along with difficulty
speaking and understanding
speech. The patient also reports
a recent history of surgery.

Study Comics
Diagnosis: Ischemic stroke due to deep
vein thrombosis. Treatment:
Thrombolytic therapy or mechanical
thrombectomy, and possible
anticoagulation therapy.

Study Comics
A 70-year-old male with a history
of carotid artery stenosis
presents with sudden onset right-
sided weakness, difficulty
speaking, and dizziness. The
patient also reports a history of
hypertension and smoking.

Study Comics
 Diagnosis: Ischemic stroke due to
carotid artery stenosis. Treatment:
Carotid endarterectomy or carotid
artery stenting, and possible
antiplatelet therapy.

Study Comics
A 60-year-old male with a history
of prosthetic heart valve
replacement presents with
sudden onset left-sided
weakness, difficulty speaking,
and confusion. The patient also
reports a history of atrial
fibrillation and hyperlipidemia.

Study Comics
 Diagnosis: Embolic stroke due to
prosthetic heart valve. Treatment:
Anticoagulation therapy and possible
thrombolytic therapy or mechanical
thrombectomy.

Study Comics
A 55-year-old female with a
history of mitral stenosis presents
with sudden onset right-sided
weakness, difficulty speaking,
and confusion. The patient also
reports a history of hypertension
and diabetes.

Study Comics
 Diagnosis: Ischemic stroke due to
mitral stenosis. Treatment:
Anticoagulation therapy and possible
thrombolytic therapy or mechanical
thrombectomy.

Study Comics
A 75-year-old male with a history
of atrial fibrillation and coronary
artery disease presents with
sudden onset left-sided
weakness, difficulty speaking,
and confusion. The patient also
reports a history of smoking and
alcohol abuse.

Study Comics
Diagnosis: Embolic stroke due to atrial
fibrillation and coronary artery
disease. Treatment: Anticoagulation
therapy and possible thrombolytic
therapy or mechanical thrombectomy.

Study Comics
A 40-year-old female with a
history of systemic lupus
erythematosus presents with
sudden onset right-sided
weakness, difficulty speaking,
and confusion. The patient also
reports a history of deep vein
thrombosis and pulmonary
embolism.

Study Comics
 Diagnosis: Ischemic stroke due to
systemic lupus erythematosus and
history of thrombosis. Treatment:
Anticoagulation therapy

Study Comics
A 65-year-old male with a history
of hypertension and
hyperlipidemia presents with
sudden onset left-sided
weakness, difficulty speaking,
and confusion. The patient also
reports a history of smoking and
peripheral artery disease.

Study Comics
 Diagnosis: Ischemic stroke due to
peripheral artery disease. Treatment:
Antiplatelet therapy and possible
surgical intervention, such as
peripheral artery bypass surgery.

Study Comics
A 55-year-old female with a
history of rheumatic heart
disease presents with sudden
onset right-sided weakness,
difficulty speaking, and
confusion. The patient also
reports a history of atrial
fibrillation and valvular heart
disease.

Study Comics
 Diagnosis: Embolic stroke due to
valvular heart disease. Treatment:
Anticoagulation therapy and possible
thrombolytic therapy or mechanical
thrombectomy.

Study Comics
A 50-year-old male with a history
of infective endocarditis presents
with sudden onset left-sided
weakness, difficulty speaking,
and confusion. The patient also
reports a history of intravenous
drug use and alcohol abuse.

Study Comics
 Diagnosis: Ischemic stroke due to
infective endocarditis. Treatment:
Antibiotics, anticoagulation therapy, and
possible thrombolytic therapy or
mechanical thrombectomy.

Study Comics
A 25-year-old female with a
history of heavy menstrual
bleeding presents with recurrent
deep vein thrombosis in her left
leg. The patient also reports a
family history of clotting
disorders.

Study Comics
 Diagnosis: Factor V Leiden mutation.
Treatment: Anticoagulation therapy and
genetic counseling.

Study Comics
A 30-year-old male with a history
of smoking presents with sudden
onset chest pain and shortness of
breath. The patient also reports a
recent history of immobility due
to a leg injury.

Study Comics
Diagnosis: Pulmonary embolism due to
immobility and smoking. Treatment:
Thrombolytic therapy or mechanical
thrombectomy, and possible
anticoagulation therapy.

Study Comics
A 50-year-old female with a
history of lupus anticoagulant
presents with recurrent
miscarriages and deep vein
thrombosis in her right leg. The
patient also reports a history of
autoimmune disorders.

Study Comics
 Diagnosis: Antiphospholipid antibody
syndrome. Treatment: Anticoagulation
therapy and possible
immunosuppressive therapy.

Study Comics
A 45-year-old male with a history
of liver disease presents with
bleeding gums, easy bruising,
and recurrent episodes of
gastrointestinal bleeding. The
patient also reports a recent
history of alcohol abuse.

Study Comics
 Diagnosis: Hemophilia due to liver
disease. Treatment: Replacement
therapy with clotting factors and
possible liver transplantation.

Study Comics
A 35-year-old female with a
history of migraines presents with
sudden onset vision loss in her
left eye. The patient also reports
a recent history of oral
contraceptive use.

Study Comics
Diagnosis: Cerebral venous thrombosis
due to oral contraceptive use.
Treatment: Anticoagulation therapy and
possible discontinuation of oral
contraceptives.

