Gateway is a multi-level course for students working towards their

school-le aving exa m in a tions. By d eve loping l a ngu a ge a nd study

skills a n d pro m oting le arner confid e nc e a nd ind e p e nd e nc e .
Gateway prepares students for their exa ms a nd for life beyond
the cl assroom.

Key fe atures of the work book includ e:

• Voc a bul ary a n d Gra m m ar extension a ctivities which develop
a n d reinforce students' l a ngu a g e skills
• Developing spe a k ing a n d support ed writing sections which
develop key skills for exa m success
• Revision units which provide opportunities for self-assessment
• Progress tests which e n a bl e students to monitor cu m ul a tive
progress throughout the course

Key fe atures of the Ga teway diction ary:

• Includes a ll voc a bul ary from the Student's Book, Workbook a nd
other key voc a bul ary co m m on in school le aving exa m topics.
• The most important words are highlighted in red a nd gra ded for
frequency of use
• Real exa mples show students exa ctly how words
are used in a wid e variety of situations Essentiz
• Cle ar, simple definitions m a k e the diction ary fully
a ccessible to Bl le arners
• All words a n d definitions t a k en from the M a c m ill a n
Essential Dictionary

www.macmillandi

!
A I A2 Bl B2 1EJ
-0-230-72345-0

MACMILLAN www.MacmillanPracticeOnline.com/gateway 0"7 2 3 4 5 0'

www.macmillanenglish.com
Workbook
David Spencer

C ontents

U n i t 1 : F a m ily h i s t o r i e s 2
U n i t 2: C r i m i n a l r e c o r d s 10
Re visi o n : U n i t s 1 - 2 18

U n i t 3: Lost i n t r a n s l a t i o n 20
U n i t 4 : Fit a n d w e l l 28
Re visi o n : U n i t s 3 - 4 36

U n i t 5: T V w o r l d 38
U n i t 6: Li v i n g p l a n e t 46
Re visi o n : U n i t s 5 - 6 54

U n i t 7: O d d j o b s 56
U n i t 8: G o o d f r i e n d s 64
Re visi o n : U n i t s 7 - 8 72

U n i t 9: Re a d o n 74
U n i t 10: C y b ersp ace 82
Re visi o n : U n i t s 9 - 1 0 90

Pr o g r e ss T ests: 1 - 1 0 92

G a t e w a y B1 D i c t i o n a r y 97

MCMILLAN
 Grammar • Present sim ple and present continuous • Articles
Vocab ulary • Ages and stages of life > The family

1 Fa mily m att er
• Noun suffixes -ment, -ion, -ence
Sp eakin g > Asking for personal inform ation
Writing • An inform al e mail

Ages and stages of life

1 Read t h e clu es a n d c o m p l e t e t h e p u z z l e . W h i c h w o r d a p p e a rs i n t h e s h a d e d c o l u m n?

1 He's 7 2. He's a se nior

2and3 She's 5 5. She's a . a d u lt.

4 t h e p e ri o d o f life w h e n y o u c h a n g e f r o m b e i n g a c h il d t o b e i n g a y o u n g a d u lt

5 a very y o u n g c h il d w h o ca n't t al k or w al k

6 t h e stage o f life w h e n y o u are 7 0, for e x a m p l e

7 t h e o p p o sit e o f life

8 t h e b e g i n n i n g o f life

The family

2 Lo o k a t t h e f a m i l y t r e e a n d c o m p l e t e t h e s e n t e n c e s. 1 Jo h n a n d Natasha are Simon's grandparents

2 Susan is lan's
Jo h n = Natasha
3 Ja m es is Simon's
4 Natasha is Graha m's.
5 Graha m is lan's
lan = Susan Sandra = Graha m D aniel
6 D aniel is Sim on's
7 Barbara is lan's
8 Ja m es is Daniel's
Sim o n Ja m es Barbara
9 Barbara is John's
10 Graha m is Sandra's

3 M a t c h t h e h alves o f t h e s e n t e n c e s.

1 I've g o t a step father a b ecause his p are nts d i d n't w a n t any m ore c h il d r e n .
2 My a u n t is 5 0 a n d single ... b b ecause t h e y d o n't w a n t t o g e t m arrie d at t h e m o m e n t .
3 She's my niece ... b ecause m y p are nts g o t d ivorce d a n d I live w i t h m y m u m .
4 Paul is an only child ... d b ecause after m y fath er's d e a t h m y m u m g o t m arrie d a g ain.
5 co m e f r o m a one - parent family .. e b ecause she's m y sister Eliz abeth's d a u g h t er.
6 Peter is my cousin's partner, n o t her h us b a n d ... f b ecause he se p arate d f r o m his w if e le g ally last year.
7 Sa m uel is divorced ... g b ecause she never w a n ts t o g e t m arrie d .

Wri t e d e f i n i t i o n s o r e x p l a n a t i o n s o f t h e w o r d s i n b o l d f r o m 3.

1 ste p fath er your m other's jnew fii^ b a n d. m . a later m arria g e

2 sin gle „._ _ „.
3 niece
4 o n ly c h il d „
5 o n e - p are nt f a m ily
6 p art n er _._ _
7 divorce d

Un i t 1
1 Read t h is t e x t f r o m a w e b si t e . W h a t d o y o u t h i n k t h e w e b s i t e d o es?

1 It gives n ews a b o u t social ch a n g es. 3 It gives d escri p tio n s o f a n d o p i n i o n s a b o u t n e w p r o d u cts.

2 It's a place w h ere yo u can b uy n e w p r o d u cts. 4 It e x plains t h e scie nce b e h i n d n e w t e c h n o l o g y.

T o o ls Win o o w Help

© T E C H N O W O RL D .
PR O D UCT D E S C R I P T I O N : A new high-tech coat for young children
A You k n o w t h a t here a t T e c h n o w o r l d o u r j o b
is t o t e l l yo u a l l a b o u t new s o r t s o f p r o d u c t s
t h a t a r e a b o u t t o a p p e ar in a sh o p n ear y o u .
We ll , t h i s wee k w e'r e l o o k i n g a t a c o a t c a ll e d
t h e EZ - Fi n d c o a t . Riley El e c t r o n ics are
w o r k i n g o n i t a n d t h ey hope t h a t i t w i l l be in
t h e shops by n e x t Dece m ber.
Losin g yo u r c h il d is a t e r r i b l e e x p erie nce.
T h is c o a t ca n t e l l yo u w h ere y o u r yo u n g c h il d is
by c o m p u t e r or m o b il e p h o n e. You ca n receive
GPS d a t a f r o m i t every 1 5 seco n ds. T h e c o a t
also has a n a l a r m w h ic h you ca n use t o t e l l
your child t o co m e h o m e. So m e of yo u are p r o b a b ly t h i n k i n g t h a t t h i s is s p yi n g .
Maybe. Bu t re m e m b er t h a t t h is c o a t is f o r very yo u n g c h il d r e n a n d t h e id ea is,
above a l l , t o p r o t e c t t h e m . A n o t h e r nice t h i n g a b o u t t h e c o a t is t h a t w h e n yo u r c h il d
loses it, th e G PS ca n h elp yo u t o f i n d i t a g a i n .
OK, so now yo u're w a i t i n g f o r n e x t D ece m b er t o co m e so t h a t yo u ca n r u n o u t
and buy the c o a t. Bu t f i r s t we need t o t e l l yo u a b o u t one or t w o p r o b l e m s we h a d
when we teste d i t . For a s t a r t , i t's very w a r m . T h a t m eans t h a t , e x ce p t f o r p e o ple
who live in A l a s k a , yo u r c h il d p r o b a b ly w o n ' t be a ble t o w e a r i t very o f t e n . A n d t h e n
there's th e ot h er big p r o b l e m . T h e c o a t is very e x p e nsive, es p ecially if yo u pay f o r
the m o nthly service t o be a ble t o t r a c k t h e GPS si g n a l .
By Ein heit | 0 1 . 2 3 P M | 2 4 / 1 0
T his is g r e a t news f o r my f a m il y . I have
a c h il d w i t h a d is a b ili t y . I t h i n k t h e id e a
o f t h e c o a t is t o give t h e c h il d r e n e x t r a
in d e p e n d e nce a n d h elp p a r e n ts t o r e l a x . T h a t
soun ds p e r f e c t f o r u s!
By Jabber | 0 1 . 4 5 P M | 2 4 / 1 0
W h a t a ' g r e a t ' i d e a! Pu t a GPS in t h e f i r s t
t h i n g t h a t yo u r son or d a u g h t e r t a k es o f f -
t h e i r c o a t!
By Inkedfusion | 0 3 . 4 5 P M | 2 4 / 1 0
G r e a t f o r l i t t l e c h il d r e n b u t we a l l k n o w t h a t
t h is d o e s n't w o r k w i t h t e e n a g ers. Wh e n th ey
have GPS t e c h n o l o g y in t h e i r m o b il e p hones,
t h e y t a k e t h e i r p h o n e a n d leave i t in t h e
l i b r a r y . You t h i n k t h e y'r e st u d yi n g b u t t h e n
t h e y go a w a y a n d do w h a t t h ey w a n t !
By Stam mer | 0 4 . 0 5 P M | 2 4 / 1 0
T his is t h e p e r f e c t c o a t f o r m e. For m e, n o t
my c h i l d r e n . I a lw a ys t a k e my c o a t o f f a n d
leave i t . T h e n I never re m e m b er w h ere i t
is! W i t h t h is GPS c o a t , i t's t h e en d o f t h a t
pro ble m!

2 Who (t h e T e c h n o w o r l d w e b s i t e , Ei n h e it , Ja b b e r, I n k e d f u s i o n or 4 Fin d w o r d s i n t h e t e x t w h i c h h a v e si m il a r m e a n i n g s t o t h e s e
Sta m m er) t h i n k s t h a t t h e c o a t . . . w o r d s or e x p l a n a t i o n s .

1 is g o o d for p e o ple w i t h a b a d m e m o ry? 1 ty p es (paragraph A )

2 s o m e t h i n g t h a t h a p p e ns t o y o u (paragraph B)
2 is ideal for t h eir child? 3 p rinci p ally, m ost i m p o r t a n t l y (paragraph B)
3 is a bad idea because c h il d r e n always ta k e t h e ir coats o f f first? 4 f o ll o w or f i n d so m e o n e or s o m e t h i n g (paragraph Q

4 isn't a g o o d idea w h e n it's w ar m? 5 t h e a b ilit y t o ta k e yo u r o w n d ecisio ns (comment by Einheit)

5 is a st u pid idea for ad olescents?
6 costs a lot?
5 W h a t a b o u t y o u?
3 In yo ur o w n w o r d s, e x p l a i n w h a t t h e s e d i f f e r e n t p e o p l e t h i n k
Writ e a c o m m e n t for t h e T e c h n o w o r l d w e b sit e a n d give yo ur
of t h e co a t.
o p i n i o n a b o u t t h e coat.
1 Jabber

2 Einheit

3 In k e dfusion

4 Sta m m er

Unit 1
 Present simple and present continuous 3 A ll t h e q u e s t i o n s are i n t h e p r e s e n t si m p l e (PS) o r t h e p r e s e n t
c o n t i n u o u s (PC), b u t o n e w o r d is m issi n g . A d d a w o r d t o e ach
1 Lo o k a t t h e s e s e n t e n c e s. C h o ose t h e c o r r e c t a l t e r n a t i v e a n d q u e s t i o n a n d w r i t e PS o r PC n e x t t o i t .
e x p l a i n w h y w e use t h e p r e s e n t s i m p l e o r p r e s e n t c o n t i n u o u s
i n e ach s e n t e n c e . 1 Wh e r e y o u live?
Wh ere do you live? - PS
1 My frie n ds are list e nin g t o t h e c o n c e rt at t h e m o m e n t .
2 Wh a t y o u r m o t h e r do?
Present simpiej ^'oniinuousj b eca use it d escrib es actio n
that's h a p p e nin g n ow
3 Wh a t y o u r frie n ds d o i n g n o w?
2 You never liste n t o m e.
Present sjmple/cwtinuous b ecause
4 Does y o u r fri e n d English w e ll

3 My d a d w or k s at t h e w e e k e n d .
5 Are y o u y o u r h o m e w o r k at t h e m o m e n t?
Present simple/continuous b eca use.

6 Wh a t sp orts y o u do?
4 Water t u r n s t o ice w h e n it's b e l o w 0 ° C
Present simple/continuous b ecause
7 Wh a t is yo ur fri e n d at t h e m o m e n t?

5 My b r o t h e r is s p e n d i n g t h e w e e k e n d w i t h m y g ra n d p are n ts.
8 Wh o d o y o u usually n e x t t o in English lessons?
Present simple/continuous b ecause

6 A h! N o w I u n d e rst a n d . 4 Wr i t e y o u r o w n t r u e a n sw e rs t o y o u r q u e s t i o n s i n 3.

Present simple/continuous b eca use.

1

2
7 A : Do y o u lik e t h is p ro g ra m m e? B: Yeah, I love i t .
3
Present simple/continuous b ecause
4

8 T hey g o s w i m m i n g t w ic e a w e e k . 5
Present simple/continuous b eca use. 6

2 C o m p l e t e t h e se n t e nces w i t h t h e p r e s e n t s i m p l e o r t h e 8
prese nt co n tin u o us f o r m o f t h e verbs give n .

1 A : Wh y has he g o t his h a n d up?

Grammar extension
B: He (w a n t) t h e t e ach er t o ask h i m .

He (k n o w) t h e answer. 5 A r e t h e s e se n t e n ces c o rr e ct? If n o t , c o r r e c t t h e m .

2 A : Wh y you (stu dy)?

1 Are y o u w r i t t i n g y o u r essay at t h e m o m e n t?
B: I've g o t an e x a m t o m o r r o w .

3 A : H o w d o y o u pre p are for e x ams?

2 She d o esn't have her b oo ks w i t h her to d ay?
: I (read) m y n otes a n d t h e n I

(writ e) q u estio n s for myself.

3 Do y o u st u d yi n g for yo ur e x a m n o w?
4 A : Wh o (sin g) d o w nstairs?

B: That's m y sister. She's g o o d , isn't she? 4 Why are yo u a n d Joe w a l k i n g t o sch o ol to d ay?

5 A : Bonjour, m a d e m oiselle.
B: Sorry, I (n o t speak) French. 5 Do yo ur b r o t h e r plays in t h e b ask etb all tea m?

6 A : M m m m . Wh at's t h a t sm ell? Is it piz z a?

B: Yes. My d a d (m a k e) t h e din n er. 6 My co usin stu dies at t his sch o ol.

7 A : Why isn't yo ur m u m here at t h e m o m e n t?

7 My sister a n d I are h avi n g t w o bik es at t h e m o m e n t .
B: She (finish) w o r k late o n T h ursdays.

8 A : Can I speak t o t h e director?

8 A : Wh a t d o y o u d o n o w? : I liste n t o m y MP3 player.
B: No. He (speak) t o so m e o n e else.

Un it 1
to
• Developing voca b u lary

Noun suffixes -ment, -ion, -ence

1 Writ e t h e n o u n f o r m o f t h e s e w o r d s . 2 M a t c h w o r d s i n 1 w i t h t h e s e d e f i n i t i o n s . M a k e su re y o u w r i t e t h e
correct f o r m o f t h e w o r d : n o u n , ver b or a d jective.
1 e q uip (v.) e q uip m e nt

2 inve n t (v.) 1 facts a b o u t s o m e o n e or s o m e t h i n g

3 p ro t ect (v.) 2 to make so m ethin g better

4 i m prove (v.) 3 t h i n g s a n d m at erials t h a t y o u n e e d t o d o s o m e t h i n g

5 ad olescent (adj.) 4 t o k ee p s o m e o n e or s o m e t h i n g safe

6 retire (v.) 5 s o m e t h i n g t h a t m ak es o n e p erso n or t h i n g n o t t h e sa m e as a n o t h e r

7 infor m (v.)

8 differe nt (adj.)
3 Wr i t e a d e f i n i t i o n t o e x p l a i n t h e m e a n i n g o f t h e s e w o r d s .
9 m ove (v.)

10 discuss (v.) 1 invention

11 in d e p e n d e n t (adj.) 2 movement

12 co n fid e n t (adj.) 3 retire

Vocabulary extension: noun suffixes -er, -or, -ist

4 We can a d d t h e su ffi x es - er, - or, -ist t o v e r b s o r n o u n s 6 W h o are t h e s e p e o p l e? Use t h e w o r d s i n 4 .

t o m ak e n o u n s t h a t d e scri b e p e o p l e . We u s u a lly a d d
- era n d -or t o v e r b s a n d -ist t o n o u n s . Wr i t e t h e n o u n s
for th ese w o r d s. Use y o u r d i c t i o n a r y if n ecessary.

1 art artist

2 sing

3 drive

4 invent

5 science

6 eco n o m y

7 teach

8 play

9 p h o t o gra p h

10 direct

11 write

12 b uild

5 C o m ple t e t h e se n t e nces w i t h w o r d s i n 4 .

1 He always wins at t e n nis. He's a very g o o d

2 Steven Spielb erg is a very f a m o u s fil m

3 Alb ert Einstein was a gre at

4 Is your d a d a ta xi - ?
5 I hate t h a t A ll h er
songs are t h e sa m e.

6 I'd like t o b e an o n e day. I love

stu dyin g fin a nce a n d m ark ets.

7 It was his j o b t o discover n e w t h i n g s. He was an

Unit 1
 International cultural knowledge
The origin of British family names f77ie о/чд{/1 p/ {ftrifis/ifii/itf/f/ names
Some people think rhat names aren't important. They're probably right, bur
A nswer t h e q u estio ns.
they can be very interesting. Take British surnames, for example. A surname
1 Wri t e d o w n t h r e e British f a m ily n a m es y o u k n o w . is a name that you and your family all have, and thar you pass from one

Ja dcsp yij generation to another.

When we start to look at the meaning of different surnames, we soon discover

that many of them answer one of these basic questions:
2 Can y o u g u ess t h e o r i g i n o f a n y o f t h e s e n a m es?
a) W h o is this person's father or grandfather?
/ t hin k Jac k so n is 't h e so n o f Jac k'.
This gives us British surnames like Peters or Peterson. There are many
surnames which begin with Mc or Mac, for example McCartney or
Macdonald. This has a Scottish origin and also means son of, the same
as O' in Ireland, like the surnames O'Connor or O'Brien.
Rea d t h i s t e x t a b o u t t h e o r i g i n o f Br i t is h f a m i l y n a m e s .
b) Where is this person from?
W h a t are t h e f o u r o r i g i n s t h a t t h e t e x t t a l k s a b o u t?
Some people have a country for their surname, for example England.

1 T h ey e x plain w h o t h e p erso n's fat h er orgra n d fa t h er w as. Field, House, Lake and H i l l are all common family names in Britain too.
In fact, some experts think that 50% of all surnames come from some
type o f geographic description.

c) W h a t is this person's job?

The very common surname Smith (five million people in the world have
got this surname!) comes from'blacksmith', the traditional job of making
objects such as horseshoes from metal. Baker (someone who makes bread),
Shepherd (someone who looks after sheep) and Carpenter (someone who
works with wood) are all common British surnames.

d) W h a t is special about this person?

• W ORD B O O STER

1
I f your surname is Small, there's probably a small person in your family's
Ma tc h t h e wo r d s a n d d e f i n i t i o n s . history. If your surname is Armstrong, then somebody in your family's past

1
1
1
2
g e n eratio n
Sc o t tis h
a
b
f r o m Sc o tla n d
a n area o f g r e e n l a n d , o f t e n w i t h
probably had strong arms. A n d the surname Reid comes from the word
red, so you probably had a family member with red hair or a red face.

1 a ni m als
When you start to investigate, you soon find that British surnames can

1 3 fi e l d a g r o u p o f p e o p l e w h o are b o m / li v e
be really interesting. A n d when you discover that there is a book called A

1 4 seash ore a r o u n d t h e sa m e t i m e
Student's Guide to the Seashore by John and Susan Fish, you soon see that they

1 [
d la n d n e x t t o t h e sea
can be funny too!

Re a d t h e t e x t a g a i n a n d a n s w e r t h e q u e s t i o n s .

1 Wh a t is a surn a m e?
4 Wr i t e d o w n t w o s u r n a m e s f r o m y o u r c o u n t r y ( b u t n o r y o u r
s u r n a m e!). T h e n w r i t e d o w n a p o ssi b l e o r i g i n . Is i t o n e o f t h e
f o u r o r i g i n s f r o m t h e t e x t?

2 Wh e r e is t h e s u r n a m e M a c d o n a l d f r o m o ri g i n a lly a n d w h a t
1 Su r n a m e
d o es i t m e a n?
Possible o r i g i n

2 Su r n a m e
3 Wh e r e d o es t h e f a m ily n a m e Sm i t h c o m e fr o m?
Possible o ri g i n

4 Wh a t d o es a c a r p e n t e r d o?
5 W h a t a b o u t youl

5 Wh a t d o es i t m e a n if y o u r s u r n a m e is Reid?
D o y o u lik e y o u r f a m ily n a m e? Wh y / Wh y n o t? Do y o u k n o w t h e

o r i g i n o f y o u r f a m ily n a m e?
6 Wh a t is f u n n y a b o u t t h e s u r n a m e o f t h e a u t h o rs o f Student's

Guide to the Seashorel

6 Unit 1
• Grammar in context

Articles

1 Match t h ese se n t e nces w i t h t h e r u les.

1 My frien d's d a d is an e n gin e er. .._ a We use no article w h e n w e t al k a b o u t t h i n g s in g e n eral,

2 I love anim als. b We use the t o talk a b o u t a sp ecific p erso n or t h i n g or a
3 That isn't t h e p r o b l e m . previo usly m e n t i o n e d p erso n or t h i n g ,
4 The sun is h o t to d ay. We use a / an t o t al k a b o u t a sin g ular, c o u n t a b l e p erson or t h i n g
5 Parents can be d iffic u lt. for t h e first t i m e , or t o say t h a t t h e p erso n or t h i n g is o n e o f a
6 They've g o t a car. n u m b e r o f p e o p le or t h i n g s,
7 (They've g o t a car.) The car's blu e. d We use the t o t al k a b o u t so m e o n e or s o m e t h i n g t h a t is u ni q u e,
8 She's t h e n ew presid e nt. e We use a / an t o say w h a t so m e b o d y's professio n is.

2 C o m plete t h e se n t e nces w i t h a, an or the. 3 C o m p l e t e t h e f a m o u s q u o t e s w i t h a/an, the or 0 (n o a r t icl e).

1 1 have drea m .' Martin Luther King

2 ' e a rt h g o es r o u n d sun.' Copernicus
3 'I p ai n t o b j ects as I t h i n k t h e m , n o t as I see t h e m .'
Pablo Picasso
4 'To b e or n o t t o b e, t h a t is q u estio n.'
William Shakespeare
5 ' (l / i)m a g i n a tio n is m ore i m p o r t a n t t h a n
1 Yes, you're ri g h t! He has g o t m o b il e p h o n e! k n o wle d g e.' Albert Einstein
2 walk ers in p ict u r e lo o k very surprise d. 6 'N o t h i n g is m ore resp o nsible for g o o d o l d days t h a n

3 What's t i t l e o f t h a t so n g? b a d m e m ory.' Franklin Pierce Adams

7 ' (CVo)nly p r o b l e m w i t h c o m m o n sense is t h a t it is
4 He works for or g a nisa tio n t h a t h elps p e o p le w i t h
n o t very c o m m o n .' Voltaire
no h o m e.
8 ' (IVI)if eis drea m .' Calderon de la Barca
5 b oy b e h i n d y o u is Paul's co usin.

6 What's o n TV? Can yo u pass r e m o t e co n trol?

Grammar extension
7 She's sin gle. She hasn't g o t husband.
4 Lo o k a t t h e s e s e n t e n c e s. Cross o u t the w h e n y o u t h i n k i t is n o t
8 I have id ea! Why d o n't w e g o t o see Uncle G e org e
n ecessary.
to m orro w?
1 I love the Italia n f o o d .
9 Ale x is n a m e o f m y n e p h e w. 2 The En glish p e o p l e I k n o w are really nice.
10 My ste pfath er is carp e nter. 3 All y o u n e e d is the love.
4 The f o o d in t his resta ura nt is t e rri b l e!
11 He is d irect or o f t h e f il m w e saw yesterday.
5 The m o n e y isn't the p r o b l e m . The p r o b l e m is n o t h avin g the
12 My sister w a n ts t o be e c o n o m ist. m o n e y!
6 The p r o b l e m t o d a y is t h a t the fa m ilies d o n't sp e n d e n o u g h
13 Have yo u g o t n e w c o m p u t e r? I h ave n't seen it
t i m e t o g e t h e r.
before.
7 The ve g etaria ns d o n't eat the m e at.
14 coat yo u are w e a ri n g looks very w a r m .
8 The m a n w h o lives n e x t d o o r is the hea d m aster's u ncle.

Unit 1
Asking for personal information Describing photos

1 You m e e t a n En g lis h b o y. Use t h e s e p r o m p t s t o w r i t e 4 Lo o k a t t h i s p h o t o a n d a n s w e r t h e q u e s t i o n s. If y o u are n o t

q u e s t i o n s t o ask h i m . sure o f s o m e t h i n g , use / think a n d / o r / imagine.

1 Find o u t if he has bro t h ers or sisters.

H ave you got a ny brothers or sisters?

2 Find o u t t h e ir ages.

3 Find o u t if t h e y g o t o t h e boy's sch o ol.

4 Find o u t if t h e y all g o o u t t o g e t h e r at t h e w e e k e n d .

5 Find o u t w h a t t h e b oy d oes o n Saturdays. 1 Wh o can y o u see in t h e p h o t o?

2 Wh e r e are t h ey?

2 M a t c h t h e s e a n sw e rs t o y o u r q u e s t i o n s i n 1 .

a Yes, t h e y d o .
3 Wh a t are t h e y d oin g?
b Yes, I've g o t t w o sisters a n d a bro t h er.
I usually g o o u t w i t h m y frie n ds o n Saturday a f t e r n o o n or
eve nin g. We g o t o t h e ci n e m a, or b o w l i n g .
d N ot usually. We so m e ti m es g o o u t t o g e t h e r o n Su n days. 4 H o w d o y o u t h i n k t h e p e o p le are fe elin g? Why?
We j u st g e t in t h e car a n d d rive o u t i n t o t h e c o u n t ry t o
sp e n d t h e day t h ere.
e My sisters are 15 a n d 13 a n d m y b r o t h e r is 12.

3 Wri t e y o u r o w n t r u e a n s w e rs t o t h e q u e s t i o n s i n 1. 5 Use t h e q u e s t i o n s i n 4 t o t h i n k o f t h i n g s t o say a b o u t

t h is p h o t o . M a k e n o t e s a n d t h e n p r a ctis e o r a lly.

Un i t 1
Developing w ri t i n g

An informal email

1 Read t h is st u d e n t's p a r a g r a p h p l a n a n d e m a i l . T h e n p u t his 2 Lo o k a t t h e w o r d s o r e x p r e ssi o n s i n b o l d i n t h e e m a i l . E x p lain

e m ail in t h e o r d e r o f his p a r a g r a p h p l a n . w h y t h e y are i m p o r t a n t i n i n f o r m a l e m a ils.

Paragraph plan Hi W? usually start informalemails with this word.

In f o r m a l e m a il g ivi n g p e r s o n a l i n f o r m a t i o n
Pa r a g r a p h 1 : Ba s i c p e r s o n a l i n f o r m a t i o n
Pa r a g r a p h 2 : I n f o r m a t i o n a b o u t m y f a m i l y I'm
Pa r a g r a p h 3 : H o b b i e s
Pa r a g r a p h 4 : F a v o u r i t e s u b j e c t (s) a t sc h o o l
Pa r a g r a p h 5 : A s k i n g f o r a r e p ly Anyway

D In my fr e e t i m e , I like d o i n g s p o r t w i t h m y f r i e n d s . We p la y
all t y p e s o f s p o r t - f o o t b a l l , b a s k e t b a l l , t e n n i s . We a r e n ' t
very good, b u t we enjoy ourselves © . I a ls o e n j o y r e a d i n g a n d
watchin g TV.
Best wishes
3 Lo o k a t t h i s p e rs o n a l i n f o r m a t i o n . I m a g i n e t h a t y o u are t h i s
p e r s o n . Wr i t e a n i n f o r m a l e m a i l u si n g t h e p a r a g r a p h p l a n
a n d e m a i l i n 1 as a m o d e l . A d d m o r e i n f o r m a t i o n a n d w r i t e
c o m p l e t e s e n t e n c e s.

D I live w i t h m y m u m a n d m y l i t t l e b r o t h e r . H is n a m e is To m Paragraph plan

and he's o nly nin e y e a r s o l d . M y m u m is a n a r t i s t . Sh e d o e s
Pa r a g r a p h 1 : Maria n ela, 1 6 , Bu e n os A ir es, A r g e n t i n a
ill u s t r a t i o n s f o r b o o k s a n d m a g a z i n e s. Sh e's v e r y g o o d a n d
Pa r a g r a p h 2: M o t h e r a n d f a t h e r , t w o s i s t e r s . O ne s i s t e r
she loves h e r j o b ! M y p a r e n t s a r e d i v o r c e d a n d I d o n ' t s e e m y
2 1 , o t h e r 1 9 . B o t h a t u niversity. Go o u t
f a t h e r very o f t e n .
w i t h t h e m a t weekend.
M a i n h o b b y - ci n e m a ( A m e r i c a n f i l m s). Go
often. A l s o lik e b o o k s.
1 9 A n yw ay, i t's t i m e t o d o m y h o m e w o r k . W r i t e b ack
F a v o u r i t e s u b j e c t s - G e o g r a p h y. Good
soon a n d t e l l m e a b o u t y o u r s e l f .
teacher. A l s o H i s t o r y .
B e s t w is h e s
A s k f o r a re ply

•
I'm St e v e . I'm 1 7 a n d I'm f r o m Oxford in E n g l a n d .
Le t me t e l l y o u about m ys e lf.

U A t sc h o ol my favourite subject is E n g lis h . A t t h e m o m e n t

we're s t u d y i n g American l i t e r a t u r e a n d I'm r e a lly e n j o yi n g i t . I
also like s t u d y i n g a r t . M y m u m h e l p s m e w i t h t h a t , o f c o u r s e !

Get Mail Re p ly Forward Delete Pri n t

1 Z>
2
3
4
5
Steve

Unit 1
 Grammar > Past simple • Past continuous
Vocab ulary • Crimes •Criminals

2 C ri m in al records Sp eakin g
• Phrasal verbs connected with investigating and finding
• Reporting a past event
Writing • An informal letter

Crimes Criminals

l a Fin d e i g h t cri m e s i n t h e w o r d se arc h . 3 Pu t t h e l e t t e rs i n o r d e r t o f i n d t h e n a m e s o f d i f f e r e n t cri m i n a ls.

g n m r a a V P s b 1 1 t 1 r u g g e m m u g g er 5 r e d r u m e r.

a t V e r d d n e r s 2 fi e t h 6 b o er b r
P P
3 tri p e a 7 f i t p o s h e rl.
0 e i t s e m t w i h a
4 lava n d 8 bla g rur
r b t n P b e r e i r

i w a d b u r g 1 a r 4 C o m p le t e t h e sentences w i t h t h e correct f o r m o f t h e words in

1,2and3.
w i t m n d e t h a 0 i

h m f r r r r m 1 The stole m o n e y a n d o b jects fr o m o ur h o m e .

J u t e s
2 The p olice arreste d a g r o u p o f w h o w ere
e u g 9 r t h a s b 9 t
b re a k in g s h o p w i n d o w s in Main Street last n i g h t.
s z e g n a r t h e f t d
3 A a tt ac k e d an o l d w o m a n last n i g h t a n d t o o k
n r 1 i h w n 1 m e r d q r her h a n d b a g a n d w a t c h .
h V a n d a 1 i s m t V d 4 In m y o p i n i o n is a t e rri b le cri m e because it's
t t t 0 d h 0 t e e 1 e s w r o n g t o ta k e so m eone's life.
g
e n i n w i s m u r d r i 5 T h ey m a k e t h o usa n d s o f ille g al co pies. T h ey
e
so ft w are, CDs a n d DVDs.
f s h 0 P 1 i f t i n g
6 The stole CDs a n d DVDs f r o m t h e d e p a r t m e n t
e e a h a a t n n f w V s t store.
f s h P 0 V m r d e e g r 7 T hose t w o ro b b ers t h o usa n d s o f d ollars every
t t e i u q f f 1 w V f t m o n t h in sp ectacular ro b b eries.

l b Wri t e t h e w o r d s f r o m l a i n c o l u m n A. Pu t t h e m i n a l p h a b e t i c a l
o r d e r.

A: crimes B:ver bs

1 burglary

2 Co m plete colu m n w i t h t h e s e v e r b s. You ca n r e p e a t v e r b s if

n ecessary.

b u r gle kill mug pirat e ro b steal va n d alise

Unit
• Reading

1 Look at t h e p h o t o a n d t h e t i t l e 3 Rea d t h e t e x t a g a i n a n d c h o o s e a, b o r to co m plete the

of t h e t e x t . Wh a t d o y o u t h i n k B f A ^ k. s e n t e n c e s.
h a p p e n e d?
1 Pablo We n d e l w a n t e d t o

I think a j o i n t h e m o d e r n C hin ese ar m y,

b b e p a rt o f an a n ci e n t C hin ese ar m y,
b e an e x p e rt in C hin ese ar m ies.
2 T h e T erraco tt a A r m y b e g a n t h e ir w o r k
a 100 years a g o.
b 30 years a g o.
over 2,000 years a g o.
3 It was d if fic u lt t o f i n d Pablo We n d e l b eca use
a he was a g o o d stat u e.
b he was b e h i n d t h e soldiers.
t h e p olice w e r e n't p ayin g a t t e n t i o n .
4 Wh e n t h e p o lic e f o u n d h i m , Pablo
a st art e d r u n n i n g .
2 Read t h e t e x t . Were y o u r p r e d i c t i o n s i n 1 c o rr e ct?
b d i d n't d o a n y t h i n g .
a tt ac k e d t h e p olice officers.
< y Z\ C / C t m n n s t u d e n t / t h e 5 T he p olice
a said Pablo c o u l d stay in Xian.
Q h t n e s e p o l i c e a n d
b carrie d Pablo a w ay a n d q u e sti o n e d h i m .
t h o u g h t t h e i n ci d e n t was f u n n y a n d u n i m p o r t a n t .
2 0 0 0 g e n t r - o l d nvmy

4 A nswer t h e q u estio ns.

In 1974 two l o c a l farmers accidentally
d isc o v e r e d t h e w o rl d - f a m o u s T e r r a c o t t a Army 1 Wh a t d i d Pablo We n d e l d o o n 1 8 Se p t e m b er 2006?
th

near t h e a n c i e n t c i t y o f x i a n i n C h i n a . T h e r e
were t h o u s a n d s o f b r o w n t e r r a c o t t a s o l d i e r s .
They w e r e t h e r e t o g u a r d t h e a n c i e n t e m p e r o r
x i a n Sh i H u a n g , a j o b t h e y b e g a n 2 2 0 0 y e a r s
ago. Archeologists im mediately called the 2 Wh y d i d he d o it?
T e r r a c o t t a Army t h e f i n d o f t h e c e n t u r y .

T housands o f people visit the Terracotta 3 Why d i d t h e p olice d eci d e n o t t o arrest him?
Army e a c h d a y i n t h e m use u m i n x i a n . o n 1 8 t h

Se p t e m b e r 2 0 0 6 o n e o f t h o s e v i s i t o r s w a s a
Germ an a r t s t u d e n t c a l l e d P a b l o w e n d e l . P a b l o ,
26, l o o k e d l i k e a n o r m al t o u r i s t when he 5 W h a t is t h e m e a n i n g o f t h e s e w o r d s f r o m t h e t e x t? Wr i t e a
w al k e d i n t o t h e m useu m. B u t h e w as c a r r y i n g a d e f i n i t i o n , e x p l a n a t i o n o r s y n o n y m . Use y o u r d i c t i o n a r y i f
bag w i t h s o m e t h i n g s p e c i a l i n i t . i n s i d e w as a n ecessary.
brown c o s t u m e t h a t l o o k e d v e r y o l d . I t w as a n
e x act copy o f t h e u n i f o r m t h a t t h e t e r r a c o t t a 1 acci d e n t ally (paragraph 1) wit h o u t pla n nin g o r wa n tin g to
s o l d i e rs were w e a r i n g . do so m et hin g
Pa b l o q u i c k l y p u t o n h i s s o l d i e r ' s uniform, 2 c e n t u ry (paragraph 1)
c o v e r e d h i s f a c e i n b r o w n p a i n t a n d j u m p e d down
i n t o t h e a r e a w h ere t h e T e r r a c o t t a Army was
s t a n d i n g , s e c u r i t y o f f i c e r s saw h i m , b u t P a b l o 3 c o st u m e (paragraph 2)
was w e l l p r e p a r e d a n d k n e w e x a c t l y w h a t t o d o .
He f o u n d a s p a c e i n t h e l i n e s o f s o l d i e r s a n d
stood c o m p l e t e l y s t i l l . The p o lic e a r r i v e d , 4 m uscle (paragraph 4)
b u t now t h a t h e w a s n ' t m o v i n g , t h e o f f i c e r s
d i d n ' t know w h i c h was t h e r e a l person and
w hich were t h e s t a t u e s . 5 pic k u p (paragraph 4)

H owever, a f t e r t w o m i n u t e s , o n e o f t h e p o l i c e m e n
f i n a l l y f o u n d h i m . s t i l l P a b l o d i d n ' t m ove a 6 arrest (paragraph 5)
m uscle, i n t h e e n d , t h e p o l i c e o f f i c e r s h a d t o
pic k hi m up l i k e a s t a t u e an d c a r r y h i m away.
The o f f i c e r s a s k e d P a b l o a l o t o f q u e s t i o n s t o
f i n d o u t why h e was t h e r e , t o l d them t h a t
he l o v e d t h e T e r r a c o t t a A r m y a n d w a n t e d t o b e 6 W h a t a b o u t y o u?
part o f i t f o r j u s t one day.
Do y o u t h i n k t h a t w h a t Pablo d i d was ri g h t or w r o n g? Why?
The p o l i c e d e c i d e d n o t t o a r r e s t h i m , p r o b a b l y
because Pa b l o d i d n ' t a c t u a l l y t o u c h o r b r e a k
any o f t h e t e r r a c o t t a s o l d i e r s . B u t t h e y t o o k
away h i s u n i f o r m , t o l d h i m n o t t o d o i t a g a i n
and s e n t h i m b a c k t o t h e e a s t e r n C h i n e s e c i t y
o f Hang z hou w h e r e h e was s t u d y i n g .

Un i t 2
Past simple P

1 M a t c h t h e p u z z l e p ieces t o m a k e i r r e g u l a r f o r m s o f t h e p ast 3 Use t h e q u e s t i o n w o r d s a n d t h e v e r b s t o w r i t e q u e s t i o n s 1

si m p l e . H o w m a n y i r r e g u l a r f o r m s ca n y o u m a k e? Wr i t e t h e a b o u t Ro n n i e Bi g g s.
p r e s e n t f o r m o f e a c h v e r b i n b r a c k e ts.
1 Wh e n / b e b orn?
b o u g ht (b uy) Wh e n was h e horn?
2 Wh a t cri m e / c o m m it?
b j o -aught I
ft" -old 1
br p 3 H o w m uch / steal?

•"" -ook I
N

4 p olice / catch him?

sh jo
dr |o h -ank
-ought 5 Wh ere / g o in 1970?
_h_Jo -ew
6 Why / fly t o Bra zil?
-ut
th p ft -
7 sin g w i t h / t h e Rollin g Stones?

2 C o m p l e t e t h e t e x t w i t h t h e p ast s i m p l e f o r m o f t h e s e v e r b s.
Wh e n / c o m e back t o En glan d?

be beco m e ca tch go not do steal

4 T h ese s t a t e m e n t s are i n c o r r e c t . Wr i t e o n e n e g a t iv e se n t e n ce
a n d o n e c o rr e c t s e n t e n c e f o r e a c h s t a t e m e n t .

1 Ro n nie Biggs was b or n in 1919.

Ronnie Biaas wasn't born in Iftl. He was born in 1121.
2 Ro n nie Big gs c o m m i t t e d a m urd er.

3 Big gs stole 2.6 m illi o n d ollars.

4 He ran away t o M a d ri d .
Ronald, or Ron nie, Big gs (a) b o r n in En gla n d in 1 9 2 9.
He (b) f a m o us in 1963 for his p art in t h e Great Train
Ro b bery. In t his ro b b ery, a g a n g o f cri m in als (c)
5 A p olice officer saw h i m in A ustralia.
2.6 m illi o n p o u n d s f r o m a tr ai n . Biggs (d) m u c h in t h e
cri m e, he o n ly h a d a sm all p art in it, b u t t h e p olice
(e) h i m a n d he (f) t o p riso n .
6 A ft er A ustralia, Big gs f l e w t o t h e USA.

ch a n g e esca p e leave see work

T w o years later he (g) He ran a w ay t o Paris a n d

1
(h) his a p p e ara nce t h a n k s t o plastic surg ery. In 1970 Grammar extension
he (i) France. T h e n , in A ustralia, he (j) in
5 Use t h e a n s w e rs t o t h e q u e s t i o n s i n 3 t o w r i t e a s h o r t t e x t
a t elevisio n st u d io b u t a re p o rt er (k) him and a b o u t Ro n n i e Big gs.
reco g nise d h i m .
H e was b orn in 1121.

co m e fly live make sin g

Because o f t his, Biggs (I) t o Bra zil, w h e r e he

(m) w i t h his n e w f a m ily for m a n y years. He
(n) a fil m w i t h t h e Sex Pistols in 1980 a n d he
(o) so m e son gs w i t h t h e m . He (p)
back t o En glan d in 2001 a n d h a d t o g o back t o p riso n .
—J

Un i t 2
 •

Phrasal verbs connected with investigating and finding Vocabulary extension: more phrasal verbs with look

1 C o m plete t h e p h rasal v e r b s w i t h t h e s e w o r d s . Use y o u r d i c t i o n a r y t o m a t c h t h e s e p h r asal v e r b s w i t h look

w i t h t h eir m e a nin gs.
co m e fi n d lo o k lo o k turn work 1 lo o k a ft e r - - . a pla n w h a t y o u are g o i n g t o d o in
the future
. o u t = discover b feel h a p p y or e x cit e d t h a t
lo o k a h e a d \
. in t o = investig ate s o m e t h i n g is g o i n g t o h a p p e n

. for = try t o fi n d w al k a r o u n d a r o o m , b u il d i n g or
lo o k back
place a n d see w h a t is t h ere
4 u p = arrive or a p p ear u n e x p ect e d ly
d lo o k carefully at p e o p l e or t h i n g s
5 across = f i n d by accid e n t lo o k f o r w a r d t o
a r o u n d y o u t o f i n d a p articular
6 o u t = solve a p r o b l e m by c o n si d e ri n g t h e facts p erso n or t h i n g
lo o k o u t for e t h i n k a b o u t a t i m e or eve n t in t h e
2 Choose t h e co rrect a l t e r n a t i v e . \ P a s t

lo o k r o u n d "- •f ta k e care o f so m e o n e or s o m e t h i n g

C o m p l e t e t h e s e n t e n c e s w i t h t h e c o rr e c t p r e p o s i t i o n s .

after a h e a d back f o r w a r d o u t r o u n d

1 Let's lo o k t his m u s e u m slowly. I t h i n k it w ill be

in t erestin g .

2 I'm l o o k i n g t o t h e f o o t b a ll m a tch t o m o r r o w . I'm

really e x cit e d a b o u t it.

3 We n e e d t o lo o k a n d see w h a t p r o b le m s t h ere
c o u l d be in t h e n e x t f e w years.

4 M u m a n d I are g o i n g o u t n o w. Look yo u r lit tle

sister u n til w e g e t back.

5 Sto p s p e n d i n g yo ur t i m e l o o k i n g The past is t h e

past. It's t i m e t o carry o n w i t h yo ur life.

6 Wh e n y o u g o t o t h e p arty, lo o k for Helen a n d Kate

b ecause t h e y said t h e y w e r e g o i n g t o o .

A n s w e r t h e q u e s t i o n s . Wr i t e c o m p l e t e s e n t e n c e s.

1 Do y o u ever lo o k after a nyb o dy? If so, w h o?

1 Sir Isaac N e w t o n saw an a p p le f alli n g f r o m a tre e. He t h o u g h t

about it an d worked out/turned up his t h e o ry o f gravity. 2 Do y o u sp e n d m o r e t i m e l o o k i n g a h e a d or l o o k i n g back?

2 When I lost a co n t act lens, I looked for/lopked into it

everywhere.

3 The maths p r o b l e m was really d if fic u lt b u t after t h i n k i n g h ar d, 3 Wh a t are y o u l o o k i n g f o r w a r d t o d o i n g t his w e e k e n d?

they workedout/cqme t h e answer.

4 Nobody usually w e n t t o her h o use b u t o n e Saturday o n e o f

her friends turned up/carneacrqss,. 4 Is t h ere a h o use, b u il d i n g or m u s e u m t h a t yo u w o u l d lik e t o
5 He wa n te d an o ri g in al n a m e for his n e w d o g b u t he c o u l d n't lo o k ro u n d? Wh ic h one(s)?
thin k of one. T hen he cgmgMf.Qss /lwM.UJDtQ. t h e n a m e Torak
in a novel a n d he lik e d it.

6 When she looked into/found out t h a t he was lyi n g , it was a 5 Wh e n y o u g o t o a p arty, w h o is t h e first p erso n y o u lo o k o u t
terrible shock. for?
7 They can't tak e a d ecisio n a b o u t t h is q u e sti o n ye t. T hey n e e d
t o look for/look into t h e facts in m ore d e t a il.

Unit 2
 "

P r i v a t e i n v es t i g a t o rs

Cross-c urric ular- H ist ory

The first private detective

1 Lo o k a t t h e l o g o a b o v e t h e t e x t . W h a t d o y o u t h i n k t h e a g e n c y
d i d e v e ry d ay?

Read t h e t e x t a n d c h o o s e t h e c o r r e c t a l t e r n a t i v e .
W e all love films and books about private detectives.
1 The first d e t e ctiv e , Alla n Pi n k e rt o n , was b o r n in England/
But who was the first private detective? I n fact, his name
Scotland/America.
was Allan Pinkerton and his story is as interesting as a
From 1842 he live d in England/ Scotland/America.
Pin k erton's N a tio n al D e t ective A g e n cy i n vesti g a t e d bank detective novel.
robberies/train robberies/murders at t h e b e g i n n i n g . Pinkerton was born in Scotland in 181!)
Pin k erton's N a tio n al D e t ective A g e n cy worked before the FBI/
A \ but he went to live in America in 1812.
worked with the FBI/copied the FBI.
^М^» He and his wile lived in Chicago. One day
Pin k erton's N a tio n al D e t ective A g e ncy was very small/small/
/ " ^ ' A when he was walking by a river, he came
big.
across a small island. He saw that people
were living there and he worked out
• W ORD B O O STER
that they were a gang of criminals.
• Match t h e wo r ds a n d d e f i n i t i o ns. He went and told the police and
• 1 gang a kill a n i m p o r t a n t p erso n
they caught all the criminals except
• 2 logo their leader. Pinkerton helped the
b g ave m o n e y f or s o m e t h i n g
g r o u p o f cri m in als police to look lor the leader and he found
1 3 p ai d
1 4 assassinate d w al k b e h i n d s o m e b o d y him. Pinkerton became a local hero and the next year he
1 5 f o ll o w e sy m b o l t o re prese nt a c o m p a n y or became Chicago's first private detective.
o r g a n isa tio n
In 1852 Allan Pinkerton and his brother Robert started
their own detective agency. At the time, there were many
C o m p l e t e t h e se n t e n c es w i t h i n f o r m a t i o n f r o m t h e t e x t . train robbers because trains carried lots ol money and gold.
People usually paid the Pinkertons to find and catch train
1 Allan Pinkerton became a local hero b eca use he h e l p e d
robbers. They were good at their job and soon criminals
t h e p olice t o fi n d t h e lead er o f a g a n g o f cri m in als.
hated the name Pinkerton.
2
In 1861 the Pinkertons were investigating a train robbery
b ecause t h e r e was m o n e y a n d g o l d o n trains.
when they discovered a plan to assassinate the American
3 The Pin k ert o ns'usu al j o b was t o . .
president, Abraham Lincoln. W i t h this information, the
Pinkertons saved Lincoln's life, and soon everybody knew
a n d t h e y w e r e very g o o d at it. about their agency, Pinkerton's National Detective Agency.
4 Pin k erton's N a tio n al D e t ective A g e n cy b e ca m e f a m o u s In the American Civil War, Lincoln paid Pinkerton's
b ecause t h e Pin k erto ns
National Detective Agency to organise a secret intelligence
sen ice. Before the creation of the FBI or the C I A in
America, Pinkerton's National Detective Agency did exactly
this type of work.
b ecause Pin k erton's
The Pinkertons soon had many men and women
N atio n al D e t ective A g e n cy h a d an eye f or t h e ir l o g o .
working lor them. Allan Pinkerton taught them how to
W h a t a b o u t youl investigate crimes and how to follow people without them
knowing about it. He was also the first person to keep a
Wh o is yo ur f av o u rit e f a m o u s d e t e ctiv e f r o m a b o o k , TV series,
bank ol information about different criminals, including
fil m or carto o n? Why d o y o u lik e him / h er?
their photos. O n the side of Pinkerton's National Detective
Agency's headquarters in Chicago they had a famous logo.
It was a big black and white eve with the words ' W e never
sleep'. Private detectives are often called 'Private Lyes'. The
Pinkerton eve was the origin of this name.

14 Un i t 2
Past continuous

1 C o m plete t h e d i a l o g u e w i t h t h e p ast c o n t i n u o u s f o r m o f t h e s e 3 Wr i t e q u e s t i o n s f o r t h e s e a n sw e rs.

verbs.
1 Wh at were yen d oin g at 7 p m last nig ht?

do do feel have n o t feel sit t al k visit I was list e n i n g t o m y MP3 player at 7 p m last n i g h t .
2
HELEN: I rang yo u at 8 p m last n i g h t b u t t h ere was n o answer. My f a m ily was w a t c h i n g a f il m at 7 p m .
Wh at (a) you ? 3
LUKE: My m u m a n d I (b) my Later I t o o k t h e d o g o u t for a w al k .
g ra n d m o t h e r in h os p it al. 4
HELEN: Why was she in h os p it al? No, I wasn't sle e pin g at 9 p m .
LUKE: Yesterday m o r n i n g she (c) w e ll 5
so we calle d t h e d o ct o r a n d he said t h a t she n e e d e d t o A t 11 p m I was re a d in g .
g o t o h ospital. 6
HELEN: W h a t(d) she I w e n t t o slee p at a b o u t 1 2 p m .
last n i g h t w h e n y o u visit e d her?
4 Wr i t e y o u r o w n t r u e a n s w e rs t o t h e q u e s t i o n s i n 3.
LUKE: Sh e(e) o n a chair, n o t lyi n g in
bed. All t h e p a tie n ts (f) dinner and 1
th ey (g) and laughing.
She loo k e d OK. Wh e n m y m u m p h o n e d t h e h os p it al 2
this m o r n i n g , she (h) m u c h b e tt er.
HELEN: That's g o o d n ews. 3

2 Co m plete t h e t e x t w i t h t h e p ast s i m p l e or p ast c o n t i n u o u s

4
for m of t h e verbs g i v e n .

Grammar extension

Read t h e t e x t . T h e r e are t e n e x t r a w o r d s i n i t . Fin d t h e m a n d

cross t h e m o u t .

T h e last n i g h t w e w e r e w a t c h i n g a f il m o n TV w h e n su d d e nly w e
d i d h eard a so u n d lik e an e x p losio n . A t first w e t h o u g h t t h a t it
was ca m e f r o m t h e TV b u t t h e n w e realised t h e noise ca m e f r o m
One Saturday a f t e r n o o n , a t e a m o f p olice officers t h e k itc h e n .
(a) (play) f o o t b a ll a g ainst a
My d a d said us it c o u l d be a b u r glar a n d so he t o o k a b i g stick
group of local p e o ple in Yorkshire, En gla n d. T he p olice officers
a n d w e n t t o t h e k itc h e n t o see if he was ri g h t. He was o p e n i n g
(b) (lose) 0 - 2 w h e n su d d e nly t h e d o o r w h e n t h a t s o m e t h i n g j u m p e d o u t really fast! It wasn't a
an officer (c) (reco g nise) o n e o f t h e b ur glar b eca use it was o n ly s m all.
men w h o (d) (play) in t h e o t h e r t e a m .
T h e n t h e r e d i d was a n o t h e r so u n d . We w e n t back t o t h e livi n g
He (e) (k n o w) t h a t t h e m a n was a cri m i n al. T he p olice
r o o m . The l a m p was o n t h e floor. In t h e corn er o f t h e r o o m
officers (f) (lo o k) f o r h i m for
t h e r e was a cat. My f a m ily a n d I w e reco g nise d it - it was my
several b urglaries.T he p olice officers (g) (sto p) n ei g h b o u r's cat. The cat was n ervo us a n d was k n oc k i n g t h i n g s
playing an d (h) (arrest) t h e m a n . o n t o t h e fl o o r w h il e it is was r u n n i n g t h r o u g h o ur house.
Then they (i) (start) t h e m a tc h a g ai n .
We d i d ran g t h e n e i g h b o u r a n d he ca m e t o ta k e his cat back.
In th e e n d, t h e p olice officers (j) (wi n) t h e m a tch 3 - 2!
In t h e e n d o f w e d i d n't see w h a t h a p p e n e d in t h e fil m w e w ere
And t h e m an (k) (g o) t o priso n for a l o n g t i m e .
watchin g.

Unit 2
Re p ortin g a p ast eve nt - a cri m e Describing photos An

1 C o m plete t h e dialo g u e w i t h these w or ds. 3 Lo o k at t h e p h o t o a n d a n s w e r t h e q u e s t i o n s. If y o u are n o t

sure o f s o m e t h i n g , use / think a n d / o r / imagine.
after at first in t h e e n d later su d d e nly then

AMY: Last n i g h t m y frie n ds a n d I w e n t o u t t o t h a t n e w

resta ura nt in Bank Street.
ADAM: Did y o u have a g o o d ti m e?
AMY: No, n o t really.
ADAM: Wh y n ot? Wh a t h a p p e n e d?
AMY: Well, w e w a n t e d t o see if it was g o o d or n o t.
(a) w e d i d n't lik e it b eca use t h e w ait e r
was really slow. But (b) w e st art e d
e a ti n g a n d w e love d it. W h e n w e w e r e fi n is h i n g o ur
m e al, a m a n (c) start e d s h o u t i n g at t h e
waiter. He was really a n g ry a n d b eca m e vi o l e n t.
A f e w m i n u t e s (d) t h e m a n a g er o f t h e
resta ura nt calle d t h e p olice.
ADAM: T h e n w h a t h a p p e n e d?
AMY: (e) t h a t t h e m a n st o p p e d s h o u t i n g
a n d sat d o w n , (f) he p aid a n d left.
1 Wh o can y o u see in t h e p h o t o?

2 I m a g i n e t h a t y o u w e r e w a i t i n g o u t s i d e t h e ci n e m a last
Sa t u r d a y a n d t h a t y o u saw t h i s sce n e. Wr i t e t h e o t h e r h a l f o f
t h e d i a l o g u e . Use s o m e o f t h e w o r d s f r o m t h e b o x i n 1 . 2 Wh e r e are t h ey?

3 Wh a t are t h e y d oi n g?

4 Wh a t d o y o u t h i n k o f t h is crim e? Why?

4 Use t h e q u e s t i o n s i n 3 t o t h i n k o f t h i n g s t o say a b o u t t h i s
p h o t o . M a k e n o t e s a n d t h e n p r a ctis e o r a lly.

Y O U R FRIEN D : Did y o u have a g o o d t i m e last Saturday?

YOU: (a)
Y O U R FRIEN D : Why n ot? Wh a t h a p p e n e d?
YOU: (b)

Y O U R FRIEN D : So w h a t h a p p e n e d in t h e e n d?
YOU: (c)

Un i t 2
 ping writing

An informal letter
3 I m a g i n e t h a t y o u f o u n d a n a n i m a l s o m e t i m e a g o . Wri t e a
1 Read t h is l e t t e r f r o m a g irl c a ll e d G e o r g i n a . W h a t w as
l e t t e r t o a f r i e n d t e l l i n g t h e m a b o u t w h a t y o u f o u n d . T ell
Georgina's u n u s u al e x p e rie n ce?
them:

• w h a t k i n d o f a n i m a l i t was a n d w h a t y o u w e r e d o i n g w h e n
y o u f o u n d it
• w h y y o u d e ci d e d t o ta k e it h o m e a n d h o w o t h e r f a m ily
m e m b e rs re act e d
• w h a t p r o b l e m y o u h a d w i t h t h e a n i m a l a n d h o w y o u solve d
it
• h o w t h e a n i m al c h a n g e d y o u r life.
(a)

(b)

(d)
It was great to hear from you.
Something really unusual happened to me
yesterday. I was walking home after hockey
practice when I saw a little boy on his own. He
was crying because he was lost. He was only about
{our or five years old and he didn't know how to
get home.

I didn't know what to do, but I couldn't just

leave him there. I decided to take him to the
police station. We were walking along the road
when we got to some shops. Suddenly, a woman
came running out of one of the shops. She looked
very worried and was crying too. The boy shouted
'Mummy!' The woman was his muml They both
looked so happy, and I was happy for them.

(e)
and tell me about
your week

(f)

Georgma

Wh e n yo u fi n is h , read y o u r o w n le tt er a n d give yo urself a

Put th ese w o r d s a n d e x p r essi o n s i n t h e c o r r e c t p l a c e i n t h e
m a r k f r o m 0 ( n o t v e r y g o o d ) t o 5 (e x c e ll e n t) f o r t h e s e c r i t e r i a .
letter in 1.

1 Thanks for your letter. a It a nswers t h e q u estio n s.

Dear Phil, b It has all t h e necessary i n f o r m a t i o n .

2 8 A pril 2011
th It is easy t o u n d e rst a n d .

d It is w e ll o r g a n ise d .
Love,
e I t h i n k t h e g r a m m a r is correct.
70 Baxter Street,
Birmin g ha m, f I h ave use d d iff e r e n t w o r d s.
4RG. g I h ave use d p u n c t u a t i o n a n d ca p it al le tt ers.
6 Write back soon
T hin k a b o u t yo ur m arks in 4 a n d m a k e chan ges t o your letter
to im prove it.

Un i t 2
 r

Revisio n: Units 1-2

Grammar Vocabulary

1 C o m p l e t e t h e se n t e n ces w i t h t h e p r e s e n t s i m p l e f o r m o f t h e 1 Wr i t e a n e x p l a n a t i o n f o r e a c h w o r d o r e x p r e ssi o n .
verbs give n .
1 b ir t h
1 Eli z ab eth (w a tch) t h e n e ws t w ic e a day. 2 a d olesce nce
2 My frie n ds (n o t read) m a g a z in es. 3 se nior citi z e n
3 Su n ny w e a t h e r (m a k e) m e fe el h a p py. 4 sin gle
4 A: it (rain) a l o t in 5 o n ly c h il d I
y o u r c o u n try?
( /5 p oints)
B: Yes, it
5 My b r o t h e r usu ally (st u dy) in his b e d r o o m . 2 W h o are t h e s e p e o p l e i n a f a m il y?

/5 p oints) 1 t h e b r o t h e r o f y o u r f a t h er I

2 t h e b r o t h e r o f y o u r h us b a n d or w if e
2 C o m plete t h e dialo g u e w i t h t h e present co n tin u o us f o r m of
t h e s e v e r b s. 3 y o u r fat h er's n e w w i f e _]
4 y o u r sister's d a u g h t e r I
begin carry co m e n o t stay put 5 t h e m a n a w o m a n is m arrie d t o

( /5 p oints)
KATIE: Why (a) you yo ur
b oo ks in y o u r b a g?T h e lesson (b) n o w. 3 M a t c h t h e w o r d s w i t h t h e s u ffi x es t o m a k e n o u n s.

LUCY: I (c) b ecause I have an 1 p r o t e ct

a p p o i n t m e n t at t h e d oct or's. 2 d iff e r e n t -ion
3 im prove -ment
KATIE: Where's t h e te ach er a nyway?
4 equip -ence
LUCY: He (d) n o w. He's w a l k i n g slo wly 5 invent ,
b eca use he (e) t h e CD player ( /5 p oints)

a n d so m e dictio n aries. 4 Fin d w o r d s w h i c h m a t c h t h e d e f i n i t i o n s . T h e y are all cri m es or

c r i m i n a ls.
Г /5 p oints)

3 C o m p l e t e t h e t e x t w i t h a/an, the o r 0 (n o a r t i c l e). 1 s o m e b o d y w h o steals f r o m houses _

2 t h e cri m e w h e n y o u kill so m e o n e
I've g o t (a) sister calle d Polly. My sister loves (b)
3 s o m e b o d y w h o attacks a n o t h e r p erso n t o steal f r o m t h e m
Italia n f o o d . She's g o t (c) Italia n f ri e n d w h o has (d)
restaurant, (e) resta ura nt is near o u r h o use.
4 t h e cri m e o f bre a kin g a n d d estr o yi n g p u b lic t h i n g s for no
(_ /5 p oints) reason

4 C o m p l e t e t h e t e x t w i t h t h e p ast s i m p l e o r t h e p ast c o n t i n u o u s 5 t h e cri m e o f c o p yi n g so ft w are, fil m s, etc

f o r m of t h e verbs g iv e n . 6 t h e p erso n w h o steals f r o m a b a n k

O ne day, w h e n I (a) (walk) t o sch o ol, ( /6 p oints)

I (b) (see) s o m e t h i n g u n usu al. A 5 C o m p l e t e t h e t e x t w i t h t h e c o r r e c t p r e s e n t si m p l e f o r m o f

w o m a n (c) (sin g) a n d a l o t o f p e o p l e t h e s e v e r b s.
(d) (w a tch) her. I d i d n't reco g nise
loo k lo o k turn work
her, so I (e) (c o n ti n u e) o n m y w a y
t o sch o ol b u t w h e n I (f) (arrive), n o b o d y In t h is story, t h ere is a m yst erio us t h e f t . A d e t ectiv e (a)

(g) (b e) t h e r e. Half an h o u r later all t h e o t h e r i n t o t h e cri m e . He asks lots o f q u estio ns a n d , by usin g lo gic, he

st u d e n ts (h) (co m e). T h ey (b) o u t t h a t a m a n calle d Ron Carter is t h e cri m in al.

(i) (talk) a b o u t a surprise c o n c e rt by He (c) for p hysical evid e nce t h a t Carter d i d it. The

o ur m usic te ach er in t h e stre et a n d I was t h e o n ly p erso n w h o d e t e ctiv e can't f i n d a n y t h i n g b u t w h e n he su d d e nly (d)

(j) (n o t see) i t! u p at Carter's h o use, Carter a d m its he is t h e t hief.

/ 10 p oints) Г /4 p oints)

/25 p oints a > < 4l > /25 points^

)
l
 Reading

1 Read t h e t e x t a n d c h o o s e t h e b e st t i t l e f o r i t .

1
2
School chil d re n a n d vi o l e n t cri m e
Global solu tio ns t o t h e p r o b l e m o f a bse n t st u d e n ts T! 'HE
many
LAW I N Brit ai n a n d
other
says t h a t c h i l d r e n u n d e r 16
cou ntries
Viera. They
a n d to o k her to the
station because her
arrested her
p olice
teenage
3 Who is resp o nsible f or y o u tr a v e lli n g t o sch o ol - y o u ,
your parents or t h e p olice? n e e d to g o to sch o ol. W h e n d a u g h t e rs d i d n 't g o t o sch o ol
t h e y d o n ' t g o t o s c h o o l , i t's a m o r e t h a n 100 ti m e s t h a t year.
c r i m e . It's c a l l e d ' t r u a n c y ' a n d In the Malaysian t o w n of
m a n y d iff ere n t cou ntries ta k e Sere m b a n, when the p olice
t r u a n c y v e r y serio usly. f i n d a s t u d e n t w h o is i n t h e
In a group of private stre et a n d n o t at sch o ol, t h e y
sch o ols in Tokyo, students ta k e t h e m to t h e p olice station
put out their hands for w h e r e t h e r e is n o w a s p e c i a l
e x a m in atio n every m o r n i n g . 'r e a d i n g r o o m '. T h e stu d e nts
A sp ecial computer looks read books while they are
at each s t u d e n t 's fin gers w a i t i n g for t h eir parents to
to check their fin g erprints. come a n d ta k e t h e m ho m e.
Pr i s o n o f f i c e r s u s e t h e s a m e St u d e n ts w h o d o n 't f i n i s h t h e
tech niq u e w i t h criminals i n boo k ta k e it ho m e and th e n
p r i s o n . It m e a n s t h a t t e a c h e rs w r i t e a s u m m a r y of i t .
k n o w e x a c t l y w h o is i n c l a ss A sc h o o l i n Sc o t l a n d uses
a n d w h o is n't. an A m erican syste m calle d
In some co u ntries, tr u a ncy Ph o n e m ast er. It a u t o m a t i c a l l y
is the p a r e n t s' problem telephones parents w h e n a
a n d resp o nsibility. A t 5 am s t u d e n t is 3 0 m i n u t e s l a t e f o r
one morning in Miami, sch o ol. The phone d o e s n't
two p olice m en arrived at stop rin gin g until someone
the house of Mindy Pe a rl answers it.

2 Read t h e t e x t . A re t h e s e s t a t e m e n t s t r u e (T) o r f als e (F)? Wr i t e

d o w n t h e lin e(s) w h e r e y o u f o u n d t h e a n sw e r. HlU k e,
5
1 Truancy is w h e n c h il d r e n u n d er 16 miss sch o ol f or n o reaso n. Let m e te / tyo u w h at h a p p e n e d to m e last w e e k. I...

2 Prison officers ch eck fi n g e r p ri n ts t o k n o w if cri m i n als are

present in t h e p riso n or n o t .
3 Mindy Pearl Viera had p r o b l e m s w i t h t h e p olice b eca use t h e r e
were many ti m es w h e n she d i d n't g o t o sch o ol.

4 There are boo ks at t h e Sere m b a n p olice st a ti o n .

5 All students in Sere m b a n have t o w r i t e a s u m m a ry o f t h e ir

book.
6 With t h e Ph o n e m aster syste m a p erso n p h o n es p are n ts a g ain
and again u n til t h e y pick u p t h e p h o n e .

( / 7 p oints)

Writing
le
3 Last we e k y o u saw a c r i m e . Wr i t e a n i n f o r m a l l e t t e r t o a f r i e n d
ninal.
t ellin g t h e m a b o u t i t . T e ll t h e m :
t.The
• what t h e cri m e was
• what yo u were d o i n g w h e n y o u saw it
• w h o t h e cri m in al was
• if t h e p olice ca u g h t t h e cri m i n al
• what h a p p e n e d in t h e e n d .
/ 8 p oints)
J V
 Grammar • Countable and uncountable nouns • Relative pronouns
• Some, any, much, many, a lot of, a few, a little
Vocabulary • Countries, nationalities and languages

3 Lost in tra nslatio n Speaking

• Learning a language • Negative prefixes un-, in-, im-, ir-, il-
»Asking for information
Writing > A language biography

C o u n tri es, n a t i o n a li t i es and l a n g u a g es Learning a language

1 Co m plete t h e ta ble. 3 C h o ose t h e c o rr e c t a l t e r n a t i v e .

Country Nationality Language(s) 1 H o w o f t e n d o y o u practice/practise yo ur p ro n u ncia tio n?

(a) (b) (c) 2 Translate/Translation can be d if fic u lt so m e ti m es.
3 It's n atural t o do / m ake mista k es.
4 Last w e e k w e made/took a list e nin g e x a m .
/ • Berne S \
5 I e n j o y dgjng/mgking sp ea kin g e x ercises.
6 You n e e d lots o f Pjgjctjce / gKiCtise t o speak a n d w ri t e w ell in
En glish.
7 We're g o i n g t o feyjs&reyision. for o ur e x a m .
(d) (e) (f)
4 C o m p l e t e t h e q u e s t i o n s w i t h t h e s e w o r d s . T h ere are e i g h t
w o r d s b u t o n l y f i v e g a p s.
•
Warsaw ho m ework made mista k e revise
skill tra nsla tio n w ri t e wrote

(g) (h) (i)

1 Wh e n was t h e last t i m e y o u an essay in

English? Wh a t was it a b o u t?
Tokyo
2 How do you g ra m m ar b efore an English exam?
3 A p art f r o m , w h a t else d o y o u d o in English
o u tsi d e school?
(j) (k) (1)
4 Wh ic h (re a din g, w r i t i n g , list e nin g or sp ea kin g)
d o y o u e n j o y p ractisin g t h e m ost?

5 Wh a t is a ty p ical y o u m a k e in English (e.g.

j^^Cardiff J
w r i t i n g english instea d of English)!

5 Wr i t e y o u r o w n t r u e a n s w e rs t o t h e q u e s t i o n s i n 4.
(m) (n) (o)
1
Brasilia /

H •
2
(P) (q) (r)

•
Buenos Aires

Are t h e s e se n t e n ces t r u e (T) or f alse (F)? If t h e y are f alse ,

c o rr e c t t h e m .
1 In Russia t h e y speak G er m a n .
4
2 In t h e N e t h erla n ds t h e y speak D u tc h .
3 People f r o m Egypt are Egyptese.
4 Peo ple f r o m Egypt speak A ra bia n.
5 Swiss p e o p le are f r o m Swit z erla n d .
5
6 In Swit z erla n d t h e y speak French.
7 In Brazil t h e y speak Spanish.
8 Welsh p e o ple are f r o m Wales.
1 Read t h is t e x t a n d w r i t e a g o o d t i t l e f o r i t .

I N 2 0 0 5 T H E C h i e f I n s p e c t o r o f Sc h o o l s , D a v i d B e l l , s a i d :
'T ee n a g e b o y s i n B r i t a i n d o n ' t r e a l l y w a n t t o s p e a k i n
En g lis h . So h o w a r e t h e y g o i n g t o l e a r n t o s p e a k i n o t h e r
languages? La n g u a g e l e a r n i n g i n E n g l a n d's s c h o o l s is
- b e c o m i n g a l m o s t c o m p l e t e l y m i d d l e class a n d f e m a l e . We
k now t h a t girls a r e d o i n g m o d e r n lan g uages m o r e t h a n
b oys, a n d t h a t sc h o o ls i n p o o r a r e a s a r e n o t g i v i n g m a n y
•
INSIDE INFORMATION
G CSEs a r e p u b l i c e x a m i n a t i o n s w h i c h E n g l i s h , W e l s h a n d N o r t h e r n Iris h
s t u d e n t s u s u a l l y d o w h e n t h e y a r e 1 6 . A - l e v e ls a r e t h e e x a m s w h i c h
1 8 - y e a r - o l d s t u d e n t s u s u a l l y t a k e . G r a d e A is t h e t o p m a r k .
• In B r i t a i n ' i n d e p e n d e n t ' s c h o o l s a r e p r i v a t e s c h o o l s . Pa r e n t s p a y t o s e n d
t h e ir c h il d r e n t o t h ese ty p e s o f sch o ols.
• I n Br i t a i n , t h e l a n g u a g e s t h a t s e c o n d a r y s t u d e n t s n o r m a l l y s t u d y a r e

o p p o r t u n i t i e s t o l e a r n m o d e r n f o r e i g n l a n g u a g e s.' B u t w h y Fre nch , G e r m a n o r Sp a nish - in t h a t or d er.

are n't b o ys s t u d y i n g l a n g u a g e s? Is i t b e c a u s e t h e y d o n ' t l i k e

m a k i n g m is t a k e s? O r is i t b e c a u s e t e e n a g e b o y s j u s t d o n ' t
t a l k a l o t , n o t e v e n i n t h e i r o w n l a n g u a g e? 'It's n o t a g o o d
si t u a t i o n ,' s a i d B e l l , 'b e c a u s e w e w a n t m o r e p e o p l e t o l e a r n
a m o d e r n l a n g u a g e .'
Mr Be ll says s e c o n d a r y sc h o o ls a r e a l r e a d y b e g i n n i n g
to se p arate b o y s a n d g i r l s f o r s c i e n c e l e ss o n s. H e t h i n k s
it can also b e a g o o d i d e a f o r sc h o o ls t o d o t h e s a m e t h i n g
w i t h m o d e r n l a n g u a g e t e a c h i n g . M r B e l l s u g g e st e d t h a t
single - se x classes i n m o d e r n l a n g u a g e s c o u l d s t o p b o y s
b ein g e m b a r r a ss e d a b o u t s p e a k i n g i n a n o t h e r l a n g u a g e .
; 'So m e p e o p le t h i n k t h a t i t is a b a d i d e a t o s e p a r a t e b o y s
an d g irls i n t o d i f f e r e n t classes. B u t i f t h e s y s t e m p r o d u c e s
good r es u lts f o r m o d e r n l a n g u a g e s, l e t's d o i t . '
M o d e r n lan g uages are n o t very p o p ular i n Britis h
s e c o n d a r y s c h o o l s . N o t m a n y p e o p l e a r e t a k i n g a G CSE
i n F r e n c h t h i s y e a r. R e c e n t i n v e s t i g a t i o n s h o w s t h a t t h e r e
are p r o b l e m s w i t h lan g uage l e a r n i n g i n Br i t a i n . A n d th ose
p r o b l e m s a r e m a k i n g a d if f e r e n c e t o u n i v e r s i t y lan g uage
d e p art m e n ts too. T here are n o t m a n y stu dents w h o wa nt
t o s t u d y l a n g u a g e s, a n d so s o m e u n i v e r s i t y l a n g u a g e
d e p a rt m e n ts n o w o n l y h ave 10 o r 12 st u d e n ts.
O t h e r s t a t i s t i c s a ls o c o n f i r m e d t h e i d e a t h a t m o s t l y
r i c h s t u d e n t s a r e n o w s t u d y i n g m o d e r n l a n g u a g e s. T h e
I n d e p e n d e n t Sc h o o l s C o u n c i l f o u n d o u t t h a t l a s t y e a r 6 0 %
of all t h e t o p m a r k s i n A - level Fr e n c h ca m e f r o m st u d e n ts
i n i n d e p e n d e n t sch o ols.

2 Read t h e t e x t a g a i n . A re t h e s e s e n t e n c e s t r u e (T) o r f alse (F)? 4 W h a t a b o u t y o u?

Write t h e line(s) w h e r e y o u f o u n d t h e a n sw e r.
1 Is t h e r e any d iff ere nce b e t w e e n t h e n u m b e r o f girls a n d boys
1 David Bell t hin ks t e e n a g e boys in Britain are g o o d at m o d e r n
st u d yi n g la n g u a g es in y o u r co u n try? Wh a t is t h e differe nce?
languages because t h e y lik e sp e a k in g.

2 David Bell is w o rri e d b ecause in g e n eral c h il d r e n f r o m p o o r

families aren't st u d yi n g m o d e r n la n g u a g es.

3 David Bell t hin k s it's a g o o d idea t o have la n g u a g e classes

wit h boys o nly b ecause t h e b oys w o n't be afraid t o speak.

2 Do y o u t h i n k t h e r e is any diff ere nce in t h e way boys a n d girls

4 The n u m b er o f st u d e n ts t a k i n g e x a ms in m o d e r n la n g u a g es learn lan g uages?
is not hig h. _

5 The n u m b er of st u d e n ts d o i n g la n g u a g es at u niversity is
g oin g u p. _

6 You can o nly g e t a g o o d m ark in French if y o u g o t o an

in d e p en d ent sch o ol.

3 Find these w o r d s in t h e t e x t . Wr i t e a s y n o n y m , d e f i n i t i o n o r
e x planatio n f o r e ach o n e . Use y o u r d i c t i o n a r y if n ecessary.
3 Wh a t d o y o u t h i n k a b o u t se p ara tin g b oys a n d girls in t o
1 co m pletely (line 5) d iff ere n t classes in la n g u a g es or in g eneral?

2 o p p ortu nities (/ / )

3 separate (line 15)

4 single -sex (line 18)

5 embarrassed (line 19)

6 t o p marks (line 34)

Un it 3
 ram ntext

Some, any, much, many, a lot of, a few, a little 5 Lo o k a t t h e p ic t u r e s a n d w r i t e se n t e n ces w i t h There is/ are a n d N6
a few o r a little.
1 C o m p l e t e t h e t a b l e b y t i c k i n g t h e c o r r e c t b o x e s. Lo o k a t some
as a n e x a m p l e . 1 T here's a little water.

some any much many a lot (of)

a few i a little
water
plural . 1
/
countable

uncountable /

affirmative /

negative&
questions

large
quantity

small
quantity

2 A r e t h e s e w o r d s c o u n t a b l e (C) o r u n c o u n t a b l e (U)?

1 close fri e n d 5 e n ergy

2 free t i m e 6 niece
3 proble m 7 co usin
4 g o o d idea 8 homework

3 Wr i t e q u e s t i o n s w i t h t h e w o r d s i n 2 u si n g e i t h e r much o r
many. In y o u r q u e s t i o n s , m a k e t h e c o u n t a b l e n o u n s i n 2
plural.

1 H ave yo u. got m a ny close frien ds?

4 Wri t e y o u r o w n t r u e a n sw e rs t o y o u r q u e s t i o n s i n 3 u si n g
some, any, not much, not many, a lot of.

1 I've got so m e close frien ds b u t n o t m a ny.

2
Grammar extension
3
6 C o m p l e t e t h e se n t e n ces so t h e y are t r u e f o r y o u .
4
1 I've g o t so m e in m y b e d ro o m .
5
2 We h ave n't g o t a ny in o u r house.
6 3 I h ave n't g o t m u c h

7 4 T here are n't m a ny in o ur fa mily.

5 We've g o t a l o t o f at school.
8
6 I've g o t a f e w
7 We've g o t a lit tle in o ur frid g e.
Negative prefixes un-, in-, im-, ir-, il-

1 C o m plete t h e t a b l e b y w r i t i n g t h e s e w o r d s i n t h e c o rr e c t c o l u m n .

correct f or m al happy le§af o fficial p ossible practical re g ular usual visible

un - in - im - ir- il -

le qal

Basic rule: We use th e Basic rule: Basic rule:

prefix im - when a
word starts with th e

letter

2 Look at t h ese w o r d s . C o m p l e t e t h e b asic r ules i n 1 t o e x p l a i n

wh e n w e use t h e p r e fi x es im - , ir a n d //-.

1 patient - > i m p a t i e n t
2 probable • » i m p r o b a b l e
3 relevant -» irr e l e v a n t
4 responsible - * irr es p o n si b l e
5 logical -» ill o g ic a l
6 legible - * ill e g i b l e

3 Match t h e w o r d s i n 1 a n d 2 w i t h t h e s e s y n o n y m s a n d
d efinitio ns.

1 wro n g
2 relaxed, frie n dly, n o t very serious
3 sad
4 not g o o d at w a i t i n g
5 im possible t o see
6 im possible t o read

Vocabulary extension: negative prefixes dis- and non-

4 Look at t h ese w o r d s . W h i c h g o w i t h dis- a n d w h i c h g o w i t h 5 C o m p le t e t h e sentences w i t h w o r d s in 4.

non-1 Wh ic h t y p e o f w o r d is e a c h o n e : a n o u n , v e r b or
adjective? Use y o u r d i c t i o n a r y if n ecessary. 1 Cola is a d rin k .
2
1 </w like nou nj verb
3
2 agree
s h o rt p erio ds. He's a
3 alco h olic 4 Wh e n y o u so m e o n e, yo u d o n't

4 ap pear d o w h a t t h e y t e ll y o u t o d o .
5
5 a dva nta g e
can you.
6 resid ent
6
7 sto p O ur id eas are al m ost always d iff e r e n t.
8 h o n est 7 One of m obik

9 o b ey t h a t t h e y can cause.

10 s m o k in g 8 sectio n.
9
11 q u alify
It's o n e so n g, t h e n a n o t h er, t h e n a n o t h er.

Unit 3
1 Re a d t h e t e x t a n d c h o o s e t h e b e s t t i t l e f o r i t .

1 Sch o ol c h il d r e n i n Finla n d w a n t m o r e Latin 2 T h e n e w s i n La tin 3 Latin isn't a d e a d l a n g u a g e

e Edit View History Jp ois Win d o w Help

In Finland they speak Fin nish and a few And Pr o f e ss o r Pe k k a n e n d o e s n't just
p e o p l e s p e a k S w e d i s h . B u t a n o t h e r l a n g u a g e is translate the news into Latin. He also
p o p u l a r t h e r e t o o , a n d t h a t l a n g u a g e is L a t i n . t r a n sl a t e s t h e w o r d s f o r so n gs. A n d he is n't
H e r e 's a n e x a m p l e o f La t i n's p o p u l a r i t y . t h e o nly o n e. Dr Ju k k a A m m o n d t, another
A Fin nish u niversity professor calle d T u o m o 2 5 u n i v e r s i t y p r o f e ss o r, loves L a t i n a n d h e loves
Pe k k a n e n h as a r a d i o p r o g r a m m e w h e r e he t h e k i n g o f r o c k a n d r o l l , E l v i s Pr e s l e y . So
r e a d s t h e n e w s e v e r y d a y ... i n L a t i n . T h e t i t l e w h a t d o es he d o? H e sin gs El v i s in L a t i n . T h e x

o f t h e p r o g r a m m e is N untii L atini. T h e r e a r e l e g e n d o f E l v i s Pr e s l e y liv e s f o r e v e r , a n d i t is o f

o nly o n e o r t w o p r o g r a m m e s lik e t h is in t h e c o u r s e v e r y i m p o r t a n t t o s i n g E l v i s Pr e s l e y's
10 w o r l d . 7 5 , 0 0 0 p e o p l e l i s t e n t o i t , f o r e x a m p l e 3 0 s o n g s i n t h e L a t i n l a n g u a g e b e c a u s e L a t i n is
on the Intern et. The program me receives t h e e t e r n a l l a n g u a g e / h e s a y s . So s o n g s l i k e /
l e t t e r s f r o m l i s t e n e r s i n a b o u t 50 c o u n t r i e s . can't help falling in love b e c o m e Wo n adamare
W h e n h e is m a k i n g h i s n e w s program me possum.
there are so m etim es words w hich are difficult T h e r e is a n i m p o r t a n t t r a d i t i o n o f s t u d y i n g
1 5 f o r Pe k k a n e n t o t r a n s l a t e because, as y o u 35 L a t i n in F i n l a n d . T h ere w a s a L a t i n co n gress
pro bably know, the Ro m a ns did n't have t h e r e rece n tly a n d p eo ple h a d no p r o b l e m t a l k i n g in L a t i n . N owa d ays En glish
televisio n, co m p u t e rs, e m ails o r lasers, f o r is t h e l a n g u a g e w h i c h p e o p l e a l l o v e r t h e w o r l d use t o c o m m u n i c a t e . B u t
e x a m p l e . B u t Pe k k a n e n says t h a t he c a n t a l k b e f o r e E n g l i s h i t w a s L a t i n . T u o m o P e k k a n e n s a y s t h a t a r o u n d 15 m i l l i o n
a b o u t a n y s t o r y o n t h e news by i n v e n ti n g a f e w people in Europe speak o r u n d e rs t a n d L a t i n . T h a t's n o t b a d f o r a d e a d '
x

20 n e w L a t i n w o r d s i f n e c e ss a r y . 40 language.

3 A r e t h e s e s e n t e n c e s t r u e (T) o r f a ls e (F)? C o rr e c t t h e f alse

• W ORD B O O STER s e n t e n c e s.

Match t h e w o r d s a n d d e f i n i t i o n s .
1 T h ere are m a n y p r o g r a m m e s lik e N untii L atini in t h e w o r l d .
1 legen d a b i g m e e t i n g o f e x p e r ts
2 e t e r n al b with no end
2 It ca n b e d if fic u l t t o tr a n sla t e t h e n e ws b eca use t h e r e are n o t
3 co n gress at t h e p rese n t t i m e
alw ays Latin w o r d s f o r m o d e r n t h i n g s.
4 n o w a d ays d v e ry f a m o u s p e rso n
3 Ju k k a A m m o n d t t h i n k s t h e r e is a lo g ical c o n n e c t i o n b e t w e e n

Latin a n d Elvis Presley.

2 Re a d t h e t e x t a g a i n a n d c o m p l e t e t h e s e n t e n c e s.
4 T o d ay Latin has t h e sa m e f u n c t i o n as En glish.

1 T u o m o Pe k k anen is a professor w h o reads

4 W h a t a b o u t y o u?

2 Ju k k a A m m o n d t is a professor w h o sin gs 1 D o y o u , or d i d y o u , st u d y Latin? D o / Did y o u lik e it?

3 Finla n d is a place w h e r e t h e r e is
2 D o y o u t h i n k it's a g o o d id ea t o st u d y Latin? Wh y / Wh y n ot?

4 Latin is a l a n g u a g e w h i c h a r o u n d

24 Unit 3
t Grammar in contex

Relative pronouns

1 C o m plete t h e rules w i t h t h e s e r e l a t iv e p r o n o u n s . 4 a C o m p l e t e t h e d e f i n i t i o n s w i t h t h e c o r r e c t r e l a t iv e p r o n o u n .

1 It's t h e n a ti o n a lit y o f a p erso n co m es fr o m Wales.

t h at when where w hich who whose
2 It's t h e c o u n t r y D u tch p e o p le live.

1 We use th at and for p e o p le . 3 It's t h e m a n fat h er is yo ur gra n d fa t h er.

2 We use and for t h i n g s. 4 It's t h e cri m e t hieves c o m m i t .

3 We use for possessions. 5 It's t h e p erso n co pies CDs a n d so ft w are ille g ally.
4 We use for ti m es. 6 It's t h e p e ri o d y o u are a c h il d .
5 We use for places. 7 It's a c o u n t r y p e o p l e speak Portu g u ese.

2 Choose t h e c o rr e ct a l t e r n a t i v e . If y o u t h i n k b o t h a l t e r n a t i v e s 8 It's t h e t h i n g y o u o f t e n d o after sch o ol.

are p ossible, ch o ose b o t h .
4 b N o w f i n d t h e w o r d s w h i c h are b e i n g d e sc r i b e d i n 4a i n t h e
1 Football is a s p ort that/- m a ny p e o p le a r o u n d t h e w o r l d w o r d se a rc h . Be c a r e f u l! T h e r e are 1 4 w o r d s i n t h e w o r d se arch
watch. b u t o nly eig h t d efinitio ns.
2 He's an artist w h o pgjnt/pgints a bstract p ai n ti n g s.
3 She's th e girl who/whose C O u s i n is at o u r sch o ol. f t h 0 m e w 0 r
4 This is t h e t o w n that/where he lives. n
e h r t J J a p a
5 This is t h e ro o m that/where I w o r k .
6 That's t h e t y p e o f mista k e that/which causes p r o b le m s. t e X a m 1 d P
7 I re m e m ber t h e t i m e when/which I first m e t y o u . a n m i s h i
P g
8 Those are t h e p e o p le w h o come/comes at t h e w e e k e n d .
b e d s w 1 j i r
9 He's t h e writ er who/whose b oo ks are very p o p u la r at t h e
m o m ent. m t s 1 a 1 e e 1 a
10 This is th e bus which/- g o es t o t h e city ce n tre.
t h e f t s s d t
3 Com plete t h e se n t e nces w i t h t h e c o r r e c t r e l a t iv e p r o n o u n .
s e 0 e b s b h e
1 Russia is a c o u n try it is very col d in w i n t e r.
u r f a t h e r 0 a
2 The wee k en d is a t i m e p e o p l e can usually
relax. m 1 r t g v n a q
3 English is a la n g u a g e p e o p l e speak all
m a u n e z d v
over th e w o rl d .
4 Tennis is a s p ort has m a ny fans in lots o f e n t e r r e i b s
different co u n tries.
r d w e 1 s h 1 e n
5 New York is a city t h e y m a k e a lo t o f fil m s.
6 August is a m o n t h lots o f p e o p l e g o o n w s p g V a n d a 1
holiday.
s t e p f a t h e r
7 Johnny D ep p is t h e actor starre d in Pirates
of the Caribbean. b t d i n P e h r
8 That's t h e m an w i f e is f a m o us.

Grammar extension

5 Find six m ore w o r d s i n t h e w o r d se a rc h . T h e f irs t l e t t e r o f e a c h w o r d is i n a g r e y b o x . Wr i t e d e f i n i t i o n s f o r t h e m u si n g r e l a t iv e p r o n o u n s .

Use th e d e f i n i t i o n s i n 4a as a m o d e l .

1 Word: a

2 Word:./?

3 Word:

4 Word: s

5 Word: s

6 Word: v

Un i t 3
 speak mff

Asking for information about a language course Describing photos

1 C o m p l e t e t h e q u e s t i o n s use d t o ask f o r i n f o r m a t i o n a b o u t a 4 Lo o k a t t h e p h o t o a n d a n s w e r t h e q u e s t i o n s. If y o u are n o t

l a n g u a g e co u rse w i t h t h e s e w o r d s . sure o f s o m e t h i n g , use / think a n d / o r / imagine.

i n f o r m a ti o n last m uch org a nise p ar d o n

price re gistra tio n re p eat

1 Do y o u a cc o m m o d a ti o n?
2 Does t h e i n cl u d e o t h e r activities?
3 C o uld y o u t h a t?
4 Can y o u sen d m e a f o r m?
5 ? Did y o u say o n t h e 1 0 July?th

6 C o uld y o u give m e so m e a b o ut your

s u m m e r courses?
7 How is t h e course?
8 H o w l o n g d o es t h e co urse ?

2 C o m ple t e t h e d ialo g u e w i t h t h e q u estio ns in 1.

RECEPTIONIST: G o o d m o r n i n g . T h is is t h e Bra dford Sch o ol o f

En glish. H o w can I h el p yo u?
STUDENT: G o o d m o r n i n g . I'm calli n g f r o m Italy, (a)
1 W h o can y o u see in t h e p h o t o?

RECEPTIONIST: Yes, o f co urse. We have a co urse for t e e n a g ers

2 Wh e r e are t h ey?
w h i c h b e gins o n t h e 1 3' July. b

STUDENT: (b)

3 Wh a t are t h e y d oin g?
RECEPTIONIST: No, o n t h e 1 3 . ,h

STUDENT: A h , I u n d e rst a n d , (c)

RECEPTIONIST: 20 days.
4 Wh a t d o y o u t h i n k t h e y are t a l k i n g a b o u t? Why?
STUDENT: (d)
RECEPTIONIST: Yes, w e d o . St u d e n ts usually live w i t h local
fa m ilies.
STUDENT: (e) 5 Use t h e q u e s t i o n s i n 4 t o t h i n k o f t h i n g s t o say a b o u t t h is
RECEPTIONIST: £950. p h o t o . M a k e n o t e s a n d t h e n p r a ctis e o r a lly.
STUDENT: (f)
RECEPTIONIST: Yes, I said t h e price is £950.
STUDENT: (g)

RECEPTI O NIST : Yes, it d o es. It inclu d es e x cursio ns a n d social

activities lik e p arties a n d sp orts.
STUDENT : I'm very in t erest e d in t h e co urse, (h)

RECEPTIONIST: Yes, o f co urse. Can y o u give m e y o u r n a m e a n d

address?
STUDENT: Yes, it's . . .

3 W h i c h t w o q u e s t i o n s i n t h e d i a l o g u e i n 2 d o w e use t o c h e c k
u n d erst a n d in g?

Un it 3
Developing writing

A language biography

2 Wr i t e a t i t l e t o d e scri b e t h e a i m o f e ac h p a r a g r a p h .

Paragrap h 1 P&smM^g^tuU
Paragrap h 2
Paragrap h 3
Paragrap h 4

3 You are g o i n g t o w r i t e a l a n g u a g e b i o g r a p h y a b o u t y o u rs e l f
a n d y o u r e x p e ri e n c e s o f l e a r n i n g a n o t h e r l a n g u a g e . Bef ore
yo u w rit e , m a k e n otes here.

Paragrap h 1: T opic
N otes

Paragrap h 2:T o pic

N otes

1 Read this l a n g u a g e b i o g r a p h y by a Bri t is h s t u d e n t a n d p u t t h e Paragrap h 3:T o pic

paragraphs in a l o g ic a l o r d e r. N otes

Paragraph 1 Paragraph 3
Paragraph 2 Paragraph 4

Q I still s t u d y F r e n c h n o w a t s e c o n d a r y s c h o o l . W e Paragrap h 4: T o pic

re a d b o o k s i n F r e n c h a n d t h e n w e t a l k a n d w r i t e N otes
about t h e m . We also study difficult points of
gram mar a n d w r i t e d o w n n e w w o r d s t h a t w e c o m e
across.

4 Use t h e n o t e s t o w r i t e y o u r l a n g u a g e b i o g r a p h y .

I starte d l e a r n i n g F r e n c h w h e n I w a s a t p r i m a r y
sc h o o l. I w a s s e v e n y e a r s o l d . I r e m e m b e r s i n g i n g
songs i n F r e n c h a n d p l a y i n g g a m e s . W e l e a r n t a l o t
of Fre nch w o r d s , l i k e c o l o u r s , a n i m a l s a n d c l o t h e s .

My n a m e is L u k e G a l l a g h e r a n d I ' m 1 7 y e a r s o l d .
I' m B r i t i s h a n d m y f i r s t l a n g u a g e i s E n g l i s h . A p a r t
fro m En glish, I c a n s p e a k F r e n c h a n d G e r m a n .

• A part f r o m d o i n g Fr e n c h at sc h o o l I also h a v e s o m e
contact w i t h Fr e n c h o u t s i d e t h e c l a s s r o o m b e c a u s e
I have a Fr e n c h e - p al. I s e n d h i m m e ss a g e s e v e r y
w e e k a n d n e x t s u m m e r I t h i n k I' m g o i n g t o v i s i t
h i m . He lives i n Bri t t a n y . I l i s t e n t o s o m e F r e n c h
si n g e rs t o o , a n d o c c a s i o n a l l y I w a t c h F r e n c h f i l m s
at the ci n e m a or o n DVD.
"
Unit 3

4 Fit a n d w e ll
ocab ulary
Parts of the body
1 C o m ple t e t h e p arts of t h e b o d y
1 th r
2 h.... n d
3 f.... n g... r
5 kn
Health problems and illnesses
2 Lo o k a t t h e p ic t u r e s a n d c o m p l e t e t h e s e n t e n c e s.
1 He's g o t a
3 He's g o t
Gram mar > Present perfect with ever, never, for, since, just, yet, already
• Present perfect and past simple
V oca b ulary • Parts of the body • Health problems and illnesses
• Compound nouns connected with health and medicine
Sp e a k i n g • Describing a scene
Wr i t i n g • Notes and messages
3 C o m p l e t e t h e cr o ss w o r d .
t
Across
1 Wh e n yo u eat t o o m u c h o f s o m e t h i n g , y o u o f t e n have this. >
2 This is an illness w h i c h can m a k e y o u very h o t or col d a n d
tir e d . It's c o m m o n in t h e win t er.
3 This is a very sm all livi n g t h i n g t h a t can e n ter yo ur b o d y an d
m a k e y o u ill.
4 Wh e n y o u r t h r o a t h urts, y o u have a t h ro a t |
D own
1 You have t h is w h e n y o u r b o d y is u n usu ally h o t, w h e n yo u
have a fever.
2 If y o u p ush air t h r o u g h y o u r t h r o a t, it makes a so u n d ,
esp ecially w h e n y o u have a c o l d .
3 Wh e n y o u r ear h urts, yo u have this.
hand. 2 She's g o t a 4 This is a very c o m m o n p r o b l e m in t h e win t er. It isn't as seriousf
as 2 across.
4 Lo o k a t t h e s e q u e s t i o n s a n d w r i t e t h e a n sw e rs.
1 Wh e n d o y o u n e e d an aspirin?
You need cm aspirin wh e n you \ c got q h e a d ach e.
2 Wh e n d o yo u n e e d t o g o t o t h e d e n tist?
4 She's g o t in her le g.
3 Wh e n d o y o u n e e d a tissu e or han d k erchief?
4 Wh e n d o y o u n e e d t o st o p e a ti n g for a sh ort ti m e?
K e a din g

I Read t his n e w s p a p e r a r t icl e a n d c h o o s e t h e b est t i t l e f o r i t .