Study Comics
A 60-year-old male with a history
of prostate cancer presents with
sudden onset headache,
confusion, and weakness on the
right side of his body. The patient
also reports a history of
hypertension and smoking.

Study Comics
 Diagnosis: Thrombotic
thrombocytopenic purpura due to
cancer. Treatment: Plasmapheresis and
possible chemotherapy or
immunosuppressive therapy.

Study Comics
A 40-year-old female with a
history of Factor V Leiden
mutation presents with recurrent
deep vein thrombosis in her left
leg. The patient also reports a
history of autoimmune disorders.

Study Comics
 Diagnosis: Factor V Leiden mutation.
Treatment: Anticoagulation therapy and
genetic counseling.

Study Comics
A 55-year-old male with a history
of heart attack presents with
sudden onset chest pain and
shortness of breath. The patient
also reports a recent history of
immobility due to a leg injury.

Study Comics
 Diagnosis: Acute coronary syndrome
due to immobility and smoking.
Treatment: Thrombolytic therapy or
mechanical thrombectomy, and possible
antiplatelet therapy or anticoagulation
therapy.

Study Comics
A 70-year-old female with a
history of stroke presents with
recurrent episodes of nosebleeds
and heavy menstrual bleeding.
The patient also reports a history
of hypertension and
hyperlipidemia.

Study Comics
 Diagnosis: Von Willebrand disease.
Treatment: Replacement therapy with
von Willebrand factor and possible
antifibrinolytic therapy.

Study Comics
A 30-year-old male with a history
of Hodgkin's lymphoma presents
with sudden onset chest pain and
shortness of breath. The patient
also reports a recent history of
chemotherapy.

Study Comics
 Diagnosis: Disseminated intravascular
coagulation due to cancer. Treatment:
Treatment of the underlying cancer,
and possible replacement therapy with
clotting factors or antifibrinolytic
therapy

Study Comics
A 45-year-old male with a history
of hypertension presents with
chest pain and shortness of
breath. The patient also reports a
recent history of heavy alcohol
consumption.

Study Comics
 Diagnosis: Hypertensive crisis due to
heavy alcohol consumption. Treatment:
Hospitalization, monitoring of blood
pressure, and possible medications to
lower blood pressure.

Study Comics
A 60-year-old female with a
history of diabetes presents with
headaches, blurred vision, and
dizziness. The patient also
reports a recent history of
uncontrolled blood sugar levels.

Study Comics
Diagnosis: Hypertensive retinopathy due
to uncontrolled diabetes. Treatment:
Medications to lower blood pressure
and control blood sugar levels.

Study Comics
A 70-year-old male with a history
of chronic kidney disease
presents with fatigue, shortness
of breath, and swelling in his
legs. The patient also reports a
recent history of reduced urine
output.

Study Comics
 Diagnosis: Chronic kidney disease-
related hypertension. Treatment:
Medications to lower blood pressure
and possible dialysis or kidney
transplant.

Study Comics
A 55-year-old female with a
history of hyperthyroidism
presents with palpitations,
anxiety, and sweating. The
patient also reports a recent
history of weight loss and
increased appetite.

Study Comics
 Diagnosis: Hypertension due to
hyperthyroidism. Treatment:
Medications to lower blood pressure
and possible treatment of
hyperthyroidism with medication or
surgery.

Study Comics
A 50-year-old male with a family
history of hypertension presents
with chest pain and shortness of
breath. The patient also reports a
recent history of high stress
levels.

Study Comics
Diagnosis: Hypertensive emergency due
to stress. Treatment: Hospitalization,
monitoring of blood pressure, and
possible medications to lower blood
pressure.

Study Comics
A 65-year-old female with a
history of heart disease presents
with fatigue, shortness of breath,
and swelling in her legs. The
patient also reports a recent
history of chest pain and irregular
heartbeats.

Study Comics
 Diagnosis: Heart failure-related
hypertension. Treatment: Medications
to lower blood pressure and possible
management of heart failure with
medication or surgery.

Study Comics
A 40-year-old male with a history
of obstructive sleep apnea
presents with headaches,
fatigue, and difficulty
concentrating. The patient also
reports a recent history of loud
snoring and interrupted sleep.

Study Comics
 Diagnosis: Hypertension due to
obstructive sleep apnea. Treatment:
Continuous positive airway pressure
(CPAP) therapy for sleep apnea and
medications to lower blood pressure.

Study Comics
A 55-year-old female with a
history of preeclampsia presents
with headaches, blurred vision,
and swelling in her hands and
feet. The patient also reports a
recent history of high blood
pressure during pregnancy.

Study Comics
Diagnosis: Chronic hypertension due to
history of preeclampsia. Treatment:
Medications to lower blood pressure
and monitoring during pregnancy if
applicable.

Study Comics
A 50-year-old male with a history
of aortic aneurysm presents with
chest pain and shortness of
breath. The patient also reports a
recent history of reduced
appetite and weight loss.

Study Comics
Diagnosis: Hypertensive crisis due to
aortic aneurysm. Treatment:
Hospitalization, monitoring of blood
pressure, and possible surgery to
repair the aneurysm.

Study Comics
A 65-year-old female with a
history of obesity presents with
fatigue, shortness of breath, and
swollen ankles. The patient also
reports a recent history of
reduced physical activity.

Study Comics
Diagnosis: Hypertension due to obesity.
Treatment: Lifestyle modifications
such as weight loss and increased
physical activity, and possible
medications to lower blood pressure.

Study Comics