1 The w o m a n w h o st o p p e d sp e a kin g 2 T h a t isn't m e , is it?' 3 Wh y acce nts are n o t i m p o r t a n t

L I N D A W a l k e r is a 6 0 - ye ar - ' M y sis t e r - i n - l a w says t h a t I

o l d w o m a n f r o m Newcastle.
Sh e h as r e c e n t l y h a d a s t r o k e .
A s t r o k e is a m e d i c a l p r o b l e m
where b l o o d su d d e nly ca n n ot
get t o th e b rain. O f t e n a stro k e
can sto p p eo ple f r o m sp ea kin g
o r f r o m m o v i n g . I n t h e case
o f L i n d a W a l k e r i t h as c a u s e d
something very u n usual.
Be f o r e , L i n d a s p o k e w i t h a
typical Newcastle acce n t.
T h a t 's n o r m a l b e c a u s e s h e h as
a l w a ys l i v e d i n N e w c a s t l e . B u t
n o w h e r a c c e n t is a m i x t u r e
o f Ja m a i c a n , It alia n and
Sl o v a k i a n .
I t a p p e a rs t h a t L i n d a h as
Foreig n Acce nt Sy n d r o m e .
Pa t i e n t s s p e a k d i f f e r e n t l y a f t e r
a p r o b l e m lik e a stro k e. T h e y
first discovere d t h is m e d ic a l
p r o b l e m i n 1 9 4 1 b u t i t is n o t
very c o m m o n . Li n d a hates
w h a t h as h a p p e n e d t o h e r
b e c a u s e s h e says s h e n o w
f e els l i k e a d i f f e r e n t p e r s o n .
s p e a k w i t h a n I t a l i a n a cc e n t .
T h e n m v b r o t h e r savs m v
a c c e n t is Sl o v a k i a n . I s p o k e
to h i m o n the p hone and he
said, "St o p p layin g w i t h m e.
Talk n or m ally." N o w so m eone
h as j u s t t o l d m e t h a t I s o u n d
Ja m a i c a n . I've n e v e r b e e n t o
Ja m a ic a . I d o n ' t k n o w h o w t o
e x p l a i n i t / s h e s a i d . 'E v e r y o n e
h e a rs m e d i f f e r e n t l y . A t first,
I h a d n o idea t h a t I h a d t his
proble m. T h e n my doctor
plaved a r e c o r d i n g o f m e
t a l k i n g . I c o u l d n ' t b e li e v e i t ! '
Li n d a said: T v e lost m y
identity because I never
t a l k e d l i k e t h i s b e f o r e . I' m a
v e r y d i f f e r e n t p e r s o n a n d i t's
s t r a n g e a n d I d o n ' t l i k e i t . ' Is
it p ossible f o r Li n d a Wal k e r t o
g o b a c k t o h e r o r i g i n a l a cc e n t?
I t i s n ' t g o i n g t o b e e asy b u t sh e
is h a v i n g l e ss o n s t o see i f o n e
day she ca n speak li k e t h e o l d
Li n d a.

2 Read t h e t e x t a g a i n a n d c o m p l e t e t h e s e n t e n c e s. 3 Fin d w o r d s i n t h e t e x t w h i c h h a v e si m il a r m e a n i n g s t o t h e s e
e x pla n atio ns.
1 A stroke is w h e n
1 t h e w ay t h a t p e o p l e f r o m an area p r o n o u n c e w o r d s
(paragraph 1)

patients can suffer fr o m Foreig n Acce n t Sy n d ro m e b u t it is

2 t w o or m ore t h i n g s m i x e d t o g e t h e r (paragraph 1)
not very c o m m o n .

3 Different p e o ple say t h a t Lin da speaks w i t h

3 w h e n y o u c o p y so m e b o d y's voice (e.g. o n a CD) (paragraph 2)

4 It's very u n usual t h a t Lin da speaks w i t h a Ja m aica n acce n t

4 first, t h e o n e t h a t e x iste d at t h e b e g i n n i n g (paragraph 3)
because

5 Linda t h a t she 4 W h a t a b o u t y o u?
was speaking d iff ere n tly at first.
1 D o y o u have an acce n t? If y o u d o have o n e , w h a t t y p e is it?
6 Linda co uld n't b elieve it w h e n

7 Linda isn't h a p py because she

2 Do y o u t h i n k acce nts are i m p o r t a n t? Why / Why n ot?

8 Linda is havin g lessons because she w a n ts

Unit 4 29
• Gr a m m a r in context

Present perfect with ever, never, for and since

1 C o m p l e t e t h e se n t e n ces w i t h t h e p r e s e n t p e r f e c t f o r m o f t h e 4 Q u esti o n : yo u r f ri e n d / w i n a c o m p e titi o n?

verbs g iv e n .

1 I (see) a l o t o f fil m s.
2 Sarah (d o) her h o m e w o r k . Here i t is. A nsw er:

3 Alfie a n d H olly (live) in Paris f o r t w o 5 Q u estio n: yo u / rid e a horse?

years.
4 We (b uy) a d o g .
5 Look! My d a d (p ain t) t his r o o m A nsw er:
g re e n . It loo ks gre at!
6 Q u estio n: yo ur English t e ach er / writ e a b oo k?
6 Sam (h ave) t h is w a t c h since he was 12.
7 She (read) t h a t b o o k .

2 M a t c h t h e r ules t o t h e s e n t e n c e s i n 1. Wr i t e a, b o r c. A nsw er:

a an e x p erie nce or e x p erie nces w h i c h h a p p e n e d at an 7 Q u esti o n : yo u / sin g in a co ncert?

u nsp ecifie d m o m e n t in t h e past
b a past a cti o n w h i c h has a result in t h e prese nt
a sit u a tio n t h a t st art e d in t h e past a n d c o n ti n u es t o t h e
prese nt A nsw er:
Se n te nce 1 a
5 C h o o s e t h e c o rr e c t a l t e r n a t i v e .
Se n te nce 2
1 I liye/haye lived in t h is house for t w o years.
Se n te nce 3
2 We have b e e n here for/since h alf past t h re e.
Se n te nce 4
3 Willia m hasn't seen his fri e n d for/since he left his sch o ol.
Se n te nce 5
4 H o w muchJime/lgng have yo u w a it e d t o see him?
Se n te nce 6
5 Lia m has b e e n t h e singer in t h e b a n d since threeyears/2009.
Se n te nce 7
6 My sister has/has had t h a t bik e since she was little.
3 C o m ple t e t his d ialo g u e w i t h t h e prese nt p erf ect. 7 I've love d t h a t g r o u p for/since t h e start o f t h e ir career.

S OPHIE: (a) y o u m e t any Russian p e o ple? 8 She's w a i t e d for t h is m o m e n t for nine months/January.

BET H A NY : Yes, I (b) 9 Have y o u ever/never b e e n t o Lo n d o n?

S O P H IE : Have y o u (c) Russian t o t h e m? 10 He has eyer/neyer m e t his A ustralia n co usin.

BE T H A N Y : No, I (d) I can't speak Russian very

w e ll. Grammar extension
S O P H IE : (e) Joe t o l d y o u t h a t he can speak
6 Re w rit e t h e se n t e n ces b y a d d i n g ever, never, for or since. Ma k e
Russian? sure y o u a d d t h e w o r d i n t h e c o rr e c t p lac e .
BET H A NY : No, he (f)

1 Have y o u b e e n here a l o n g ti m e?
4 Wr i t e q u e s t i o n s u si n g t h e p r e s e n t p e r f e c t a n d ever. T h e n
w r i t e y o u r o w n t r u e a n s w e rs t o t h e q u e s t i o n s . If t h e a n s w e r
is a f f i r m a t i v e , w r i t e a s h o r t a n sw e r. If t h e a n s w e r is n e g a t i v e , 2 She's w a n t e d t o be a d o ct o r she was seven.
w r i t e a c o m p l e t e s e n t e n c e w i t h never.
3 Have y o u m e t m y parents?
1 Q u estio n: y o u / cli m b a m o u n t ai n?
H ave you ever clim b e d a Mountain?
4 I've b e e n t o China b u t I'd like t o g o.
A nswer: Yes, I h a v e . / N o a m o u ntain.

2 Q u estio n: yo u r p are nts / visit t h e USA?

5 Have y o u w o r n a suit a n d tie?

6 She's b e e n a ble t o w al k t h e o p e r a ti o n .
A nsw er:

3 Q u estio n: you / spea k t o a f a m o u s person?

7 We've k n o w n each o t h e r ages.

I
8 H u m a ns have b e e n a ble t o live u n d e r w a t e r p er m a n e n tly.
A nswer:

Unit 4
L
Jeveloping voca b u lary

Compound nouns connected with health and medicine

1 Look at t h e p ic t u r e s a n d use t h e s e w o r d s t o say w h a t e ach o n e s h o w s.

aid attack ce n tre first food h e alt h h e art killers p ain p o is o n i n g roo m waitin g

f J

2 Write si m ple d e f i n i t i o n s f o r t h e c o m p o u n d n o u n s i n 1 . Use wh / ch, f h a f , w h ere, w h e n o r w h ose.

1 It's th e help ^ a n accid e nt. 4

Vocabulary extension: compound nouns based on parts of the body

I Match these w o r d s t o m a k e c o m p o u n d 4 C o m p l e t e t h e s e n t e n c e s w i t h t h e c o m p o u n d n o u n s i n 3.
nouns. You can use w o r d s m o r e t h a n
i once. Use y o u r d i c t i o n a r y if n ecessary. 1 He s w itc h e d o n t h e TV a n d sat d o w n in his f a v o u rit e
2 The d e t e ctiv e f o ll o w e d t h e b urglar's f r o m t h e k itch e n fl o o r u p
1 arm a bag
to the bedroom.
2 foot b band
3 He cuts p eo ple's hair. He's a
3 hair brush
4 hand 4 He's g o t l o n g hair so w h e n he d o es s p o rt he o f t e n w e ars a
d ch air
5 head e dresser 5 D e n tists r e c o m m e n d usin g an electric
[6 tooth f p ri n t 6 My m u m p u ts e v e ry t h i n g in her - keys, m o n ey, m o b il e p h o n e ...

[S Add parts of t h e b o d y i n 3 t o c o m p l e t e t h e s e c o m p o u n d n o u n s. Use y o u r d i c t i o n a r y if n ecessary.

I 1 ball or b all 3 writin g 5 ste p

2 teach er 4 ach e or ach e

Unit 4
i

• W ORD B O O STER
Cross-curricular - Science
Gray's Anatomy Match t h e wo r ds a n d d e f i n i t i o ns.

1 f ull a d iff ere n t

1 Read t h e t e x t . Wh a t is Grey's Anatomy a n d w h a t is Gray's Anatomyl
2 colle a g u e
1 Grey's Anatomy 3 p u b lic a ti o n
4 i n f ectio u s
2 Gray's Anatomy 5 vario us
6 still
b process o f p r o d u ci n g a b o o k
so m e o n e w h o w or k s w i t h yo u
d c o n t i n u i n g n o w, after a lo n g t i m e
e p assin g f r o m o n e p erso n t o a n o t h er
f co m plete

2 Re a d t h e t e x t a g a i n a n d c o m p l e t e t h e f a c t f i l e a b o u t
Grey's Anatomy o r Gray's Anatomy? H e n r y Gray.
F O R S O ME RE A S O N , h os p it al dra m as
are i n c r e d i b l y p o p u l a r w i t h T V vi e w e rs a l l N a m e : H e nry Gray
o v e r t h e w o r l d . O n e series w h i c h h as b e e n
Na ti o n a li ty: (a)
e s p e ci a lly p o p u l a r i n r e c e n t t i m e s is t h e
A m e r i c a n series Grey's Anatomy. M e r e d i t h B o r n : (b) i
G r e y is a y o u n g d o c t o r w h o w o r k s i n a b u s y D ied : ( ) f
h o s p i t a l . Sh e's a c e n t r a l c h a r a ct e r i n t h e C a u s e of d eat h: (d)
series a n d t h i s p a r t l y e x p l a i n s t h e t i t l e Grey's
F a m o u s wo r k : (e)
Anatomy. B u t t h e r e's a n o t h e r r e a s o n f o r t h e
t i t l e . It's s i m i l a r t o t h e t i t l e Gray's Anatomy. T y p e of book: (f)
B u t w h o w as t h i s G r a y , a n d w h a t e x a c t ly Il l u st r a t o r : (g)
w a s Gray's Anatomy?
YearcM'publicaU^ f

T h e f u l l n a m e o f Gray's Anatomy is i n f a c t
Henry Gray's Anatomy of the Human Body.
It's a h u m a n a n a t o m y t e x t b o o k w h i c h f irs t 3 A nswer t h e q u estio ns.
ap peared i n 1 8 5 8 a n d w h ic h p e o ple have
c o n si d e r e d a classic w o r k si n c e t h e n . I Wh a t is t h e o ri g i n o f Gray's Anatomyl

D r H e n r y G r a y w as B r i t i s h . H e w as b o r n i n
1 8 2 7 . In 1 8 5 5 he had the idea o f p r o d u ci n g
a n a n a t o m y t e x t b o o k f o r m e d ic a l st u d e n ts.
H e t al k e d a b o u t his idea t o a y o u n g
c o ll e a g u e . H e n r y V a n d y k e C a r t e r , w h o w a s
a n e x c e ll e n t a r t i s t . G r a y w r o t e t h e t e x t a n d 2 Wh a t are t h e reasons for t h e p o p u l a rit y o f Gray's Anatomyl
Carter d i d the illustra tio ns. T hey w o r k e d
together o n the b o o k for 1 8 m o n t h s, usin g
dead b o dies at the h os p it al f or t h eir w o r k .
Just t h r e e ye ars a f t e r i t s p u b l i c a t i o n , G r a y
d i e d . H e b e c a m e i l l w h i l e h e w as l o o k i n g
a f t e r a n e p h e w w h o h a d a n i n f e c t i o u s ill n e ss .
H e w as j u s t 3 4 ye ars o l d .
4 W h a t a b o u t youl
1 A W u mr of the A Gray's Anatomy q u ic k ly beca m e v e ry
p o p u l a r . T h i s w as f o r v a r i o u s r e a s o n s. T h e
1 Do y o u t h i n k it is d if fic u lt t o b eco m e a d oct or? Why / Why not?
t e x t s w e r e v e ry g o o d , b u t p e o p l e e s p e ci a lly
li k e d t h e ill u st r a ti o n s. T h ere were a l o t o f
t h e m i n t h e b o o k a n d th ey w ere o f a very
h i g h q u ality. A t t his t i m e , the m e dical
p r o f e s s i o n w as b e c o m i n g m o r e s e ri o u s
a n d s t u d e n t s n e e d e d t o k n o w m o r e t o p ass
t h e i r e x a m s a n d b e c o m e d o c t o r s . Gray's
Anatomy h e l p e d t h e m t o d o t h i s w i t h a l l t h e
infor m atio n it contained. 2 Wo u l d y o u lik e t o be a d oct or? Why / Why not?

Ea c h n e w v e r s i o n o f Gray's Anatomy h as
a d d e d t o t h e o r i g i n a l w i t h r e c e n t d isc o v e ri e s.
T h e b o o k a ls o e x ists n o w as a C D - R O M .
M e d ic a l stu d e nts a ll over t h e w o r l d still stu dy
Gray's Anatomy. G r a y d i e d m a n y ye ars a g o
b u t h is w o r k h as c o n t i n u e d t o t h i s d ay.

32 Un i t 4
 jrammar in context

Present perfect with just, yet and already Present perfect and past simple

1 Complete t h e t a b l e by t i c k i n g t h e c o r r e c t b o x es. 4 C o m p l e t e t h e se n t e n ces w i t h t h e p r e s e n t p e r f e c t o r t h e p ast

si m p le f o r m o f t h e verbs g iv e n .
Just Yet Already
1 Oliver (b e) at t his sch o ol for five years
1 We use it for very rece nt eve n ts. • • b u t he d o esn't lik e it here.

2 We use it for t h i n g s t h a t h ave n't 2 I (have) t h is j ac k e t for t w o years a n d I

happened, b u t w e t h i n k w ill h a p p e n • • • always w e ar it w h e n I g o o u t .
soon.
3 My fri e n d (g o) o n h oli d ay t o N ew York
3 We use it for s o m e t h i n g t h a t has
hap pened, p ossibly b efore w e e x p e ct e d .
• • • last year.

4 T hat t e a m (wi n) t h e le a g u e in 2 0 0 5.
4 We use it in a ffir m a tive sentences. • • • 5 She really e njoys re a din g . She (read)

5 We use it in n e g a tive sentences. • • • h u n d re d s o f b oo ks.

6 We use it in q u estio ns. • • • 6 My fri e n d (a p p ear) o n TV last su m m er.

7 y o u ever (eat)
7 It usually goes at t h e e n d o f t h e se n te nce. • • • 8
In dia n fo o d? Wo u l d y o u lik e t o g o t o an In dia n restaurant?
My p are nts (live) in o ur h o use for m ore
8 It usually g oes i m m e d i a t e ly
before t h e past p a rtici p l e .
• • • t h a n 15 years.

9 I , (b uy) a prese nt for y o u yesterday.

2 Write c o m p l e t e se n t e nces sa yi n g w h a t t h e p e o p l e h a v e just 10 We (fly) t o N e w Zealan d f o ur years a g o

done. a n d w e staye d t h e r e for a m o n t h .

1 She / have a shower.

Grammar extension
§к^к^./^^Ы4.^.^к?.шк.-.
5 Each s e n t e n c e c o n t a i n s a m is t a k e . Fin d t h e m is t a k e a n d
r e w r i t e t h e s e n t e n c e c o r r e c t l y . T h e n e x p l a i n t h e m is t a k e .
2 He / win a pri z e.

1 My f ri e n d h ave live d in t h is city all o f his life.

3 They /see a h orror f il m .

E x pla n a tio n
4 We / do o ur h o m e w o r k .

2 Have y o u visit e d Ro m e ever?

5 l / finish t his e x ercise.

3 C o m plete t h e se n t e nces w i t h t h e p r e s e n t p e r f e c t f o r m o f t h e E x pla n a tio n

verbs g i v e n . Put t h e w o r d s i n b o l d i n t h e c o r r e c t p lace i n t h e
sentences. 3 His p are nts have w o n t h e l o t t e ry in 2 0 0 6.

1 I (not finish) t his e x ercise. YET

/ haven'tfinished this exercise yet E x pla n a tio n

2 My sister (have) an accid e n t. JUST

4 We have d o n e t h e s h o p p i n g yet.

3 Holly a n d Jack (eat) l u n c h . ALREADY

E x pla n a tio n

4 My m u m (g et) back f r o m w o r k . JUST

5 I've j u s t seen m y co usin t e n h o urs a g o.

5 you (see) t h a t fil m? YET

E x pla n atio n

6 yo u (m e et) t h e n e w teacher? JUST

6 These are m y f a v o u rit e e arrin gs b ecause I h a d t h e m since I
was e i g h t .
7 t h e bus (go)? ALREADY

E x pla n atio n
8 We (n o t stu dy) for t h e e x a m . YET

Un i t 4
 Describing a scene

1 Lo o k at t h e p h o t o a n d re a d a d e s c r i p t i o n o f i t . Fin d t h r e e d i f f e r e n c e s b e t w e e n t h e d e s c r i p t i o n a n d t h e p h o t o a n d u n d e r l i n e t h e m .

T h e r e яге s i x p e o p l e I n t h e p i c t u r e a n d , er, t h e y ' r e t i t a

w a i t i n g room., i t ' s p r o b a b l y a w a i t i n g r o o m le v a H e a l t h
ce n tr e , i I m a g i n e It's t h e o r t h e afteriA,o oiA -
b eca use t h a t 's w h e n people u s u a l l y g o t o t h e d o c t o r's.
Er, t h e p e o p l e a r e p a t i e n t s , t h e y ' r e w a i t i n g t o s e e t h e
d o c t o r . T h e doctor I s a l s o I n t h e r o o m . T h e p a t i e n t s a r e
a l l l o o t e l n g a t h i m . T h e y l o o t e I I I or, y o u te n ow, h a v e
health proble ms. For exam ple, I t h l n t e one m a n h as g o t a
b a d col d , or m a y b e t h e f l u . I' m n o t s u r e b u t I t h l n t e t h e
b u s i n e s s w o m a n Has g o t a sore s h o u l d e r o r s o m e t h i n g
b e c a u s e s h e 's t o u c h i n g I t .
3 In t h e d e s c r i p t i o n i n 1, u n d e r l i n e a n y w o r d s or
e x p r e ssi o n s t h a t t h e s p e a k er uses as f ill e rs t o g iv e t h e m
tim e to think.
4 M a k e n o t e s o f t h i n g s t o say a b o u t t h is p h o t o . Use t h e
q u e s t i o n s i n 2 t o g e t id e as. D o n o t w r i t e c o m p l e t e
s e n t e n c e s.

T h e room, I s n ' t v e r y e x c i t i n g . T h e r e a r e , w e l l , t h r e e
p i c t u r e s o n t h e w a l l , i c a n a l s o see s o m e magazines.
I t h l n t e t h e y're p r o b a b ly g i v i n g I n f o r m a t i o n t o t h e
p a t i e n t s . I'v e b e e n I n a w a i t i n g r o o m lll - ee t h i s w h e n I'v e
b e e n l i t . i d o n ' t l l f e e w a i t i n g r o o m s because t h e y always
s e e m s a d a n d g r e y . The t h i n g I s , t h e p i c t u r e m a f e e s m e
t h l n f e a b o u t t i m e s w h e n I'v e b e e n I I I s o i d o n ' t r e a l l y
Llfee I t m u c h .

Read t h e d e s c r i p t i o n a g a i n a n d p u t t h e q u e s t i o n s i n t h e o r d e r t h a t
t h e sp e a k er a n sw e rs t h e m .

a Wh a t are t h e p e o p le d oi n g? 5 Practise d e s c r i b i n g t h e p h o t o i n 4 . H ere are s o m e id eas

b Wh e n is t h e scene t a k i n g place ( m o r n i n g , n i g h t , su m m er, o f h o w y o u ca n p r a c tis e .

win t er, etc)? 1 Find a p art n er a n d ta k e it in t u r ns t o d escrib e t h e

Wh a t d o y o u t h i n k a b o u t t h e picture? p h o t o . If necessary, h el p yo u r p art n er by asking
q u estio ns.
d Wh o is in t h e p ict u r e a n d w h e r e are t h ey? [T\
2 Record yo urself g ivi n g t h e d escri p tio n (e.g. w i t h a
e Wh a t t y p e o f p e o p le are t h ey?
m o b il e p h o n e or MP3 player). Listen t o yo urself w h e n
f Wh a t t h i n g s or o b jects are in t h e pict ure? yo u finish .
g Have y o u ever b e e n in a sit u a ti o n lik e t h e o n e in t h e pict ure? 3 Practise o n yo u r o w n . T hen d o t h e activity a g ain in
class.

Un it 4
developing w r i t i n g

Notes and messages

1 Read t h ese i n s t r u c t i o n s . T h e n l o o k a t t h e n o t e b e l o w . D o es t h e 4 Re w ri t e t h i s n o t e t o m a k e t h e st yl e a p p r o p r i a t e .

J II II II 11 1
4II 1) II U II1II I.
writer f o l l o w t h e i n s t r u c t i o n s? D o t h e y w r i t e t h e n o t e i n t h e
correct style?

It's your frien d's b ir t h d a y t o d ay. You have g o n e t o his h o use t o see
Dear Joe,
him b ut he isn't t h ere. Leave h i m a n o t e . In cl u d e t his i n f o r m a t i o n :
• wish h i m a h a p p y b ir t h d a y v/ould you please call me very t^uicKly because somebody
• ask hi m t o c o n t a ct y o u w h e n he g ets h o m e
has burgled our housel They have taKen the T V , the
• tell h i m t h a t yo u have s o m e t h i n g f or h i m
• arrange t o m e e t h i m . laptop, some money and other things. Please pay special

attention - do not tell Philip at the moment because I

111 DBS II I! m i l . H H do not v/ant him to v/оГГу. By the v/ay, I am not at

home. I am at the police station at Farm Street.

H are, 5am

C o*.cfa \ u \ a \ \ o*& \ Tody's - hke, biq Aai\, i s a 4

r'+? [b already. You re. ackkiwq old. L(S + t n

qivc лкс a ca\\ & . \\c bouqM up и a s-

/

I II II 1 1
.1 II II II II I 1
.1 1
.1 MHHH
Joe,
p r e s ^ n + (1 Wave** qo-t c*.ouqk M O A CU, -to buq
цои a biq preset - sorrql). i M \ikc -to qivc

цои tWc preset -todaq. When, caw I sec qou?

Lfc-r лкс «).

dfclUUj

PS d o s h saqs Uappq Ыг-tWdau, -tool

2 Look at t h e w o r d s i n b o l d i n t h e n o t e . E x p lai n w h y t h e y are

i m p orta n t i n n o t e s a n d m essa g es.

5 Re a d t h e s e i n s t r u c t i o n s a n d w r i t e a n o t e .
H are We usu ally b egin notes with just th e n a m e of the
You usu ally g o t o an En glish la n g u a g e aca d e m y w i t h yo ur
we are w n tin g to. fri e n d , Sarah. Today y o u ca n't g o . Leave Sarah a n o t e. Inclu d e t his
inform ation:
• t ell her w h y y o u ca n't g o (an illness? an accid e nt?)
C o A qra - tula - tio AS • ask her t o e x p lain t o t h e t e ach er
• t ell her t o call y o u q u ic k ly aft er t h e lesson t o t ell y o u w h a t
homework to do
• say t h a n k y o u a n d arra n g e t o m e e t so m e w h e r e so o n.

II II 11 II III II
S>araV\,
>. PS

3 What d o t h e s e a b b r e v i a t i o n s m e a n?

1 St _
2 t e l.

3 e tc.
4 PS
5 asap..
6 NB

Unit 4
f
Revisio n: Units 3 - 4
Grammar Vocabulary

1 D e ci d e if t h e w o r d s i n b o l d are c o r r e c t i n t h e s e s e n t e n c e s. 1 Wr i t e t h e c o u n t r y o r n a t i o n a l i t y .
If n o t , c o r r e c t t h e m .
Country Nationality
1 I h ave n't g o t many m o n e y.
(a) Polish
2 T here isn't so me brea d o n t h e t a b l e .
Brazil (b)
3 There's m uch ora n g e j u ic e in t h e fri d g e .
4 T here w ere a little p e o p l e at t h e p arty. (c) Swiss

5 I've g o t any p e ncils t h a t y o u can use. (d) Welsh

6 Are t h e r e a lot of p e o p l e in t h e shop? t h e N e t h erla n ds (e)
7 O nly a few p e o p le ca n w i n a N o b el Prize.
Q /5 p oints)
/ 7 p oints)
2 D e ci d e if t h e w o r d s i n b o l d are c o rr e c t i n t h e s e se n t e nces.
C o m p l e t e t h e se n t e n c es w i t h t h e c o r r e c t r e l a t iv e p r o n o u n :
If n o t , c o r r e c t t h e m .
who, that, which, whose, when o r where.
1 O h n o! I've d o ne a m ista k e.
He's t h e teach er... h e l p e d m e t o pass t h e e x a m .
2 Have y o u d o ne t h a t e x ercise?
That's t h e sch o ol . I w e n t w h e n I was five.
3 We n e e d t o revision b efore t h e test. 3
Do y o u r e m e m b e r t h e t i m e I fell i n t o t h e river?
4 Do y o u w a n t t o practise t his t o m o rr o w?
She's t h e girl f a t h e r is an actor.
( /4 p oints)
Have y o u read t h e essay I wro t e?
6 This is t h e e m ail ca m e yesterd ay. 3 M a k e t h e w o r d s n e g a t i v e b y a d d i n g p r e fi x e s.

/ 6 p oints) 1 p ossible 3 le gal

2 re g ular 4 correct
Wr i t e s e n t e n c e s i n t h e p r e s e n t p e r f e c t . Pu t t h e w o r d s i n b o l d
i n t h e c o r r e c t p la c e . С /4 p oints)
4 W h a t are t h e s e p a r ts o f t h e b o d y?
1 yo u / visit an art g allery? EVER

2 Willia m / ri d e a horse. NEVER

3 Joe a n d Ellie / co m e back f r o m t h e ir h olid ay. JUST

4 l/speak t o G e org e. ALREA DY

5 y o u / w rit e y o u r e m ail? YET

/5 p oints)

6 We / n ot b uy bre a d. YET 5 Pu t t h e l e t t e rs o f t h e w o r d s i n b o l d i n o r d e r t o f i n d w o r d s
connected w i t h health.

1 I ca n't sh o u t b ecause I've g o t a rose t h r o a t.

/6 p oints)

4 C o m p l e t e t h e s e n t e n c e s w i t h t h e p r e s e n t p e r f e c t o r t h e p ast 2 Please ta k e a seat in t h e ingtawi moor a n d t h e nurse will

si m ple f o r m o f t h e verbs g iv e n .
call y o u . _ _
1 (have) t h is c o m p u t e r f or t e n years n o w. 3 He h a d a s k iin g acci d e n t a n d he's g o t a krenbo ar m .
2 She (visit) A r g e n ti n a in 2 0 0 6.

3 My u ncle (live) in G er m a ny since 2 0 0 8. 4 Wh e n there's an accid e n t, it's g o o d t o k n o w trifs dia.

4 I (be) in t h e b ask et b all t e a m t w o years a g o.

5 I (b uy) all o f his CDs. I love his m usic. 5 Peo ple w h o s m o k e o f t e n have a b a d gochu.
6 He (f or g e t) t o d o his h o m e w o r k yesterd ay. 6 Lots o f p e o p le at sch o ol have ca u g h t a survi.

/ 6 p oints) 7 I ca n't g e t u p because I've g o t chackeab.

/ 7 p oints)
 Reading

|l Read t h e t e x t a b o u t a n A n c i e n t Gre e k c a ll e d H i p p o c r a t e s a n d
choose a, b o r t o c o m p l e t e t h e s e n t e n c e s.

There were m a n y A n c i e n t Gre e k s w h o s e w o r k h e l p e d t o

create th e m o d e r n w o r l d w e k n o w t o d a y . O n e o f t h ese was
. an e x tr a o r d i n a ry m a n c a ll e d H i p p o cr a t e s, w h o c h a n g e d t h e
world of m e d ici n e w i t h his ideas.

Hip p ocrates was a n extremely i n t e l l i g e n t m a n w h o is

famous for b e i n g t h e f a t h e r of medicine. People called h i m
the 'father of m e d i c i n e' b eca use he was t h e f i r s t p e r s o n t o
make m e d ici n e a serio us p r o f e ssi o n . Be f o r e H i p p o c r a t e s ,
people t h o u g h t t h a t s u p e r n a t u r a l , m y s t ic a l o r d i v i n e f a c t o rs
were resp o nsible f o r illnesses. H i p p o c r a t e s d i d n ' t b e li e v e
. in these s u p e rst i t i o u s id eas. H e w a t c h e d his p a t i e n t s v e r y
carefully a n d saw t h a t illnesses c o m e f r o m t h e t h i n g s t h a t w e
eat, the t hin gs a r o u n d us a n d o u r h a b i t s.

Hip p ocrat es was o n e o f t h e f irs t p e o p l e t o ask his p a t i e n t s O n e o f t h e m a n y e x t r a o r d i n a r y t h i n g s t h a t H i p p o cr a t e s d i d

questions a n d he w r o t e d o w n t h e i n f o r m a t i o n t o a n alyse i n his li f e was t o discover a n d use a n i n g r e d i e n t c a ll e d s a lici n . He

it later. W i t h t h i s o b s e r v a t i o n a n d i n f o r m a t i o n h e w o r k e d use d s a lici n t o c u r e headaches. La t e r p e o p l e forgot about t h is

out h ow t o l o o k a f t e r t h e p a t i e n t . We n o w k n o w t h a t he m e d i c i n e . B u t 2,200 ye ars l a t e r a G e r m a n sci e n t is t rediscovered

sometimes m a d e serio us m ist a k es i n his a n alysis, b u t i n salicin and i t became an i n g r e d i e n t i n t o d a y's t y p i c a l c u r e f o r

general his w a y o f w o r k i n g was r e v o l u t i o n a r y f o r t h e t i m e . h e a d ach es - a s p i r i n !

For e x a m p l e , H i p p o cr a t e s b e l i e v e d t h a t doctors needed O n e f i n a l p o i n t a b o u t H i p p o c r a t e s - h e was cl e a rly a good

to be serious, p r o f e ssi o n a l a n d , v e r y i m p o r t a n t l y , t o be cl e a n . d o c t o r because he h i m s e l f l i v e d u n t i l he was v e r y o l d . So m e

He t o l d his s t u d e n t d o c t o r s t o w a s h t h e i r h a n d s a l l t h e t i m e , p e o p l e say he was 8 3 w h e n h e d i e d , so m e say h e was 9 0 a n d

and his p a tie n ts w e r e alw ays cl e a n t o o . o t h e r s say t h a t he was 1 00 years o l d !

Before Hip p ocrates p e o p le d i d n't Writing

a w a n t t o be d oct o rs.
b look for n at ural e x pla n a tio ns for illnesses. Wr i t e a p a r a g r a p h a b o u t y o u r En g lis h - l e a r n i n g e x p e ri e n c e s
like d oct ors b ecause t h e y w e r e su p erstitio us. t h is year. Use t h e s e q u e s t i o n s f o r id e as a b o u t w h a t t o w r i t e .

For Hip p ocra t es,. was i m p o r t a n t t o h el p his • Wh a t have y o u st u d i e d so far?

patients,
• Wh a t activities d o y o u lik e t h e m ost?
a analysis
b good food • Wh a t are y o u r str o n g p oi n ts in English?
ti m e • H o w c o u l d y o u i m p r o v e o n any w e a k p oints?

3 Hippocrates
a wasn't always ri g h t in his analysis.
b did n't o f t e n wash his han ds.
had a lo t o f e n e m ies b ecause o f his ideas.

4 Hippocrates t a u g h t so m e p e o p l e h o w t o
a wash correctly.
b b eco m e d oct o rs,
make mista k es.

5 We k n o w t h a t
a Hip p ocrates cre ate d aspirin 2,200 years a g o.
b a Germ an scie ntist discovere d H i p p o cr a t e s'i n str u cti o n s
for h o w t o m a k e aspirin,
Hip p ocrates k n e w an i n g r e d i e n t t o st o p hea d aches.

/ 5 p oints) ( / 10 p oints)

/ 15 p oints
v
— — ] / - ~
 Grammar • Comparatives and superlatives • Less... than and (not) as\
#
• Too ami (not) enough

5 TV w o r l d
Vocabulary • TV programmes • Adjectives describing TV programmes
• Adjectives ending in -ing - ed
Speaking • Negotiating
Writing • A descriptions and opinions

oca b u la ry
TV programmes

1 Fin d e i g h t t y p e s of TV p r o g r a m m e i n t h e w o r d se arch . T h e n w r i t e t h e m u n d e r t h e
c o rr e c t p ic t u r e s. T h e r e are t h r e e t y p e s o f p r o g r a m m e t h a t d o n o t h ave a p i c t u r e .

t d a w q z t r e a g i 1 f

h f d 0 u m e n t a r h h

e e V p a X s d f m r t a

n r e 0 r m a b 0 b e p e d t

e s r t t 0 i t n s w q s

w 1 t r 0 d r a m a h x 1 n h

s n d a 0 g u 1 P e 0 s u g 0

f i 1 m n h s h 0 w w d t h w

2 Read t h e se n t e n ces. To c o m p l e t e t h e m , a d d v o w e ls Adjectives describing TV programmes

to t h e s e w o r d s a n d t h e n w r i t e t h e m i n t h e c o r r e c t
gap. 3 Put t h e l e t t e rs i n o r d e r t o m a k e a d j e c t iv e s d e s c r i b i n g TV p r o g r a m m e s .

ch_nn Is _ f f r m t.... cryas fr o m vi n e tia gin m ov n uyf n ri n g b o rolp u p a w u lf a

s_r s t _ r n pr.... gr.... m m . . .

1
1 ABC, CBS a n d Fox are A m erica n TV
2

2 The Sim psons a n d CSI are p o p u la r A m e rica n TV 3

3 Wh e n y o u d o n't w a n t t o w a t c h t h e TV, switc h i t

4 Wr i t e a n e x a m p l e o f a TV p r o g r a m m e or f i l m t o d e scri b e e ach o f t h e
a d j e c t iv e s i n 3.
4 Wh e n p e o p le are b o r e d , t h e y o f t e n
1 funny - The Simpsons
t h e TV o n .
2
5 I d o n't w a n t t o w a t c h t his p r o g r a m m e b u t I d o n't 3
w a n t t o g e t u p. Pass m e t h e c o n t r o l.
4

6 C hat sh ows are m y f a v o u rit e t y p e o f 5

Un it 5
Reading

1 Write t w o o r t h r e e se n t e nces w i t h y o u r o p i n i o n a b o u t a d v e r t s 3 A re t h e s e se n t e n ces t r u e (T) o r f alse (F)?

1
on TV. You ca n use t h e s e a d j e c t iv e s: f u n n y , i n t e r e s t i n g , u s e f u l ,
1 Today A m erica n dra m as co nsist o f a r o u n d 4 0 m i n u t es
b orin g.
o f p r o g r a m m e a n d 20 m i n u t e s o f a dverts.
/ thin k a dverts a r e 2 O n t h e ABC ch a n n el dra m as n o w have six p arts.
3 A fter t e n m i n u t es, vie w ers o f t e n c h a n g e ch a n n els.
4 It's d if fic u lt for g a m e sh ows t o have fr e q u e n t breaks.
5 TV dra m a writ e rs lik e h avin g lots o f diff ere n t
sectio ns in a p r o g r a m m e .
6 So m e sh ows use e x citi n g m usic t o g e t p eo ple's
2 Read the text. Is it generally positive or negative about a t t e n t i o n after t h e a dverts.
adverts?
4 M a t c h t h e q u e s t i o n s w i t h t h e a n s w e rs.

A d v e r t s t u r n T V v i e w e r s o f f 1 Why d o dra m a p r o g ra m m es have m o r e sectio ns

n o w t h a n before?
Recently fans of top soaps, dramas and reality shows i n
2 Why d o t h e y w a i t t e n m i n u t e s b efore t h e first break?
the USA have started to get angry about the number
3 Wh y is it m ore d if fic u lt for dra m as t h a n for
and frequency of the adverts i n the middle of the
g a m e sh ows?
programmes. Sometimes it seems that the adverts are
4 Why d o dra m as n e e d fast m usic?
more important than the programmes themselves.
For example, American dramas aren't as long as they a Because it isn't easy w r i t i n g a slow, n o n - viole n t st ory
were in the past. Nowadays i n the US, an 'hour-long' w i t h a l o t o f d iff e r e n t, s h o rt sectio ns,
drama lasts about 40 minutes (in the 1980s they lasted b Because aft er t h e a dverts t h e y n e e d t o m a k e p e o p le
48 minutes). The rest is adverts. Or, i n other words, for pay a t t e n t i o n ,
every two minutes of programme there's one minute of Because t h a t w a y t h e r e are m ore a dverts,
adverts. d Because t h e y k n o w t h a t w h e n p e o p l e have w a t c h e d
The ABC channel had slightly more adverts than t h e start o f t h e p r o g r a m m e t h e y c o n t i n u e w a t c h i n g .
other channels. But recently they've changed ... and
what they do now is even worse than before! Before, 5 Fin d w o r d s i n t h e t e x t w h i c h h a v e si m il a r m e a n i n g s t o t h e s e
all their dramas had four sections. But now ABC tells w o r d s or e x p la n a tio ns.
producers to separate each programme into six sections.
Usually the first section is approximately ten minutes 1 p e o p l e w h o lik e s o m e t h i n g a l o t (paragraph 1)
long. Then they have the first break. When people 2 t h e b est, m ost p o p u la r (paragraph 1)
have watched a programme for ten minutes, it's much 3 sh ort rest (paragraph 2)
less probable that they w i l l stop watching or change
4 very d r a m a tic, t o o d r a m a tic or e m o t i o n a l (paragraph 3)
channels. But then, i n the next 45 minutes, there are
four more commercial breaks. Each break is about three
and a half minutes long. 5 stro n g or b i g e ff ect (paragraph 3)
All of this makes it much more difficult for writers
of dramas to write good stories. Quiet scenes make no 6 W h a t a b o u t y o u?
impact because there are more and more adverts and
Is a d v e rtisi n g in y o u r c o u n t r y t h e sa m e as in t h e USA? Do y o u
the adverts are longer and longer. 'It's OK for game
t h i n k t h e r e are m o r e a dverts n o w t h a n before?
shows or more exciting adventure series,' says American
TV producer David E. Kelley. 'But for programmes that
don't depend on violence or melodramatic scenes, it's
more difficult to make a story with six sections than to
make one with four. The only thing you can do is be more
aggressive, either with the music or the visual impact,
just to attract people's attention after the adverts.'

Unit 5
Comparatives and superlatives

1 C o m p l e t e t h e t a b l e b y p u t t i n g t h e s e a d j e c t iv e s i n t h e c o rr e c t p lac e a n d t h e n w r i t i n g t h e c o m p a r a t i v e a n d s u p e rl a t iv e f o r m s .

b o ri n g b rillia n t co ol easy far fi t good scary s m alt thin

Adjective Rule Com parative Superlative

(a) small
o n e - s y l l a b l e a d j e c t i v e s , a d d - e r o r -est sma Her th, e sma//est

o n e - sylla ble a d jectives w h i c h e n d in o n e v o w e l +

(b)
o n e c o n s o n a n t , d o u b l e t h e last c o n s o n a n t a n d a d d
- e r o r -est

t w o - s y l l a b l e a d j e c t i v e s e n d i n g i n -y, o m i t -y a n d
a d d - /'eror -iest

(d) a d j e c t i v e s w i t h t w o s y l l a b l e s o r m o r e , u s e more +
t h e a d j e c t i v e o r the most + t h e a d j e c t i v e

(e)
ir r e g u l a r a d j e c t iv e s w i t h n o set rules

2 C o m p l e t e t h e s e s e n t e n c e s w i t h t h e c o m p a r a t i v e or s u p e r l a t i v e f o r m o f t h e a d j e c t iv e s g i v e n .

1 This year is (h o t) t h a n last year. Salad is (g o o d) for y o u t h a n ch ocolate.

2 She's t h e (b e a u tif u l) girl in t h e w o r l d . She's t h e (i n t elli g e n t) p erso n I k n o w.
3 Lo n d o n is (far) f r o m M osc o w t h a n Berlin. I t h i n k it's (d ifficult) t o w ri t e in C hinese
4 T h at was t h e (b a d) d ay o f m y life! t h a n in En glish.

3 Lo o k a t t h i s i n f o r m a t i o n a b o u t Ja k e, Et h a n a n d Rya n a n d t h e n Re w rit e t h e se n t e n ces u si n g c o m p a r a t iv e s a n d s u p e rl a tiv e s.

c o m p l e t e t h e s e n t e n c e s u si n g t h e c o m p a r a t i v e or s u p e r l a t i v e M a k e sure t h e m e a n i n g stays t h e sa m e.
f o r m o f t h e a d j e c t iv e s g i v e n .
1 No b o y is t aller t h a n Ja m ie in t his class.
Ja m ie is the tallest hoy in this class
2 A bik e is li g h t e r t h a n a m o t o r b i k e .
A m o t o r b i k e is
3 Becky is ol d er t h a n e v e ry b o d y in t his class e x ce p t M a t t h e w.
M a t t h e w is
4 No o n e in t h e 2 0 c e n t u ry was m o r e i n t e lli g e n t t h a n Einstein.
th

Einstein was

5 My b e d r o o m is b i g g er t h a n m y broth er's b e d r o o m .
My b ro t h er's b e d r o o m is
6 I t h i n k a Pe u g e o t 507 is g o o d b u t a Ferrari is very g o o d .
I t h i n k a Ferrari is
Jake Ethan

Name Tall Talkative Go o d at sp ort Grammar extension

Ja k e *** * *
5 T h e r e is a w o r d m issi n g i n e a c h s e n t e n c e . Wr i t e a n a p p r o p r i a t e
Et h a n * ***
w o r d i n t h e c o rr e c t p lac e .

Ry a n ** ** ***
1 Form ula 1 racin g is m ore d a n g ero us playin g f o o t b all.
2 Everest is t h a n any o t h e r m o u n t a i n in t h e w o r l d .
1 Ethan is shorter than (sh ort) Jake.
3 T he Nile is t h e river in t h e w o r l d .
2 Jake (tall) Ryan. 4 Giraffes are taller ele p h a n ts.
3 Jake (t all). 5 M o t o r b i k es are d a n g ero us t h a n cars.
4 Ethan (talk ative) Ryan. 6 Jasmin e is t h e best s w i m m e r t h e class.
5 Ryan . (g o o d at s p ort) Jake. 7 This is m ost e x citi n g fil m I've ever seen.
6 Ryan (g o o d at s p o r t). 8 Si m o n is y o u n g e r Mich a el.

Un i t 5
Adjectives ending in -ing and -ed

1 How are t h e p e o p l e f e e li n g? M a t c h t h e s e w o r d s t o t h e 2 C o m p l e t e t h e se n t e n ces a b o u t t h e p e o p l e in t h e p ic t u r e s i n 1.

pict ures. Use t h e -ed a n d t h e -ing f o r m o f t h e a d j e c t i v e .

b ore d co n f use d d is a p p o i n t e d e m b arrasse d 1 T he st u d e n t is disa p p ointe d because her

fri g h t e n e d in t erest e d rela x ed surprise d tir e d e x a m m ark is disa p p ointin g

2 He b ecause t h e
progra m m e

3 She b ecause t h e g h ost

I no -
tr ai n

4 He b ecause he t h i n k s
m a t hs

5 T h ey b ecause t h e
1 disa p p ointe d m usic

6 She b ecause t h e
sit u a ti o n
7 He b ecause t h e
class

8 She b ecause t h e n ews in t h e

letter

9 He because t h e race

Vocabulary extension

3 M a t c h t h e s e -ing a d j e c t iv e s w i t h t h e i r sy n o n y m s or
e x p l a n a t i o n s . Use y o u r d i c t i o n a r y if n ecessary.

1 d e pressin g a very t iri n g

2 d is g u sti n g
3 e x h a ustin g
4 w orryin g
5 t e rrifyi n g
6 a m a z in g
b h o rri b le , very bad
very sad
d very g o o d or surprisin g
e m a k i n g yo u u n h a p p y because yo u
t h i n k o f p r o b le m s or b a d t h i n g s
f very f ri g h t e n i n g

Wr i t e t h e - e d f o r m o f t h e a d j e c t iv e s i n 3. C h eck y o u r a nsw ers

i n y o u r d i c t i o n a r y if n ecessary.

4
5

C o m p l e t e t h e se n te nces w i t h -ing or -ed a d j ectives in 3 a n d 4 .

1 Yuck! I t h i n k e a ti n g insects is

2 I h ave n't sle p t for t w o ni g h ts. I'm

3 This p r o g r a m m e is very It's all a b o u t

t h e t e rri b l e p r o b l e m s in t h e w o r l d .

4 She hasn't st u d i e d . N o w she's t h i n k i n g a b o u t her e x ams a n d

she's very about the m.

5 Wo w! Look u p t h e r e! It's t h e
Sp i d er m a n!

6 I'm really afraid o f h i g h places so t h e idea o f g o i n g u p t h a t

m o u n t a i n is for m e.

Un i t 5
 Th e Robin Hoo d
Wh il e he was servin g in t h e Em peror's army, Janosik m e t a

C
priso n er calle d Tomas Uh orcik. Uh orcik was t h e leader of a
Cross-curricular - Literature g a n g o f o u tla ws. O n e d ay Uh orcik esca p e d f r o m priso n and
Juraj Janosik Janosik j o i n e d his g r o u p . Later Janosik b eca m e t h e ca p tain
o f t h e g r o u p . T h ey live d i n t h e forest a n d t o o k m o n ey fro m
1 Read t h e t e x t a n d m a t c h t h e t i t l e s
aristocrats, m erch a n ts a n d travellers a n d g ave it t o t h e
t o t h e c o r r e c t p a r a g r a p h s.
p o or. T hey d i d n o t kill any o f t h eir victi m s a n d so m e ti m es
1 In t h e forest a l e g e n d is b o r n t h e y eve n h e l p e d t h e m if t h e y w e r e ill.
2 The le g e n d c o n ti n u e s
3 T he y o u n g soldier
n 1713 soldiers c a p t u r e d Janosik. T he le g e n d says t h a t in a p u b a
4 A Slovak h ero
e k ed o l d w o m a n t h r e w peas o n t h e flo or t o m ake h i m fall a n d
5 A tra g ic e n d
h elp t h e soldiers t o catch hi m . T h ey p u t h i m in priso n a n d t h e n kille d
h i m He h a d an early a n d vi o l e n t d e a t h , b u t his le g e n d has survive d
Peo ple so m e ti m es call Juraj Janosik t h e Slovak Ro bin a n d he is a very i m p o r t a n t p erso n in Slovak f ol k hist ory to d ay.
H o o d . He has b e e n t h e t o p ic o f m a n y Slova k a n d Polish
le g e n ds, fil m s, T V p r o g r a m m es, p ai n ti n g s, b o o ks a n d
p o e ms. 'He t o o k fr o m t h e rich a n d g ave t o t h e p o o r'a r e JanosTk's l e g e n d was already g e t t i n g b i g g e r in t h e early 1 8 th

t h e f a m o us w o r d s w h i c h p e o p l e associate w i t h h i m . ce n t u ry, m ai n ly b ecause p e o p l e co nsid ere d h i m a sy m b ol o f

resistance. Pe o ple n e e d e d a h ero, esp ecially o n e w h o t o o k fro m
t h e rich a n d g ave t o t h e p oor. In t h e e n d , t h e stories m a d e h i m
(b)
i n vi n ci b le , p r o t e ct e d f r o m b ulle ts. T he tales o f Janosik a n d his
Slova kia. At t h e a g e of 1 8, h e * M M F fri e n d , Uh orcik, have e v e ry t h i n g t h a t m akes a gre at le g e n d : love,
now i n . , 1 Ferenc.T hese t r o o p s lost
a d v e n t u r e a n d t h e f i g h t f or j ustice.
7

3 Lo o k a t t h i s sce n e f r o m t h e l e g e n d o f Ju raj Ja n osi k . Wi t h

i n f o r m a t i o n f r o m t h e t e x t , w r i t e a b o u t w h o t h e p e o p l e are
• W ORD B O O STER a n d w h a t is h a p p e n i n g .

1 Match t h e wo r d s a n d d e f i n i t i o ns.

I 1 tr o o p s a an o l d st ory t h a t was p ossibly t r u e at

• 2 m e rc h a n t first b u t t h e n b eco m es ficti o n a l
1 3 ca p t u re b g ro u p s o f soldiers

1
1 4 le g e n d ta k e s o m e b o d y priso n er
d p erso n t h a t b uys a n d sells t h i n g s

2 A nswer t h e q u estio ns.

jura ] jiWSt t e
± where was he from.?

2 How '"did he" becon* the «rptfti* of я 9»>«P °f

owttaws?

How w h e ^ did he die?

4 W h a t a b o u t youl

D escrib e a f ol k h ero or le g e n d f r o m yo ur co u n try.

<f W h y did he become я Legend?

42 Un i t 5
 m m ar in co nte x t

Less... than, ( not) as... as

1 Read t h e se n t e nces a n d p u t t h e c o rr e c t s y m b o l ( > f o r more 5 Re w ri t e t h e a n sw e rs u si n g too or not... enough i n t h e c o rr e ct

than or < f o r less than ) a f t e r e a c h o n e . p lac e i n t h e s e n t e n c e .

1 Wo o d is less h eavy t h a n m e t al. < 1 Why d o n't y o u g o t o sch o ol n o w?

2 TV is m ore p o p ular t h a n t h e cin e m a. Because it's early. -*
3 Europe isn't as h o t as Africa.
4 Learnin g Japanese is hard er t h a n le ar nin g En glish.
Because it's too, earn.
5 Eating ch ocola t e is n o t as h e alt h y as e a ti n g fr u it. 2 Why ca n't y o u carry t h a t b i g bag?
Because it's heavy. - *
2 C o m p are t h e t w o t h i n g s u si n g t h e a d j e c t i v e a n d less... than
an d ( not) as... as.
3 Why isn't she a professio nal pianist?
1 Italy - * big Russia.
Because she isn't g o o d . - »

2 Hamsters - » d a n g ero us - » snakes.

4 Why ca n't y o u rid e a m o t o r b i k e?
Because I'm 15 - I'm n o t o l d . - >

3 The River T ha m es - > l o n g - » t h e A m a z o n .

5 Why can't y o u finish re a din g t h a t b oo k?

4 A kilo o f g o l d - > h eavy - > a kilo o f rice. Because it's g o t 8 0 0 pages - it's l o n g .

5 C h ocolate - » e x p e nsive - » caviar. 6 Why d o n't p e o p l e s w i m in t h e Arctic Ocean?

Because t h e w a t e r isn't w a r m . - »

7 Why can't y o u g o t o N e w Zealan d?

Too and frofl ^ Because t h e f li g h t is e x p e nsive. -*

3 C o m p l e t e t h e se n t e nces w i t h t h e c o rr e c t w o r d s .
8 Why isn't he in t h e sch o ol f o o t b a ll t e a m?
1 He's 5 0. He's o l d t o be a professio n al f o o t b a ll
Because he isn't fit. - >
player.

2 Wh e n you're 15, yo u aren't o l d t o d rive.

3 I can't b u y t h a t co m p u t e r. It's £600 a n d I've o n ly g o t £450. It's

Grammar extension
too

4 She plays t h e g u it ar really w e ll. She's enough 6 Pu t t h e w o r d s i n o r d e r t o m a k e se n t e n c es. T h e n w r i t e t r u e (T)

o r f alse (F) a f t e r e a c h o n e .
t o b eco m e a professio nal m usicia n.

5 Those shoes are size 10 a n d yo u r f e e t are size 8. T he shoes are 1 I not vote old am enou g h to.

too for y o u .
2 Bicycles e x p e nsive are m o t o r b i k e s t h a n less.
4 Re writ e t h e se n t e nces u si n g too or not... enough.

1 He's t o o y o u n g t o v o t e . 3 T he in le o p ar d fastest w o r l d t h e is t h e a n i m al.

He
4 as ti g ers D ol p h i n s d a n g ero us are as.
2 I'm n o t rich e n o u g h t o b u y t h a t .
I
5 I t o t o o t o sch o ol o l d a m g o .
3 Me g a n isn't t all e n o u g h t o close t h e t o p w i n d o w .
Megan
6 i m p o r t a n t in Latin la n g u a g e t h e t h e n o w w o r l d is m ost.

4 Her car is t o o slo w t o w i n t h e race.

Her car _
7 h i g h K2 n o t as as Everest is.
5 That d o c u m e n t a ry is t o o b o ri n g t o w a t c h t w ic e .
That d o c u m e n t a ry 8 h o t p olar t h e Sahara It bears for is t o o in live t o .

Unit 5
 Negotiating Describing photos

1 C h o ose t h e c o rr e c t a l t e r n a t i v e . 5 Lo o k at t h e p h o t o a n d a n sw e r t h e q u e s t i o n s. If y o u are n o t
sure o f s o m e t h i n g , use I think a n d / o r I imagine.
1 How about 1 / 1 / . 3
n
' m a
* t h e cin e m a?
2 Shall w e tggg/gg/gging o u t t his a ft e r n o o n?
3 Why d o n't w e tgj.ee/see/seeing t h a t?
4 Let's tggg/gg/gging for a w al k in t h e park.

2 Pu t se n t e n ces 1 - 4 i n 1 i n t h e c o r r e c t p lac e i n t h e d i a l o g u e .

BOY: (a)
GIRL: OK. Wh ere c o u l d w e go?
BOY: (b)
GIRL: H m m . I'm n o t sure. I'm a b i t tir e d o f w a l k i n g .
BOY: Yeah, w e w al k e d a lo t t his m o r n i n g , d i d n't we?
(0
G IR L : That's a g o o d id ea. Wh at's on?
BOY: There's a n e w c o m e d y a b o u t Ro bin H o o d .
(d)
GIRL: No, I prefer a d ra m a.
BOY: OK. H o w a b o u t t h a t n e w f il m w i t h C h arli z e T h ero n?
GIRL: Great! I love C h arli z e T h e r o n!

3 a Rea d t h e d i a l o g u e a g a i n . Fin d d i f f e r e n t w a ys o f r e s p o n d i n g t o
su g g estio ns a n d w rit e t h e m in t h e t a b le.

Yes No Maybe

OK.

3 b C o m p l e t e t h e t a b l e w i t h a n y o t h e r p hrases y o u k n o w .

4 Wri t e a d i a l o g u e u si n g t h e c h a r t b e l o w .

Nick: Cathy:
Su g g est d o i n g s o m e t h i n g
tonight.
Say yes. But w h a t?

I
1
2

4Г

I
Su g g est g o i n g t o t h e cin e m a.
Say n o. N o t h i n g g o o d o n
3
at t h e m o m e n t .

Su g g est e a ti n g o u t .
5
Say yes. Wh a t t y p e o f
restaurant?
6
Su g g est Italia n.

il
7

Say n o. Prefer C hinese.

8
Say yes t o C hinese.
9

Un i t 5
' Developing writing

A description of a TV programme A r e t h e s e s t a t e m e n t s s a yi n g g o o d t h i n g s o r b a d t h i n g s a b o u t
a d v e r ts?
1 Read t h is e m a il f r o m a b o y c a ll e d A d a m . M a t c h t h e
1 A dverts ca n b e f u n n y. Qood
correct t i t l e w i t h t h e p a r a g r a p h s i n his e m a i l .
2 A dverts can b e st ere o ty p ical.
Paragraph 1
3 A dverts can b e i n f o r m a tiv e .
Paragraph 2
Paragraph 3 4 A dverts i n t e rr u p t p r o g r a m m e s yo u w a n t t o w a t c h .
5 A dverts ca n s h o w lots o f cre ativity.
1 General n e ws
2 His o p i n i o n a b o u t w a t c h i n g t o o m u c h t ele visio n 6 A d verts give y o u t i m e t o g e t s o m e t h i n g t o eat or d rin k .
3 A d escri p tio n o f his f av o u rit e p r o g r a m m e 7 A d verts ca n b e very e x p e nsive.
4 A d escri p tio n o f a rece nt p r o g r a m m e he h a t e d 8 A d verts ca n b e b o ri n g .
5 Reason for w r i t i n g
9 A dverts are re p e ate d t o o o f t e n .
6 His su g g estio n f or m a k i n g TV b e t t er
7 His g e n eral o p i n i o n o f T V at t h e m o m e n t 10 A dverts can m a k e y o u t h i n k .
8 The g o o d a n d b a d t h i n g s a b o u t a dverts
I Wr i t e a n e m a i l t o a f r i e n d u si n g t h i s p a r a g r a p h p l a n . Use
e x p r e ssi o n s o f o p i n i o n a n d g i v e re aso ns f o r y o u r o p i n i o n s .

Get Mail Wr i t e C ontacts Re p ly Forward

w
Delete
A
Pri n t
Paragrap h 1: Reason f or w r i t i n g - y o u saw an a d ve rt last n i g h t
t h a t was really g o o d / b a d
Paragrap h 2: T he g o o d t h i n g s a b o u t a dverts
Hi Li z ,
Paragrap h 3: T he b a d t h i n g s a b o u t a dverts
1 H o w a r e t h i n g s ? I' m w r i t i n g a b o u t t h a t n e w s e r i e s w h i c h
w a s o n T V l a s t n i g h t . D i d y o u see i t ? I s a w t h e a d v e r t s
f o r i t a l l w e e k a n d i t l o o k e d r e a l l y c o o l so I d e c i d e d t o
watch it . Bu t I was really d isa p p o i n t e d! G e t M a il Wr i t e C ontacts Re p ly Forward Delete Pri n t

2 Pe r s o n a l l y , I d o n ' t l i k e s o a p s b u t t h e a d v e r t s s a i d
t h a t t h i s o n e w a s d i f f e r e n t . I t w a s n ' t ! A s f a r a s I' m
c o n c e r n e d , i t w a s as b o r i n g as e v e r y o t h e r s o a p I'v e
seen.The act o rs w ere a w f u l a n d t h e s t o ry j u st w a s n't
interesting. A n d an oth er thin g - they sto p p e d f o r a dverts
every fiv e o r si x m i n u t e s .

3 I n m y o p i n i o n , t e l e v i s i o n i n g e n e r a l is g e t t i n g w o r s e a n d
w o r s e . I t h i n k t h e n e w s e r i e s a r e n ' t as g o o d o r o r i g i n a l
as t h e o l d o n e s . T h e o n l y t h i n g I w a t c h a r e o l d f i l m s .
Bu t a 9 0 - m i n u t e f i l m t a k es t w o h o u rs because of all t h e
a d v e r t s ! Is i t j u s t m e o r is t h a t r e a l l y a n n o y i n g ?
Le t m e k n o w w h a t y o u t h i n k .
Adam

2 Read t h e e m a il a g a i n a n d u n d e r l i n e a n y e x p r e ssi o n s o f
o p i n i o n y o u ca n f i n d .

3 Find A d a m's o p i n i o n o f t h e p r o g r a m m e h e saw last n i g h t a n d

his o p i n i o n o f TV i n g e n e r a l . W h a t re aso ns d o es h e g iv e t o
e x p lai n his o p i n i o n?

1 He jiked/didnXljke t h e p r o g r a m m e he saw last n i g h t b ecause

2 He !i.k^does_n'iljkeTv in g e n eral n o w b ecause

Unit 5 45
 Grammar • Be going to, will, may, might • Zero conditional and first conditi

Vocabulary • Geograp hical features • The environment • Different uses of;

Speaking • Making arran gements

Writing • A formal letter

• Vocabulary

Geographical features The environment

1 C o m plete t h e crossword. 3 C o m p l e t e these w o r d s a n d t h e n m a tc h t h e m t o t h e correct

pictures.

I r g h t fI d g I.... b .. I w r m n g
gr n h s f f.. t .... z.... n.... t r
r
.... I.... s.... v w .... t.... r w... s t . w t r

Across

1 a l o n g li n e o f v e r y b i g hills
3 an area w i t h a l o t o f tre es
5 a n area w i t h a l o t o f s a n d , b u t n o t m a n y p l a n t s a n d a l m o s t n o
water

Down

2 s i m i l a r t o 3 a c r o ss, b u t h e r e i t r a i n s a l o t
4 a n ar e a n e x t t o t h e sea w i t h s a n d , w h e r e s o m e p e o p l e g o t o
s p e n d t h e ir h olid ays
6 a b i g , c o l d ar e a t h a t c o v e r s t h e l a n d a n d se a a r o u n d t h e N o r t h
a n d S o u t h Po l e
7 a t r o p ic a l area w i t h a l o t o f p l a n t s, tre es, a n i m a ls a n d insects

2 U s e t h e w o r d s i n 1 t o w r i t e a b o u t w h a t t h e r e is o r i s n ' t i n y o u r
country.

Unit 6
.Re a d i n g

Re a d t h i s p a g e f r o m a w e b s i t e a b o u t r a i n f o r e s t s a n d w r i t e a g o o d t i t l e f o r e a c h s e c t i o n .

. He Edit V i ew History Tools W i ndow He l p

FOUR T H I N G S K I DS C A N D O T O SAVF T H E R A I N F O R F C T

Most paper c o me s f rom trees, so if you use less paper , you' l l he l p to save the
rainforests. Don ' t forget to use recycled paper wheneve r possible, or bet ter
still, use tree-free paper . A s you can see f rom the n a m e , tree-free paper
doesn' t c o m e f rom trees, it's m a d e f rom other types of plants. If you wan t
to buy this type of paper , m a k e sure you l ook closely at the packet . If paper
really is recycled or tree-free, it wi l l say so some whe r e on the packet .
Another s i mp l e w a y of saving paper that m a n y of us forget to d o is by
writing on bo th sides of the sheet . Meanwh i l e , there are other types of paper
that w e can save too . Paper t issues or paper towe l s are no good at all for the
env i ronment . Try not to use t hem . If you do use t hem , on l y use one at a t i me .
A s w e all know , petrol and plastic are t w o things that c o m e f rom pet ro l eum , |
or oi l . A lot of oil c o m e s f rom the rainforests through a process cal led
extract ion. This has a very adverse ef fect on the rainforests, so using fewer |
oil produc ts can he l p save t hem . Just think tw i ce before asking your parents
to use petrol to dr ive you some whe r e in the car . R i de your bike, wa l k or take
the bus wheneve r possible.
Save plastic by choos i ng glass bott les and by reusing the plastic conta iners
and bot t les that you al ready have . If you have a plastic water bott le, don' t
t h r ow it away and buy a n e w one . W a s h it and use it again and again.

One big reason rainforests are d i sappear i ng is mea t , or beef to be mo r e
I specific. Big compan i es dest roy mi l l ions of acres of rainforest and then
cover it wi th grass for cows . T h e mea t f rom the c ows goes to m a k e fast-
I food burgers, for examp l e . W h a t you m a y no t k n o w is that to m a k e just one
I burger, they dest roy an area simi lar to a smal l ki tchen. Th i nk abou t it - that 's
just for one burger !
Rainforests are the mos t amaz i ng places you can i mag i ne , and they' re
i mpor tan t to every l iving thing on ear th. Perhaps you think they' re t oo
far away to m a k e any di f ference to you and your life. But , whe t he r w e live
in the city, count ry , moun t a i ns or deser t , rainforests affect all of us. Learn
m o r e abou t the rainforests and w h y they are so vital . Keep check i ng ou t
our webs i te to get mo r e i nformat i on, or go to a l ibrary for books on the
rainforest . Tel l your fr iends and fami ly wha t you have learned and get t hem
to join you in he lp ing save the rainforests.

2 L o o k a t t h e s e p i c t u r e s . M a t c h t h e m t o t h e c o r r e c t s e c t i o n (1 - 4 ) Section
in 1 a n d w r i t e a n e x p l a n a t i o n o f w h y t h e y a p p e a r i n t h e t e x t .

Section 2
It's better to .useglass bottles because
ршШ.УоШ<№ are made frompetroleum.
Extracting petroleum can be bad, for
the rainforest. So we should use plastic
bottles again andамии, we shouldn't Section
just throw (hew away.

Section

3 Find w o r d s in t h e t e x t w h ic h h ave similar m e a nin gs t o these

words or e x planations.

f- Section 1 a t a n y o r e v e r y t i m e {Section 1)

2 w i t h n o t r e e s {Section 1)

3 a s e ri e s o f a c t i o n s {Section 2)

4 p u t i t i n t h e b i n {Section 2)
5 m e a t f r o m a c o w {Section 3)

6 v e r y i m p o r t a n t , e s s e n t i a l {Section 4)

Section 4 What about you . 1

W o u l d y o u li k e t o v i s i t a r a i n f o r e s t o n e d a y? W h y / W h y n o t?

1
Be going to and will 2 C hoose t h e correct alternative.

1 A : T h e p h o n e is r i n g i n g . : I 'm going tg/'ll get i t .

1 C o m p le t e t h e sentences a n d rules w i t h t h e correct f o r m
2 A : D o y o u w a n t t o c o m e t o a p a r t y o n Sa t u r d a y?
o f be going to o r will.
: I c a n 't . M y f a m i l y a n d I are going tg/will g o t o L o n d o n f o r
the weekend.
3 H o w o l d areyoiigghjgjG / ^ iyou b e o n y o u r n e x t b ir t h d a y?
4 L o o k . He's p u t t i n g h is c o a t o n . H e 's.gging[to/yyill g o o u t .
5 A : It's c o l d i n h e r e . : O K. I M.ggingjg/li close t h e w i n d o w .

Will, may, might

3 M a tc h t h ese sy m b o ls w i t h t h e sentences.

a *$ t$ *rf=
: :
Yes, c e r t a i n ,
Ru l e : W e u s e t o m a k e p re dictio ns based o n so m e
sort o f evid e nce. b * ^ = Yes, m o r e o r less c e r t a i n ,
I c a n 't d o t h i s
* ^ = M a y b e y e s, m a y b e n o .

d = N o , m o r e o r less c e r t a i n ,
D o n't w o rry,
e ^ \ 7 ? = No,certain.

help yo u! 1 Pe r h a p s i t'l l r a i n .
2 It d e f i n i t e l y w o n ' t r a i n .
3 It m a y r a i n .
4 It's p o s s i b l e t h a t i t'l l r a i n .
Ru l e : W e u s e for d ecisio ns t h a t w e t a k e a t t h e 5 It m i g h t r a i n .
m o m e n t of speaking. 6 It'l l p r o b a b l y r a i n .
7 It p r o b a b l y w o n ' t r a i n .
8 It'll d e f i n i t e l y r a i n .

4 Pu t t h e w o r d s in o r d e r t o m a k e sentences. T h e n give a n
a p p ro x i m a t e p ercentag e of certainty for each one.

1 t e a m t h e w i n o u r Pe r h a p s c o m p e t i t i o n w i l l .

2 t o n i g h t w o n ' t It p r o b a b l y c o l d b e

Ru l e : W e u s e . t o talk a b o u t an o bjective tru t h.

3 will finish m y h o m e w o r k so o n I d efinitely.

N e x t w e e k I.
4 o u t t o m o r r o w Sh e w o n ' t d e f i n i t e l y g o .
• J see m y f a v o u r i t e g r o u p in c o n c e r t ,
- I've a l r e a d y g o t m y t i c k e t .
5 d o t h e They w e e k m ay e x a m ne x t.

%
6 t h is M y p r o b a b l y call b r o t h e r w i l l a f t e r n o o n .

Ru l e : W e u s e t o talk a b o u t f u t u r e plans o r
intentions. Grammar extension

[W e t h i n k t h a t t h e e c o n o m y 5 M a k e p r e d i c t i o n s a b o u t y o u r l i f e w h e n y o u a r e 3 5 . Us e t h e
w o r d given.

get better soon.

1 may
2 .probably
3 ... perhaps
4 .... possible
5 . definitely
6 won't
Ru l e : W e u s e t o m ak e a general pre dictio n, ofte n
a f t e r v e r b s li k e think o r hope. 7 might
 'D evelo pin g v o c a b u l a r y

Different uses of get

1 Lo o k a t t h e s e p o s s i b l e m e a n i n g s f o r get. R e w r i t e t h e
s e n t e n c e s b y o m i t t i n g get o r get to a n d u s i n g t h e c o r r e c t
form of these words.

a r riv e (a t) become bring obtain / buy receive

1 W h e n d o y o u g e t a n g r y?
И/ do you become ?

2 H o w m a n y e m ails d o y o u g e t a w e e k?

3 W h a t t i m e d o y o u u s u a l l y g e t t o s c h o o l?

4 D o y o u g e t p r e s e n t s f o r y o u r p a r e n t s w h e n it's t h e i r b i r t h d a y ?

5 A re y o u g o i n g t o g e t s o m e t h i n g t o e a t o r d r i n k o n t h e w a y

h o m e a f t e r s c h o o l? 2 W r i t e y o u r o w n t r u e a n s w e r s t o t h e q u e s t i o n s i n 1 . Us e get i n
y o u r a nsw er a n d w r i t e c o m p l e t e sentences.

6 D oes y o u r b e d r o o m g e t h o t in t h e s u m m e r? 1

7 W h a t t i m e d o y o u u s u a l l y g e t h o m e a f t e r s c h o o l?
3

4
8 D o y o u g e t t i r e d o f w a t c h i n g T V?
5

9 W h a t d i d y o u g e t f o r y o u r last b i r t h d a y ? 6

10 D i d y o u g e t a n y l e t t e r s i n t h e p o s t l a st w e e k ?
8

9
11 Ple ase g e t m e t h e p e n t h a t 's o n t h e t a b l e .
10

Vocabulary extension: some phrasal verbs with get

3 M a t c h t h e p h r a s a l v e r b s w i t h t h e i r m e a n i n g s . Us e y o u r d i c t i o n a r y i f n e c e s s a r y .

1 I g e t u p a t s e v e n o'c l o c k e v e r y d a y . a return

2 I g e t b a c k f r o m s c h o o l a t f i v e o'cl o c k . b 5 p n d time together

e

3 I got o ut of t h e m e etin g just before lunch.

leave
4 I'm g e t t i n g b e h i n d w i t h m y p r o j e c t . I've o n l y d o n e
h alf o f it a n d I n e e d t o g iv e it in t o m o r r o w . d g et o u t o f b e d after sle e pin g

5 Why d o n't w e g e t t o g e t h e r at t h e w e e k e n d? e d o s o m e t h i n g sl o w e r o r later t h a n n ecessary

4 Wr i t e y o u r o w n t r u e a n s w e r s t o t h e s e q u e s t i o n s .

1 Wh a t t i m e d o y o u usu ally g e t u p in t h e w e e k? 4 W h a t t i m e d o y o u g e t o u t o f y o u r h o use o n a sch o ol m o r n i n g?

2 Wh a t t i m e d o y o u usu ally g e t u p at t h e w e e k e n d? 5 H o w ofte n d o you get to g eth er w i t h your grandparents and your
u n c l e s a n d a u n t s?

3 Wh a t t i m e d o y o u usu ally g e t b ac k if y o u g o o u t w i t h f ri e n d s
o n F ri d a y o r Sa t u r d a y n i g h t ? 6 H o w o f t e n d o y o u g e t b e h i n d w i t h sc h o o lw o r k or h o m e w o r k?

Unit 6
I
 An Australian novel
2 R e a d t h e e x t r a c t a g a i n . A r e t h e s e s t a t e m e n t s t r u e ( T ) o r f a l s e (F)?
Cross-curricular - Literature
After Summer by Nick Earls 1 T h i s s u m m e r h o l i d a y is d i f f e r e n t f r o m o t h e r s u m m e r h o l i d a y s
b e c a u s e t h e b o y has j u s t f i n is h e d sc h o o l.

I NS I DE I NFORMAT I ON
Nick Earls is a popular Austral ian wri ter. H e has wr i tten
books for teenagers and for adul ts.
After Summer was Earls'first novel and it w o n a numbe r of
prizes. It is abou t a boy w h o is on his s u m m e r hol idays.The
extract be l ow is f rom the start of the nove l . The narrator is
the teenage boy .
In Austral ia the original title was After January because the
s u m m e r hol idays in Austral ia beg i n in Decembe r and end
in January.
2 T h e b o y is w a i t i n g f o r s o m e n e w s w h i c h w i l l m a k e a d i f f e r e n c e t o h is
f u t u r e life.
3 T h e b o y is n't h a v i n g a g o o d t i m e b e c a u s e h e's t h i n k i n g s o m u c h
a b o u t t h e 2CP J a n u a r y .
4 T h e b o y w i l l g e t h i s r e s u l t s l e t t e r b e f o r e h e se es t h e n e w s p a p e r .
5 T h e b o y prefers s w i m m i n g in t h e m o r n i n g .
6 T h e b o y fi n d s it rela x in g t o e n t e r t h e c o l d w a t er.
7 T h e b o y a l w a ys lo o k s f or t h e p lac e w h e r e t h e w a v e s are t h e b est.

8 Today t h e b oy waits for o n e very b ig w ave before he gets o u t.

1 Re a d t h e e x t r a c t . H o w d o e s t h e w r i t e r f e e l?

3 Choose a g o o d title for t h e extract a n d e x plain why.

1 very h a p p y 3 nervous
2 e x cite d 4 bored
Title

Ex planation
WORD BOOSTER
Match the wor ds a n d definitions.
4 W h a t a b o u t youl
1 waves killin g s o m e b o d y f or d o i n g a
crim e 1 D o y o u li k e b e a c h h o l i d a y s? W h y / W h y n o t ?
2 e x ecution
lin es o f w a t e r t h a t g o u p a n d
3 turn d o w n i n t h e se a
4 reflecting shinin g back
2 H a v e y o u e v e r b e e n n e r v o u s w a i t i n g f o r e x a m r e s u l t s? W h e n ? W h a t
5 m o v e 1 8 0° f o r e x a m p l e
sh owers h a p p e n e d?
place w h e r e yo u wash w i t h w a t e

This begins in January, at Newspaper House. I ' l l go down from the coast and
and January is OK. I'll meet the others and we'll buy a paper and then we'll
Sometimes it's as if the all know. A n d if the newspaper says I did it, I still won't
bright days of summer believe it until I get the letter.
will last forever. I need to stop thinking of this like an execution. I need
But the end of January to stop thinking and enjoy myself.
is the end of the known Whatever the weather is like I go to the beach early
world. It's been easy because I'm in the habit of it. It's the best time. I swim and
till now, relatively. I've the first cold wave always comes as a shock.
had a new school year I swim in the sea right in front of the house. Even if
each January, but not there are better waves to the north or south, I usually swim
| this year. here. These waves are mine.
This January I'm This morning the waves aren't great but they're OK,
I waiting for my offer, coming in unspectacular threes and fours with long spaces
waiting for the message between.
that will tell me what happens next. Waiting. There are people out now, jogging, walking dogs, a girl
A n d the waiting is everywhere, in the waves and winds, in the surf. I see her when I turn and she's on a wave, lifting
in the familiar lights and sounds of the coastal summer, herself to a standing position on her board. And the sun is
in the sun rising over the sea and going down through an behind her, reflecting off the water so I don't see her well.
orange sky into the Glasshouse Mountains. One more wave and I'll go in. I always want to wait for
The twentieth of January. Seventeen days from today. one last great wave but I know it won't come today. So I
On the twentieth of January it comes out in the paper and take the next one and go off to the showers. This is all part
I'll be there with the others from school around midnight of my routine.

5 0 Unit 6
'G ra m m ar in c o n t e x t

Zero conditional

1 Match t h e h alves o f t h e se n t e nces. 5 Writ e c o m p l e t e se n te nces w i t h t h e first c o n d i t i o n a l usin g t h e

words given.
1 If y o u l e a v e a c a n o f c o l a i n a f r e e z e r ,
2 If y o u r u n as f a s t as y o u c a n , 1 If / h e / h a v e a p r o b l e m / h e / s p e a k t o t h e t e a c h e r .
3 If y o u w r i t e t o o q u i c k l y ,
4 tf y o u r e a d t h e n e w s p a p e r e v e r y d a y ,
2 l/ go t o t h e d oct or / if / m y h a n d h u rt t o m o rr o w .
5 If y o u l o o k r e g u l a r l y a t y o u r v o c a b u l a r y list ,
6 If y o u w o r k o n a c o m p u t e r a ll d a y ,
7 If y o u w a n t t o b e a p r o f e s s i o n a l m u s i c i a n ,
3 H e / n o t b e h a p p y / if / h e / m iss t h e b us.

a y o u k n o w w h a t's h a p p e n i n g in t h e w o r l d .
b it's a g o o d i d e a t o s t a r t p l a y i n g w h e n y o u 'r e y o u n g .
4 If / m y sist e r / g o t o m u si c l e ss o n s / m y m u m / b u y h er a g u it a r.
yo u r eyes s o m e t i m e s h u rt.
d y o u o f t e n m a k e m ista k es.
e y o u r e m e m b e r w o r d s m o r e e a sily.
f it e x p l o d e s.
5 If / y o u / s e e t h e f i l m t o m o r r o w / y o u / k n o w h o w t h e s t o r y e n d s .
g you g e t tire d very q uickly.

f 6 T he t e ach er / give m e a b a d m ark / if / I / n ot give her m y h o m e w o r k .

7 Y o u / n o t se e m e / i f / y o u / c o m e l a t e .

8 If / y o u / n o t s w i t c h o f f y o u r m o b i l e p h o n e / p e o p l e / g e t a n g ry.

9 T h e p ic n ic / b e a disaster / if / t h e w e a t h e r / b e b a d .

2 Lo o k a t t h e s e n t e n c e s i n 1 a n d c h o o s e t h e c o r r e c t a l t e r n a t i v e . 10 If / w e / n o t g o t o t h e s h o p s / w e / n o t h ave e n o u g h f o o d .

1 W e use t h e z e r o c o n d i t i o n a l t o t a l k a b o u t a specific, unique

sjtogtion / spmething that is generally true.
2 W e u s e t h e p r e s e n t s i m p l e i n Qne„hgjffoth_hajy(x of the
sentence.
Grammar extension
First conditional 6 C o m p l e t e t h e se n te nces in a lo g ical w a y w i t h t h e first
conditional.
3 Choose t h e correct alt ern a tive.
1 If i t r a i n s , _ _
1
If I like / will like t h e i r n e x t C D , I buy / will buy, i t .
2 j yo u w o n't
2 Sh e doesn't / won't c o m e t o n i g h t i f y o u dgnf / won't i n v i t e h er.
p a ss y o u r e x a m s .
3 If o u r c a r doesn't / won't w o r k t o m o r r o w , m y d a d tgkes / willtgke
it t o t h e g a r a g e . 3 j I'll g i v e

4 If y o u need / will need h e l p n e x t w e e k , I cgme / wjjhcome. yo u a present.

5 T h e p o l i c e arrest / will arrest h i m t o m o r r o w i f t h e y find / will find 4 If m y p a r e n t s g i v e m e e n o u g h m o n e y ,

evid e nce.

6 If y o u play / will play t h a t s o n g a g a i n , I gg / wil.[go m a d . 5 If I d o n ' t s p e a k E n g l i s h ,

7 If s h e doesn't / won't p l a y i n t h e n e x t m a t c h , h e r t e a m loses / will 6 If t h e p l a n e i s n't l a t e ,
lose.
7 ., p e r h a p s s h e'll w i n

4 Loo k at t h e se n t e nces in 3 a n d c h o o s e t h e c o rr e c t a l t e r n a t i v e . the competition.

8 If t h e s h o p is o p e n ,
1 W e use t h e f i r s t c o n d i t i o n a l t o t a l k a b o u t possible / impossible
sit u atio ns a n d t h e ir co nse q u e n ces. 9 ,

1
2 W e u s e t h e present simple / will i n t h e h a l f o f t h e s e n t e n c e w i t h I'll c r y .

if. 10 If t h a t n o i s e d o e s n ' t s t o p ,
^ „ , ^_

Unit 6 I
 evelo pin g speai
Weekend plans Describing photos

1 Re a d t h is d i a l o g u e a n d c o m p l e t e t h e i n f o r m a t i o n b e l o w it . 4 L o o k a t t h e p h o t o a n d a n s w e r t h e q u e s t i o n s . If y o u a r e n o t
s u r e o f s o m e t h i n g , u s e / think a n d / o r / imagine.
KATIE: Hi, La ure n.

LAUREN: Hi, Katie.

KATIE: Li s t e n . A r e y o u (a) t o anythin g t o m orro w?

LAUREN: N o t r e a lly. W h a t (b) yo u?

KATIE: D o y o u (c) c o m i n g s h o p p i n g w i t h m e?

LAUREN: Su r e . W h a t t i m e (d) w e m e e t?

KATIE: (e) a b o u t h alf p ast t e n?

LAUREN: Fi n e . W h y (f) w e m e e t at t h e b us st o p n e x t

t o m y h o u s e?

KATIE: O K, b u t w h e r e s h a l l w e m e e t i f i t r a i n s?

LAUREN: C o m e straight t o m y house.

KATIE: G o o d i d e a . I'll r i n g A m y t o o a n d s e e i f s h e w a n t s t o

come.

LAUREN: (g) Se e y o u t o m o r r o w .

KATIE: Se e y o u .

: Katie, Lauren andpossibly

(1) are going to
go ( 2 ) tomorrow. They're

going to meet at (3)

at (4) But if it rains,

''iey'll meet at ("'

2 Re a d t h e d i a l o g u e a g a i n a n d c o m p l e t e it w i t h t h e s e w o r d s .

about d o n't fancy Great How sh all up

3 C o m p l e t e t h e list w i t h p h rases f r o m t h e d i a l o g u e . T h e n t h i n k
of o n e m ore phrase for each bo x.

Asking a b out so meb o dy's plans

b Do you

Arranging to meet

Responding to plans and arra n gem ents

Unit 6
t Developing w ri t i n g

A letter to a newspaper

1 C o m plete t h e t a b l e by p u t t i n g t h e lin k ers in t h e co rr ect place. 4 Pl a n a l e t t e r t o t h e n e w s p a p e r a b o u t t h e i d e a f o r a n e w

air p o rt. M a k e n o t es in t h e b o x es. D o n o t w r i t e c o m p l e t e
sentences.
F i n a lly F irs t ly F u rt her m ore However
N evert h eless Next W h a t 's m o r e
Pa r a g r a p h 1: Express your opinion andexplain your main reason
for it
Sequence Addition Contrast

Pa r a g r a p h 2: Give an additional reason for your opinion.

2 Re a d t h i s n e w s p a p e r e d i t o r i a l . W h a t r e a s o n s d o e s t h e e d i t o r
give f o r n o t w a n t i n g a n e w a i r p o r t?

Pa r a g r a p h 3: Finish with one final reason for your opinion.

5 W r i t e y o u r l e t t e r h e r e . Use t h e l i n k e r s i n 1 .

The Editor writes ...

• L e t's m a k e i t cl e a r r i g h t f r o m t h e s t a r t . T h e government
wants to b u il d a n e w air p ort here i n the city b u t this
newspaper is totally against the idea. D o esn't the
government realise that another airport means more
planes, and more planes mean more pollution? That
m eans air p o l l u t i o n a n d n oise p o ll u t i o n . A n d w h a t a b o u t
the p e o p l e w h o liv e i n th e area w h e r e t h e y w a n t t o b u i l d
this n e w air p o rt? H o w w i l l t h e y liv e w i t h all t his p o l l u t i o n
f r o m t h e s k y? A n d h o w w i l l t h e y l i v e w i t h a ll t h e r o a d
t r a f f ic t h a t t h i s a i r p o r t w i l l b r i n g t o t h e ar e a? A new
I a ir p o r t? We say NO.

3 C o m p l e t e t h ese se n te nces in a lo g ical w ay, n o t n ecessarily

giving your o w n o p i n io n .

1 I a g r e e w i t h w h a t t h e e d i t o r says. Firstly,

. Ne x t,

2 I t h i n k a ir p o r t s are i m p o r t a n t . H o w e v e r,

3 A i r p o r t s c r e a t e a l o t o f a ir p o l l u t i o n . F u r t h e r m o r e , .

Unit 6
Revision: Units 5 - 6
Grammar Vocabulary

1 Choose t h e correct alternative. 1 C o m p l e t e t h e ty p es o f p r o g r a m m e w i t h t h e m issin g vowels.

1 G r e e c e is hotter / more hotter t h a n Br i t a i n i n t h e s u m m e r . 1 g m sh w 4 .... d v . . . r t

2 I t h i n k Sa m is t h i n n e r thanAhat Ja k e . 2 rt n 5 c h ...t sh....w
3 Sh e's t h e b e s t p l a y e r of / in t h e t e a m .
3 d . _ .... m .... n t . . . . r y 6 d r.... m ...
4 T h a t's t h e sjllyest / silliest t h i n g I've e v e r s e e n .
5 G r e g is t h e more / most i n t e l l i g e n t p e r s o n I k n o w . ( / 6 po i n t s )
6 D o y o u t h i n k r a i n y w e a t h e r is more bad / worse t h a n s u n n y
2 Ma tch th ese adjectives w i t h t h e e x pla n atio ns. T h ere are m ore
w e a t h e r? *
/6 po i n t s ) adjectives t h a n e x pla n atio ns.

2 Rewrite t h e sentences usin g t h e w o r d s in b o l d . M a k e sure t h e

m e a n i n g stays t h e s a m e . cCO,
onfused co nfusin g cool funny interested
i n t e rr e s t i n g rela xing sc a ry surprise d surprisin g
1 L o v e is m o r e i m p o r t a n t t h a n m o n e y .

Money LESS
1 It's w h e n s o m e t h i n g m a k e s y o u l a u g h .
2 I t h i n k t h a t b i o l o g y is e a si e r t h a n m a t h s .
It's h o w y o u f e e l w h e n s o m e t h i n g h a p p e n s b u t y o u d i d n ' t
I think that maths AS
k n o w it was g o i n g t o h a p p e n.
3 W e a r e n 't o l d e n o u g h t o s e e t h a t f i l m .
It's w h e n s o m e t h i n g m a k e s y o u w a n t t o k n o w m o r e .
W e 'r e TOO

4 It's t o o c o l d t o s w i m i n t h e se a t o d a y .
4 It's w h e n s o m e t h i n g m a k e s y o u f e e l f r i g h t e n e d .
It's ENOUGH
5 It's h o w y o u f e e l w h e n y o u d o n ' t u n d e r s t a n d s o m e t h i n g o r a
5 H e r sis t e r is v e r y i n t e l l i g e n t a n d sh e's v e r y i n t e l l i g e n t .
situatio n.
Sh e's AS
6 It's w h e n s o m e t h i n g is r e a lly g o o d .
6 H e is t o o s l o w t o w i n t h e r a c e .
/ 6 po i n t s )
He FAST
3 Pu t t h e le t t e rs i n o r d e r t o f i n d d i f f e r e n t g e o g r a p h ic a l features.
/ 6 po i n t s )
1 leungj 3 trsofe
3 C hoose t h e correct alternative.
2 tesdre 4 m in t o a n u grean
1 I d o n ' t r e a l l y k n o w b u t Jo e may / will w i n t h e c o m p e t i t i o n .
( / 4 po i n t s )
2 It ШрХИ9!°.9Му/РШ^.ЯШ.Ш01 r a
i n
tomorrow.
3 T h e y say i t is snowing / is going to snow n e x t C h r i s t m a s . 4 M a tc h these w o r d s w i t h t h e e x pla n atio ns. There are m ore
4 T h e e f f e c t s will definitely / definitely will b e t e r n b l e . w ords t h a n e x planations.
5 N o b o d y is c e r t a i n , b u t h u m a n s will / might t r a v e l t o M a r s
around 2050.
drought flood global w ar m in g gre e n h o use effect
6 A : S o m e o n e 's a t t h e d o o r ! B: O K, 11l/'m going to g o .
o z o n e layer recycle sa v e waste
( / 6 po i n t s )

4 C o m p l e t e t h e se nte nces w i t h t h e first o r z ero c o n d i t i o n a l f o r m 1 w h e n i t r a i n s a l o t a n d r iv e r s g e t t o o b i g

of th e verbs given. 2 w h e n y o u save o l d t h i n g s t o use t h e m at erials a g ain

1 If s h e ( g o ) t o L o n d o n , s h e'll b e a b l e t o s e e t h e 3 w h e n y o u use t h i n g s i n a n u n n ecessary w a y

L o n d o n Eye. 4 t h e t hin g w h ic h protects t h e earth fr o m t h e sun

2 Sh e w o n ' t sa y a n y t h i n g if y o u (t e l l) h e r a s e c r e t . 5 w h e n i t d o e s n ' t r a i n a n d t h e r e is n o w a t e r

3 If y o u p u t s n o w i n y o u r h a n d , y o u r h a n d (g e t) 6 w h e n y o u s t o p u si n g s o m e t h i n g or use very little

cold. ( / 6 po i n t s )
4 If w e h a v e t h e c h a n c e , w e (t r a v e l) a l l a r o u n d
5 F i n d a s y n o n y m f o r get i n t h e s e s e n t e n c e s .
Europe n e x t su m m er.
1 I'll get y o u r b a g .
5 If y o u l o o k d i r e c t l y a t t h e s u n , i t (b e) b a d f o r
2 C a n y o u get m e t h e n e w s p a p e r w h e n y o u g o t o t h e s h o p s?
y o u r eyes.

6 Sh e il a (d o) w e ll i n t o m o r r o w's e x a m if sh e
3 Sh e u s u a l l y gets h o m e e a r l y .
(t h i n k) caref ully. ( / 7 po i n t s )
/ 3 po i n t s )

/ 25 po i n t s
0
Reading

1 R e a d a b o u t a c a m e r a m a n c a l l e d M a t t H o w a r d a n d c h o o s e a, b o r t o c o m p l e t e t h e sentences.

M
a t t H o w a r d is a c a m e r a m a n who H D camera, it looks m u c h worse than for t h e people w a tchin g.'

w orks o n nature docu mentaries. w i t h a n o l d c a m e r a . It's t r u e t h a t t h e n e w A n d t h e scariest e x p e r i e n c e h e's ever

H e h as f i l m e d all over t h e w o r l d , c a m e r a s a r e n 't as h e a v y as t h e o l d o n e s.' h a d? 'W e w e r e m a k i n g a T V p r o g r a m m e

in j u n g l e s, r ai n f o r e sts a n d d eserts. H e r e But sometimes Matt carries 3 5 kilos, a b o u t p o l a r bears i n t h e A r c t i c ic e ca p .

he t e lls u s a b o u t h i s j o b . cli m b s u p a m o u n t a i n , a n d tries t o f i l m We w ere n't filmin g at t h e ti m e, w e were

at t h e sa m e t i m e! sleeping. Su d d e nly I heard t h e s o u n d o f
To film nature d o c u m e n t a r i e s , i t's
Matt k n ows what he wants w h e n he a p o l a r b e a r r i g h t n e x t t o m y ear. I w a s
important to be good with a camera,
m a k e s f i l m s . ' I w a n t t o film t h i n g s t h a t t o o f r i g h t e n e d t o o p e n m y eyes. I t s t a y e d
o bvio usly. B u t , i n m y o p i n i o n , i t's m o r e
people have never seen before. O r I w a n t there for five minutes and then left.
im portant t o b e interested i n plants a n d
t o film t h i n g s t h e y ' v e s e e n , b u t i n a n e w Believe m e , t h e y w e r e t h e lo n g est five
a nim als. I f y o u a r e n't , t h e w o r k c a n b e
wav. I w a n t i t t o b e a u n i q u e e x perience m i n u t e s o f m y l i f e !'
re ally boring. T o make a two - minute
film o f a b ir d , insect o r a n i m a l, y o u c a n
sometimes sp e n d a day o r a w e e k l o o k i n g
for t h e m . A n d a n i m a ls are n't li k e actors.
They d o n't j u st appear w h e n y o u w a n t
the m to. So m etim es they never a p p e a r !'
Matt knows that h i s j o b is very
i m p o rt a n t. W h e n h e travels t o ice ca ps o r
d eserts, h e se es t h a t t h e e n v i r o n m e n t is
c h a n g i n g . H i s j o b is t o f i l m a w o r l d t h a t
m av d i s a p p e a r o n e d a y.' I f t h e e n v i r o n m e n t
continues t o change because o f global
w a r m i n g , t h e o n l y place w h e r e y o u 'l l b e
able t o se e s o m e a n i m a l s a n d i n s e c t s is
in nature docu m entaries. I hope o u r w o r k
helps p e o p le t o u n d e r s t a n d t h a t w e a l l
need t o d o s o m e t h i n g t o save t h e p l a n e t .'
Generally, changes in technology
m a k e M a n ' s l i f e e asier. ' H i g h - d e f i n i t i o n
(H D) cameras help t o get better pictures.
But i f v o u m a k e a s m a ll m is t a k e w i t h a n

1 M a t t says t h a t Writing
a h e d o e s n ' t li k e h is j o b m u c h b e c a u s e i t i s n't v e r y e x c i t i n g .
b it ca n t a k e a l o n g t i m e t o m a k e a s h o r t f i l m . 2 Writ e a le tt er t o a n e w s p a p e r g i v i n g y o u r o p i n i o n a b o u t
t h e m o s t i m p o r t a n t t h i n g i n h is j o b is t h e c a m e r a . s o m e t h i n g y o u s a w o n T V last w e e k . Use t h e s e q u e s t i o n s f o r
ideas a b o u t w h a t t o writ e.
2 M a t t a ls o says t h a t a n i m a l s
a d o n't always d o w h a t y o u w a n t . • W h a t t y p e o f p r o g r a m m e w a s i t?
b d o n ' t li k e a c t o r s . • Was it g o o d o r b a d? W h y?
d o n ' t li k e a p p e a r i n g i n f i l m s . • H o w d i d it m a k e y o u feel - h a p p y, a n gry, in t erest e d ,
frig hte n e d?
3 M a t t t h i n k s h is w o r k is i m p o r t a n t b e c a u s e • W h a t d o y o u w a n t ? M o r e p r o g r a m m e s li k e t h i s? T o s t o p
a h e is p r o t e c t i n g s o m e a n i m a l s , i n s e c t s a n d p l a n t s . p r o g r a m m e s li k e t h i s?
b it m a y b e t h e o n l y w a y t h a t p e o p l e ca n see s o m e a n i m a ls • W h a t a r e o t h e r p e o p l e 's o p i n i o n s ?
a n d insects in t h e f u t u r e ,
h e m a k es p r o g r a m m e s a b o u t savin g t h e p la n e t.
D e a r Editor,

4 Matt thin ks t h at n e w H D ca m eras I a m w r i t i n g i n response to a T V p r o g r a m m e w h i c h I

a alw ays t a k e b e t t e r p ict u r es t h a n o l d ca m eras. s a w l a s t w e e k . T h e p r o g r a m m e ...
b are li g h t e r t h a n o l d ca m eras.
usu ally t a k e w o r s e p ic t u r e s t h a n o l d ca m e r as.

5 Matt
a w a n t s p e o p l e t o se e s o m e t h i n g n e w a n d d i f f e r e n t w h e n
t h e y w a t c h h is w o r k ,
b once had a bad e x p erience w h e n h e was w a t c h i n g a
p o l a r b e a r.
h a d a sc a ry e x p e r i e n c e b e c a u s e he's v e r y f r i g h t e n e d o f
f i l m i n g p o l a r b e a rs.
 Grammar • Modal verbs of obligation, prohibition and advice (must, have to,
mustn% don't have to, should, shouldn 1) > Second conditional

7 Odd jobj
Vocabulary • Jobs, Personal q ualities • Compound adjectives

Speaking • Making polite requests

Writing • A letter of application and CV

1 C o m plete t h e jo bs w i t h t h e missin g vowels. 2 W r i t e t r u e ( T ) o r f a l s e (F) a b o u t

t h e person in t h e p h o t o.

1 He w or ks w i t h childre n. T/F
2 He w or ks in d o ors. T/F
3 He d o es p a p e rw o r k . T/F
4 He does m anual work. T/F
5 He d e als w i t h t h e p u b lic. T/F
6 He travels a l o t. T/F
7 He w o r k s in a t e a m . T/F
8 He w or k s in a n office. T/F
9 He w or ks w i t h n u m b ers. T/F
10 H e w o r k s w i t h a c o m p u t e r . T/F

1 _ m p _ t.... r 2 r... .... p t n s t

Personal qualities
P r
9 r m m
.... r

3 Fin d a d j ectives in t h e w o r d search a n d w r i t e t h e m n e x t t o t h e

correct sy n o n y m or e x pla n atio n.

d n d V s b

r e I i a b I e t P

e r e m r i r

a f V b i n a i u

t i e u n g I n e

i t r g h m j g r
3 b Id r 4 P. f f r
V s i a b I e a

e a m b i t i u s

1 w i t h l o ts o f i m a g i n a t i o n a n d n e w id e as:

2 healthy:

3 w i t h lo ts o f p hysical e n e r g y:

4 intellig e nt:

5 kind, helpful a n d sym p athetic t o oth er people:

6 a f r i e n d l y p e r s o n w h o li k e s b e i n g w i t h o t h e r p e o p l e :

5 s h.... p .... s s.... s t .... n t m h n

7 s o m e b o d y y o u can d e p e n d o n :

8 s o m e b o d y w h o d o e s n ' t e a sily g e t e x c i t e d , w o r r i e d o r a n g r y :

9 so m ebody w h o wants to be the b e st .

4 Wr i t e t w o p e rs o n a l q u a li t i e s in 3 t h a t y o u t h i n k are n ecessary
in these jo bs.

1 A sports teach er:.

2 A poet:

3 A scie n tist:

7 f s h n d s q n r 8 i r n l s t 4 A s h o p assista n t:.

Unit 7
t Re a d i n g

1 Re a d t h e t w o t e x t s a n d c o m p l e t e t h e t i t l e s t o s h o w w h a t j o b 2 Re a d t h e t e x t s a g a i n . A r e t h e s e s e n t e n c e s a b o u t Barry Co x
each p e rs o n d i d a t first a n d i n t h e e n d . ( ) , A l e k s a n d e r K u d a j c z y k ( A K ), b o t h m e n (B) o r n e i t h e r ( N )
of them?
Te x t 1: Ba r r y C o x - f r o m to

T e x t 2: A l e k s a n d e r K u d a j c z y k - f r o m to 1 H e liv e s a n d w o r k s i n t h e c o u n t r y w h e r e h e w a s b o r n .
2 H e h as a l r e a d y s t a r t e d w o r k i n g f u l l - t i m e i n t h e w o r l d o f

m usic.
Textl
3 H e has f o u n d a n e w j o b b e c a u s e s o m e b o d y d isc o v e r e d h i m

BARRY COX IS a famous by accid e nt.

sin g er. H e ' s f r o m L i v e r p o o l b u t 4 A w o m a n p l a y e d a n i m p o r t a n t p a r t i n h is c h a n g e o f ca r e e r.
he i s n ' t f a m o u s i n E n g l a n d . I n
C h i n a i t's a c o m p l e t e l y d i f f e r e n t
m a t t e r. T h e r e h e 's a s u p e r s t a r . 5 He practise d a lot.
So h o w d i d t h a t h a p p e n ? 6 He's g o i n g t o a c t i n a f i l m .
Ba rr y is 3 0 y e a r s o l d . W h e n
he l e f t s c h o o l h e w a s n ' t h a p p y 3 Wr i t e s e n t e n c e s w i t h si m il a r i t i e s o r d i f f e r e n c e s b e t w e e n Barry
and d e c i d e d t o d o s o m e t h i n g C o x a n d A l e k s a n d e r K u d a jc z y k . T h i n k a b o u t w h e r e t h e y live,
different w i t h h is lif e . T h e first st e p w a s t o l e a r n a n e w l a n g u a g e .
their old a n d n e w jo bs an d h o w t h ey f o u n d their n ew jobs.
He s t a r t e d w i t h S p a n i s h b u t h e d i d n ' t e n j o y t h e e x p e r i e n c e .
Then o n e d a y i n Liv e r p o o l's C h i n a T o w n h e s u d d e n l y h a d a n
1
idea. N o t m a n y E n g l i s h p e o p l e l e a r n C h i n e s e so h e d e c i d e d t o
try. H e w e n t i n t o a l o c a l C h i n e s e r e s t a u r a n t a n d o r d e r e d a m e a l
... a n d s o m e l a n g u a g e l e s s o n s . H e w a s l u c k y . T h e n e p h e w o f t h e
rest a ura n t o w n e r w a n t e d E n g l i s h l e ss o n s, so t h e y h e l p e d e a c h
o t h e r a n d b e c a m e f r i e n d s . A t t h a t ti m e B a r r y d i d n ' t k n o w t h a t
there w e r e d i f f e r e n t C h i n e s e d i a l e c t s. B a r r y l e a r n t C a n t o n e s e ,
w h i c h is a c t u a l l y m o r e d i f f i c u l t t h a n M a n d a r i n . H e s p o k e i t a l l
day w i t h h i s n e w C h i n e s e f r i e n d s a n d a t a C h i n e s e s u p e r m a r k e t
where he starte d w o r k i n g . T h e n one d ay h e w e n t to a co ncert
by a f a m o u s s i n g e r f r o m H o n g K o n g a n d i t c h a n g e d h is l i f e . H e
started s i n g i n g i n C a n t o n e s e . H e t o o k i t m o r e se rio usly, h a d
sin gin g lesso ns and entered sin gin g co m petitions. O ne day 4 Loo k u p in y o u r d icti o n a ry t hre e w o r d s f r o m each t e x t t h a t
he d e c i d e d t o m o v e t o H o n g K o n g . It w a s d i f f i c u l t t o b e c o m e
yo u d o n't u n d ersta n d a n d writ e t h e m e a nin g next to t h e m .
a professio n al si n g e r t h e r e b u t h e m o v e d to M a c a o , a sort of
C hin ese Las V e g a s. T h a t's w h e r e h e b e c a m e f a m o u s a n d w h e r e Textl
he lives n o w . H e h as t o s i n g si x d a ys a w e e k at a b i g casi n o b u t
1 Word: Meaning:
he l o v e s i t . A n d n o w t h e y m a y m a k e a f i l m a b o u t h is l i f e !

2 Word: Meaning:
Te x t 2

W H A T A C H A N G E ! A t t h e m o m e n t A l e k s a n d e r K u d a j c z y k has 3 Word: Meaning:

t o c l e a n t h e flo ors o f G l a s g o w U n i v e r s i t y b u t n e x t w e e k h e i s
g o i n g t o b e g i n a n e w j o b , as a c o n c e r t p i a n i s t . T h e s u r p r i s i n g
Text 2
s t o r y o f t h i s 2 8 - y e a r - o l d P o l i s h m a n ,s l i k e a H o l l y w o o d film
1 Word: ... M e a n i n g :
M r K u d a j c z y k a r riv e d i n Sc o t l a n d i n Ja n u ary. H e wanted
w o r k as a t e a c h e r b u t a l l h e f o u n d w a s a j o b as a c l e a n e r
a Glasgow University. H e h a d to w o r k there f o u r h o u rs a d ay 2 Word: Meaning:
startin g at 6 a m . O n e d a y m t h e u n i v e r s i t y he d isc o v e r e d a g r a n d
piano a n d he ask ed p e r m issi o n t o p lay o n it . T h e y gave h i m
3 Word: Meaning:
p err mssto n b u t n o b o d y t h o u g h t a n y m o r e a b o u t , t . W h a t Mr
Ku dajc z yk did n't k n o w was that there was a w e b c a m in the
piano r o o m . O n e d ay a u n iv e rsit y secretary was c h e c k i n g th e
w e bca m p ict u res a n d she saw A l e k sa n d e r p l a yi n g . T h e m usic W h a t a b o u t yo u?

was so p e r f e c t t h a t sh e t h o u g h t i t w a s a C D . T h e n s h e s a w , t W h i c h s t o r y d i d y o u li k e t h e m o s t : o r 2? E x p l a i n w h y .
was t h e c l e a n e r d o i n g h i s d a i l y p i a n o p r a c t i c e . Sh e i m m e d i a t e l y
sent e m a i l s t o o t h e r p e o p l e at t h e u n i v e r s i t y , t e l l i n g t h e m
w a tch . So o n after, M r Kudajczyk
was playing C h o p i n's m usic to
h u n d r e d s o f teachers a n d st u d e n ts.
Si n c e t h e n h e h a s p l a y e d t h e p i a n o
at m a n y s p e c i a l c o n c e r t s a n d e v e n t s
b u t h e has also c o n t i n u e d t o w o r k
as a c l e a n e r . B u t n e x t w e e k t h a t w i l l
change w h e n h e b eco m es a f u ll - ti m e
professio n al m u s i c i a n a n d teacher.

Unit 7
Modal verbs of obligation, prohibition and advice

1 Re a d t h e s e n t e n c e s a n d c h o o s e t h e a l t e r n a t i v e w h i c h 4 C o m p l e t e t h e s e n t e n c e s w i t h should o r shouldn't.
d escrib es t h e m e a n i n g o f t h e se n t e nce.
1 Pe o p l e use v i o l e n c e t o solve t h e i r p r o b l e m s .
1 Y o u d o n ' t h a v e t o b e a n e x p e r t t o u s e a c o m p u t e r . Obligation /
2 You t a k e m e d i c i n e w h e n y o u a r e n't i l l .
no obligation
2 D o c t o r s h a v e t o w o r k a t u n u s u a l t i m e s . Obligation / prohibition 3 You h el p yo u r frie n ds w h e n t h e y have
proble ms.
3 Y o u m u s t n ' t c o m e h o m e l a t e No obligation/prohibition
4 W h e n y o u a r e n 't v e r y g o o d a t s o m e t h i n g , y o u
4 Y o u s h o u l d w r i t e d o w n n e w v o c a b u l a r y . Recommendation /
practise t o g e t b e tt er.
obligation

5 Y o u r e ss a y d o e s n ' t h a v e t o b e p e r f e c t . No obligation / 5 Pe o p l e switc h o f f t h eir m o b il e p h o n es in t h e

cin e m a.

6 Y o u m u s t t r y y o u r b e s t . O bligation/prohibition
5 C h o o s e t h e c o r r e c t a l t e r n a t i v e . If y o u t h i n k t w o a l t e r n a t i v e s
7 You s h o u l d n't g o t o b e d late t h e n i g h t b e f o r e a n e x a m . are correct, m a r k b o t h o f t h e m .
&ghJbidgn / gg \ Ke
1 C h i l d r e n has to / have to / don't have to g o t o s c h o o l o n M o n d a y .
8 You m u s t n't st art c r y i n g w h e n t h i n g s g o w r o n g .
No obligation/prohibnion 2 Y o u must / mustn't / don't have to c o p y i n e x a m s .

3 D o c t o r s must / mustn't / have to w o r k h a r d .

4 Y o u has to / have to / must w e a r g o o d c l o t h e s i f y o u w o r k i n a

bank.

5 V i s i t o r s mus^Vmus^dgnXhgy?J& t al k in a l o u d voice or
s h o u t b e c a u s e i t is p r o h i b i t e d .

6 Y o u must / don't have to / mustn't u s e a m o b i l e p h o n e i n a p l a n e .

Grammar extension

6 Each s e n t e n c e c o n t a i n s a m i s t a k e . Fin d t h e m is t a k e a n d w r i t e
t h e sentence correctly.

1 C h il d r e n u n d e r 16 m u s t t o g o t o sc h o o l.

2 T h is e x e r c i s e is o p t i o n a l - y o u m u s t n ' t d o i t .

3 Y o u s h o u l d t o d o e x t r a w o r k if it's d i f f i c u l t .

2 Writ e c o m p l e t e se nte nces usin g t h e w o r d s g ive n a n d t h e

c o r r e c t f o r m o f have to o r don't have to. 4 St u d e n t s h a v e n't t o w e a r a u n i f o r m in o u r sc h o o l a n d so y o u
can w e ar w h a t yo u w a n t .
1 N or m ally teach ers / wear a u n i f o r m .

2 N or m ally a p olice officer / we ar a u n if o r m .

5 Y o u m u s n ' t d r i n k a n d d r i v e - it's i l l e g a l .

3 l / go t o sc h o o l o n Su n d ay.
6 Y o u d o n ' t h a v e t o o p e n t h e c a r d o o r w h e n t h e c a r is m o v i n g .

4 A s e cr e t a ry / k n o w h o w t o use a c o m p u t e r .
7 You s h o u l d e a t c h o c o l a t e j u s t b e f o r e y o u g o t o b e d b eca use it
is n't g o o d f o r y o u r t e e t h .
5 Bu il d e rs / w e ar h a r d h ats.

3 C o m p l e t e t h e s e n t e n c e s w i t h must o r mustn't. 8 S m o k i n g is p r o h i b i t e d h e r e . Y o u d o n ' t h a v e t o d o i t .

1 You w r i t e caref ully in e x a m s.

9 It's e s s e n t i a l t o d o t h i s e x e r cis e . Y o u m u s t n ' t d o i t .
2 Pe o p l e s m o k e in h ospitals.

3 St u d e n ts u s e m o b i l e p h o n e s i n class.

4 Pr o f e ssi o n a l m u s i c i a n s practise p l a yi n g t h e ir 10 You m u s t n't b e 18 t o rid e a bik e.

instru ment.

58 Unit 7
Developing v o c a b u l a ry

Compound adjectives

1 Co m plete t h e crossword.

Across

1 He's t h e f i r s t p e r s o n t o a r r i v e a t w o r k a n d t h e l a s t p e r s o n t o g o . H e d o e s

m o r e t h a n a n y b o d y e ls e . He's v e r y h a r d -

4 T h e y'r e a b e a u t i f u l c o u p l e . Sh e's v e r y b e a u t i f u l a n d he's

good- .
6 Y o u 'v e g o t t h e p e n i n y o u r l e f t h a n d . A r e y o u l e f t - ?

8 Sh e's t h e d i r e c t o r o f a l a r g e m u l t i n a t i o n a l c o m p a n y . I'm s u r e sh e's

wel l -_ _

Down

2 Y o u s h o u l d b e m o r e r e l a x e d a n d e asy -

3 T h a t t e a c h e r o n l y t e a c h e s t w o l e s s o n s a d a y . H e's p a r t -

5 Sh e's w e l l - Sh e a l w a y s k n o w s w h e r e s h e s h o u l d b e

a n d w h a t sh e has t o d o .

7 Pe o p l e f r o m N o r t h e r n Eu r o p e s o m e t i m e s h a v e b l o n d e h air a n d are

blue -

2 Lo o k at t h e a d j ectives in 1. Writ e t h r e e w h i c h y o u t h i n k d escrib e y o u

a n d t h r e e w h i c h d o n't d escrib e y o u .

1 I'm

and

2 I'm n o t

or

3 T hin k of a fri e n d or f a m ily m e m b e r a n d d escrib e t h e m usin g t h e a djectives in 1 .

Vocabulary extension: more compound adjectives

4 Match these w o r d s t o m a k e c o m p o u n d adjectives. T h e n m a tc h C o m p l e t e t h e sentences w i t h t h e c o m p o u n d a djectives in 4.

t h e m w i t h t h e d e f i n i t i o n s . Use y o u r d i c t i o n a r y if n e c e ss a ry.
1 Yes, sh e's v e r y b u t t h a t 's b e c a u s e s h e
1 self - d resse d a o p e n t o n e w ideas a n d
s p e n d s a ll h e r m o n e y o n c l o t h e s .
different o pinio ns
2 I li k e h i m b e c a u s e h e's v e r y H e list e ns
2 open - known b rich, w i t h a lo t o f m o n e y t o y o u a n d t h i n k s b e f o r e h e says y es o r n o .

3 Sh e's v e r y i n d e p e n d e n t a n d .Sh e
fa m ous, m a ny p e o ple k n o w
3 well - - r e l i a n t -..
you d o e s n ' t t h i n k h e r p a r e n t s h a v e t o d o e v e r y t h i n g f o r h e r.

4 M y o l d e r b r o t h e r is s o . H e always
d yo u g et an gry o ft e n or q uickly
4 bad - minded
s h o u t s at m e , a n d f o r n o re aso n!
-e able t o d o t h i n g s for yourself 5 Sh e's a w ri t e r . Lots o f p e o p l e h av e
5 well - off and not depend on other
b o u g h t her b o o k s a n d seen her face.
people
6 I t h i n k h is f a m i l y is q u i t e because
6 well - tempered f w e a ri n g g o o d cloth es
t h e y'v e g o t a re ally b i g h o u s e .

Unit 7
 Working in the UK
Text!

international cultural knowledge

Ernie W i l k i ns ,
Two traditional jobs
M i l k ma n
1 Re a d t h e t e x t s a b o u t Er nie Wi l k i n s a n d Pe n n y Wi l c o x a n d w r i t e Emie Wilkins has been
one sentence t o e x plain w h a t their jo bs are. a milkman for 20 years.
He loves his job, b u t not
1 Er n i e W i l k i n s is a m i l k m a n . M i l k m e n b r i n g
everybody can understand
w h y . For a s t a r t , h e h a s to
2 P e n n y W i l c o x is a l o l l i p o p p e r s o n . L o l l i p o p p e o p l e h e l p . get u p e a r l y e v e r y day. He
gets u p a t o n e o ' c l o c k i n t h e
m o r n i n g a n d s t a r t s w o r k at
two. That's w h e n he puts all
• WORD BOOSTER the milk o n t o his electric
milk float. A n d nowadays
I Match t h e words a n d definitions. milkmen don't just bring
you milk. They often sell
I 1 float a not long ago juice, cream, yoghurt, bread
I 2 ite m b a large ve hicle and potatoes. It usually
I 3 official an in divid ual t h i n g takes h i m three quarters o f
I 4 recently d formal an h o u r to prepare his float. T h e n he starts d r i v i n g r o u n d the
streets i n his t o w n , leaving bottles o f m i l k a n d other items
a t h i s c u s t o m e r s ' doors. W h e n t h e y w a k e up, e v e r y t h i n g is
2 Re a d t h e t e x ts a g a i n a n d c o m p l e t e t h e t a b l e . there, w a i t i n g .

E r n i e loves t h e p e a ce a n d q u i e t o f t h e e a r l y m o r n i n g . He
1 W h a t Er nie lik es a b o u t 2 W h a t Er nie d o e s n 't li k e
loves b e i n g o u t d o o r s , e x c e p t w h e n it's v e r y c o l d i n t h e w i n t e r .
his j o b a b o u t his j o b
T h a t ' s t h e o n e t h i n g h e d o e s n ' t enjoy. B u t w a t c h i n g t h e s u n
c o m e u p is a l w a y s a s p e c i a l m o m e n t f o r h i m . E m i e is v e r y
a the peace and quiet of d
c a r i n g . He loves t h e f a c t t h a t e v e r y b o d y k n o w s h i m a n d o l d
r t •/
the early mominq p e o p l e o f t e n ask h i m f o r h e l p . W h e n E m i e f i n i s h e s w o r k at
b 9 a m , he's t i r e d b u t h a p p y .

Text 2

Penny W i l cox ,
3 W h a t Pe n n y lik es a b o u t 4 W h a t Pe n n y d o e s n't lik e Lol l ipop person
her j o b a b o u t her j o b
Penny Wilcox is 55. She
doesn't w a n t to w o r k l o n g
e g
hours and so t h e j o b she
s t a r t e d l a s t y e a r is perfect
f f o r her. She j u s t w o r k s f o r
half an h o u r i n the m o r n i n g
and half an hour in the
afternoon. The official n a m e
3 A nswer t h e questions. for her job is a School
C r o s s i n g G u i d e . She works
1 W h a t p e r s o n a l q u a l i t i e s d o Er n i e a n d P e n n y h a v e? outside a school at the

Er n i e : times w h e n students arrive

Pe n n y:
2 W h a t is a Sc h o o l C r o s s i n g G u i d e ?
3 C a n Pe n n y's j o b b e d a n g e r o u s o r n o t ? W h y ?
4 Wh at a b o ut yo u?
Wh ic h of t h e t w o j o b s w o u l d y o u prefer t o d o a n d w h y?
i n t h e m o r n i n g a n d leave i n
_ t h e a f t e r n o o n . W h e n t h e r e is a g r o u p o f s t u d e n t s w a i t i n g , she
w a l k s i n t o t h e m i d d l e o f t h e r o a d a n d s t o p s t h e t r a f f i c . She
w e a r s a b r i g h t y e l l o w j a c k e t a n d c a r r i e s a s i g n w h i c h says
'STOP'. T h e s i g n l o o k s l i k e a l o l l i p o p , w h i c h is w h y e v e r y b o d y
c a l l s P e n n y a n d h e r c o l l e a g u e s ' l o l l i p o p p e o p l e ' . W h e n driver s
see h e r a n d h e r s i g n , t h e y m u s t s t o p a n d l e t t h e c h i l d r e n
cross. P e n n y is a v e r y s o c i a b l e p e r s o n a n d she loves t a l k i n g
t o t h e c h i l d r e n e a c h m o r n i n g . T h e o n l y t h i n g she d o e s n ' t l i k e
is t h a t s o m e d r i v e r s get a n g r y a n d s h o u t w h e n t h e y h a v e to
stop. Penny t h i n k s t h a t i n t h e past drivers were friendlier.
She's u n h a p p y t h a t r e c e n t l y t h e r e h a v e b e e n s o m e serious
a c c i d e n t s a n d l o l l i p o p p e o p l e h a v e b e e n h u r t . B u t Penny
k n o w s a l o t o f the c h i l d r e n a n d w o n ' t stop w o r k i n g i f they
n e e d her.

60 Unit 7
r Gram mar in conte x t !

Second conditional

1 Match t h e halves o f t h e se n t e nces. 3 Choose t h e correct alternative.

1 If I w e r e a p r e s i d e n t o r p r i m e m i n i s t e r , 1 If y o u gren't / w&enX m y b r o t h e r , I'd b e r e a l l y a n g r y w i t h y o u .

2 If I h a d a b o a t , 2 If i t w a s h o t a ll y e a r, I won't / wouldn't g o o u t .

3 In A u s t r a l i a i t w o u l d b e u n u s u a l 3 If I were / am y o u , I'd b u y a n e w m o b i l e p h o n e .

4 If t h e y gave m e a j o b in t h e su m m er, 4 I f t h e y didnydgn't h a v e a p e t , t h e y ' d b e a b l e t o g o a w a y i n t h e s u m m e r .

5 We'd g o t o t h e USA i n t h e s u m m e r 5 W e would / will e n j o y t h e c o n c e r t m o r e i f w e k n e w t h e s o n g s .

6 M y p a r e n t s w o u l d b e re ally h a p p y w i t h m e 6 T h e y would / will c o n t i n u e r u n n i n g i f t h e y d i d n ' t g e t t i r e d .

a if w e h a d e n o u g h m o n e y .
b I'd s p e n d a l o t o f m o n e y o n h e a l t h , e d u c a t i o n
and the environ m ent,
I'd t a k e i t b e c a u s e I n e e d t h e m o n e y ,
d if I b e c a m e a f a m o u s si n g e r,
7 I'd d o w h a t h e s a i d i f h e yyas/.k b o ss .
8 T e l e v i s i o n w o u l d b e b e t t e r i f t h e r e g/en't/weren't a ll t h o s e a d v e r t s .
9 If I could/can s i n g , I'd s t a r t a b a n d .
10 If y o u w e n t o u t m o r e , y o u wgn't / wouldn't b e l o n e l y .
4 C o m ple t e t h e sentences w i t h t h e second co n ditio n al f o r m of t h e verbs given.

e I'd s p e n d m y h o l i d a y s a t se a.
1 If I ( h a v e ) a p r o b l e m , I'd c a ll y o u .
f if it s n o w e d in t h e s u m m e r .
2 If t h e b u s d i d n ' t c o m e , w e ( w a l k ).

2 Lo o k a t t h e s e n t e n c e s in 1. A r e t h e s e s e n t e n c e s 3 I ( n o t b e) h a p p y if m y p a r e n t s d i d n ' t l e t m e g o o u t .
a b o u t t h e s e c o n d c o n d i t i o n a l t r u e ( T ) o r f a l s e (F)?
4 Yo u w o u l d n ' t le a r n m u c h if y o u ( p l a y) c o m p u t e r g a m e s a ll d a y.
1 The seco n d c o n d iti o n a l talks a b o u t i m p r o b a b l e 5 If y o u (l e a r n ) t o s p e a k a n e w l a n g u a g e , i t w o u l d h e l p y o u
a n d i m a g i n ary situ atio ns.
find a jo b .
T he s e c o n d c o n d i t i o n a l talks a b o u t past
6 If J o h n w a s f a s t e r , h e ( p l a y) f o o t b a l l b e t t e r .
sit u atio ns.

We u s e would m t h e h a l f o f t h e s e n t e n c e w i t h If. 7 T h e y' d l e a v e t h e r e s t a u r a n t i m m e d i a t e l y i f t h e y ( n o t li k e)

the food.
W e c a n u s e was o r were w i t h If l/he/she. 8 If I k n e w t h e a n s w e r , I (t e l l) y o u .
T h e h a l f o f t h e s e n t e n c e w i t h If a l w a y s c o m e s
9 If I ( f i n d ) m o n e y i n t h e s t r e e t , I'd t r y t o f i n d w h o i t b e l o n g e d t o .
first.
10 I'd b u y t h a t c o a t i f I (h a v e) e n o u g h m o n e y .

11 If I w e r e y o u , I (as k) t h e t e a c h e r t o e x p l a i n t h e h o m e w o r k a g a i n .

Grammar extension 1 i
5 G i v e t h e s e p e o p l e a d v i c e u s i n g If I were you... You can a d d reasons t o e x plain y o u r o p i n i o n .

1 I've g o t a n e x a m t o m o r r o w b u t it's t h e c u p f i n a l t o n i g h t a n d 6 A g o o d f r i e n d has s t o p p e d t a l k i n g t o m e , b u t I d o n ' t k n o w w h y .

m y f a v o u r i t e t e a m is p l a y i n g . t h i n k h e's a n g r y w i t h m e .

2 My frie n ds have in vit e d m e t o play f o o t b a ll t o n i g h t b u t m y leg

h urts. 7 I've g o t l o t s o f E n g l i s h h o m e w o r k t o d o t o n i g h t b u t I f o r g o t t o
bring m y books h o m e.

3 A n o t h e r s t u d e n t c o p i e d m y a nsw ers in a n e x a m yesterd ay.

It's m y m u m ' s b i r t h d a y n e x t w e e k b u t I h a v e n o i d e a w h a t t o
b u y h e r.

4 M y f r i e n d s a r e a ll g o i n g t o a n e x p e n s i v e r e s t a u r a n t t o n i g h t b u t
I h a v e n 't g o t e n o u g h m o n e y t o g o .
9 I'd li k e t o l e a r n t o d r i v e .

5 I c a n 't u n d e r s t a n d t h e m a t h s t h a t w e 'r e s t u d y i n g a t t h e
m o m e n t b u t I d o n't w a n t t o tell a n y o n e b eca use I feel st u p i d . 1 0 I w a n t t o b e f a m o u s o n e d ay.

Unit 7
 in « . • „ • j •" I i ll«M ' ^ * mini I

evelopmg speaking
Asking about a job Describing photos

1 Pu t t h e w o r d s i n o r d e r t o m a k e p o l i t e r e q u ests. 3 L o o k a t t h e p h o t o a n d a n s w e r t h e q u e s t i o n s . If y o u a r e n o t
s u r e o f s o m e t h i n g , u s e / think a n d / o r / imagine.

1 me you starts Can tell job when the ?

2 if I need Could you any ask e x p erience ?

3 you tell me ap ply how Could I can ?

4 we you do me tell to what have Can ?

5 Could the wages I ask what are b a sic ?

6 you me tell Can a d d ress your what is ?

2 C o m ple t e t h e dialo g u e w i t h t h e p olite requests in 1.

HOLIDAY C AMP ORGANISER: G o o d aftern o o n?

TEENAGER: G o o d a f t e r n o o n . I'm c a l l i n g a b o u t a j o b t h a t w a s

i n t h e n e w s p a p e r y e s t e r d a y . C o u l d I as k f o r s o m e

infor m atio n?

HOLIDAY C AMP ORGANISER: C ertainly.

TEENAGER: T h a n k s , (a)

HOLIDAY CAMP ORGANISER: Yes. I t b e g i n s o n 1 s t

Ju ly a n d i t

f i n i s h e s o n 3 1 Ju l y .
s t
.

TEENAGER: O h , I s e e . (b)

HOLIDAY C A MP ORGANISER: Well, y o u h ave t o g ive s o m e sp orts

l e ss o n s i n t h e m o r n i n g , a n d t h e n i n t h e a f t e r n o o n

y o u ta k e g r o u p s o f c h il d r e n o n e x cursio ns o r y o u

org a nise g a m es a n d c o m p e t i t i o n s w i t h t h e m .
4 Use t h e q u e s t i o n s i n 3 t o t h i n k o f t h i n g s t o say a b o u t t h is
TEENAGER: I s e e . (c)
p h o t o . M a k e n o t es a n d t h e n practise orally.

H O LI D A Y C A MP O RG A NISER: It's n o t e s s e n t i a l , b u t w e p r e f e r

p e o p l e w h o'v e d o n e si m ilar w o r k b e f ore.

T EE N A GER: I un derstan d, (d)

HOLIDAY C AMP ORGANISER: It's £ 1 5 0 a w e e k , a n d l u n c h is

inclu d e d.

TEENAGER: (e)

HOLIDAY C AMP ORGANISER: It's e asy. Y o u j u s t n e e d t o s e n d a

l e t t e r o f a p p l i c a t i o n a n d C V t o m e a n d t h e n I'll c a ll

p e o ple for interviews.

TEENAGER: T h a t's g r e a t , (f)

HOLIDAY CAMP ORGANISER: Yes, i t's

Unit 7
r Developing writin g

A letter of application and CV

1 Re a d t h i s l e t t e r o f a p p l i c a t i o n . W h a t t y p e o f j o b d o y o u t h i n k
B e n j a m i n M a r t i n w a n t s ? D o y o u t h i n k h e is a g o o d p e r s o n f o r A s w i l 1 s e e

the jo b?

I look forward to h e a r i n g f r o m y o u

12 S e f t o n S t r e e t
Sunderland
SU7 8BV

M s Susan N i c h o l s o n
72 H i l l R o a d
Birmingham
P u t t h e h e a d i n g s i n t h e c o r r e c t p l a c e i n t h e C V.
B06 3NJ
7 F e b r u a r y 2011
th

1 In t erests
2 Ed ucation a n d q u alificatio ns
D e a r M s Nicholson ,
3 General in f or m a tio n
I a m w r i t i n g i n r e s p o n s e t o y o u r advertisement i n
4 Work e x p erie nce
The Birmingham Sun. I w o u l d l i k e t o a p p l y for the j o b w h i c h

you a d v e r t i s ed i n this n e w s p a p e r o n 5 F e b r u a r y
th

I enclose a C V w i t h information about myself, i n c l u d i n g C U R R I C U L U M V I T A E

education a n d w o r k e x p e r i e n c e . A s y o u w i l l s e e , tennis is Benjamin M a r t i n

one of m y m a m h o b t t e s and mterests. I have e x p e r i e n c e of

giving tennis lessons a n d of w o r k i n g w i t h children. I also think A

that I a m patient, w e l l - o r g a n i s e d a n d h a r d - w o r k i n g .
1
.. 20/7/1992

I look forward to h e a r i n g f r o m y o u .
2
Britis h
3
Single
Yours s i n c e r e l y ,
12 Sefton Street, Sunderland, SU7 8BV
benjamin Martin ( m o b i l e ) 0567 123 4567
6
( h o m e ) 651 10 11 12
Benjamin M a r t i n 7
benmart@binter.com

2 Lo o k a t t h e w o r d s a n d e x p r e ssi o n s i n b o l d . E x p l a i n w h y t h e y
S u m m e r f i e l d School, S u n d e r l a n d
are i m p o r t a n t i n l e t t e r s o f a p p l i c a t i o n .
A levels m E n g l i s h Literature, French a n d E c o n o m i c s

12 S e f t o n S t r e e t We write our own address in the lop

ши£с#гиек I July 2 0 1 0 W o r k e d at Foxton Tennis C l u b g i v i n g lessons о "

5-10 year olds
July 2009 W o r k e d at Knightley Tennis C l u b as assistant
Ms D
Tennis
Reading
G o o d k n o w l e d g e of c o m p u t e r s
72 H i l l R o a d

4 N o w p u t t h e s p e c i f i c t i t l e s i n t h e c o r r e c t p l a c e i n t h e C V.
Dear
1 Pe r m a n e n t a d d ress
2 Em ail
3 N atio n ality
4 Telephone
I a m w r i t i n g i nresponse to 5 Marital status
6 Telephone
7 Date o f birth

5 T a k e a p i e c e o f p a p e r a n d w r i t e o u t y o u r o w n C V. U s e t h e
I would like to
c o m p l e t e d CV o n t h i s p a g e as a m o d e l .

Unit 7
 Grammar • Past perfect • Gerunds and infinitives

-ness. -ship,

8 G o o d friends
Vocabulary • Relationships • Feelings • Noun suffixes

Speaking > Reporting a past event

Writing • A personal description

11 , 11
Y V o c a b u l a r y

Relationships

1 Match these phrases t o t h e pictures. 2 A r e t h ese stages usually at t h e start o r t h e e n d o f a

relationship?

ask s o m e b o d y o u t f a ll i n l o v e w i t h s o m e b o d y Start End

g et back t o g e t h e r again
g et o n well w i t h s o m e b o d y
hove a n a r g u m e n t
g e t m arried
1 get o n well w i t h so m e b o d y •
g o out with somebody
2 as k s o m e b o d y o u t • •
• •
split u p w i t h s o m e b o d y
3 have a n a r g u m e n t

4 meet somebody • •
• •
W o u l d y o u li k e t o g o t o t h e
5 split u p w i t h s o m e b o d y
c i n e m a w i t h m e o n F r i d a y?
6 fall i n l o v e w i t h s o m e b o d y • •
7 go out with somebody • •
Feelings

3 C o m p l e t e t h e p u z z le b y w ri t i n g t h e n o u n f o r m o f each
a d j e c t i v e . Is t h e w o r d i n t h e s h a d e d c o l u m n p o s i t i v e o r
1 have an argument n e g ative?

1 angry 2 bored 3 e x cite d

4 afraid 5 happy 6 lo nely

<0
s

'a e r
9
2

4 Writ e yo ur o w n tr u e answers t o t h ese q u estio ns.

1 W h e n w a s t h e l a st t i m e y o u w e r e a n g r y? W h a t h a p p e n e d ?

2 W h e n w a s t h e last t i m e y o u w e r e b o r e d ? W h y w e r e y o u b ore d?

3 W h e n y o u w e r e s m a l l , w h a t w e r e y o u a f r a i d o f?
W e li k e t h e s a m e f il m s , t h e \
i sa m e f o o d , t h e sam e p e o ple ...J 4 W h e n w a s t h e l a st t i m e y o u w e r e v e r y e x c i t e d ? W h a t

h a p p e n e d?

I 5 W h e n w a s t h e l a st t i m e y o u w e r e l o n e l y? W h a t d i d y o u d o ?

Unit 8
1 Re a d t h e t w o l o v e s t o n e s f r o m B r i t i s h n e w s p a p e r s . W r i t e a t i t l e Lo o k a t t h e i n f o r m a t i o n . W h o d o es it d escrib e - D avid,
for e ach st ory. M i c h e l l e , G e r a i n t o r La u r a? Each p i e c e o f i n f o r m a t i o n c o u l d
d escrib e m o r e t h a n o n e p erso n.
1
1 1 7 y e a r s o l d Michelle
FIVE Y E A RS A G O D a v i d B r o w n w o k e u p w i t h a m y s t e r y
2 student
m obile p h o n e number i n his head. H e could n't stop
thinking about th e number. H e started t h i n k i n g that 3 farmer
somebody h a d given h i m the number. In t h e e n d he 4 l i v e d m o r e t h a n 1 0 0 k i l o m e t r e s f r o m h is p a r t n e r
decided t o se n d a te x t m essag e. T h e n u m b e r belonged
to M i c h e l l e K i t s o n , a 1 7 - y e a r - o l d s t u d e n t w h o w a s l i v i n g
5 sent a lo t o f e m ails
with her parents about 100 kilo m etres away. Sh e d ecid e d
to a n s w e r t h e m essage. After a f e w more m essages 6 se n t a lo t o f t e x t m essa g es
it b e c a m e c l e a r that they h a d never m e t before. E 7 m e t her p art n er w h e n she was o n h olid ay
they continued sending
8 g o t m arrie d
m essages and started
9 w or ks m a n y hours a day
calling e ach other o n t h e
phone. T h e n Michelle a n d 10 m e t her p art n er in a n u n usu al w a y
David m e t ... a n d f e l l i n
love. N o t l o n g after, t h e y A nswer t h e questions.

got married. Michelle

1 H o w d i d D avid m e e t Mich elle?
s a i d : 'I t w a s a f a n t a s t i c d a y
when w e got married. T h e
weather h a d been awful
that week but when we
went to th e church it w as
2 W h a t w a s sp ecial a b o u t t h e d a y w h e n M ic h e ll e g o t m a rrie d?
b e a u t i f u l s u n s h i n e !'

7 " e s, milk IS g o o d f o r y o u . I t c a n e v e n f i n d y o u a 3 H o w d i d G e r a i n t m e e t La u r a?
boyfriend or girlfriend! Just ask farmer Geraint
Eva ns. H e a n d f o u r o t h e r f a r m e r s , m e n a n d w o m e n , p u t
their p h o t o s o n t h e side o f 2,000 m i l k ca rt o n s w i t h t h e i r
e m ail a d d r esses a s k i n g p e o p l e t o c o n t a c t t h e m . Geraint
h a d n't h a d a g i r l f r i e n d f o r f i v e y e a r s b e c a u s e o f h i s l o n g
4 W h y d i d G erain t d e ci d e t o lo o k for a g irlfrie n d in a n u n usu al
d ays a t w o r k o n t h e f a r m . H e o f t e n f i n i s h e d a t 1 1 p m a n d w a y?
so h e h a d n o t i m e t o g o o u t a n d m e e t p e o p l e . H e w a s l u c k y .
A 28 - year - old A m e r i c a n student called Laura Allison
saw G e r a i n t's p h o t o a n d i m m e d i a t e l y f e l l i n l o v e . Laura
was o n l y i n B r i t a i n o n h o l i d a y . W h e n s h e g o t b a c k t o h e r
home i n Chicago, s h e co n t act e d G erain t. Si x m o n t h s h a v e
p asse d a n d t h e y h a v e se n t h u n d r e d s o f e m a ils, c a l l e d e a c h 4 Find w o r d s in t h e t e x ts w h i c h h ave similar m e a n i n g s t o t h ese
other, s e n t l e t t e r s a n d v i s i t e d e a c h o t h e r's h o m e s . T h e words or e x planations.
couple m e t i n p e rs o n f o r t h e first t i m e w h e n G e r ai n t f l e w
to C h ic a g o . ' A f t e r m e e t i n g a n d s p e n d i n g t i m e t o g e t h e r , I 1 o b v i o u s , e v i d e n t (Text 1)
k n o w this is tr u e love a n d I h o p e w e w i l l s p e n d t h e rest
of o u r lives t o g e t h er,' s a i d L a u r a . 'I'v e m e t t h e g i r l o f m y 2 o n e p e r s o n t o a n o t h e r p e r s o n (Texts 1 and2)
dreams a n d I w a n t u s t o g e t m a r r i e d as so o n as La u r a's
finished h e r course i n A m erica,' said Geraint.
3 c o n t a i n e r f o r l i q u i d s , e s p e c i a l l y m i l k o r j u i c e (Text 2)

4 i m m e d i a t e l y a f t e r (Text2)
5 Wh a t a b o u t yo u?

W h i c h s t o r y d o y o u t h i n k is m o r e u n u s u a l a n d w h y ?

Unit8 65
Past perfect

1 M a tc h t h e halves o f t h e se nte nces. T h e n u n d e rli n e t h e t h i n g 3 Writ e a c o m p l e t e se n t e n ce f or e ach p ict u r e . Loo k at t h e

w h i c h h a p p e n e d f i r s t i n e a c h s e n t e n c e . Is t h e v e r b i n t h e p a s t example.
si m p l e or t h e p ast p e rf ect?

1 Wh e n t h ev had finish e d t h e e x a m с
2 He d i d n't h ave a n y m o n e y t h a t w e e k
3 Sh e s t a r t e d r e a d i n g a n e w b o o k
4 T h e y h a d n ' t e a t e n a n y t h i n g a ll d a y
5 Wh e n th ey had had their din n er
6 He d i d n't s w i m
7 They had w o n t h e c o m p e t i t i o n

a t h e y w a s h e d t h e dish es.
b so t h e y h a d a p a r t y t o c e l e b r a t e .
t h e y left t h e classro o m .
d b e c a u s e h e h a d f o r g o t t e n t o b r i n g h is t o w e l .
e so t h e y o r d e r e d a b i g p i z z a .
f b eca use he h a d s p e n t it t h e w e e k b efore.
g b eca use she h a d fi n is h e d t h e o n e she was re a d in g .

2 Wh ic h o f these t h i n g s h a d y o u d o n e by h alf past e i g h t this

m o r n i n g? Writ e c o m p l e t e sentences.

1 By 8 . 3 0 a m t h i s m o r n i n g / h a d / h a d n ' t h a d a shower.

(h ave a s h o w e r)

(r e a d a b o o k )

(a r r i v e a t s c h o o l)

(h ave a n a r g u m e n t )

(s p e a k t o m y p a r e n t s)

(u s e m y m o b i l e p h o n e )

(s e n d a n e m a i l )

( w a t c h T V)

(s p e n d m o n e y ) 5

Grammar extension

4 Loo k at t h ese i m p o r t a n t d ates in t h e h ist o ry o f m a n k i n d a n d w r i t e se nte nces w i t h t h e past p erf ect. Lo o k at t h e e x a m p le .

1 4500 - inve nt the wheel 6 1 9 0 3 - f l y f o r t h e first t i m e

2 1455 - start t o p ri n t b o o ks 7 1 9 2 8 - discover p e n icilli n

1796 - g iv e t h e first v a cci n a t i o n 8 1932 - split the atom

m a k e t h e first b a t t e r y 9 1953 - fin d t h e m olecular structure of DNA

1 8 9 5 - d i s c o v e r X - rays 10 1969 - walk on the m o o n

El Unit 8
Developing vocabulary

Noun suffixes -ness, -ship, -dom C o m ple t e t h e sentences w i t h t h e adjective or n o u n f o r m of

t h e w o r d s in 1.
1 Pu t t h e l e t t e r s i n o r d e r t o m a k e n o u n s . T h e n c o m p l e t e t h e
1 You d o n 't l o o k w e ll . Are y o u iff ? Do you need
table by w r i t i n g t h e n o u ns in t h e correct c o l u m n .
a d o c t o r?

2 I have a g o o d w i t h m y sist e r. W e g e t o n w e l l .
dromfee slil e n s moredob snakewes d essa ns
m asse n d re d pinfish peashspin sille nso n e tinshiporeal 3 A f t e r t e n ye ars in p ris o n t h e y fi n ally let h i m o u t a n d g ave h i m

b a c k h is

-ness -ship -dom 4 W h y are y o u so ? Have y o u w o n t h e lo ttery

or s o m e t h i n g?
freedom
T
5 Sh e h a s n 't g o t a n y b r o t h e r s o r sis t e rs o r a n y g o o d f r i e n d s . I

t h i n k sh e's w i t h n o b o d y t o talk to.

6 T h e y'r e q u i t e . T h e y a r e n 't s t r o n g e n o u g h t o

p ut t h e bags u p there.

7 Can y o u i m a g i n e t h e o f sittin g aro u n d for

fiv e h o u rs w i t h n o t h i n g t o d o?

8 Your is r e a ll y i m p o r t a n t t o m e . W e 'v e b e e n

f r i e n d s since w e w e r e fiv e .

9 Y o u l o o k li k e y o u a r e a b o u t t o c r y . W h y a r e y o u s o
?

Vocabulary extension: other nouns ending in -ness, -ship, -dom

3 M a t c h t h e w o r d s w i t h t h e i r d e f i n i t i o n s . Use y o u r d i c t i o n a r y if n e c e ss a r y .

1 dark a intellig e nt because yo u have a lot o f e x p erience

2 wise b a m a n w h o rules a c o u n t ry, t h e o l d e st m a l e m e m b e r o f a royal f a m ily
3 aware n o t a b l e t o see
4 leader d a p e r s o n w h o is i n c o n t r o l o f o t h e r p e o p l e
5 blin d e black, or w i t h o u t m u c h li g h t
6 king f k n o w i n g a b o u t a situ atio n

4 W r i t e t h e w o r d s i n 3 i n t h e c o r r e c t c o l u m n i n t h e t a b l e i n 1 . Us e y o u r d i c t i o n a r y i f n e c e s s a r y .

5 Lo o k a t t h e p h o t o s a n d a n s w e r t h e q u e s t i o n s u s i n g t h e c o r r e c t f o r m o f t h e w o r d s i n 3.

1 W h a t is t h is? 2 W h y c a n 't t h e y s e e? B e c a u s e 3 W h y c a n 't h e se e? B e c a u s e

The United of the h e's

4 W h a t is a n i m p o r t a n t q u a l i t y i n t h i s 5 W h a t is a n i m p o r t a n t q u a l i t y i n

t y p e o f p erso n? t h is t y p e o f p erso n?

Unit 8 67
 A r o m a n c e t h a t m a d e h i s t o r y

L e g e n d says t h a t C l e o p a t r a w a s i n c r e d i b l y b e a u t i f u l . W e d o n ' t
Cross-curricular- History k n o w i f s h e w a s , b u t w e k n o w t h a t s h e w a s v e r y cl e v e r . Sh e s p o k e
Antony and Cleopatra n i n e la n g u a g es a n d w as a g re a t m a t h e m a t i c i a n . Wh il e she was
q u e e n she b r o u g h t p r o s p e rity a n d p e ace t o Egypt.

I I NS I DE I N F ORMAT I ON
• The love story be t ween Ma rk An t ony and Cleopatra is one of the mos t
f amous in history. Wi l l iam Shakespeare wrote a play about the t wo
characters and there have been other f amous books and f i lms abou t
t hem too.
E
In R o m e s o m e p e o p l e s t a r t e d s a y i n g t h a t C l e o p a t r a h a d h e l p e d
t o k ill J u l i u s C a esar. M a r k A n t o n y , t h e n e w E m p e r o r o f R o m e ,
w a n t e d t o d i s c o v e r t h e t r u t h so h e t o l d h e r t o c o m e t o se e h i m .
C l e o p a t r a a r r i v e d i n a g o l d e n b o a t . T h e l e g e n d says t h a t M a r k
A n t o n y a n d C l e o p a t r a i m m e d i a t e l y fell in love. We k n o w t h a t t h e y
g o t m arrie d soon after a n d had three childre n.

• WORD BOOSTER
Match the words and definitions.

powerful a k ill a f a m o u s o r i m p o r t a n t p e r s o n

rival b strong an d i m p orta n t

m a k e s o m e b o d y leave a c o u n t r y
e x ile
d g o after
follow
e s o m e b o d y yo u c o m p e t e against
a ss a ssi n a t e
f sit u atio n w h ere p e o ple have a lot
prosp erity of m oney

1 Writ e t h r e e t h i n g s t h a t y o u t h i n k y o u k n o w a b o u t Cle o p atra. 3 Re a d t h e t e x t a g a i n a n d p u t t h e p a r a g r a p h s i n t h e c o r r e c t

order.
1
1 2 3

4 5

2 Re a d t h e t e x t a n d see if it m e n t i o n s a n y o f y o u r f a c t s i n I . T h e 4 Pu t t h e e v e n t s i n t o t h e c o r r e c t c h r o n o l o g i c a l o r d e r.

t e x t is n o t i n o r d e r , b u t t h a t is n o t i m p o r t a n t a t t h e m o m e n t . a C l e o p a t r a h a d a r e l a t i o n s h i p w i t h J u l i u s C a esar.

A b Cleo patra g o t m arrie d t o her brother.

T o g ether Mark A n t o n y a n d Cleopatra ha d a very p o w e r f u l Cleopatra g o t m arrie d t o Mark A nto ny.

p o li t ic a l a n d r o m a n t i c r e l a t i o n s h i p . Bu t M a r k A n t o n y h a d a rival i n d Cleopatra die d .

R o m e , O c t a v i a n . O c t a v i a n d e c l a r e d w a r a g a i n s t M a r k A n t o n y . In a e Mark A n t o ny died.

t errible b a t tle at A c t i u m , Mar k A n t o n y lost a n d , w i t h Cle o p atra, h e f Ju li u s C aesar d i e d .

ran a w a y t o Eg y p t. M a r k A n t o n y w a s l o si n g t h e w a r a n d Ro m a n g C le o p a tra w e n t t o Ro m e.

s o l d i e r s w e r e g o i n g t o m a k e h i m a p r i s o n e r . H e d e c i d e d t o k ill
5 Answer t h e questions.
himself. W h e n Cle o p atra f o u n d o u t , she t o o k a p o is o n o u s snak e,
p u t i t n e x t t o h e r, a n d s h e a l s o t o o k h e r o w n li f e .
1 W h y d i d C l e o p a t r a m a r r y h er b r o t h e r?

C l e o p a t r a VII o f E g y p t is o n e o f t h e m o s t f a m o u s w o m e n i n
h i s t o r y . Sh e w a s b o r n i n 6 9 o r 6 8 . W h e n her fath er d i e d , she 2 W h y d i d C l e o p a t r a g o t o Ro m e?
b e c a m e t h e q u e e n . H e r t e n - y e a r - o l d b r o t h e r , P t o l e m y XIII, w a s
t h e k i n g . Beca use o f a n o l d E g y p t i a n t r a d i t i o n sh e a n d h er b r o t h e r
3 W h y d i d M a r k A n t o n y w a n t t o se e C l e o p a t r a ?
g ot m arrie d.

4 W h y d i d M a r k A n t o n y k ill h i m s e l f?
In 4 8 , Eg y p t b e c a m e p a r t o f t h e c o n f l i c t b e t w e e n Ju li us C aesar
a n d Po m p e y. C aesar c a m e t o Eg y p t a n d h e a n d C l e o p a t r a b e g a n
a r o m a n c e . Pt o l e m y h a d e x il e d C l e o p a t r a b u t C aesar h e l p e d 6 W h a t a b o u t youl
C l e o p a t r a t o b e c o m e q u e e n a g a i n . In 4 7 Cleopatra h a d a child,
D o y o u e n j o y d o i n g h i s t o r y a t s c h o o l? W h y / W h y n o t?
p o s s i b l y J u l i u s C a esar's. C a e s a r w e n t b a c k t o R o m e a n d C l e o p a t r a
a n d h er s o n f o l l o w e d h i m . Bu t w h e n t h e y assassin a t e d C aesar
in Ro m e, C le o p a tra r e t u r n e d t o Eg y p t w h e r e o n c e a g a i n sh e
became queen.

68 Unit 8
r Gram mar in conte xt

Gerunds and infinitives

1 Match t h e rules w i t h t h e sentences. 3 C o m ple t e t h e q u estio ns w i t h t h e correct f o r m o f t h e verbs give n.

W e u s e t h e g e r u n d as t h e s u b j e c t o f a s e n t e n c e . / 1 What d o you enjoy (d o) o n Sa t u r d a y

W e u s e t h e g e r u n d w i t h go t o t a l k a b o u t p h y s i c a l
a f t e r n o o n s?
activities.
2 How often do you go (s h o p ) w i t h y o u r
We use t h e g e r u n d a f t e r v e r b s o f li k i n g or d isli k i n g .
We u s e t h e g e r u n d a f t e r p r e p o s i t i o n s . f r i e n d s?

We use t h e i n f i n i t i v e t o e x p l a i n w h y s o m e b o d y 3 ( d o ) s p o r t . H o w i m p o r t a n t is i t f o r y o u ?
does s o m e t h i n g .
4 W h a t are y o u g o o d a t ( d o ) a t s c h o o l?
We u s e t h e i n f i n i t i v e a f t e r a d j e c t i v e s .
5 H o w d o y o u feel a b o u t (r e a d) i n E n g l i s h?
We use t h e i n f i n i t i v e a f t e r c e r t a i n v e r b s.
6 What do you want (d o) w h e n y o u f i n is h
I h a t e g e t t i n g u p e a rly.
s c h o o l?
I'm g o o d a t d o i n g m a t h s .
I w a n t t o g o t o Egypt. 7 D o y o u f i n d it e asy ( m a k e ) n e w f r i e n d s?
I go s w i m m i n g three tim es a week. W h y / W h y n o t?
I w e n t h o m e t o s e e i f m y m u m w a s O K.
8 What d o you hate (d o) a t t h e w e e k e n d ?
R e a d i n g f a n t a s y n o v e l s is o n e o f m y h o b b i e s .
It's d i f f i c u l t t o s e e w h e n it's d a r k .
4 Wr i t e y o u r o w n t r u e a n s w e rs t o t h e q u e s t i o n s in 3.
•
1

f
Grammar extension

5 W r i t e c o m p l e t e s e n t e n c e s a b o u t you u s i n g t h e w o r d s i n b o l d .
Yo u c a n n o t c h a n g e t h e f o r m o f t h e w o r d s in b o l d . You can use
v e r b s o f l i k i n g , a d j e c t i v e s , go, p r e p o s i t i o n s o r w o n t j u s t b e f o r e
t h e w ords. The w or ds can co m e a t t h e start o f t h e sentence or
y o u can e x p lain w h y y o u d o or d i d s o m e t h i n g .
2 M a tc h t h e halves o f t h e se n te nces.

1 Pr o f e ssi o n a l f o o t b a l l p l a y e r s s h o u l d e n j o y 1 I Jove watching films at the weekend. WATCHING

2 Last w e e k m y g r a n d f a t h e r a n d I w e n t t o
2 T O SEE
W e m b l e y St a d i u m
3 Sc o r i n g g o a l s is i m p o r t a n t 3 WALKING

4 It's i m p o r t a n t f o r f o o t b a l l p l a y e r s 4 TO DO
5 Pr o f e ssi o n a l f o o t b a l l p l a y e r s d o n ' t o f t e n g o
5 TO BUY
6 For p r o f e s s i o n a l f o o t b a l l p l a y e r s , i t u s u a l l y is n't g o o d
6 LISTENING
a to train hard.
b t o e a t l o t s o f b u r g e r s b e c a u s e t h e y a r e n 't v e r y h e a l t h y . 7 LIVING

skiin g b eca use t h e y c o u l d h ave an a cci d e n t . 8 TO BE

d f o r f o o t b a l l players.
9 TO READ
e to watch a footb all m atch.
f playin g footb all. 10 SH OPPING
i» _

Unit 8
Reporting a past event - a party

1 Match t h e q u estio ns a n d answers a b o u t a p arty.

Q uestions Answers

1 W h o s e p a r t y w a s i t? a It w a s h is b i r t h d a y .

2 W h y d i d t h e y h a v e t h e p a r t y? b N o , I d i d n ' t k n o w a n y b o d y t h e r e e x c e p t m y c o u s i n ( a n d m y sist e r o f c o u r s e!),

M y c o u si n w a s p l a y i n g s o m e o l d CDs w i t h so n g s t h a t n o b o d y k n e w ,
3 W h o did yo u g o wit h?
d It w a s i n a c o l d , d a r k g a r a g e a t m y c o u si n's h o u s e .
4 W h e r e w a s t h e p a r t y?
e N o , I d i d n ' t d a n c e b e c a u s e I d i d n ' t k n o w a n y o f t h e s o n g s t h a t m y c o u s i n w a s p la yi n g ,
5 H o w m a n y p e o p l e w e r e t h e r e?
f It w a s m y c o u s i n's .
6 D i d y o u k n o w a ll t h e p e o p l e t h e r e ?
g T h e r e w a s s o m e f o o d , b u t w e d i d n ' t r e a ll y e a t a n y t h i n g b e c a u s e t h e r e w e r e o n l y
7 W a s t h e r e a n y f o o d ? W h a t w a s i t li k e? 1
s o m e cak es t h a t m y c o u si n h a d m a d e a n d t h e y w e r e n't very g o o d ,
8

9
W a s t h e r e a n y m u s i c? W h a t w a s i t li k e?

D i d y o u d a n c e?
h
i
I m e t o n e o r t w o p e o p l e b u t I d i d n 't li k e t h e m m u c h ,
The party e n d e d at 9 p m .
I
10 D id y o u m e e t a n y b o d y? j I w e n t w i t h m y l i t t l e sist e r.
11 W h a t t i m e d i d t h e p a rty e n d? T h e r e w e r e n ' t m a n y b e c a u s e m y c o u s i n h a s n't g o t m a n y f r i e n d s .

I m a g i n e t h a t last Sa t u r d a y y o u w e n t t o t h e b e st p a r t y ever. Wr i t e y o u r o w n a n s w e rs t o t h e q u e s t i o n s i n 1. M a k e i t cle ar t h a t it w as t h e

p e r f e c t p a r t y. Use d i f f e r e n t p ast t e n ses w h e n n ecessary.

It was Will Smith's.

10

11

Describing photos

3 L o o k a t t h e p h o t o a n d a n s w e r t h e q u e s t i o n s . If y o u a r e n o t 4 Use t h e q u e s t i o n s i n 3 t o t h i n k o f t h i n g s t o say a b o u t t h is
s u r e o f s o m e t h i n g , u s e / think a n d / o r / imagine. p h o t o . M a k e n otes a n d t h e n practise orally.
> Developing writi n g

A personal description

1 Re a d t h i s d e s c r i p t i o n o f H o l l y 's b e s t f r i e n d , E l e a n o r , a n d 2 Re a d t h e d e s c r i p t i o n a g a i n a n d c o m p l e t e i t w i t h t h e s e w o r d s
answer t h e q u estio ns. a n d e x pressio ns o f se q u e nce a n d t i m e .

1 Wh e r e d i d t h e y m e e t?
at first before in t h e e n d that sum mer then ye ars a g o

2 W h y w as it u n u s u a l t o m e e t t h e r e? 3 L o o k a t t h i s i n f o r m a t i o n a b o u t a n i m a g i n a r y b e s t f r i e n d . Use
t h e i n f o r m a t i o n a n d y o u r i m a g i n a t i o n t o w r i t e a n e m a il lik e
H o l l y's . R e m e m b e r t o u s e e x p r e s s i o n s o f s e q u e n c e a n d t i m e .

Name: Alfie

• M e t : t hre e y e a rs ago, a t a party, f r i e n d o f a frien d,

chattin g, goes t o sa m e school b u th a d n ever spoken

Good f r i e n d because:

like p la yi n g sa m e sports,

fu n ny, Interestin g, doesn't

get a n gry

Physical description

n o t v e r y t all (lik e m e !) ,

long dark hair

Get Mai l Wri te Contacts Reply Foiward Delete Print

Hi Alicia, i i i i m i i
£4
w
How are you? I hope you and your family are all w e l l . Get Mai l Wr i te Contacts Reply Forward Delete Print

I thought I'd tell you a b i t about my best friend, Eleanor. I met

Dear Jake,
her two ( a ) . (b) t my family How are you? I hope you're w e l l .
and I were spending our holidays in Spain. Eleanor was staying I t h o u g h t I ' d tell you a b i t about my best friend, Alfie.
at the same hotel as us. I t ' s incredible t h a t we met in another I met him

country because at home we actually live very close to each

other but we'd never met ( c )

(d) j I d i d n ' t get on w i t h Eleanor because she

didn't speak much. But ( e ) we went out one

evening and we started to chat, ( f ) t we found

that we had lots of things in c o m m o n . For example, we both

love music and we like the same singers. We also love dancing.

People say we're like sisters because we're both t a l l , we both

have long fair hair and we've both got blue eyes.

Write back and tell me about your best friend. How did you

meet?

All the best,

Holly

Unit 8
Revision: Units 7 - 8
Grammar Vocabulary

1 C o m p le t e th ese sentences a b o u t yo ur sch ool in a logical w a y. 1 T hin k of a different j o b for each e x a m ple.

1 A t o ur sch o ol, st u d e n ts m u st 1 a j o b f o r creative p e o p l e :

2 A t o u r sch o ol, st u d e n ts s h o u l d n't 2 a j o b w i t h a l o t of paperwork:

3 A t o ur sch o ol, st u d e n ts d o n't h ave t o 3 a j o b w h e r e y o u n e e d t o b e calm:

4 a j o b w h e r e y o u w o r k outdoors:

4 A t o ur sch o ol, st u d e n ts m u st n't 5 a j o b f o r p e o p l e w h o a r e sociable:

5 A t o ur sch o ol, st u d e n ts sh o ul d / 5 po i n t s )
6 A t o ur sch o ol, st u d e n ts h ave t o
M a tc h t h ese w o r d s t o m a k e c o m p o u n d adjectives. A fter each
7 A t o ur sch o ol, teach ers d o n't h ave t o
c o m p o u n d a d j e ctiv e , say if it d escrib es a p erso n o r a j o b .

e a sy handed going paid part hard

( / 7 po i n t s )
working right looking time well good

2 C o m plete each sentence w i t h a n a p p ro p ria t e w o r d .

1 -workin
If I a m i l l i o n a i r e , I'd b u y m y p a r e n t s a n e w car. <3
2 person/job
I w o u l d b e re ally h a p p y w e live d in N e w York.
3 . person / job
If i t d i d n ' t r a i n f o r m o n t h s , w e have m u c h water.
4 . P. .UQ.0 / JQ.b
e

If I k n e w w h e n h is b i r t h d a y w a s , I'd h i m a present.
5 .. person / job
y o u r u n a w a y if y o u saw a g h o st?
6 person / job
If it , w e w o u l d n't g o o u t because w e
( / 10 po i n t s )
h a v e n't g o t a n u m b r e l l a . ( / 6 po i n t s )
C o m p l e t e t h e e x pressio ns.
3 D ecid e w h i c h a c t i o n h a p p e n e d first a n d p u t o n e v e r b i n t h e
1 t o have a g o o d relationship w i t h so m e b o d y = t o
past p erf ect a n d t h e o t h e r i n t h e past si m p l e .
o n well w i t h so m e o n e
2 t o start a relatio nship w i t h s o m e b o d y again = t o g e t
1 I g o t u p / I m a d e m y brea kfast.
to g eth er again
After I haelgot up, I mage my breakfast,
3 t o start t o love s o m e b o d y = t o in love w i t h
2 h e f i n i s h e d h is l u n c h / h e w a s n ' t h u n g r y . somebody
4 t o as k s o m e b o d y t o g o s o m e w h e r e w i t h y o u b e c a u s e y o u
w a n t t o s t a r t a r o m a n t i c r e l a t i o n s h i p w i t h t h e m = t o ask
3 she g o t in t h e s w i m m i n g p o o l / s h e s w a m f or 2 0 m i n u t e s.
somebody
t o e n d a relationship w i t h so m e b o dy = t o up with
somebody
( / 5 po i n t s )
4 I sent t h e e m ail / l w r o t e it.
Fin d t h e w o r d s w h i c h d escri b e t h e s e f e eli n g s. All t h e w o r d s
are n o u n s.
( / 6 po i n t s )
t h e f e e l i n g w h e n y o u a r e n 't h a p p y =
4 C o m plete t h e sentences w i t h these words.
t h e feelin g w h e n yo u w a n t to b e w i t h oth er p eo ple b u t

n o b o d y is w i t h y o u =
doing to d o swim ming to swim watching to watch
t h e f e e li n g w h e n y o u are afraid o f s o m e t h i n g =
1 s p o r t is g o o d f o r y o u . t h e f e e l i n g w h e n s o m e t h i n g r e a l l y g o o d is g o i n g
2 It's i m p o r t a n t y o u r h o m e w o r k e v e ry d ay. to happen =
3 I enjoy cart o o ns a n d dra m as. t h e f e e li n g w h e n y o u are a n g r y =
4 I g o t u p e arly t h e n e w s o n TV.
( / 5 po i n t s )
5 Are y o u g o o d a t ? C an y o u g o u n d e r t h e w a t e r?

6 Do you want i n t h e se a t h i s a f t e r n o o n ?
/ 25 po i innt tss j
/ 6 po i n t s )
Reading
1 Re a d t h e t e x t . D o e s t h e p h o t o s h o w child work o r child labour!
Most t e e n a g e r s in E u r o p e h a v e
b u s y liv e s. T h e y w o r k h a r d a t
sch o ol, t h e n m a y b e t h e y d o
aft er - sch o ol a c t ivi t i e s o r s p o r t ,
they g o o u t w i t h t h eir frie n ds,
and so m e ti m es t h ey d o a
Sa t u r d a y j o b . B u t d o n ' t f o r g e t
that th ere are a p p r o x i m a t ely
218 m illi o n c h il d r e n in t h e w o r l d
between t h e ages of 5 and 17
w h o have t o w o r k al m ost every
d ay o f t h e ye ar.
T h e r e's a b i g d i f f e r e n c e
between a jo b at the we e k e n d
in a s u p e r m a r k e t a n d t h e
type of j o b s t h a t t h ese y o u n g
p e o p le h a v e t o d o. W o r k i n g in
a s u p e r m a r k e t is a n e x a m p l e
of c h il d w o r k . C h il d w o r k is
an e c o n o m ic activity w h i c h
i s n 't b a d f o r a c h i l d 's h e a l t h o r
e d u c a t i o n . B u t t h e o t h e r is w h a t
w e c a l l c h i l d l a b o u r . T h a t is w h e n
c h il d r e n w o r k in d a n g e r o u s
c o n d i t i o n s . Ri g h t n o w m i l l i o n s o f
childre n are w o r k i n g in m i n e s,
or w o r k i n g w i t h c h e m ic a ls
a n d p e s t ici d e s in a g r ic u l t u r e ,
or w o r k i n g w i t h d a n g e r o u s
m achin es in f act ories. T h ese
2 Answer t h e questions.
1 W h a t e x a m p l e s o f d a n g e r o u s j o b s a p p e a r in t h e t e x t?
2 In t y p i c a l c h i l d l a b o u r , d o c h i l d r e n w o r k l o n g h o u r s? H o w
m u c h m o n e y d o t h e y g e t for t h eir work?
3 W h a t are t h e p r o b l e m s f o r c h il d r e n w h o w o r k in a g ric ult u r e?
4 W h a t h a p p e n s t o t h e s e c h i l d r e n w h e n t h e y h a v e a n a cci d e n t?
/ 5 po i n t s )
Writing
L . T . J O N E S N E W S P A P E R S H O P
c h il d r e n n o t o n ly w o r k in b a d We need a hard - working teenager
c o n d iti o n s. T h ey also w o r k v e r y t o d eliver n e ws p a p e rs t his su m m er.
lo n g hours. O ften t h e y g et no
W r i t e t o M r L.T. J o n e s , 3 6 A t l a n t i c D r i v e , B r i s t o l , B 0 6 3 LP
m o n e y for their w or k . or ring 0 1 2 3 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 .
Of t h e 218 millio n childre n in
3 Lo o k at t h e j o b a d v e r t is e m e n t . You n e e d a j o b t his s u m m e r.
child la b o ur a r o u n d t h e w o r l d ,
W r i t e a l e t t e r t o M r L.T. J o n e s . Us e t h e s e q u e s t i o n s f o r i d e a s
t h e m a j o r i t y ( 6 9 %) w o r k i n
a b o u t w h a t t o w r i t e (y o u ca n i n v e n t i n f o r m a t i o n ).
a g ricult u re. T h ey w o r k in v e ry
• W h y are y o u w r i t i n g ?
high t e m p erat ures and th ey
use d a n g ero us e q u i p m e n t • W h a t o t h e r i n f o r m a t i o n a r e y o u s e n d i n g w i t h t h e l e t t e r (CV,
p h o t o , o t h e r)?
li k e k n iv e s o r m a c h e t e s . T h e ir
• W h a t p erso n al q u alities d o y o u h ave t h a t c o u l d h elp t o g e t
w o r k i n g co n ditio ns are dirty a n d
t h e jo b?
unhealthy. They have t o w o r k
lo n g h o u rs a n d so at t h e e n d
• W h a t e x p e r i e n c e d o y o u h a v e?
of t h e day t h ey are very tire d.
Bu t t h a t's w h e n t h e y h a v e t o
D e a r M r Jones,
b e m o s t c a r e f u l b e c a u s e , if n o t ,
t h e y can suffer fatal accid e nts.
A n d y o u s h o u l d also r e m e m b e r
t h a t t h e s e c h il d r e n d o n 't usu ally
receive a n y m e d ici n e or m e dical
treatment.
So n e x t t i m e y o u t h i n k t h a t y o u r
l i f e is d i f f i c u l t , r e m e m b e r t h a t
t h e r e are p e o ple of y o u r age in
w orse con ditions. Mayb e w e
s h o u l d a ll t h i n k a b o u t d o i n g
so m et hin g to help t h e m .
/ 10 po i n t s )
 Grammar • Reported speech - statements an d questions

Vocabulary • Fiction • Non - fiction

• Phrasal verbs connected with reading and writing

Speaking • Making offers

Writing • A questionnaire

Fiction

1 C o m plete th e pu z zle w i t h th e types of fiction.

1 Macbeth, W aiting for Godot, The Importance of Being Earnest

2 X-Men, Spider-man, Dragonball

3 Frankenstein, Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde, The Vampire

4 Lord of the Rings, H arry Potter, Eragon

5 Love Story, Antony and Cleopatra, Women in Love

6 The Spy Who Came in from the Cold, The L ast Assassin, The Bourne Identity

7 Cinderella, S now White, Flapunzel

8 Murder on the Orient Express, The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes,

The No. I L adies'Detective Agency

9 The Time Machine, W ar of the Worlds, Journey to the Centre

of the Earth

10 Viking, Pompeii, Centurion

2 Loo k a t t h ese ficti o n a l characters. C h o ose t h e t y p e o f b o o k in 1 t h a t e ach o n e c o m e s f r o m .

Non-fiction

3 M a tc h e ach t y p e o f n o n - ficti o n b o o k w i t h t h e t y p e o f i n f o r m a t i o n t h a t it gives.

Ty p e o f non - fiction I n f o r m a t i o n it g i v e s
1 atlas a It t e l l s y o u h o w t o f i n d a p l a c e a n d w h a t y o u c a n d o t h e r e .
2 autobiography b It t e l l s y o u w h a t y o u n e e d t o k n o w a b o u t a s u b j e c t t h a t y o u s t u d y a t s c h o o l .
3 biography It t e l l s y o u w h i c h i n g r e d i e n t s y o u n e e d f o r a d i s h a n d h o w t o p r e p a r e t h e m .
4 cookbook d It s h o w s y o u t h e g e o g r a p h i c l o c a t i o n o f d i f f e r e n t p l a c e s .
5 dictio nary e It t e l l s y o u w h a t h as h a p p e n e d v e r y r e c e n t l y o r w h a t is h a p p e n i n g n o w .
6 e ncyclo p e dia f It t e l l s y o u a b o u t s o m e b o d y ' s li f e .
7 guidebook g It t e l l s y o u h o w t o u s e o r o p e r a t e s o m e t h i n g .
8 manual h It t e l l s y o u a b o u t t h e w r i t e r's li f e .
9 newspaper i It t e l l s y o u a b o u t a l m o s t a n y t h i n g i n t h e w o r l d .
10 textbook j It t e l l s y o u t h e m e a n i n g , f o r m , s p e l l i n g a n d p r o n u n c i a t i o n o f w o r d s .

C hoose o n e t y p e o f n o n - fictio n t h a t y o u so m e ti m es read a n d o n e t h a t y o u n ever read. Writ e a se n t e nce for each e x plainin g why.

1 I so m e ti m es read 2 I never read

because because

Unit 9
eading

1 R e a d t h e s p e e c h b y t h e f a m o u s n o v e l i s t , Pa u l A u s t e r . D o y o u
t h i n k h e is h a p p y b e i n g a w r i t e r ? W h y / W h y n o t ?

2 Re a d t h e s p e e c h a g a i n a n d m a t c h t h e h alves o f t h e se n t e nces.

A uster t hin k s t h a t
1 t h e li f e o f a w r i t e r is
2 b o o k s are n o t
3 a r t m a k e s us
4 f a iry tales are
5 TV a n d f il m s are

a useful in a practical way.

b f r i g h t e n i n g b u t c a n ' t h u r t u s.
strange.

Paul Auster is one of Amer ica's greatest l iving novel ists. d differe nt f r o m o t h e r livin g t hin gs,
His books include The New York Trilogy, Mr Vertigo and Moon e p o p u l a r b e c a u s e w e a ll n e e d s t o r i e s .
Palace.
In 2006 Auster w o n the Pr ince of Astur ias Prize for Letters, 3 Answer t h e questions.
Spain's mos t i mpor tant literary honour . The text you are go i ng
to read is the speech that he read out at the ce r emony whe r e
1 W h e n d i d Pa u l A u s t e r b e c o m e i n t e r e s t e d i n w r i t i n g s t o ri e s?
he accepted the prize.

I want to tell you a story

2 Wh y d o es he w ri t e fictio n?
I d o n ' t k n o w w h y I d o w h a t I d o . If I d i d k n o w , I p r o b a b l y w o u l d n ' t
f e e l t h e n e e d t o d o i t . A l l I c a n say is t h a t I h a v e n e e d e d t o w r i t e
s t o ri e s si n c e m y e a r l i e s t a d o l e s c e n c e . It is a n u n u s u a l w a y t o
s p e n d y o u r li f e - s i t t i n g a l o n e i n a r o o m w i t h a p e n i n y o u r h a n d , 3 W h y d o e s h e t h i n k b o o k s a n d s t o r i e s a r e i m p o r t a n t f o r us?

h o u r a f t e r h o u r , d a y a f t e r d a y , y e a r a f t e r y e a r, t r y i n g t o p u t w o r d s
o n p ieces o f p a p e r in o r d e r t o g iv e b i r t h t o w h a t d o e s n o t e x ist -
e x ce pt in y o u r o w n h e a d. Wh y w o u l d a n y o n e w a n t t o d o such a
t h i n g ? T h e o n l y a n s w e r I h a v e e v e r b e e n a b l e t o g i v e is: b e c a u s e 4 Match these words fr o m th e te x t w i t h their definitions.
yo u have to.
T h is n e e d t o m a k e , t o c r e a t e , t o i n v e n t is e s s e n t i a l f o r h u m a n s . allow e xcept innocent p assio n safe vast
Bu t f i c t i o n h as n o p r a c t i c a l u s e i n t h e re al w o r l d . A b o o k h as n e v e r
p u t f o o d in t h e s t o m a c h o f a h u n g r y c h i l d . A b o o k has n e v e r 1 let, p e r m i t
s t o p p e d a b u l l e t f r o m e n t e r i n g a m u r d e r v i c t i m 's b o d y . A b o o k 2 very b i g , e n o r m o u s
h as n e v e r s t o p p e d a b o m b f r o m f a l l i n g o n inn_oce_nt p e o p l e i n t h e
3 apart fro m
m i d d l e o f a war.
4 not dangerous
In o t h e r w o r d s , a r t is n o u s e w h e n y o u c o m p a r e i t , f o r
e x a m p l e , t o t h e w o r k o f a d o c t o r o r a n e n g i n e e r . Bu t is t h a t a b a d 5 n o t g uilty of a crim e

t h i n g? D o es t h a t m e a n t h a t b o o k s are j u s t a w a s t e o f o u r t i m e? 6 stro n g f e elin g o f love or interest

M a n y p e o p l e t h i n k so. Bu t I w o u l d say t h a t a r t is w h a t m a k e s us
d i f f e r e n t f r o m a n y t h i n g e ls e o n t h i s p l a n e t . It is w h a t d e f i n e s us as 5 W h a t a b o u t you?

h u m a n b ein gs.
1 D o y o u t h i n k s t o r i e s a r e i m p o r t a n t ? W h y / W h y n o t?
C h i l d r e n l o v e l i s t e n i n g t o s t o r i e s . W h y ? F a iry t a l e s a r e o f t e n
cru el a n d vi o l e n t . You w o u l d t h i n k t h is w o u l d b e t o o f r i g h t e n i n g
f o r a y o u n g c h i l d . Bu t t h e s e s t o r i e s aJJ.oyy c h i l d r e n t o m e e t t h e i r
o w n f e a rs - i n a p e r f e c t l y s a f e a n d p r o t e c t e d e n v i r o n m e n t . T h i s is
t h e m a g i c o f stories.
For y e a rs, i n e v e r y c o u n t r y o f t h e w e s t e r n w o r l d , j o u r n a l i s t s
2 W h a t d o y o u prefer - r e a d i n g stories, list e n i n g t o t h e m ,
h ave w r i t t e n article after article a b o u t t h e f act t h a t f e w e r a n d
w a t c h i n g t h e m o n T V o r i n f i l m s? W h y ?
f e w e r p e o p l e are r e a d i n g b o o k s . T h i s m a y b e t r u e , b u t a t t h e
s a m e t i m e t h i s h as n o t s t o p p e d t h e u n i v e r s a l n e e d f o r s t o r i e s .
F il m s a n d t e l e v i s i o n a n d e v e n c o m i c b o o k s a r e c r e a t i n g v a s t
q u a n t i t i e s o f n arratives, a n d t h e p u b l i c c o n t i n u e s t o rea d t h e m
w i t h g r e a t p a s s i o n . T h a t is b e c a u s e h u m a n b e i n g s n e e d s t o n e s . It
w o u l d b e i m p o s s i b l e t o i m a g i n e li f e w i t h o u t t h e m .

Unit 9 75
Reported speech - statements

la D eci d e if t h e w o r d s g iv e n a r e n ecessary in t h e s e n t e n c e o r n o t . 4 Rewrite t h e sentences in r e p o rt e d speech.

I f t h e y are n ecessary, w r i t e t h e m in t h e c o r r e c t p l a c e .

1 M y f r i e n d s a i d I c o u l d u s e h is b i k e , ( m e) 1 'I' m g o i n g t o p l a y b a s k e t b a l l i n Ju l y ,'s a i d J a m i e .

2 T h e y t o l d t h e y w a n t e d t o g o h o m e , (us)
3 T h e t e a c h e r t o l d t h e y h a d a n e x a m o n W e d n e s d a y , (the 2 1 w a n t t o g o s w i m m i n g , ' s a i d Be c k y.
students)
4 H e s a i d i t w a s h is b i r t h d a y , ( him )
3 ' M y f r i e n d h a s g o t a n e w c o m p u t e r g a m e ,' s a i d Ja c k .
5 H e s a i d i t w a s n ' t h is b o o k , ( me )
6 Sh e t o l d s h e w a n t e d t o g o s h o p p i n g , ( her mum )
7 I s a i d s h e w a s m y f a v o u r i t e w r i t e r , (the teacher) 4 'We f i n i s h s c h o o l o n F ri d a y,'s a i d E m i l y a n d Evie .

8 T h e y t o l d t h e e x a m w a s o n F ri d a y. (James)

5 'I t h i n k t h i s is t h e a n s w e r ,'s a i d C h a r l o t t e .
l b L o o k a t y o u r a n s w e r s i n 1 a . W h a t is t h e d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n say
a n d telll
6 'We d o n ' t n e e d h e l p ,'s a i d t h e s t u d e n t s .

7 ' M y d a d w o r k s i n a n o f f ic e ,' s a i d St e v e n .

2a C o m plete t h e sentences w i t h t h e correct words.

8 I' m n o t g o i n g t o t h e m e e t i n g , ' s a i d G e o r g e .
1 1 l o v e h i p - h o p , 's a i d D y l a n .
D yla n said loved hip - hop.

2 ' T h o s e a r e m y k e ys,'s a i d C h l o e .
Gra m m ar e xtension
C hlo e said t h o s e w e r e k e ys.

3 'W e a r e t h e p o l i c e ,'s a i d t h e m e n . 5a M a tc h t h e p e o p l e w i t h t h e t h i n g s t h e y said. T h e n w rit e

T h e m e n said w e r e t h e p olice. co m p le t e sentences in re p orte d speech.

4 ' O u r p a r e n t s a r e a w a y ,'s a i d Be n a n d A m y .
Be n a n d A m y s a i d p are n ts w e r e away.

5 'It's m y t u r n t o p a y ,'s a i d H e n r y .
H e n ry said it w a s t u r n t o p a y.

2 b Loo k at y o u r a nsw ers in 2a. W h a t w o r d s c h a n g e in r e p o r t e d

sp e ech?

1 Ju li us C a e s a r . . . 2 N elso n M a n d e l a . . . 3 O sc a r W i l d e

I c a n r e sis t e v e r y t h i n g b ( I c a m e , I saw, I c o n q u e r e d .
3a C o m plete t h e sentences w it h t h e correct words. J
except te m p tatio n.
1 'I l o v e t h a t f i l m , 's a i d M e g a n .
M e g a n said t h a t film.
[ E d u c a t i o n is t h e m o s t p o w e r f u l w e a p o n
2 'We'r e g o i n g b y b u s,' s a i d D a n n y . I w h i c h y o u ca n use t o c h a n g e t h e w o r l d .
D a n n y said g o i n g b y b us.

3 'T h a t's m y b i k e ,'s a i d J a c o b .

Jac o b said t h a t bike.

4 I t is n't a p r o b l e m , 'E l l i e t o l d m e .
Elli e m e it a problem.

5 ' M y d a d n e e d s h e l p ,'s a i d O l i v i a .
O livia said dad help.

6 ' O u r l e s s o n is a b o u t t o s t a r t ,'s a i d P o p p y a n d F r e y a .
P o p p y a n d Fr e y a s a i d lesso n a b o u t t o start.
5 b D o y o u k n o w a n y o t h e r t h i n g s t h a t f a m o u s p e o p l e said?
Writ e t h e m here.
3b Loo k a t y o u r a nswers in 3a. W h a t h a p p e n s t o t h e verbs i n
r e p o r t e d sp e ech? Copernicus said that the earth went round ike sun.

Unit 9
• Developing vocabulary
Phrasal verbs connected with reading and writing

l a Match t h e parts o f t h e phrasal verbs. 3 Writ e se nte nces w i t h t h e p hrasal verbs in 1 a n d 2 sayin g w h a t
you should d o in each situation.
1 cr o ss over
2 read in 1 Y o u m a k e a s p e l l i n g m i s t a k e w r i t i n g t h e w o r d which.
3 flick out
You should cross it out.
4 read out
5 f ill up 2 Yo u n e e d t o p u t i n f o r m a t i o n i n t o b o x e s o n a n a p p l i c a t i o n f o r m .

6 turn through
7 look on 3 Y o u 'v e f i n i s h e d t h e p a g e a n d w a n t t o r e a d t h e n e x t o n e .

1b Writ e t h e c o m p l e t e d p h r a s a l v e r b s n e x t t o t h e c o r r e c t
definition. 4 T he t e ach er w a n t s t o hear y o u r a nsw er t o t h e n e x t q u e sti o n .

a contin ue reading
5 Y o u'r e r e a d i n g s o m e t h i n g r e a l l y i n t e r e s t i n g a n d y o u d o n ' t
b t u r n a p a g e t o see t h e o t h e r si d e
w a n t t o stop.
t urn t h r o u g h t h e pages o f a b o o k q uickly

d r e a d so t h a t o t h e r p e o p l e c a n h e a r y o u
6 Y o u'r e l o o k i n g a t a b o o k i n a b o o k s h o p t h a t y o u p o s s i b l y
e try t o fi n d a p articular piece o f i n f o r m a t i o n
in a b o o k w a n t t o b uy.

f d r a w a lin e t h r o u g h s o m e t h i n g t o s h o w it
is n't c o r r e c t 7 You n e e d t o f i n d o u t t h e m e a n i n g o f t h e w o r d
g w rit e i n f o r m a t i o n in e m p t y spaces antidisestablishmentarianism.

2 Choose t h e correct alternative.

1 In s o m e e x e rcis e s y o u h a v e t o f ill in/on t h e g a p s .

2 H e w r o t e wich b u t t h e n h e c r o s s e d i t out / up a n d w r o t e which.

3 I d o n ' t k n o w t h i s w o r d . I n e e d t o look / read i t u p i n m y

dictio n ary.

4 W e 'v e f i n i s h e d t h i s p a g e . T u r n on / over t o t h e n e x t o n e .

5 I'm g o i n g t o flkk / tum t h r o u g h t h i s m a g a z i n e q u i c k l y t o se e i f I

can f i n d a ny g o o d p h o t o s.

6 Re a d on / out t h e a n s w e r i n a l o u d v o i c e s o t h a t w e c a n a l l
hear y o u .

7 I r e a ll y w a n t t o k n o w h o w t h i s s t o r y e n d s , s o I'm g o i n g t o r e a d
on/out.

Vocabulary extension: more phrasal verbs connected with reading and writing

4 M a tc h t h e s e p h rasal v e r b s w i t h t h e i r m e a n i n g . Use y o u r d i c t i o n a r y if n ecessary.

1 read u p o n a rea d o n l y s m all p a rts (o f a b o o k , f o r e x a m p l e)

2 sum u p b w rit e s o m e t h i n g d o w n t o r e m e m b e r it
3 note d o w n give a s u m m a ry o f s o m e t h i n g
4 dip into d get in f or m a tio n o n a subject by reading a lot a b o u t it

5 C o m plete t h e sentences w i t h t h e correct f o r m o f t h e phrasal verbs in 4 .

1 H ave y o u g o t a p e n? G o o d . You c a n my 5 In o u r g e o g r a p h y l e s s o n , t h e t e a c h e r e x p l a i n s a n d w e
a d d r e ss . t h e m o st i m p o r t a n t p o i n t s in o u r
noteb oo ks.
2 I d i d n ' t r e a d all o f t h e b o o k . I j u s t it t o se e
if I li k e d i t . 6 F i n a lly, I w o u l d li k e t o my opinion by
r e p e a ti n g w h a t I said at t h e start o f t his talk .
3 N e x t w e e k o u r h i s t o r y t e a c h e r is g o i n g t o as k us l o t s o f
q u estio ns a b o u t A n ci e n t Ro m e. I d o n't k n o w m u c h a b o u t it. 7 H e n ever reads t h e w h o l e m a g a z i n e . H e it
I need to it. a n d reads t h e t h i n g s h e fi n d s t h e m o st in t erestin g .

4 In t h e last p a r a g r a p h o f y o u r essa y, it's a g o o d i d e a t o 8 I've f o r g o t t e n a ll t h e i n f o r m a t i o n o n h o w t o u s e t h a t o l d

t h e m a i n i d e a s. camera. I need t o it a g ain.

Unit 9
 File Edit V i ew History Jools W i ndow He l p

L i b r a r y s e r v i c e s f o r y o u n g p e o p l e

Libraries BOOKS

Liv e r p o o l Lib raries h a v e over 1 0 0 , 0 0 0 b o o k s f o r childre n

of all a g e s a n d a bilities. T h ere a r e b o o k s f o r b a b i e s a n d
y o u n g c hil d r e n a n d there a r e stories a n d infor m atio n b oo ks
for p l e a s u r e o r t o h e l p wit h sc h o o l w o r k . Lo o k a t o u r o nlin e
International cultural knowledge c a t a l o g u e t o s e e if w e h a v e y o u r f a v o u r i t e a u t h o r . W h y n o t
o r d e r a c o p y if w e d o n ' t ? A p a r t f r o m b o o k s , y o u c a n a l s o f i n d
^ Libraries in the UK m a g a z i n es for te e n a g ers.

AUDIO / VISUAL ITEMS

M o s t Li v e r p o o l Li b r a ri e s h a v e a s e l e c t i o n o f 't al k i n g b o o k s'
availa b le o n C D or casse t t e . T h ese are gre at for t h e ti m es w h e n
y o u p r e f e r t o liste n t o a st o ry i n s t e a d o f r e a d i n g o n e .
Pl e n t y o f p o p u l a r c h i l d r e n 's b o o k s a r e a v a i l a b l e a s 't a l k i n g
b o o k s ' a n d w e w i l l t r y t o g e t y o u r f a v o u r i t e f o r y o u if w e d o n ' t
a l r e a d y h a v e it. V i d e o s a n d D V D s a r e a l s o a v a i l a b l e i n s o m e
libraries.

INFORMATION A N DCOMMUNICATION T E C H N O L O G IES (ICT)

All Li v e r p o o l Li b r a ri e s h a v e p u b l i c c o m p u t e r s w h i c h y o u c a n
use t o surf t h e Internet for free - very p o p ular with childre n,
w h o c a n play g a m e s or lo o k for i n f o r m a tio n for their h o m e w or k .
T h e r e's a s m a l l c h a r g e f o r p r i n t i n g .

HOMEWORK

A s w e l l a s c o m p u t e r s w i t h f r e e a c c e s s t o t h e In t e r n e t , all
Liv e r p o ol Lib raries h a v e collectio n s of in for m atio n b o o ks
1 Writ e f o u r t h i n g s y o u can d o in a library. T h e n rea d t h e t e x t w h i c h are p e r f e c t for h o m e w o r k p r o j e c t s. Li b r a ry staff c a n h elp
c h il d r e n t o start t h eir h o m e w o r k . C o n t a c t y o u r local Li b rary or
a n d check y o u r answers.
t h e C h il d r e n's T e a m o n 0 1 5 1 2 3 3 5 8 4 1 t o fi n d o u t m o r e .
1 EVENTS, QUIZZES, E T C

2 M a n y Li b r a ri e s h a v e c h il d r e n's a ctiviti e s, e s p e ci a lly d u r i n g

3
4 2 . 0 0 p m . T h is is v e r y p o p u l a r w i t h t e e n a g e r s .
2 Re a d t h e i n f o r m a t i o n f o r y o u n g p e o p l e a b o u t u s i n g li b r a ri e s
in Liver p o ol a n d a nsw er t h e q u esti o n s.
1 Y o u a r e g o i n g t o g o t o C e n t r a l Li b r a r y o n S a t u r d a y b e t w e e n
h o li d a y p e r i o d s . C e n t r a l Li b r a r y a ls o h a s a Lo r d o f t h e Ri n g s
G a m e s Wo r k s h o p every Sat urd ay b e t w e e n 1 0.0 0 a m a n d
C e n tral Lib rary also h as C D players a n d sofas to chill o ut on
listenin g to yo ur favo urite m usic.
To f i n d o u t w h a t's a v a il a b l e i n y o u r n e a r e st Li b r a ry c h e c k
out th e i n d ivi d u al Lib rary p a g e s o r call u s o n 0 1 5 1 2 3 3 5 8 4 1 .

1 0.0 0 a m a n d 2.00 p m . W h a t sp ecial t h i n g ca n y o u d o t h e n?

I NS I DE I NFORMAT I ON
A n i n v e s t i g a t i o n b y t h e N a t i o n a l Li t e r a c y T r u st i n 2 0 0 8 d i s c o v e r e d t h a t
2 You h ave a t hre e - ye ar - old b r o t h e r. D o t h e y h av e b o o k s f o r 5 8 % o f y o u n g p e o p l e i n Br i t a i n s a i d t h a t t h e y e n j o y e d r e a d i n g v e r y m u c h
or q u it e a lot.
him?
• I n 2 0 0 4 p e o p l e b o r r o w e d 3 4 1 m i l l i o n b o o k s f r o m UK l i b r a r i e s .

3 T h e li b rary d o e s n't h av e a b o o k t h a t y o u w a n t . W h a t ca n y o u

d o? • WORD BOOSTER
Match t h e words and definitions.
4 You w a n t t o f i n d o u t a b o u t s p ecial e v e n t s at t h e li b rary. W h a t
availa ble a p e o p l e w h o w o r k in a place
c a n y o u d o? charge b lots o f
staff m o n e y t o p ay f o r a service or p r o d u c t

5 Y o u w a n t a s t o r y b u t y o u 'r e t o o t i r e d t o r e a d . W h a t c a n y o u printing d m a kin g a paper copy of a d ocu m e n t

plenty of e t h a t y o u c a n f i n d , t a k e or use
g e t a t t h e l i b r a r y?

3 W h a t a b o u t yo u?
6 You w a n t t o surf t h e n e t at t h e library. H o w m u c h d o y o u

h a v e t o p a y? 1 W o u l d y o u b e i n t e r e s t e d i n u s i n g L i v e r p o o l Li b r a ri e s? W h y /

W h y n o t?
7 Y o u w a n t t o r e l a x . H o w c a n y o u d o t h i s a t t h e l i b r a r y?

8 You w a n t t o d o y o u r h o m e w o r k at t h e library. H o w ca n t h e 2 W h a t a r e l i b r a r i e s li k e i n y o u r c o u n t r y ?

li b rary h e l p y o u?

78 Unit 9
• Gra m m ar in conte x t

Reported speech - questions

1 Loo k a t t h e d ir e c t a n d r e p o r t e d q u e s t i o n s a n d d e ci d e if t h e
r u l e s a r e t r u e ( T ) o r f a l s e (F).

a 1 'W h e n d i d y o u a r r i v e ?' A a r o n a s k e d B e n .
2 A a r o n as k e d Be n w h e n h e h a d a r r i v e d .

b 1 'W h y d o y o u w a n t t o g o ?' R u b y a s k e d Isa ac.

2 R u b y a s k e d Isa ac w h y h e w a n t e d t o g o .

1 'A r e y o u h u n g r y ?'S y l v i a a s k e d H e l e n .
2 Sylvi a a s k e d H e l e n i f s h e w a s h u n g r y .

1 We d o n't c h a n g e te nses a n d p r o n o u n s in t h e sa m e
w a y in r e p o r t e d st a t e m e n ts a n d r e p o r t e d q u estio n s.
2 W e d o n't use q u e s t i o n m ar k s in r e p o r t e d q u e s t i o n s.
3 W e u s e t h e a u x i l i a r y v e r b do i n r e p o r t e d q u e s t i o n s .
4 We d o n't p u t t h e v e r b b efore t h e su b j ect in r e p o r t e d
3 Rewrite t h e jo k es in r e p o r t e d sp e ech.
q u estio ns.
5 W e u s e / f o r whether i n r e p o r t e d q u e s t i o n s w h e n t h e r e
1 C u s t o m e r : What is this fly doing in my soup?
is n o q u e s t i o n w o r d (who, what, why, e t c) i n t h e
W a i t e r : / think it's swimming.
original q u estio n.
The custo m er
2 Rewrite t h e q u e s t i o n s in r e p o r t e d s p e ec h .

The waiter
1 'A r e y o u s u r e a b o u t t h i s a n s w e r ?' t h e t e a c h e r a s k e d t h e b o y .
The teacher
C u s t o m e r : There's a dead fly in this salad.
2 'W h y a r e y o u c r y i n g ?' t h e g i r l a s k e d t h e b o y . W a i t e r : Oh no! Who's going to take care of its family?
T h e girl The customer

The waiter
3 'Is i t y o u r b i r t h d a y t o d a y ?'B e t h a s k e d N a t h a n .
Be t h
C u s t o m e r : / can't eat this meat.
4 'D o y o u k n o w t h e t i m e ?' A d a m as k e d Mi a . W a i t e r : Why can't you eat it?
Adam C u s t o m e r : You haven't brought me a knife and fork.

5 'W h e r e h a v e y o u p u t m y g l a ss e s?'Eric a s k e d h is g r a n d d a u g h t e r . The customer

Eric The waiter

The customer
6 ' H o w d i d y o u k n o w m y n a m e ?'W i l l i a m a s k e d t h e g i r l .

Willi a m ,
C u s t o m e r : Why is there a little spider in my ice cream?
7 'H a v e y o u r e a d t h i s b o o k ?'S o p h i e a s k e d T o m . W a i t e r : / wasn't able to find a big one.
So p hie _ _ ,. The customer

8 ' D o y o u li k e c r i m e n o v e l s ?' M a r k a s k e d Sally.

Mark The waiter

Grammar extension

4 L o o k a t t h e d i r e c t q u e s t i o n . Is t h e r e p o r t e d q u e s t i o n c o r r e c t o r n o t ? I f i t i s n ' t , c o r r e c t i t .
1
1 ' D o y o u l i k e v a n i l l a ic e c r e a m ?'J a m i e a s k e d Be c k y. 5 ' D o w e n e e d o u r b o o k s t o d a y ?' t h e s t u d e n t s a s k e d t h e t e a c h e r .

J a m i e a s k e d Be c k y w h e t h e r s h e l i k e d v a n i l l a ic e c r e a m . T h e s t u d e n t s as k e d t h e t e a c h e r i f t h e y n e e d e d t h e ir b o o k s t h a t d ay.

2 'A re y o u l i s t e n i n g t o t h i s p r o g r a m m e ? ' m y m u m a s k e d m e . 6 'W h y a r e y o u l o o k i n g a t m e ? ' A m a n d a a s k e d Pe t e .

M y m u m a s k e d m e i f y o u 'r e l i s t e n i n g t o t h i s p r o g r a m m e . A m a n d a a s k e d Pe t e w h y w a s h e l o o k i n g a t h e r.

3 'W h e r e d o e s D a isy l i v e ?' a s k e d Is a b e l . 7 ' D i d y o u e n j o y t h e m e a l ?' t h e w a i t e r a s k e d t h e c u s t o m e r s .

Is a b e l a s k e d w h e r e D a isy d i d li v e . T h e w a i t e r a s k e d t h e c u s t o m e r s i f t h e y h a d e n j o y e d t h e m e a l?

4 'W h y is n't y o u r m o b i l e p h o n e w o r k i n g ?'J a c k a s k e d E m m a . 8 ' H a v e y o u f i n i s h e d y o u r i c e c r e a m ?'S a m a s k e d Jo e .

Ja c k a s k e d E m m a w h y h e r m o b i l e p h o n e w a s n ' t w o r k i n g . Sa m a s k e d J o e i f h e h a d f i n i s h e d h is ic e c r e a m .

Unit 9
а eveloping speaking

At a bookshop Describing photos

1 Lo o k a t t h e c u s t o m e r's sid e o f t h is d i a l o g u e . 4 L o o k a t t h e p h o t o a n d a n s w e r t h e q u e s t i o n s . If y o u a r e n o t
s u r e o f s o m e t h i n g , u s e / think a n d / o r / imagine.
S H O P ASSISTANT: (a)

CUSTOMER: Yes, p l e a s e . I'm l o o k i n g f o r a b o o k c a l l e d

Dragon Horse. It's a n o v e l . T h e y t o l d m e t h a t i t

w o u l d b e in t h e fa ntasy sectio n .

S H O P ASSISTANT: (b)

CUSTOMER: Yes, I h a v e , b u t I c a n 't s e e i t .

S H O P ASSISTANT: O K, I'll j u s t c h e c k o n t h e c o m p u t e r .

(c)

CUSTOMER: Yes, it's Pe t e r W a r d .

S H O P ASSISTANT: L e t m e se e . N o , I'm s o r r y . W e d o n ' t h a v e i t a t

t h e m o m e n t , (d)

CUSTOMER: H o w l o n g w i l l i t t a k e?

S H O P ASSISTANT: (e)

CUSTOMER: T h a t's g r e a t . 1 W h o ca n y o u see in t h e p h o t o?

S H O P ASSISTANT: (f)

CUSTOMER: Yes, p l e a s e . D o y o u w a n t m e t o g i v e y o u m y 2 W h e r e are t h e y?

n a m e a n d t e l e p h o n e n u m b e r?

S H O P ASSISTANT: (g)

CUSTOMER: M y n a m e is P h i l i p Re e v e a n d m y n u m b e r is 3 W h a t are t h e y d o i n g?
0123 4567890.

S H O P ASSISTANT: T h a n k y o u . W e 'l l c a ll y o u w h e n t h e b o o k
a r r i v e s . By e!
4 H o w d o y o u t h i n k t h e p e o p l e are f e e li n g? W h y?

l b Answer t h e questions.

1 Wh a t b o o k d oes t h e c u st o m e r w a n t?
5 Use t h e q u e s t i o n s in 4 t o t h i n k o f t h i n g s t o say a b o u t t h is
p h o t o . M a k e n o t es a n d t h e n practise orally.
2 W h a t t y p e o f b o o k is i t?

3 W h o is t h e a u t h o r ?

4 D oes t h e c u st o m e r fi n d , b uy, o r d e r or leave t h e b o o k?

2 P u t t h e s h o p a s s i s t a n t 's q u e s t i o n s a n d a n s w e r s i n t h e c o r r e c t
place in t h e d ial o g u e .

1 H ave y o u l o o k e d t h e r e?
2 Yes, p l e a s e .
3 Sh a ll I o r d e r i t f o r y o u ?
4 C a n I h e l p yo u?
5 It s h o u l d b e h e r e i n a w e e k .
6 D o y o u k n o w t h e n a m e o f t h e a u t h o r?
7 W o u l d y o u l i k e m e t o c a l l y o u w h e n t h e b o o k g e t s h e r e?

3 Loo k a t t h e c o m p l e t e d i a l o g u e a n d u n d e rli n e f o u r w ays o f

m a k i n g offers.
* Developing w riti n g

A questionnaire

1 Choose t h e correct alt ern a tive in t h ese q u estio ns f r o m a

q u estio n naire a b o u t free t i m e .

1 HowJWbo d o y o u u s u a l l y s p e n d y o u r f r e e t i m e ?

I read, l i s t e n t o music n n - d g o o u t w i t h / . fri.eiA.ds. i

2 Wtich/Who i s y o u r f a v o u r i t e h o b b y o f a l l ?

j I d o a ' t fei^ ow. re a olli / vg.

3 ШУ.(Шйй d o y o u l i k e i t ?

JB. ec n u .se i f l i / v d I t r e l a x l ^ ^ g . i , ' e s c a p e '.

4 How/Who o f t e n d o y o u g o o u t d u r i n g t h e s c h o o l w e e k ?

i N e v e r , i oiA - ly g o o u t at t h e w e e t e e i / t d .

5 Who dges.^end/^ends m o r e t i m e w i t h y o u at t h e
w e e k e n d , y o u r f a m ily o r y o u r fri e n d s?

j i t depends, b u t p r o b a b ly friends.

6 Where/When d o yo u like g o i n g wit h yo ur fri e n d s 9

j w e line g o l i / t g t o t h e civ^tw.a o r g o l i ^ g t o t h e p a r t e t o |
j p l a y f o o t b a l l an ^t b a s k e t b a l l o r g o steate b oardli / Lg.

7 Hgwmuch/many_ m o n e y do you spend on your

hobbies 9

i dovct speiA - d w.u,tv\. T t i e r n . o s t e x p e n s i v e t h l k v g I s

i qouvq out a t the weekends. 4 N o w writ e your q u estio n n aire b y c o m p l e ti n g these questions.

2 Writ e y o u r o w n t r u e a n sw e rs t o t h e q u e s t i o n s i n 1 .

2 How long I

9
I

6 When

3 You are g o i n g t o w r i t e q u e s t i o n s f o r a q u e s t i o n n a i r e a b o u t
7 H o w often
w h a t y o u d o in t h e h olid ays. Before y o u w r i t e t h e q u e sti o n s,
b r a i n s t o r m id eas.

8 D o y o u usually
> estii < vatbyvs Months import

• r t O U r s A y S - 9 Have you ever

Pe o ple - Ttotwgs t o tatee

M o i / vey

Unit 9
 Grammar • The passive - present si m ple and other tenses
emai\

10 Cyb erspace
Vocabulary • C o m p uters an d co m p u tin g • The Intern et • C ollocations wit h
Speaking • T alkin g a b o ut photos
Writing • Text m essages

т^тшашшшттатш^т

• Vocabulary
Computers and computing

1 Jo i n t h e s e w o r d s or p a rts o f w o r d s a n d w r i t e t h e m u n d e r t h e c o rr e c t p i c t u r e . You ca n use s o m e w o r d s m o r e t h a n o n ce .

1
>

2 Which part of th e co m p u ter d o yo u 4 W r i t e y o u r o w n t r u e a n s w e r s t o t h e q u e s t i o n s i n 3. W r i t e

c o m p l e t e se n t e nces a n d d e ci d e if y o u n e e d t o w r i t e t h e
1 use t o clic k o n t h i n g s? t w o h a l v e s o f t h e w o r d s t o g e t h e r ( e . g . download).
2 u s e t o c o n n e c t c a m e r a s , e t c?
1
3 list e n t o m u sic w i t h ?

4 writ e wit h?

5 m a k e vid e os wit h?

The Internet

3 M a t c h t h e halves t o f o r m q u e s t i o n s.

1 Have y o u g o t a b r o a d
2 Do yo u ever chat
3 W h i c h se arch
4 H ow lo n g d o you spend surfing
5 How often do you d o w n
6 Which w e b
7 D o y o u read or w ri t e
a lo a d fil m s f r o m t h e In t e r n e t?
b sit e d o y o u visit t h e m o s t?
o n l i n e w i t h f r i e n d s?
d t h e In t e r n e t at t h e w e e k e n d?
e e n g i n e d o y o u u s u a l l y u s e?
f b a n d c o n n e c t i o n t o t h e In t e r n e t?
g a blo g?

Unit 1 0
—
r Re a d i n g
1 Before y o u r e a d t h e t e x t , a n s w e r t h e q u e s t i o n s . Re a d t h e t e x t a g a i n a n d p u t t h e s e n t e n c e s i n t h e c o rr e ct
p l a c e ( A - E) i n t h e t e x t .
1 D o y o u h a v e a n M P 3 p l a y e r?
1 So, a r e s c h o o l s r i g h t t o s t o p s t u d e n t s t a k i n g MP 3
p l a y e r s t o s c h o o l?
2 W h a t c a n y o u d o w i t h a n M P 3 p l a y e r? N o t l o n g a g o , US s c h o o l s s t o p p e d s t u d e n t s f r o m
w e a r i n g b ase b all ca ps in e x a m s.
S o m e s t u d e n t s j u s t c a n 't s t o p t r y i n g t o c h e a t i n e x a m s .
2 Re a d t h e t e x t . A p a r t f r o m l i s t e n i n g t o m u s i c , f i n d o n e p o s i t i v e a n d T h e r e are also s o m e sc h o o ls t h a t d isa g r e e w i t h
o n e n e g a t i v e u s e o f MP3 p l a y e r s b y s c h o o l s t u d e n t s . s t o p p i n g t h e u s e o f MP 3 p l a y e r s .
T h e l a t e s t t y p e o f t e c h n o l o g y t o b e b a n n e d is t h e
MP 3 p l a y e r .

4 A nswer t h e questions.

1 H o w e x a ctly d i d s t u d e n t s c h e a t in e x a m s w i t h b ase b all

c a p s a n d m o b i l e p h o n e s?

2 In w h a t d i f f e r e n t w a y s d o s t u d e n t s u s e MP3 p l a y e r s t o
c h e a t i n e x a m s?

MP3 p l a y e r s a t school - yes o r no?

And o f c o u r s e i t ' s one o f t he t eache r s ' j obs to s t op 3 W h y d o s o m e s t u d e n t s t h i n k t h a t it's w r o n g t o s t o p

th i s chea t i ng . To do t h i s , t hey have t o keep up t o da t e
t h e m t a k i n g M P 3 p l a y e r s t o s c h o o l?
w i th new t echno l ogy . Tha t ' s because s t uden t s who chea t
are a l ways l ook i ng f o r new ways t o chea t w i t hou t t he i r
t eache r s r ea l i s i ng .

4 W h y d o s o m e sc h o o ls w a n t s t u d e n t s t o t a k e MP3
S t uden t s we r e w r i t i ng answe r s i ns i de t he caps . Then p l a y e r s t o s c h o o l?
c a me t he mob i l e phone . Schoo l s a l so s t opped t hese . It
was j u s t t oo easy f o r s t uden t s t o send each o t he r t ex t
messages o r even connec t t o t he I n t e r ne t .

Fin d w o r d s in t h e t e x t w h i c h h ave similar m e a n i n g s t o

Lo t s o f s t u d e n t s t ake MP3 p l aye r s t o schoo l to l i s t en these w ords or e x planations.
to mus i c at b reak t i mes . And usua l l y wi th new MP3
p l aye r s , you can wa t ch mus i c v i deos o r f i l ms t oo . Bu t 1 a h a t w i t h a p a rt t o k e e p t h e su n f r o m y o u r eyes
s o me uses of MP3 p l aye r s a r e no t qu i t e so i nnocen t . (paragraph B)
S o me s t uden t s down l oad f o r mu l as and o t he r i n f o r ma t i on
2 p u t s o u n d s o r i m a g e s o n t o a C D , D V D , MP 3 , e t c
on t o t he i r p l aye r s . O t he r s use t hem to r eco r d answe r s
be f o r e an e x a m a n d t he n l i s t en t o t hem du r i ng t he exam . (paragraph
O t he r s down l oad t he i r own no t es on t o t he i r p l aye r
3 g r o u p s o f letters o r n u m b e r s t h a t re p rese n t rules i n
and t h e n pu t t hem i n t he ' song l yr i cs ' t ex t f i l es .
s c i e n c e o r m a t h s (paragraph Q
D
4 t h e w o r d s t o a s o n g (paragraph Q
Some s t uden t s say n o . They ' r e ang r y because t hey say
5 places w h e r e y o u k e e p p a p ers a n d d o c u m e n t s
t ha t t hey used t o l i s t en t o t he i r MP3 p l aye r s to l i s t en
to mus i c and r e l ax be f o r e exams , no t to chea t . They t o g e t h e r (paragraph Q
don ' t see why t hey shou l d su f f e r j us t because some 6 m a k es p e o p l e in t erest e d a n d e x cite d a b o u t d o i n g
s t uden t s use t hem for t he w r ong r easons . O t he r s say
s o m e t h i n g (paragraph E)
t ha t t he s t uden t s wh o chea t a r e a l ways go i ng to chea t ,
w i th or w i t hou t an M P 3 p l a y e r . 7 p o s i t i v e , w i t h g o o d r e s u l t s (paragraph E)

Wh a t a b o u t yo u?
Tha t i sn ' t because t hey wa n t s t uden t s t o be ab l e t o use
t hem f o r l i s t en i ng t o mus i c . They wan t t hem t o use H o w d o y o u u s e n e w t e c h n o l o g y t o l e a r n b e t t e r?
p l aye r s to l ea rn . Some schoo l s have s t a r t ed p r epa r i ng
educa t i ona l ma t e r i a l for p l aye rs . S t uden t s can
r ead , wa t ch and l i s t en to this ma t e r i a l i n any p l ace
and at any t i me . Th i s he l ps t hem and mo t i va t es t hem
t oo . I t ' s c l ea r t ha t t echno l ogy i s no t a l ways bad . I t
can b e u s e d i n h i gh l y p r oduc t i ve ways t o o .

Unit 1 0
The passive - present simple

l a C o m plete th e sentences w i t h a n a p p ro p ria t e w o r d . 4 Re w r i t e t h e s e a c t iv e s e n t e n c e s i n t h e p r e s e n t p assive f o r m .

1 Dictio n aries
l e a r n i n g En glish.
2 F o o t b a l l is
O n l y u s e by p l u s t h e a g e n t i f y o u k n o w e x a c t l y w h o d o e s t h e
use d b y m a n y s t u d e n t s w h o are action.
1 BMW m ak e t h e n e w
o n TV by t h o u s a n d s o f p e o p l e every

weekend.

3 Coffee d r u n k b y b a bies. 2 S o m e t i m e s t h e y f i n d g o l d i n t h i s riv e r.

4 T h e Wi i™ is m a d e N i n t e n d o®.

5 T h is t e l e v i s i o n p r o g r a m m e watched by people 3 T h e y d o n ' t s t o p f o o t b a l l m a t c h e s if i t r a i n s.

in m a n y d if f e r e n t c o u n t ri e s.

6 T h e F r e n c h l a n g u a g e is b y p e o p l e in France, 4 The waiter brin gs yo ur m eal t o t h e table.

Be l g i u m , Sw it z e rl a n d , Se n e g al a n d o t h e r c o u n t ri e s.

5 T h ey g iv e a p ri z e t o t h e b est actor.
1 b Loo k a t t h e c o m p l e t e d se n te nces i n 1 a a n d c h o o s e t h e c o rr e ct
alternative.

1 T o m a k e t h e p a s s i v e w e u s e t h e v e r b to be a n d t h e past 6 In t h i s h o t e l t h e y t a k e y o u r b a g s t o y o u r r o o m .
simple / past participle.
2 T o i n t r o d u c e t h e p e r s o n w h o d o e s t h e a c t i o n w e u s e by / for. 7 T h e y d o n ' t g r o w t e a i n Br i t a i n .

2 Choose t h e correct alternative.

8 In J a p a n s t u d e n t s c l e a n t h e c l a s s r o o m s .
1 T h e s e c o m p u t e r s is / gre m a d e i n C h i n a .
2 A l o t o f m i n e r a l w a t e r is drgnWdrunk i n t h e s u m m e r . 9 A l o t o f p e o p l e use p u b li c t r a n s p o r t .
3 P o r t u g u e s e is speak / spoken i n Br a z il.
4 T h e s t u d e n t s i n m y cl a ss are written / write e ssa ys o n c e a 10 In t h i s s o n g m y b r o t h e r p l a ys t h e g u i t a r .
month.
5 C h r i s t m a s p r e s e n t s a r e gave / given o n 2 5 t h
December in
Br i t a i n .
Grammar extension
6 A l o t o f r i c e is / are e a t e n e v e r y d a y .
7 M y sis t e r does / is done t h e s h o p p i n g o n Sa t u r d a y . 5 Each s e n t e n c e c o n t a i n s a m is t a k e . Fin d t h e m ist a k e a n d
8 G e r m a n teqches / is taught a t m y s c h o o l . re write t h e sentence correctly.
9 T h a t s o n g sinqs / issung o n s p e c i a l o c c a s i o n s .
1 T h e s o n g Jingle Bells is s a n g a t C h r i s t m a s i n Br i t a i n .
10 N e w r o a d s is / gre b u i l t e a c h y e a r.
11 M y f r i e n d s send / are sent e m a i l s t o e a c h o t h e r e v e r y d a y .

12 T h o u s a n d s o f m il es are / .ЯШ. b y p i l o t s e v e r y y e a r. 2 T h e c i t y o f F l o r e n c e is v i s i t e d f o r h u n d r e d s o f p e o p l e e v e r y
d ay.
3 C o m p l e t e t h e se n t e n c es w i t h t h e p r e s e n t p assive f o r m o f
t h ese verbs.

3 T e n nis p l a y e d b y t w o or f o u r players.
check drin k drive make play sell
speak teach wear write
4 Ma ny p ro d ucts m a d e in China n owa d ays.
1 Je a n s b y p e o p l e a ll o v e r t h e w o r l d .

2 T h is s p o r t by m a n y p e o p le every w e e k e n d .
5 M o r e m a n g a c o m ics are d r a w i n g in Ja p a n t h a n in a n y o t h e r
3 Sp a nish in m a n y So u t h A m e ric a n co u n tries.
country.
4 O n co m p uters, m any d ocu m e n ts by usin g

Micr o s o f t® W o r d .

5 Pa ella w i t h rice.
6 T h a t b o o k is w r o t e b y a f a m o u s n o v e l i s t .
6 T h o u s a n d s o f litres o f o r a n g e j u i c e e v e r y d ay.

7 Maths i n a l m o s t all s c h o o l s .
7 S o m e t i m e s s p e c t a c u l a r e c l i p s e s is s e e n i n t h i s p a r t o f t h e
8 Your p ass p o rt at t h e a ir p o r t b e f ore y o u g e t
world.
o n t h e plane.

9 Bu s e s by b us drivers.

10 Br e a d in a b a k ery
8 M o r e ice cr e a m s e a t e n in t h e s u m m e r t h a n in t h e w i n t e r .

Unit 1 0
> Developing v o c a b u l a ry

Collocations with email

1 F i n d e i g h t w o r d s w h i c h f r e q u e n t l y g o w i t h e m rj / 7. 3 Match t h e d e fi n itio n s w i t h t h e w o r d s in 1. N ote t h a t t h e

d efinitio ns give t h e g e n eral m e a n i n g of t h e w ords.
f a d e r e P 1
1 w h e n s o m e t h i n g hits a surface a n d t h e n i m m e d i a t e ly m oves

0 d w V n u f d a away _

2 an a rr a n g e m e n t w h e r e a b a n k looks after yo ur m o n e y
r d 1 P b n e d

w r t a s r e
3 e x a m i n e s o m e t h i n g t o g e t i n f o r m a t i o n , o r t o s e e if i t is g o o d

a e 1 m u P i u 1 or correct

4 a r r a n g e f o r s o m e t h i n g (f o r e x a m p l e a l e t t e r) t o a r r i v e f o r
r s e r n d f w e
so m e o n e in a n o t h er place
d s a 0 u n t 5 ta k e s o m e t h i n g away, for e x a m p l e f r o m a c o m p u t e r

q w b V e 1 b e
6 t h e n a m e o f t h e p lace w h e r e y o u live
a s e n d a 0

f 0 r d h e 4 C o m ple t e these sentences w i t h t h e correct f o r m of t h e words

in 1.
2 C o m p l e t e t h e s e s e n t e n c e s w i t h a w o r d in 1 .
1 My is 1 6 7 R o t h f u s s R o a d , Le e d s.

1 C ould yo u give m e yo ur e m ail so t h a t I c a n 2 W h e n y o u finish an e x a m , yo u s h o u l d your

y o u a n e m a i l? a n sw e rs caref ully.
2 M y i n b o x is f u l l . I n e e d t o s o m e e m ails. 3 I w r o t e h i m a letter invitin g hi m t o t h e party and t h e n

3 I h a v e s e n t h i m a n e m a i l b u t I a m s t ill w a i t i n g f o r h i m t o I it b y p o s t b u t h e d i d n 't so

t o it. I d o n ' t k n o w i f h e's c o m i n g o r n o t .

4 D i d n ' t y o u r e c e i v e h e r e m a i l? I s t ill h a v e i t a n d w i l l 4 I h a v e n't g o t a n y m o n e y in m y b a n k

it t o y o u . 5 In b a s k e t b a l l w h e n y o u h a v e t h e b a l l y o u h a v e t o
it w h e n y o u r u n .
5 If y o u t y p e i n t h e w r o n g a d d r e s s , t h e e m a i l w i l l

6 I w a n t t o o p e n a n e w e m ail w i t h a different 6 I d o n ' t n e e d t h a t d o c u m e n t o n t h i s c o m p u t e r . I'm g o i n g t o

provid er. it.

7 I a m l o o k i n g for an In t e r n e t cafe. I n e e d t o my 7 I r e c e i v e d t h i s l e t t e r b u t it's f o r t h e p e r s o n w h o l i v e d i n t h i s

e m ails. h o u s e b e f o r e . I'll i t t o h i m a t h is n e w h o u s e .

Vocabulary extension

5 W i t h n e w t e c h n o l o g y s u c h as t h e I n t e r n e t w e o f t e n u s e 6 Match t h e ab breviations w i t h these e x planations.

a b b r e v i a t i o n s to n a m e t h i n g s m o r e e a s i l y a n d q u i c k l y . F i n d t h e
1 a secret n u m b e r y o u n e e d t o o p e r a t e a m o b i l e p h o n e , for
f u l l n a m e s i n t h e b o x f o r t h e a b b r e v i a t i o n s b e l o w . Us e y o u r
example
d i c t i o n a r y if n ecessary. Yo u ca n use s o m e w o r d s m o r e t h a n o n c e .

2 a d isc t h a t p e o p l e u s u a l l y u s e t o w a t c h f i l m s
ask ed com pact digital disc freq uently global
id e ntificatio n memory m essa g e number only p erso n al 3 a disc t h a t y o u ca n use t o r e c o r d d a t a o n c e

p ositio nin g questions read recordable rewritable 4 a disc t h a t y o u c a n use t o r e c o r d d a t a m o r e t h a n o n c e

service short syste m versatile web wide world

1 WWW = wide 5 t y p i c a l q u e s t i o n s t h a t p e o p l e as k o n a w e b s i t e .
won web
2 DVD = 6 a large c o ll e cti o n o f d o c u m e n t s, pict ures a n d so u n ds k e pt o n
c o m p u t e r s in m a n y d if f e r e n t places a n d c o n n e c t e d t h r o u g h
3 C D - ROM =
t h e Intern et

7 a disc t h a t c o m p u t e r s ca n r e a d , c o n t a i n i n g t e x t , i m a g e a n d
4 CD -R =
sound
5 C D - RW =
8 a syst e m for f i n d i n g e x a ctly w h e r e y o u are in t h e w o r l d usin g
6 SMS =
satellites
7 GPS =
9 a w a y o f s e n d i n g a t e x t m essa g e t o a m o b i l e p h o n e
8 FA Q =

9 PIN =

Unit 1 0
 Global communication

Iross-curricular - Geography/Science
A real web around the world

1 Loo k at t h e m a p a n d h e a d lin e f r o m a
n e w s p a p e r . I t is f r o m a n a r t i c l e a b o u t a r e a l
incident. Wh a t d o yo u t hin k hap pened?

Just o n e s h i p w as r e s p o n si b l e f o r b r e a k i n g a n esse n tial

sub marine cable that connects the Middle East a n d
How one ship cut off the web for 75 million people
I n d i a w i t h t h e rest o f th e w o r l d v i a th e In t e r n e t. T h i s
has l e f t 7 5 m i l l i o n p e o p l e w i t h o n l y l i m i t e d access t o
2 Re a d t h e n e w s p a p e r a r t icl e a n d c h e c k y o u r i d e as i n 1. W h a t are t h e
5 the Internet.
b o l d lin es o n t h e m a p?
T h e accident was cause d o n We d n es d ay b y a ship i n
b a d w e at h er near the coast o f Eg y p t , close to A l e x a n d ri a .
Si n c e t h e n , t h e r e have been terrible proble ms with
phones a n d t h e Internet i n cou ntries i n cl u d i n g In dia.
Egypt and the United Arab Emirates. It h as been a
p r o b l e m f o r a p p r o x i m a t e l y 7 0 % o f users t h ere. WORD BOOSTER
Tens o f m illio ns o f people have had proble ms w i t h
Match the words and definitions.
p h o n es a n d the N e t. It h as also m a d e a b i g d if f e r e n c e
to economies across Asia and the Middle East. su b m arine strong, thick m etal rope
15 G overn m e n ts have started to take direct actio n. T o h elp cable e asy t o b r e a k
b usin esses, th e E g y p t i a n C o m m u n i c a t i o n s M i n i s t r y has b usin esses under the water
ask e d surfers n o t t o c o n n e ct t o th e In t e r n e t . "Pe o ple w h o fra gile o r g a n i s a t i o n s t h a t b u y o r sell
d o w n l o a d m u s i c a n d fil ms a r e g o i n g t o m a k e p r o b l e m s p r o d u c t s or services
f o r b usin esses w h o h a v e m o r e i m p o r t a n t t h i n g s t o d o .'
Ex perts say that this shows that our global
c o m m u n i c a t i o n s n e t w o r k is v e r y f r a g i l e . 'P e o p l e d o n ' t C h o o s e t h e m o s t i m p o r t a n t m e ss a g e in t h e t e x t : 1,2 o r 3.

k n o w that a l l these t h i n g s g o t h r o u g h ca bles u n d e r the

1 It is i m p o r t a n t t o c r e a t e I n t e r n e t c o n n e c t i o n s b y s a t e l l i t e .
s e a ,' s a i d A l a n M a u l d i n , a n e x p e r t i n c o m m u n i c a t i o n s .
2 It is i m p o r t a n t t o d e f e n d e x i s t i n g c a b l e s b e c a u s e s o m e t h i n g o r
'I n g e n e r a l, the In t e r n e t uses r e a l, p h y si c a l c o n n e c t i o n s ,
s o m e b o d y c o u l d break t h e m a g ain.
25 n o t s a t e llit e s.'
3 It is i m p o r t a n t t o l e a r n b e t t e r w a y s o f c r e a t i n g n e w t e c h n o l o g y .
Pe o ple t h i n k the Intern et a l w a ys w o r k s b y satellite.
But a b i g part o f the world needs real, physical
R e a d t h e t e x t a g a i n a n d d e c i d e i f t h e s e s e n t e n c e s a r e t r u e (T) o r
co n n ectio n s. I t was n ot easy t o create these c o n n e cti o n s.
f a l s e (F). W r i t e t h e l i n e (s) i n t h e t e x t w h e r e y o u f o u n d t h e a n s w e r .
T h e e x pensive cables g o in lo n g lines ar o u n d the w o r l d .
30 c a r r yi n g m i l l i o n s o f co nversatio ns a l l at the sa m e t i m e 1 A n a c c i d e n t a t sea o n W e d n e s d a y m a d e i t d i f f i c u l t f o r p e o p l e t o
f r o m one c o u n try to another. a cc e ss t h e I n t e r n e t .
O n e e x p ert said that this w e e k's accid e nt sh o ul d m a k e 2 Si n c e W e d n e s d a y i t h a s b e e n i m p o s s i b l e f o r a n y o n e i n I n d i a t o
governments understand that they must spend more c o n n e ct t o t h e Intern et.
tim e a n d energy t o p ro t ect essential com munications 3 T h e i n c i d e n t has c a u s e d p r o b l e m s in t h e f i n a n ci a l m a r k e t s o f so m e
35 such as m o b i l e p h o n e s a n d t h e N e t . W e m u s t p r o t e c t of these co u ntries.
t h e m f r o m n a t u r a l disasters o r f r o m t e rr o rists. 'I t w o u l d 4 W i t h o u t c a b l e s u n d e r t h e se a, t h e I n t e r n e t w o u l d n o t w o r k i n m a n y
be very easy t o a tt ac k g l o b a l c o m m u n i c a t i o n s ,' said parts o f t h e w o r l d .
Mustafa A l a n i. head o f security a n d terrorism at th e 5 It is q u i t e c h e a p a n d e a s y t o i n s t a l l s u b m a r i n e c a b l e s .
G u l f Research Centre in Dubai. 'T h e important thing
40 isn't b u il d i n g great n ew technology. T h e important Wh a t a b o u t yo u?
t h i n g is to protect it."
H o w i m p o r t a n t is t h e I n t e r n e t i n y o u r d a i l y li f e a n d w o u l d y o u s u r v i v e
One o f t h e cables that w a s bro k e n this w e e k is
w i t h o u t it?
c a ll e d t h e Se a - Me - We 4 . I t is o n e o f t h e m o s t i m p o r t a n t
information lines between Europe a n d t h e East. It
4 goes i n a co n tin u o us line f r o m G e r m a n y t o Si n g a p o r e .
It covers a total o f 3 9.0 0 0 kilo m etres a n d connects
32 d iff e r e n t co u n tries. It t o o k three years a n d cost a n
incre dible £500 m to put the line i n place.

86 Unit 1 0
> Gra m m ar in conte x t

The passive - other tenses 3 C o m p l e t e t h e se n t e n ces w i t h t h e c o rr e c t p assive f o r m o f t h e

verbs give n.
l a Choose t h e correct alt ern a tive.
1 That cartoon (c r e a t e) i n 1 9 8 5 .
1 R a d i o a c t i v i t y is/was discovere d b y H e n ri Becq u erel i n 1 8 9 6. 2 List e n! T h a t s o n g (s i n g ) i n Ja p a n e s e .
2 T h o u s a n d s o f s i l i c o n c h i p s are/ are being, m a d e a t t h i s v e r y 3 That film (se e) f o r t h e f i rs t t i m e i n
moment. 1919.

3 Oscarsgje /hgyebeen g i v e n t o a ct o rs since 1 9 2 7 . 4 T h e pictures (d r a w) in p r e h ist o ric

tim es.
4 T h e b o o k One Hundred Years of Solitude was / has been w r i t t e n
b y G a b r i e l G a rci a M a r q u e z i n 1 9 6 7 . 5 The criminal (f o ll o w) by t h e p olice
rig ht n o w.
5 M a n y u s e f u l t h i n g s have been / were i n v e n t e d s i n c e t h e s t a r t o f
the 20 t h
century. 6 T h e f i r s t c h e a p c a rs (p r o d u c e) n e arly
1 0 0 y e a r s a g o i n t h e USA .
6 7 4 1 b u r g e r s are / were e a t e n b y D o n G o r s k e i n 2 0 0 3 . In t o t a l
7 Lo o k! T h e w i n d o w (b re a k) b y t h e
he's a l r e a d y e a t e n o v e r 2 0 , 0 0 0 i n h is l i f e t i m e !
wind.

4 Wri t e p assive se n t e nces u si n g t h e w o r d s g i v e n .

1 T h e n o v e l Animal F a r m / w r i t e / b y G e o r g e O r w e l l i n 1 9 4 4 .

2 T h e r a c e / o r g a n i s e / b y t h e s c h o o l e a c h y e a r.

3 D y n a m it e / i n v e n t / b y Alfre d N o b el in t h e 1 9 ce n t ury.
th

4 C art o o ns / w atch / b y t h o u sa n d s o f childre n aro u n d t h e w o r l d

at t his very m i n u t e .

5 T h e FA W o r l d C u p / w i n / b y Bra z il f i v e t i m e s s i n c e 1 9 5 8 .

6 T h e p l a n e t Ur a n u s / fi n d / b y Willi a m H ersch el i n 1 7 8 1 .

1b L o o k a t t h e s e n t e n c e s i n l a a n d c h o o s e t h e c o r r e c t a l t e r n a t i v e
7 T h e m e n's 1 0 0 - m e t r e w o r l d r e c o r d / b r e a k / b y Us a i n B o l t i n
in t h e rule b elo w.
A ugust 2009.
T o c h a n g e t h e t e n s e i n p a ssiv e s e n t e n c e s , w e c h a n g e to be / the
past participle

2 C o m plete t h e sentences w i t h t h e prese nt si m p le o r past

si m p l e p assive f o r m o f t h e s e v e r b s.
Grammar extension

5 M a k e t h e p assive se n t e n ces in 4 i n t o q u e s t i o n s.
make paint see send wash w i n write
1 l/Vas Animal farm written by Qeorge Orwell in 1144?

1 The film was seen b y 6 , 0 0 0 s p e c t a t o r s last 2

week.
3
2 Y e st e r d a y's p r i z e b y a 1 6 - year - old b oy.
4
3 3 , 0 0 0 cars in t his f a ct o ry every w e e k .

4 The t o w els in this h o t el e v e ry d ay.

5 T h ose n ovels in 1962. 5

6 T h o u s a n d s o f V a l e n t i n e's D a y c a r d s every

14 th
F e b r u a r y i n t h e UK. 6

7 Those pictures b y Pic a ss o a b o u t 5 0 y e a r s 7

aqo.

. —.—_— — :
Unit 1 0
A conversation based on a photo

1 Loo k at t h e p h o t o s a n d m a k e sp ecula tio ns t o c o m p l e t e t h e sentences

1 I'm n o t s u r e , b u t I t h i n k t h a t i t

4 It's p r o b a b l y .

or

2 Lo o k at p h o t o A. Wr i t e fiv e q u e s t i o n s t o ask a b o u t i t .

3 Wr i t e a n s w e r s t o y o u r q u e s t i o n s i n 2. Use t h e d i f f e r e n t w a y s o f
s p e c u l a t i n g in 1 w h e n y o u a r e n't sure.

4 Us e y o u r q u e s t i o n s i n 2 t o t h i n k o f t h i n g s t o s a y a b o u t
p h o t o B. M a k e n o t e s a n d t h e n p r a c t i s e o r a l l y .

Unit 1 0
Writing text messages

1 T h e text m ess a g e a b b reviati o ns for t h e wo r d s b e l ow are j u st 5 Write t h ese s e n t e n c e s usi n g te x t m e ss a g e a b b revia ti o ns.
o ne letter or n u m b er . Write t h e a b b r evi a t i o n for e a c h o n e .
1 W h a t are y o u d o i n g t o n i g h t?
Think a b o u t t h e p r o n u nci a t i o n!

1 for

2 you

3 are

4 to / too

5 see

6 be 2 A m y a n d I a r e g o i n g t o e a t o u t b e c a u s e it's h e r b i r t h d a y
to d ay. D o y o u w a n t t o co m e?
2 T h ese text m e ss a g e a b b revia ti o ns all use n u m b e r s . T h i n k
a b o ut h ow w e p r o n o u n c e t h e n u m b e r s a n d write t h e
c o m p l et e wo r ds wi t h n or m al s p elli n g .

1 2day

2 2nite

3 2moro

4 B4

5 L8

6 GR8 3 O K. T h a n k s . W h a t t i m e a r e y o u m e e t i n g ?
7 W8

8 L8R

3 In t h ese text m e ss a g e a b b r evi a t i o ns s o m e letters (esp ecially

vowels) are m issi n g or have b e e n c h a n g e d . Write t h e
c o m p l e t e wo r ds wi t h n o r m a l s p elli n g .

1 YR
4 At eig h t because before th at I have t o study for an e x a m
2 PLS
tomorrow.
3 WO T

4 BC Z

5 SPK

6 WK N D

7 THX

8 XL N T

9 MSG 5 W h a t t i m e is y o u r e x a m ?

10 H MWK

4 W r i t e t h e s e t e x t m e s s a g e s as c o m p l e t e s e n t e n c e s .

1 C a n U PLS c o m e 2 m e L8R?

2 rilCU2 moroB4school. 6 A t t e n . I h a v e t o g o n o w . I'll s p e a k t o y o u l a t e r.

3 I'll W 8 4 YR n e x t MSG .

4 W o t R U d o i n g at t h e WK N D?

5 WillUBa t h o m eL8R2 d ay?

7 G r e a t!

6 T HX 4 t h e p r e s e n t s . T h e y R G R 8 .

7 lca n CU@6BC ZIh ave n'tg ota nyHMWK.

Unit 1 0
Revision: Units 9 - 1 0
Grammar Vocabulary

Re w ri t e t h e u n d e r l i n e d w o r d s as t h e y w o u l d a p p e a r i n 1 C hoose t h e best t y p e o f b o o k for each p erso n.

reported speech.
1 Sa m w a n t s t o l e a r n h o w t o m a k e a n e w p a s t a d i s h .
1 'It's m y b i r t h d a y ,' s a i d K a t i e .

2 'I w a s i n L o n d o n l a st w e e k ,'s a i d C a m e r o n . 2 S o p h i a li k e s s t o r i e s a b o u t r o b o t s .
3 ' T o d a y is g o i n g t o b e a g o o d d ay,' s a i d O w e n . 3 Ry a n w a n t s t o l e a r n h o w t o u s e h is n e w d i g i t a l c a m e r a .
4 'Sh e's b e e n t o A f r i c a t w i c e , ' s a i d t h e T V p r e s e n t e r .

5 'I w a n t e d t o g o o u t l a st w e e k e n d , ' s a i d Lu cy. 4 J a s m i n e is f o u r y e a r s o l d a n d s h e li k e s s t o r i e s a b o u t p r i n c e s

6 ' T h e e x a m is t o m o r r o w , ' s a i d t h e t e a c h e r . a n d p rincesses.
7 TJ! c o m e t o y o u r h o u s e ,' A l e x s a i d t o h is f r i e n d . 5 E d w a r d li k e s r e a d i n g a b o u t t h e liv e s o f f a m o u s p e o p l e ,

/ 7 po i n t s ) w r i t t e n b y t h e p e rs o n h i m - o r h erself.

6 Be n loves t h e t h e a t r e a n d h e loves r e a d i n g t h e st o ry a g ai n at
2 Choose t h e correct alternative.
home.
Ella a s k e d t h e b o y w h a t your/his/her n a m e w a s .
T h e t e a c h e r a s k e d h e r s t u d e n t s ^ Q tAvnether/hgw they / 6 po i n t s )
w a n t e d t o se e t h e c o n c e r t .
2 Choose t h e correct alternative.
A v a a s k e d H e n r y w h e r e isht ^ gsh ^ ewgs going.
T h e d o c t o r as k e d h i m if h e ^ i!^ Jl^ / ^Qd^ J sd . 1 W h e n a s t o r y is g o o d , y o u w a n t t o r e a d on/out t o t h e e n d .
ever had a s e r i o u s a c c i d e n t . 2 W h e n y o u m a k e a m i s t a k e , y o u cr o ss i t on/out.
Ja c k a s k e d Is a b e ll a i f s h e liked/does like/did like t h a t m u s i c . 3 W h e n y o u w a n t t o g e t a q u i c k i d e a o f a b o o k , y o u flick / turn
H a r r y a s k e d w h o saw/did see/had seen t h e f i l m . t h r o u g h it.
4 A t t h e e n d o f a n e ssa y it's a g o o d i d e a t o s u m on / up y o u r
/6 po i n t s )
ideas a n d o p i n i o n s.

Re w rit e t h e activ e se n t e nces in t h e p assive f o r m a n d t h e

/ 4 po i n t s )
p a s s i v e s e n t e n c e s i n t h e a c t i v e f o r m . All t h e s e n t e n c e s a r e
present sim ple. Ma k e nine w o r d s co n n ect e d w i t h co m p u t ers or t h e Internet
fr o m these w or ds or parts o f w ords.
1 Br i t is h c h i l d r e n e a t a l o t o f c h o c o l a t e .

2 T h e T V p r o g r a m m e is p r e s e n t e d b y S t e p h a n i e Z i m m e r m a n .

3 T h e r a c e is o r g a n i s e d b y a s c h o o l .
1 6

2 7
4 D avid Sp e ncer w rit e s t h ese b o o k s.
3 8

4 9
5 Ro b ots b u i l d m a n y d i f f e r e n t p r o d u c t s.
5 ( / 9 po i n t s )

6 T h e tic k e ts are s o l d b y m e m b e r s o f t h e c l u b . 4 C o m plete th e te x t wit h these words.

a d dress bounces delete receive re ply send

/6 po i n t s )

4 C orrect t h e p assive s e n t e n c e s i f n ecessary. A simple guide to email

1 T h e n e w f i l m is b e m a d e i n A u s t r a l i a n o w . First f i n d o u t t h e e m a i l (a) o f t h e p e r s o n y o u are

2 The Four Seasons w a s w r i t t e n b y V i v a l d i . w r i t i n g t o . W r i t e t h e e m a i l , t h e n (b) it. W h e n y o u
3 W h e n d i d t h e E u r o C u p w o n b y Sp a i n?
(c) a n e m a i l , (d) t o it q u i t e q uic k ly.
4 M y g r a n d m o t h e r is b e i n g h e l p e d a cr o ss t h e r o a d w i t h a
W h e n y o u h a v e a l o t o f o l d e m a i l s , (e) t h e m if y o u
p olice m an.
5 Fiv e c a t s h a s b e e n r e s c u e d b y f i r e f i g h t e r s t o d a y . d o n ' t w a n t t o k e e p t h e m . If a n e m a i l (f) b a c k , it's
6 T h e D V D h as b e e n b o u g h t b y t h o u s a n d s o f p e o p l e . p r o b a b ly b eca use y o u m a d e s o m e t y p e o f m ista k e.

( / 6 po i n t s ) / 6 po i n t s

/ 25 po i n t s / 25 po i n t s
V )
Reading

1 R e a d t h i s i n t e r v i e w w i t h t h e i n v e n t o r o f m o b i l e p h o n e s , M a r t i n C o o p e r , a n d c h o o s e a, b o r t o c o m p l e t e t h e sentences.

BBC : T ell us h o w y o u c r e a t e d t h e m o b i l e p h o n e .
MARTIN: T h e t i m e w a s t h e l a t e 1 9 6 0 s . A T&T w e r e t h e l a r g e s t
t e l e p h o n e c o m p a n y in t h e w o r l d a n d t h e y h a d i n v e n t e d
car t e l e p h o n e s . C a n y o u i m a g i n e ? W e b e l i e v e d p e o p l e
d i d n ' t w a n t t o t a l k t o c a rs a n d t h a t p e o p l e w a n t e d t o t a l k
t o o t h e r p e o p l e . So a t M o t o r o l a , a s m a l l c o m p a n y a t t h e
ti m e, w e d ecid e d t o b uild a m o b ile t ele p h o n e.
BB C : W h a t a b o u t t h a t f i r s t c a ll o n t h e s t r e e t s o f M a n h a t t a n ?
W h o d i d y o u c a ll a n d w h a t d i d y o u say?
MARTIN: W h o d o y o u t h i n k I c a l l e d ? I c a l l e d m y riv a l a t a n o t h e r
p h o n e c o m p a n y a n d s a i d : T m c a l l i n g y o u f r o m a 'r e a l'
m o b i l e t e l e p h o n e .'
BB C : D o y o u a g r e e t h a t y o u r first m o b i l e p h o n e lo o ks b i g n o w?
MARTIN: Yes! B e t w e e n 1 9 7 3 , w h e n w e m a d e t h a t p h o n e , a n d 1 9 8 3 ,
w h e n t h e first c o m m e r c i a l m o b i l e p h o n e service s t a r t e d ,
w e a c t u a l l y b u i l t f i v e d i f f e r e n t p h o n e s . Ea c h o n e g o t
s m aller a n d s m aller a n d b y 1 9 8 3 w e h a d g o n e f r o m o n e
k ilo t o 4 5 0 g r a m s. T h e p h o n e w h i c h I c a rry w i t h m e t o d a y
w e i g h s j u s t 85 g r a m s!
BB C : D i d y o u r e a ll y t h i n k y o u r i n v e n t i o n w o u l d b e c o m e so
p o p ular, w i t h m illio ns o f p e o p le usin g t h e m a r o u n d t h e BBC : D o y o u li k e p e o p l e c a l l i n g y o u t h e f a t h e r o f t h e m o b i l e
world? p h o n e?
MARTIN: Well, n o t at t h e t i m e b e c a u s e in 1 9 8 3 t h o s e first p h o n e s MARTIN: It w a s m y i d e a b u t w e n e e d e d t e a m w o r k a n d h u n d r e d s o f
c o s t $ 3 , 5 0 0 . T h a t w a s a l o t o f m o n e y ! Bu t w e d i d t h i n k t h a t p e o p l e t o c r e a t e t h e m o b i l e p h o n e as i t is t o d a y . W e'r e s t ill
p h o n e s w o u l d g e t re ally s m a ll. w o r k i n g o n i t a n d w e 'r e s t ill t r y i n g t o m a k e i t b e t t e r .
BB C : H o w d o y o u f e e l w h e n y o u se e so m a n y p e o p l e w a l k i n g BBC: H o w w ill p h o n e t e c h n o l o g y c h a n g e in t h e f u t u re?
d o w n t h e street t a l k i n g i n t o y o u r i n ve n tio n? MARTIN: In t h e f u t u r e , t h e I n t e r n e t w i l l b e e v e r y w h e r e y o u g o .
MARTIN: It m a k e s m e r e a ll y h a p p y . I've m a d e a s m a l l d i f f e r e n c e t o BBC : As t h e i n v e n t o r o f t h e p e r s o n a l m o b i l e p h o n e , a r e y o u v e r y
p e o p l e's liv e s b e c a u s e t h e s e p h o n e s d o m a k e p e o p l e 's r i c h?
liv e s b e t t e r . T h e y m a k e p e o p l e m o r e c o m f o r t a b l e , t h e y MARTIN: I'm e x t r e m e l y r i c h i n s a t i s f a c t i o n a n d i n h a p p i n e s s .
m a k e t h e m f e e l sa f e. It m a k e s m e f e e l g o o d t o k n o w t h a t I BBC : Bu t n o t i n d o l l a r s a n d c e n t s?
m a d e a s m all c o n t r i b u t i o n t h e r e . MARTIN: N o t n e c e ss a r il y .

1 The co m p any w hich invented m o bile phones Writing

a was o n e o f t h e m ost i m p o r t a n t t e l e p h o n e co m p a n ies
in t h e USA. 2 Wr i t e a q u e s t i o n n a i r e w i t h t e n q u e s t i o n s t o ask p e o p l e a b o u t
b b e g a n b y i n v e n t i n g t e l e p h o n e s f o r ca rs. t h e I n t e r n e t . Use t h e s e q u e s t i o n w o r d s a n d t h e w o r d s g i v e n
w a n t e d t o d o m o r e t h a n m a k e p h o n e s f o r ca rs. b elo w for ideas a b o u t w h a t t o writ e.

2 M a r t i n C o o p e r a n d h is t e a m c o u l d n ' t Wh a t? W h y? H o w lo n g? D o / D i d?
a m a k e s m aller m o b i l e p h o n e s. Wh ic h? H o w? Wh e r e?
b i m a g i n e a very s m all m o b i l e p h o n e , Wh e n? H o w o ft e n? Wh o?
sell a v e r y s m a l l m o b i l e p h o n e .

3 Martin Cooper k n ew blog broadband chat connect download

a m o bile phones w o u l d be p o p ular because th ey w ere online se arch e n g i n e surf t h e Net we bsite
very useful.
b m o b il e p h o n es w e r e very useful b u t d i d n't t h i n k m a n y 1
people w o uld buy t h e m ,
2
p e o p l e o n l y w a n t e d t o b u y s m all m o b i l e p h o n e s.
3
4 Martin Cooper thin ks t h at
4
a h e m a d e t h e m o d e m m o b i l e p h o n e a n d h as m a d e a b i g
5
change to the world,
b he h e l p e d t o cre ate t h e m o d e r n m o b i l e p h o n e a n d t h is 6
h as b e e n a g o o d t h i n g f o r t h e w o r l d , 7
w h e n t h e m o b i l e p h o n e is f i n i s h e d i t w i l l m a k e t h e
8
w o r l d b etter.
9
5 T h e m o b i l e p h o n e h as m a d e M a r t i n C o o p e r
10
a feel g o o d .
b a lot o f m o n ey, /10 po i n t s )
i m p o rt a n t for m a ny p eo ple. /5 po i n t s )
/15 po i n t s
Progress Test: Units 1 - 2
Grammar Vocabulary

1 C o m plete t h e sentences w i t h t h e present sim ple or present 1 Find t h e w o r d s.

co ntin u o us f o r m of t h e verbs given.
1 t h e p e r i o d o f life w h e n y o u are a c h i l d

1 What pro gra m m e they. 2 t h e brother of your h usb an d or wife - -

(w a tc h) n o w? 3 an old adult

2 What pro gra m m e she 4 t h e p e r i o d o f life w h e n y o u s t o p w o r k i n g

(w a tc h) o n M o n d a ys. 5 a c h i l d w i t h n o b r o t h e r s o r sist e rs

3 I (n o t d o ) m y h o m e w o r k a f t e r 9 p m usu ally. 6 n o t m arrie d

4 Sh e ( g o ) t o y o g a cl a ss e s t h r e e t i m e s a w e e k . ( / 6 po i n t s )
5 We (s t u d y ) g r a m m a r a t t h e m o m e n t .
2 C o m p l e t e t h e n o u n s. T h e y all c o n t a i n t h e suffix es - m enf
6 D o y o u w a n t t o use t h e c o m p u t e r? I o r -ence.
( n o t u s e) i t n o w .
1 You d o n't n e e d m u c h q u.... p m t o g o running.
7 Why you (s p e a k )
2 What an i pr v ! Be f ore y o u w e r e n't a v e ry g o o d
i n F r e n c h? M y f r i e n d h e r e u n d e r s t a n d s E n g l i s h .
g u i t a r i s t b u t n o w y o u 'r e g r e a t .
( / 7 po i n t s )
3 T hat state w a n t s i p d T hey d o n't w a n t a ny

2 C o m p l e t e t h e t e x t w i t h a, an, the o r 0 ( n o a r t i c l e ) . o t h e r state or c o u n t r y t o c o n t r o l t h e m .

' W h e n (a) t e e n a g e r s h a v e (b) p ro b le m , it can b e 4 T h e r e's n o b i g d . . .f e b e t w e e n h i m a n d h is

b r o t h e r . T h e y'r e v e r y s i m i l a r .
(c) g o o d i d e a f o r t h e m t o t a l k a b o u t (d) problem with

(e) f r i e n d . I n g e n e r a l , (f) p e o p le always n e e d ( / 4 po i n t s )

t o t a l k .'
3 Choose t h e correct alternative.
/6 po i n t s )
l a s t n i g h t a m a n t r i e d t o (a) steal/burgle a l o t o f m o n e y f r o m

3 C o m p le t e t h e sentences w i t h t h e past si m p le or past a b a n k . W h i l e h e w a s (b) robbing/stealing, t h e b a n k , t h e p o l i c e

co n tin u o us f o r m o f t h e verbs give n. c a m e a n d a r r e s t e d t h e (c) Weft/thief. A t t h e p o l i c e s t a t i o n , w h e n

t h e y s t a r t e d i n v e s t i g a t i n g , t h e y f o u n d o u t t h e m a n w a s a ls o
1 While I was w alkin g h o m e, I (m e e t) m y
a (d) mugger/rnurder b e c a u s e a v i c t i m r e c o g n i s e d h i m . T h e y
frien d.
discovere d t h a t t h e cri m i n al o f t e n attack e d p e o p le in t h e park
2 M y parents (h a v e) a n a r g u m e n t w h e n I
a n d (e) stole/robbed t h e i r m o n e y . H e's g o i n g t o g o t o p r i s o n f o r
walked into th e roo m.
q u i t e a l o n g t i m e !'
3 T h e s t u d e n t s w e r e t a l k i n g all t h e t i m e w h i l e t h e t e a c h e r
(e x p l a i n) t h e e x ercise. / 5 po i n t s )

4 What were you d oin g w h e n y o u (h e a r) 4 M a t c h t h e p arts o f t h e p hrasal verbs. T h e n m a t c h t h e phrasal

t h e n e w s? verbs t o their m eanings.

5 T he students ( w r i t e ) a n e ss a y w h e n t h e
1 look lor a investigate
teacher t ol d t h e m t o stop.
2 look a cr o ss b discover
6 My m u m (d riv e) w h e n h e r m o b i l e p h o n e
starte d t o rin g. 3 turn into a p p e ar or arrive u n e x p e c t e d ly

7 T h e birds (s i n g ) w h e n w e l e f t h o m e t h i s 4 come out d fin d b y accid e nt

morning.
5 find up e try t o find
/ 7 po i n t s )

0
/ 5 po i n t s
/ 20 po i n t s

/ 20 po i n t s
0
Progress Test: Units 1 - 4
Grammar Vocabulary

1 C orrect t h e se n t e n ces if n ecessary. 1 C o rr e c t t h e s e n t e n c e s if n ecessary.

1 W e h a v e n 't g o t m a n y b r e a d . 1 I d i d t h r e e m ista k es in t h e e x a m .

2 W e 'v e g o t a l i t t l e a p p l e s i n t h e f r i d g e - t w o o r t h r e e , I t h i n k . 2 In Br a z il t h e y s p e a k S p a n i s h .

3 T h e r e's a l i t t l e s h a m p o o i n t h e b o t t l e , b u t n o t m u c h . 3 In G e r m a n y t h e y s p e a k D u t c h .

4 W e 'v e g o t a f e w C D s h e r e b u t n o t m a n y . 4 M y sis t e r t o o k t h r e e e x a m s l a st w e e k .

5 We d o n't n e e d m u c h b o o ks t o d o t his project.

5 H a v e y o u m a d e t h a t E n g l i s h e x e r c i s e y e t?

6 H a v e w e g o t a n y p a p e r i n t h e c l a s s r o o m ? Yes, t h e r e's a l o t o f.
6 I n e e d t o m a k e a l o t o f t h o s e e x e r cis e s .

7 W e h a v e n 't g o t s o m e m i l k .
/ 6 po i n t s )

C~ / 7po i n t s ) 2 C o m plete t h e sentences w i t h t h e correct w o r d .

2 C o m p l e t e t h e se nte nces in a lo gical w a y usin g t h ese w o r d s . 1 H e c a n 't t a l k b e c a u s e h e's g o t a v e r y s o r e

Use e a c h w o r d o n c e . 2 He had a attack a n d die d.

3 I d i d n ' t j u s t h a v e a c o l d . It w a s m u c h w o r s e . I t h i n k i t
when where which who whose
was

1 S u m m e r is t h e t i m e o f y e a r 4 W e a t e s o m e t h i n g b a d a t t h e w e e k e n d a n d n o w w e'v e g o t

2 J a p a n is a c o u n t r y food

5 I n e e d a n a s p i r i n . I've g o t a
3 H i p h o p is a t y p e o f m u s i c

4 M a d o n n a is a s i n g e r 6 O n e ach f o o t w e h ave five

5 Be eth ove n was a c o m poser / 6 po i n t s )

(_ / 5 po i n t s ) M a t c h t h e correct w o r d s w i t h t h e d e fi n iti o n s. T h e r e are 16

words b ut only eig ht definitions.
3 C o m p l e t e t h e t e x t b y c h o o s i n g t h e c o r r e c t o p t i o n to f i l l e a c h
gap: , , or D.
burglary co usin death equipment ille g al
' M y f a t h e r u s u a l l y (1) a l o t b e c a u s e h e has im practical improvement invisible look into
(2) t r a n s l a t i o n s o f a l o t o f f a m o u s n o v e l s . H e h as nephew niece robber senior citi z e n

(3) c o m e b a c k (y e s t e r d a y , i n f a c t ) f r o m a t r i p t o stepfather theft work out

It a ly. H e (4) t a l k i n g at a co n f e r e n ce for tra nslators

1 w h e n y o u steal f r o m s o m e b o d y's h o u s e
t h e r e . H e h as (5) tra nslate d a lot o f f a m o u s b o o ks
2 t h e d a u g h t e r o f y o u r b r o t h e r o r sis t e r
f r o m It a l i a n i n t o E n g l i s h , b u t h e h a s (6) tra nslate d
3 solve a p r o b l e m b y c o n si d e ri n g t h e facts
a n y b o o k s b y U m b e r t o Eco. N o w h e's ( 7 ) on a book
4 w h e n s o m e t h i n g goes f r o m b a d t o g o o d , or f r o m g o o d t o
by a n e w writer. He ( 8 ) started w o r k o n it
very g o o d
last year.'
5 s o m e t h i n g t h a t is n o t p r a c t i c a l
1 A travelle d travel travellin g D travels
6 s o m e t h i n g y o u c a n n o t see
2 A writing writes written D wrote
been 7 t h e o b jects or t h i n g s y o u n e e d for a p articular activity
3 A just not D wanted
4 A is was has D have
5 A alre a dy yet just D ever 8 s o m e o n e w h o is m o r e t h a n 6 0 y e a r s o l d
6 A ever never yet D always
A working worked work D works
( / 8 po i n t s )
7
8 A has h a s n't - D is
/ 20 po i n t s
/ 8 po i n t s ) V

(ШМ1 / 20 po irnnt tss j

Progress Test: Units 1 - 6
Grammar Vocabulary

1 C o m plete t h e sentences w i t h t h e correct w o r d . 1 C o m p le t e t h e sentences w i t h t h e correct w o r d .

1 T h is c o m p u t e r is m u c h f a s t e r that one.
adverts bored boring comedies inform ative
2 T h e f i l m is n't as g o o d the book. interested interesting rela x ed rela xing soaps

3 A m o b i l e p h o n e is e x p e nsive t h a n a c o m p u t e r.
1 are p r o g r a m m e s t h a t are f u n n y a n d m a k e
4 W h e n y o u a r e 1 5 , y o u a r e n 't o l d t o d r i v e a car.
you laugh.
5 W h e n y o u 'r e 1 7 , y o u 'r e y o u n g t o vote in a
general election. 2 A g o o d d ocu m e ntary needs to b e and

6 I t h i n k it's t h e b e s t c o u n t r y the world.

3 Pe o p l e o f t e n f e el w h e n t h e y list e n t o soft,
( / 6 po i n t s )
slo w m usic.

2 Each s e n t e n c e c o n t a i n s a m i s t a k e . Fi n d t h e m i s t a k e a n d 4 A lot of p eo ple thin k for soap or t o o t h p ast e

rewrite t h e sentence correctly.
are so t h e y s w i t c h t h e T V off.

5 T h e stories in are usu ally a b o u t r o m a n c e ,

1 The teacher a n d t h e st u d e n ts g o i n g t o g o o n a n e x cursio n.
fa m ily relatio nships, m o n e y a n d h e alt h p ro ble m s.

( / 7 po i n t s )
2 What d o you d o t o m orro w?
2 La b el t h e pict ures.

©
3 T h e y say it's r a i n i n g n e x t w e e k .

4 T h e Pr i m e M i n i s t e r w i l l m a k e a d e c i s i o n t o d a y ?

5 I c a n 't m e e t y o u t o m o r r o w b e c a u s e I'll d o a n e x a m .

6 If s c i e n t i s t s d o n ' t f i n d a s o l u t i o n f o r t h i s p r o b l e m , t h e p l a n e t

gets m u c h h otter. ^ 4
- 4r

7 I m a y d e f i n i t e l y a r r i v e a t t h e s t a t i o n a t si x o'c l o c k .

( / 7 po i n t s )

3 Choose t h e correct alternative. ( / 6 po i n t s )

3 A nswer t h e questions.
O n S u n d a y s I a l w a y s (a) wgtch / gmwatching, a T V d o c u m e n t a r y

se ries a b o u t n a t u r e . I (b) sgw / hgyeseen every p r o g r a m m e in 1 W h a t p r e f i x d o w e n e e d t o m a k e t h e o p p o s i t e o f correct?

t h e s e ri e s s i n c e i t (c) started / has started i n 2 0 0 8 . T h e p r e s e n t e r

is a r e a ll y i n t e r e s t i n g m a n (d) who / whose n a m e is Ja c k W i l d . 2 W h a t is a s y n o n y m f o r g e t i n t h i s s e n t e n c e ? I got home at ten

H e d o e s n ' t a l w a y s g i v e (e) many / much i n f o r m a t i o n a b o u t t h e o'clock.

d i f f e r e n t t h i n g s t h e y s h o w b u t t h e r e a r e (f) any / some c o o l s c e n e s 3 Wh a t crim e does a t hie f co m m it?
w i t h a n i m a l s t h a t y o u (g) aren't usually seeing / don't usuallysee 4 What w ord d o w e need to co m plete the co m p o u n d noun
o n TV. m e a n i n g a place to go when we are III? health

/7 po i n t s ) 5 W h a t n o u n d o w e m a k e f r o m t h e v e r b improve?

6 W h a t w o r d d o w e n e e d t o c o m p l e t e this phrasal ver b w h ic h

/20 po i n t s m e a n s find by accident? come

7 W h a t is a s y n o n y m f o r g e t i n t h i s s e n t e n c e ? Can you get the

bread when you go out?

( / 7 po i n t s )
Progress Test: Units 1 - 8
Grammar Vocabulary

1 C o m plete t h e sentences w i t h t h e correct w o r d . 1 Join t h e w o r d s t o fi n d t w o j o b s, t hre e p ersonal q u alities a n d

t w o a djectives t o d escrib e j o b s. T h e n c o m p l e t e t h e t a b le b y
1 My fat h er t o w e a r a u n i f o r m - h e's a p o l i c e o f f i c e r . w ri t i n g t h e m in t h e correct c o l u m n .
2 Y o u'r e a l w a y s t i r e d i n t h e m o r n i n g . Y o u go to bed
well time
e a rli e r. assist a n t
hard
3 If I y o u , I'd g o t o b e d e a r l i e r . fashion paid

4 You s m o k e h e r e . It's i l l e g a l . full minded

shop org a nise d
5 My m u m g o t o t h e g y m e v e r y d a y if she h a d t i m e .
6 open working
6 You d o n 't t o d o t h e e ss a y t h i s w e e k . Y o u c a n d o i t 7 badly d esig n er
n e x t w e e k i f y o u li k e .

7 You e a t c h o c o l a t e j u s t b e f o r e y o u g o t o b e d . It's Jobs Personal qualities D escribin g jo bs

bad for your teeth.

( / 7 po i n t s )

2 C orrect t h e se n t e nces i f n ecessary.

1 Are y o u i n t e r est e d in g o t o C a m b r i d g e n e x t w e e k? / 7 po i n t s )

A nswer the questions.

2 D a n c i n g is m y f a v o u r i t e h o b b y .
1 W h a t is t h e n o u n w h i c h w e m a k e f r o m excited?

3 I d o n't e n j o y t o play b ask et b all.

H o w d o w e c o m p l e t e t h i s p h r a s e w h i c h m e a n s end a

4 M y frie n ds a n d I g o s w i m m i n g every d ay in t h e s u m m e r. relationship with somebody? split somebody

W h a t is t h e n o u n w h i c h w e m a k e f r o m bored?
5 I w e n t t o Liz's h o u s e y e s t e r d a y f o r s e e i n g if s h e w a s O K .
H o w d o w e c o m p l e t e t h i s p h r a s e w h i c h m e a n s have a good
relationship with somebody? well with somebody
6 He f o u n d t h e a n sw e r b y u si n g a calculator.
H o w c a n y o u e x p l a i n get back together again i n o t h e r w o r d s?

/ 6 po i n t s )
6 W h a t is t h e a d j e c t i v e f o r t h e n o u n fear? _
Match t h e sentences w i t h t h eir e x pla n atio ns.

W h e n I'd e a t e n m y l u n c h , I w a t c h e d a f i l m o n TV. 7 W h a t n o u n c a n w e m a k e f r o m friend?

W h e n I a t e m y l u n c h , I w a t c h e d a f i l m o n TV. / 7 po i n t s )
W h e n I h a d w a t c h e d a f i l m o n TV, I a t e m y l u n c h .
While I was h avin g m y lu nch , m y p h o n e ran g. 3 Co m plete the words.

W h e n I e a t m y l u n c h , I w a t c h a f i l m o n TV.
1 father = y o u r m o t h e r ' s n e w h u s b a n d
I've j u s t h a d m y l u n c h .
2 throat = w h e n y o u r t h r o a t h u r t s a n d y o u c a n 't
T o m o r r o w I'm g o i n g t o h a v e l u n c h a n d t h e n I'm
g o i n g t o w a t c h a f i l m o n TV. speak, for e x a m p l e

a pla n for t w o actio ns in t h e f u t u r e 3 shop = ste alin g f r o m a sh o p

an actio n t h a t finish e d very rece ntly
4 show = a T V p r o g r a m m e w i t h a c o m p e t i t i o n ,
an actio n t h a t c a m e in t h e m i d d l e o f a n o t h e r acti o n
often to win money
in t h e p ast

t w o actio ns in t h e past t h a t h a p p e n e d a t t h e 5 mountain = a l i n e o f m o u n t a i n s li k e t h e A n d e s

sa m e t i m e
6 global = t h e c h a n g e in t h e t e m p e r a t u r e a r o u n d
t w o actio ns t h a t h a p p e n e d in t h e past, o n e a ft er t h e the world
o t h e r - first e a t i n g l u n c h , t h e n w a t c h i n g a f i l m /6 po i n t s )
f t w o a cti o n s t h a t h a p p e n e d i n t h e p ast, o n e a ft e r
t h e o t h e r - first w a t c h i n g a f i l m , t h e n e a t i n g l u n c h
t w o a c t i o n s t h a t are p a r t o f a r o u t i n e
/20
0
po i n t s

/7 po i n t s )

/20 po i n t s
Progress Test: Units 1 - 1 0
Grammar Vocabulary

1 Rewrite t h e sentences in r e p o r t e d sp e ech. 1 C o m p l e t e t h e w o r d s w i t h t h e m issin g letters a n d t h e n

c o m p l e t e t h e ta ble by w riti n g t h e m in t h e correct c o l u m n .
1 1 b o u g h t a c o m p u t e r i n t h i s s h o p ,'s a i d Lily.
r e
d n = read on
Lily said
1 m _ n u_ I 5 I .... .... p
2 'W e 'v e g o t a n e x a m t o d a y ,'Je ssic a s a i d t o h e r m u m .
2 thr J r 6 b g r.... p h
Je ssic a t o l d
3 f...nt 7 f r y t Ie
3 'W h e r e is y o u r j a c k e t ?' Sa m's m u m a s k e d h i m .
4 r a d t
Sa m's m u m a s k e d

4 'H as T h o m a s s e e n t h i s f i l m ?' t h e y a s k e d J i m . Phrasal verbs

T h ey asked Fiction Non - fiction co n nected with

reading
5 I' m g o i n g t o L o n d o n t o m o r r o w , ' s a i d H e l e n .
H ele n said read on

6 ' M y sis t e r is d o i n g h e r h o m e w o r k , 'J a c k s a i d t o C h l o e .

Ja c k t o l d

7 'W h y a r e y o u h e r e t o d a y ?' t h e t e a c h e r a s k e d t h e s t u d e n t s .
Г / 7 po i n t s )
T h e t e ach er asked
2 C o m ple t e t h e sentences wit h t h e correct w or d s.
(I / 7 po i n t s )
1 G o o g l e is a p o p u l a r s e a r c h
2 Re w rit e t h e a ctiv e s e n t e n c e s in t h e p assive f o r m a n d t h e
2 The hard is t h e p a r t o f t h e c o m p u t e r
p assive s e n t e n c e s i n t h e a c t iv e f o r m .
w h i c h has t h e i n f o r m a t i o n t h a t t h e c o m p u t e r n e e d s t o w o r k .
1 Gra n d p are nts play c o m p u t e r g a m es t o o . 3 T h e USB is w h e r e y o u c a n c o n n e c t a
Com puter games keyboard or a camera, for e x a m ple.

2 A r t h u r Wy n n e i n v e n t e d crossw ords in 1 9 1 3. 4 Em ails b a c k i f t h e e m a i l a d d r e s s is n't

Crossw ords correct.

5 Yest er d ay I r e c e iv e d a n e m a i l f r o m m y c o u si n so I d e c i d e d t o
3 A m u s e u m is b e i n g o p e n e d b y t h e q u e e n t o m o r r o w .
t o it q uic k ly.
The queen
6 You m o v e t h e m o u s e o n t h e m o u s e
4 The co ncert was seen by 4 0,0 0 0 p e o ple.
7 A broad I n t e r n e t c o n n e c t i o n is f a s t e r t h a n
40,000 people
a normal connection.
5 A le x S m i t h has w o n t h e c o m p e t i t i o n .
/ 7 po i n t s )
The co m petition
3 Match t h e w or d s or parts of words and t h e n writ e a sim ple
6 T h ey d e si g n H o n d a m o t o r b i k e s in Ja p a n .
d efinitio n or e x pla n atio n for each.
Honda motorbikes

( / 6 po i n t s ) Definition / explanation

1 have into so m ethin g 1

3 C o m plete t h e sentences w i t h t h e correct f o r m of t h e verbs
given, or fin d t h e correct w o r d .
2 ice hood 2
1 If I ( b e ) t h e Pr i m e M i n i s t e r , I

(b uild) m o r e h ospitals.
3 look an arg u m e nt 3
2 T h is is t h e c i t y I was born.

3 Yesterday I (h a v e) a n a c c i d e n t w h e n I 4 first somebody out 4

( p l a y) t e n n i s .

4 Em ma c o m e t o t h e p a rty t o n i g h t b u t she 5 child aid 5

h a s n 't d e c i d e d y e t .
5 (s u r f ) t h e N e t is m y f a v o u r i t e h o b b y .
6 ask cap 6
( / 7 po i n t s )

/ 20 po i innttss^
G a t e w a y Bi D i c t i o n a r y
/a,knma'deif(a)n/ noun [U] a place for someone to
INTRODUCTION
stay, l i v e or w o r k i n : The hotel provides accommodation for up to
This M a c m i l l a n D i c t i o n a r y has been especially designed to 100 people.
meet the needs of Gateway students who are at B l level. The /a'ka:din ,tu:/ pr ep 1 used for s t a t i n g where
words have been selected f r o m the B l student's book and t h i s
i n f o r m a t i o n or ideas have come f r o m : According to newspaper
workbook. Other words that often appear i n school-leaving
reports, fighting has broken out in the northern provinces. 2 i n a
exams have also been included.
way tha t agrees w i t h or obeys a p a r t i c u l a r p l a n , system, or set of
The most common and useful words are m a r k e d accordin g to the r u l e s : The game was played according to the rules.
M a c m i l l a n D i c t i o n a r y 'star r a t i n g ' . T h i s is so that you can easily
/a'kaunt/ noun ic] 1 an arrangement i n whic h a bank
recognise the vocabulary you need to k n o w especially w e l l .
looks after y o u r money: There was only £50 in his bank account.
***• = v e r y common words 2 a n a r r a n g e m e n t w i t h a company or I n t e r n e t p r o v i d e r to use a
= common words service t h e y p r o v i d e : an email account.
= f a i r l y common words
/a'kju:z/ verb [T] to say t h a t someone has done s o m e t h i n g
w r o n g or i l l e g a l : Her employers accused her of theft.
GRAMMAR CO DES a c h e /eik/ noun [C] a p a i n t h a t is c o n t i n u o u s but u s u a l l y not v e r y
s t r o n g verb [i] to feel a c o n t i n u o u s b u t not v e r y s t r o n g p a i n i n p a r t
of y o u r body
[C] countable nouns that are used w i t h a or an or a n u m b e r
and have a p l u r a l : car, soldier /a'tfi:vmant/ noun [C] a p a r t i c u l ar t h i n g that
someone has achieved: Winning the gold medal was a remarkable
[U] uncountable nouns that cannot be used w i t h a or an or a
achievement.
number and have no p l u r a l : happiness, pasta
[ s i n g u l a r ] nouns that are used w i t h a, an, or the but are a c u p u n c t u r e /'aekju.pAnktfa/ noun [U] a m e d i c a l t r e a t m e n t t h a t
never used i n the p l u r a l : heat, mess involves p u t t i n g needles i n t o p a r t i c u l a r p a r t s of someone's body
[ p l u r a l ] nouns that are used only i n the p l u r a l and always a d a p t a t i o n /.ai'daep'teijiajn/ noun [C] a f i l m or T V p r o g r a m m e made
take a p l u r a l verb: congratulations, surroundings f r o m a book or play
a d d i c t /'aedikt/ noun [C] someone w h o canno t stop t a k i n g i l l e g a l or
[ I ] i n t r a n s i t i v e verbs that have no d i r e c t object: He paused h a r m f u l d r u g s : a heroin addict
for a moment. • Could you speak up please? a d d i c t e d /a'diktid/ adj unable to stop t a k i n g an i l l e g a l or h a r m f u l
[ T ] t r a n s i t i v e verbs that have a direc t object: late my lunch. • d r u g : He was addicted to cocaine.
She handed the note over to me.
a d d i c t i v e /a'diktiv/ adj a n a d d i c t i v e d r u g is d i f f i c u l t to stop t a k i n g
[ l i n k i n g v e r b ] verbs that are followed by a n o u n or adjective
complement describing the subject: They looked happy. • / a d j u s t /a'd3Ast/ verb [T] to change or move s o m e t h i n g s l i g h t l y so
feel better now. t h a t i t w o r k s or fits better: She stopped to adjust the strap on her
sandal, ve rb [i] to get used to a new s i t u a t i o n by c h a n g i n g y o u r
ideas or the way y o u do t h i n g s : It took her two years to adjust to
W O R D C L A S S ES U S E D IN T HI )ICTIONARY life in England.
adj (=adjective) phrase /ad'mit/ verb [l/T] to agree t h a t s o m e t h i n g bad is t r u e , or
p h r v b ( = p h r a s a l verb) to agree t h a t y o u have done s o m e t h i n g w r o n g : Davis admitted
adv (=adverb)
causing death by careless driving.
conj (=conjunction) p r e p (=preposition)
a d o l e s c e n c e /,a?da'les(a)ns/ noun [ui the p e r i o d of y o u r life w h e n y o u
det ( = determiner) p r o n (=pronoun ) are c h a n g i n g f r o m b e i n g a c h i l d to b e i n g an adult, especially
noun verb w h e n y o u are a y o u n g teenager: He spent his adolescence in a
children's home.
/'aedAlt, э У л к / noun [C] someone w h o is no longer a c h i l d
a n d is l e g a l l y responsible for t h e i r actions: Tickets are £2.50for

A
adults and £1.50 for children.
/ad'va:ntid3/ noun [C/U] s o m e t h i n g t h a t makes
one person or t h i n g m o r e l i k e l y to succeed t h a n others: the
advantages of a good education noun [C] a good feature or
/'aebs(a)ns/ noun [C/u] a t i m e w h e n someone is not wher e q u a l i t y t h a t s o m e t h i n g has: Having children when you're older
they should be or where they u s u a l l y are: We are concerned about has both advantages and disadvantages.
your child's frequent absences from school. a d v e r t i s e m e n t /ad'v3:tismant/ noun [C] a n a n n o u n c e m e n t i n a
/aeka'demik/ adj 1 r e l a t i n g to education, especially i n newspaper, on t e l e v i s i o n , on the I n t e r n e t etc t h a t is designed to
colleges and u n i v e r s i t i e s : We expect our students to meet high persuade people to b u y a p r o d u c t or service, go to a n event, or
academic standards. 2 based on l e a r n i n g f r o m study r a t h e r t h a n apply for a j o b
p r a c t i c a l s k i l l s and experience: The college offers both academic /ad'vais/ noun [U] an o p i n i o n that someone gives y o u
and vocational qualifications, noun и a teacher at a college or about the best t h i n g to do i n a p a r t i c u l a r s i t u a t i o n : Ask your
university father for advice.
/ak'sept/ verb [T] to take s o m e t h i n g that someone gives /ad'vaiz/ ve rb [l/T] to give y o u r o p i n i o n to someone about
you: It gives me great pleasure to accept this award, verb [l/Tl the best t h i n g to do i n a p a r t i c u l a r s i t u a t i o n : Her doctor advised
to say yes to an i n v i t a t i o n , offer, or suggestion: Our clients will
her to rest.
never accept this proposal.
a e r i a l /'earial/ noun [C] a piece of equipment made of w i r e or t h i n
/'aeksid(a)nt/ noun [C] 1 an unexpected event that
m e t a l , used for r e c e i v i n g r a d i o or t e l e v i s i o n signals
causes i n j u r y or damage: He was killed in a climbing accident.
2 s o m e t h i n g t h a t happens w i t h o u t b e i n g p l a n n e d : I didn't mean /a'fekt/ verb [T] to change or influence s o m e t h i n g , often
to do it! It was an accident. i n a negative way: Did the newspapers really affect the outcome of
the election?
/,aeksi'dent(a)li/ adv 1 by chance, as the r e s u l t o f a n
accident: Police believe the fire was started accidentally. 2 by /a'freid/ adj 1 w o r r i e d t h a t s o m e t h i n g bad m i g h t
mistake r a t h e r t h a n deliberate i n t e n t i o n : The program prevents happen: / was afraid that you'd miss the flight. 2 f r i g h t e n e d : Don't
files from being accidentally erased. be afraid -1 won't hurt you.

97
 afterwards art

/"a:ftawadz/ adv after something else that you have /a'paerant/ ad j e a s y to s e e o r u n d e r s t a n d : It was
a l r e a d y m e n t i o n e d : Let's go and see a film and afterwards we apparent that the two women knew each other.
could go for a meal.
/a'pi:l/ noun [c] a n u r g e n t r e q u e s t for p e o p l e to do
a g o n y a u n t /'aegani ,a:nt/ noun [С] a w o m a n w h o g i v e s a d v i c e a b o u t s o m e t h i n g o r g i v e s o m e t h i n g : There have been several appeals for
p e r s o n a l problems i n a n e w s p a p e r or m a g a z i n e by a n s w e r i n g an end to the fighting, noun [U] a q u a l i t y t h a t s o m e t h i n g h a s t h a t
readers' letters m a k e s p e o p l e l i k e it o r w a n t it: How do you explain the appeal
of horror films? ve rb [I] 1 to m a k e a n u r g e n t r e q u e s t for p e o p le
/a'gri:/ ve rb [ l/T] to h a v e t h e s a m e o p i n i o n a s s o m e o n e
to do s o m e t h i n g o r g i v e s o m e t h i n g : She appealed to her former
e l s e : Doreen thought that the house was too small, and Jim agreed.
husband to return their baby son. 2 i f s o m e t h i n g a p p e a l s to y o u ,
ve rb [l] to s a y t h a t y o u w i l l do s o m e t h i n g t h a t s o m e o n e e l s e
y o u l i k e it o r w a n t it: The show's mixture of comedy and songs will
w a n t s o r s u g g e s t s : I asked her to marry me, and she agreed.
appeal to children.
/a'hed/adv 1 i n t h e d i r e c t i o n i n f r o n t of y o u : There's a
/ э ' р и / ve rb [l inking verb] to m a k e o t h e r p e o p l e t h i n k t h a t
motel just a few miles ahead. 2 u s e d for s a y i n g w h a t w i l l h a p p e n
y o u a r e s o m e t h i n g , o r t h a t y o u feel s o m e t h i n g : Matt appears
i n t h e f u t u r e : Where will the money come from in the years ahead?
unaffected by all the media attention, ve rb [l] 1 i f s o m e o n e or
/'ea.lain/ noun [C] a c o m p a n y t h a t o w n s a i r c r a f t a n d t a k e s s o m e t h i n g a p p e a r s s o m e w h e r e , y o u s e e t h e m s u d d e n l y o r for the
p e o p l e o r g o o d s b y p l a n e f r o m o n e p l a c e to a n o t h e r f i r s t t i m e : Cracks began to appear in the ceiling. 2 to s t a r t to exist,
a l i e n /'eilian/ noun [C] a c r e a t u r e f r o m a n o t h e r p l a n e t o r to s t a r t to b e a v a i l a b l e for t h e f i r s t t i m e : the latest Internet
guide to appear on the market
/э'1аи/ ve rb [T] to g i v e s o m e o n e p e r m i s s i o n to do
s o m e t h i n g o r h a v e s o m e t h i n g : I'm sorry, sir, but smoking is not /a'piarans/ noun [u] 1 t h e w a y t h a t s o m e o n e or
allowed. s o m e t h i n g l o o k s : The twins are almost identical in appearance.
2 t h e t i m e w h e n s o m e t h i n g s t a r t s to e x i s t , o r s t a r t s to be s e e n :
/'admaust/ adv n e a r l y b u t n o t c o m p l e t e l y : 'Are you
the appearance offast food restaurants on every high street 3 the
ready?' Almost! I'm just putting my shoes on.'
f a c t t h a t s o m e o n e a r r i v e s s o m e w h e r e : She was startled by Julie's
/э'1эип/ ad j , adv i f y o u a r e alone, no one else is w i t h y o u : sudden appearance in the doorway.
Shelley is divorced and lives alone.
/,aepli'keif(a)n fa:(r)m/ noun a p r i n t e d l i s t of
/a:l't3:nativ/ noun [C] something that you c a n choose q u e s t i o n s t h a t y o u a n s w e r i n o r d e r to t r y to get a j o b , b o r r o w
to do i n s t e a d of s o m e t h i n g e l s e : There was no alternative - we had m o n e y , get a p l a c e at u n i v e r s i t y e t c
to close the bridge.
/a'plai/ ve rb [I] to m a k e a f o r m a l r e q u e s t to do s o m e t h i n g
a m a t e u r /'aemata, 'aematjua/ adj d o n e for p l e a s u r e i n s t e a d of a s a o r h a v e s o m e t h i n g : Students can apply for money to help with
j o b : amateur photography noun [C] s o m e o n e w h o d o e s s o m e t h i n g their living costs, ve rb [T] to p u t a l a y e r of s o m e t h i n g s u c h a s
b e c a u s e t h e y e n j o y it, i n s t e a d of a s a j o b pain t onto a s u r f a c e

a m a z e d /a'meizd/ adj v e r y s u r p r i s e d : Frankly. I was amazed that he /a'pamtmant/ noun [C] a n a r r a n g e m e n t to see
was interested. s o m e o n e , for e x a m p l e a d o c t o r , at a p a r t i c u l a r t i m e : Why don't
you make an appointment with one of our doctors?
/a'meizm/ adj v e r y g o o d , s u r p r i s i n g , o r i m p r e s s i v e : Her
story was quite amazing. /a'praopriat/ adj s u i t a b l e for a p a r t i c u l a r s i t u a t i o n :
This isn't the appropriate time to discuss the problem.
a m b i t i o u s /aem'bifas/ adj d e t e r m i n e d to b e c o m e s u c c e s s f u l , r i c h , o r
f a m o u s : an ambitious young lawyer /a'proksimatli/ adv u s e d for s h o w i n g t h a t a n
a m o u n t o r n u m b e r i s n o t e x a c t : Approximately 60,000people filled
/ э ' т л п / pr ep 1 i n c l u d e d i n a p a r t i c u l a r g r o u p of p e o p l e
the stadium.
o r t h i n g s : Robert was the only one among them who had ever
ridden a horse. 2 w i t h o t h e r p e o p l e o r t h i n g s a l l a r o u n d : It was a r c h e o l o g i s t /,a:ki'Dlad 3ist / noun [C] s o m e o n e w h o s t u d i e s a r c h e o l o g y
pleasant strolling among the olive trees.
a r c h e r /'a:(r)tja(r)/ noun [ q s o m e o n e w h o s h o o t s a r r o w s f r o m a b o w
a m u s e m e n t p a r k /a'mju:zmant ,pa:k/ noun [С] a p l a c e w h e r e p e o p l e
a r c h i t e c t /'u:ki,tekt/ noun [C] s o m e o n e w h o s e j o b i s to d e s i g n
p a y m o n e y to go o n r i d e s
buildings
a n a l y s e /'aena,laiz/ ve rb [T] to e x a m i n e s o m e t h i n g i n d e t a i l i n o r d e r
/'a:gju:/ ve rb [l] to d i s c u s s s o m e t h i n g t h a t y o u d i s a g r e e
to u n d e r s t a n d o r e x p l a i n it: Scientists analysed samples of leaves
a b o u t , u s u a l l y i n a n a n g r y w a y : Those girls are always arguing!
taken from the area.
/'a:gjomant/ noun [C] an angry disagreement
a n a t o m y /a'naetami/ noun [Cj t h e b o d y of a h u m a n o r a n i m a l , o r t h e
b e t w e e n p e o p l e : The decision led to a heated argument.
s t r u c t u r e of a p l a n t
/а:т/ noun [C] o n e of t h e t w o l o n g p a r t s of y o u r b o d y w i t h
/'ein[(a)nt/ adj 1 v e r y old : an ancient city Ibook I tradition
y o u r h a n d s at t h e e n d : I put my arm around his shoulders.
2 r e l a t i n g to a p e r i o d of h i s t o r y a v e r y l o n g t i m e ago: the ancient
Greeks I Britons I Egyptians a r m b a n d /'a:m,baend/ noun [C] 1 a p l a s t i c r i n g t h a t i s filled w i t h a i r .
w o r n a r o u n d e a c h a r m b y p e o p l e l e a r n i n g to s w i m 2 a s m a l l
/'аепдэ/ noun [U] t h e s t r o n g f e e l i n g y o u get t h a t m a k e s y o u
p i e c e of c l o t h t h a t y o u w e a r a r o u n d o n e a r m
w a n t to h u r t s o m e o n e o r s h o u t at t h e m : Some people express their
anger through violence. a r m c h a i r /'u:m,tj'ea/ noun [C] a l a r g e c o m f o r t a b l e c h a i r w i t h p a r t s for
y o u to r e s t y o u r a r m s o n
/'aerjgri/ ad j v e r y a n n o y e d : There's no point in getting
angry. /'a:mi/ noun [С] a l a r g e o r g a n i s a t i o n of s o l d i e r s w h o a r e
t r a i n e d to fight w a r s o n l a n d : an army officer/colonel
a n k l e /'аег)к(э)1/ noun [C] t h e p a r t at t h e b o t t o m of y o u r l e g w h e r e
y o u r foot j o i n s y o u r l e g /a'reind3mant/ noun [plural ] arrangements:
p r a c t i c a l p l a n s for o r g a n i s i n g a n d m a n a g i n g t h e d e t a i l s of
a n n i v e r s a r y /,3eni'v3:s(a)ri/ noun [C) a d a t e w h e n y o u c e l e b r a t e
s o m e t h i n g : sleeping/seating arrangements noun [C] an
s o m e t h i n g t h a t h a p p e n e d i n a p r e v i o u s y e a r t h a t i s i m p o r t a n t to
a g r e e m e n t o r p l a n t h a t y o u m a k e w i t h s o m e o n e e l s e : They have
y o u : a wedding anniversary
an arrangement with Pepsi-Cola to share distribution facilities.
/'aenjual/ adj 1 h a p p e n i n g o n c e a y e a r : an annual
/a'rest/ ve rb [T] i f t h e p o l i c e a r r e s t s o m e o n e , t h e y t a k e that
conference/festival/holiday 2 c a l c u l a t e d o v e r a p e r i o d of o n e y e a r :
p e r s o n to a p o l i c e s t a t i o n b e c a u s e t h e y t h i n k t h a t h e o r s h e h a s
an annual salary
c o m m i t t e d a c r i m e : Police raided the building and arrested six
a n o r a k /'aena,raek/ noun [C] a s h o r t c o a t w i t h a h o o d men.

a n t /aent/ noun [C] a s m a l l i n s e c t t h a t l i v e s u n d e r t h e g r o u n d i n l a r g e a r s o n i s t /'a:(r)s(a)nist/ noun [C] s o m e o n e w h o d e l i b e r a t e l y s t a r t s fires,

organised groups especially in buildings

a p a r t f r o m /a'pa:t ,fram/ phr ase i n a d d i t i o n to s o m e o n e o r /a:t/ noun [U] p a i n t i n g s , d r a w i n g s , a n d other objects that
s o m e t h i n g : Apart from providing humanitarian aid, the UN is a r e c r e a t e d i n o r d e r to b e b e a u t i f u l o r i n t e r e s t i n g : the art of
also supposed to enforce agreements. ancient Mexico

/a'pDla.dsaiz/ ve rb [I] to t e l l s o m e o n e t h a t y o u a r e s o r r y /,a:ti'fif(a)l/ adj not n a t u r a l o r r e a l , b u t m a d e b y people:

for d o i n g s o m e t h i n g w r o n g : I apologise for taking so long to reply. The growers use both natural and artificial light.

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artificial behaviour

/'a:tist/ noun [C] someone w h o creates p a i n t i n g s or other

objects t h a t are b e a u t i f u l or i n t e r e s t i n g

a s k s o m e b o d y o u t /,a:sk s.\mbddi 'aut/ phr vb to i n v i t e someone to

go somewhere w i t h y o u because y o u w a n t to s t a r t a r o m a n t i c
relationship w i t h t h e m

/3,seesi'neif(a)n/ noun [C/u] the m u r d e r of a famous /'beibi/ noun [C] a v e r y y o u n g c h i l d w h o cannot yet t a l k or
w a l k : their new baby daughter
or i m p o r t a n t person, especially for p o l i t i c a l reasons: an
assassination attempt b a c h e l o r /'baetjata/ noun [C] a m a n w h o has never been m a r r i e d

a s s e s s /a'ses/ verb [T] to t h i n k about s o m e t h i n g c a r e f u l l y a n d m a k e a b a c h e l o r ' s d e g r e e /'baetjalaz di.gri:/ noun [C] a f i r s t u n i v e r s i t y degree
judgment about i t : We tried to assess his suitability for the job.
/bask/ noun [C] 1 the p a r t of y o u r body between y o u r neck
/a'sesmant/ noun [U] the process of m a k i n g a a n d y o u r b o t t o m , o n the opposite side to y o u r chest a n d stomach:
judgment or f o r m i n g a n o p i n i o n , after c o n s i d e r i n g s o m e t h i n g or 1 have a pain in my back. 2 the p a r t o r side of s o m e t h i n g t h a t is
someone c a r e f u l l y : The investigation was reopened after careful f u r t h e s t f r o m the f r o n t : Get in the back of the car.
assessment of new evidence. /'baek,graund/ noun [C] 1 the general experiences
/a'sist(a)nt/ noun [C] someone whose j o b is to help a n d influences t h a t have f o r m e d someone's character, or the
another person i n t h e i r w o r k , for example by d o i n g the easier t y p e of e d u c a t i on and t r a i n i n g they have had: students from very
different backgrounds 2 the p a r t of a p i c t u r e or p a t t e r n t h a t is
parts of it: a personal assistant
b e h i n d the m a i n people o r t h i n g s i n i t : a picture of palm trees
a t l a s /'aetlas/ noun [C] a book of maps with mountains in the background
/'aetmas.fia/ noun [singular] 1 the m o o d t h a t exists b a c k u p /Ъаеклр/ noun [U] people o r e q u i p m e n t t h a t can be used
in a place and affects the people there: There is an atmosphere w h e n e x t r a help is needed: The gang was armed, so the police
of tension in the city today. 2 the a i r r o u n d the E a r t h o r r o u n d called for backup, noun [C] a copy of i n f o r m a t i o n o n y o u r computer
another planet: The Earth's atmosphere is getting warmer. t h a t y o u m a k e i n case y o u lose the o r i g i n a l i n f o r m a t i o n

a t t r a c t i o n /эГгэек|(э)п/ noun [C] a n i n t e r e s t i n g place or object t h a t b a d d y /'baedi/ noun [C] someone i n a film o r book w h o does u n k i n d
people come to see noun [c/u] a reason for l i k i n g s o m e t h i n g or or i l l e g a l t h i n g s
someone or b e i n g interested i n i t / t h e m b a d g e /baed3/ noun [C] 1 a s m a l l r o u n d object w i t h w o r d s or symbols
/a'traektiv/ adj nice to look at: a stunningly attractive on i t . You fasten i t onto y o u r clothes w i t h a p i n , for example to
woman show t h a t y o u suppor t a n idea o r a p o l i t i c a l p a r t y . 2 a special
piece of m e t a l , c l o t h , o r plastic w i t h w o r d s o r symbols on i t . You
a u p a i r / э и 'реэ/ noun [С] a y o u n g w o m a n w h o lives w i t h a f a m i l y i n w e a r i t o r c a r r y i t to show y o u r o f f i c i a l p o s i t i o n : a police badge
a foreign c o u n t r y and helps to look after t h e i r c h i l d r e n
b a d l y - p a i d /'baedli peid/ phrase i f someone is badly-paid, they do not
/ b :dians/ noun [C] the people w h o w a t c h or l i s t e n t o a e a r n m u c h money, or they e a r n less money t h a n is f a i r for the
performance: Chaplin's films were loved by audiences throughout w o r k they do
the world.
b a d - t e m p e r e d /,beed 'tempad/ adj made a n n o y e d or a n g r y v e r y
/a:nt/ noun [C] the sister of y o u r m o t h e r or father, or the easily
wife of y o u r uncle: I loved visiting my aunt and uncle.
b a l c o n y /'baelkani/ noun [C] a place s t i c k i n g out f r o m the outside of a
Ывепик/ adj r e a l , not false o r copied: The letter is b u i l d i n g w h e r e y o u c a n sit o r stand
certainly authentic. b a l d /b:>:kl/ adj w i t h l i t t l e o r no h a i r o n y o u r head
/Ь:вэ/ noun [C] 1 someone w h o w r i t e s books o r a r t i c l e s as b a n /baen/ noun [C] a n official statement o r d e r i n g people not to
their j o b 2 the person w h o w r o t e a p a r t i c u l a r d o c u m e n t or other do s o m e t h i n g : There is a total ban on smoking anywhere in the
piece of w r i t i n g : the author of the report college, verb [T] to say o f f i c i a l l y t h a t someone is not a l l o w e d to
/3: '6Drat i / noun [U] 1 the power to m a k e decisions a n d do s o m e t h i n g : She was banned from competing for two years after
make people do w h a t y o u w a n t : The president's authority is being failing a drugs test.
questioned in the press. 2 official p e r m i s s i o n to do s o m e t h i n g : We /baenk/ noun [C] 1 a financial i n s t i t u t i o n where people can
do not release the names of our customers without their authority. keep t h e i r money, o r c a n b o r r o w money: / need to go to the bank
noun [plural] the a u t h o r i t i e s : the police or other o r g a n i s a t i o n s this morning. 2 a l a r ge c o l l e c t i o n o r store of s o m e t h i n g : a blood
w i t h legal power to m a k e people obey laws : The French bank
authorities have refused to issue him a visa. b a r g a i n /'ba:gm/ noun [C] s o m e t h i n g y o u buy t h a t costs m u c h less
a u t o b i o g r a p h y /.-rtaubai'ografi/ noun [C] a book about y o u r life t h a t t h a n n o r m a l : Her dress was a real bargain.
you w r i t e y o u r s e l f /'beisik/ adj 1 f o r m i n g the m a i n o r most i m p o r t a n t p a r t
autograph noun [C] a famous person's n a me t h a t they or aspect of s o m e t h i n g : Rice is the basic ingredient of the dish.
sign on s o m e t h i n g 2 simple, w i t h n o t h i n g special o r e x t r a : The state provides only
basic health care.
/3'veilab(9)l/ adj 1 able to be o b t a i n e d , t a k e n , or used:
We'll notify you as soon as tickets become available. 2 not too busy /bi:tJ7 noun [C] a n area of sand or s m a l l stones beside the
sea o r a l a k e
to do s o m e t h i n g: Vm available next Tuesday if you want to meet
then. b e a n / b i : n / noun [C] 1 a seed of v a r i o u s p l a n t s t h a t is cooked and
eaten, or a p l a n t t h a t produces these seeds 2 a d r i e d bean t h a t
a v a l a n c h e /'aevd,la:ntf/ noun [с] a large a m o u n t of snow t h a t
y o u g r i n d a n d use to m a k e d r i n k s such as coffee and cocoa
suddenly falls d o w n a m o u n t a i n
b e a r d /biad/ noun [C] h a i r t h a t grow's o n a man's c h i n and cheeks
/'aev(a)rid3/ noun [C/u] the t y p i c a l a m o u n t or level:
Unemployment here is twice the national average. /bi:t/ verb [T] 1 to defeat someone i n a game, c o m p e t i t i o n ,
election, o r b a t t l e : England needed to beat Germany to get to the
/s'vj rd/ verb [T] 1 to t r y to prevent s o m e t h i n g f r o m final. 2 to h i t someone v i o l e n t l y several t i m e s : They were arrested
happening: Try to avoid confrontation. 2 to stay away f r o m for beating their children.
someone or s o m e t h i n g : We went early to avoid the crowds.
b e a u t i c i a n /bju:'tif(3)n/ noun [C] someone whose j o b is to give people
/a'wea/ adj k n o w i n g about a s i t u a t i o n o r fact: As far as beauty t r e a t m e n t s
I'm aware, he didn't tell her anything.
/bi'heiv/ ve rb [I] to do t h i n g s i n a p a r t i c u l a r way: The
/a'wea(r)nas/ noun [singular/U] k n o w l e d g e or children behaved very badly, verb [l/T] to be p o l i t e a n d not cause
u n d e r s t a n d i n g of a subject, issue, o r s i t u a t i o n : There was a t r o u b l e : Mum's always telling me to behave when we go out.
general lack of awareness about safety issues.
/bi'heivja/ noun [u] the w a y t h a t someone behaves:
/ b:f(a)l/ adj e x t r e m e l y bad: This wine tastes awful. Anna was sick of her brother's behaviour.

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 behind
/bi'haindV adv , prep 1 at the back of someone or
s o m e t h i n g : The teacher was standing behind me, looking over
my shoulder. 2 used for s a y i n g w h a t causes s o m e t h i n g or who
is responsible for m a k i n g it happen, especially w h e n t h i s is not
obvious: Police believe that a racist group is behind the attacks.
3 late or too slow i n d o i n g t h i n g s t h a t y o u have to do: The project
is already a month behind schedule.
b e l o n g t o /bi'lon ta/ phr vb to be owned by someone: The car belongs
to the woman next door.
b e s t - s e l l e r /best'sela/ noun [C] a book t h a t m a n y people b u y
b i g - h e a d e d /.big'hedid/ adj b e h a v i n g i n a way t h a t shows that y o u
t h i n k y o u are v e r y i m p o r t a n t or i n t e l l i g e n t
/ b i l / noun [C] a w r i t t e n statement that shows how m u c h
money you owe for goods or services t h a t y o u have received: a
telephone bill
b i o d e g r a d a b l e /,bai3udi'greid3b(3)l/ adj decayin g n a t u r a l l y i n a w a y
t h a t is not h a r m f u l to the e n v i r o n m e n t
b i o g r a p h y /bai'Dgrafi/ noun [C] a book t h a t someone w r i t e s about
someone else's life
/Ьз:9 / noun [c/u] the occasion w h e n a baby is b o r n : We are
happy to announce the birth of our son, Andrew.
b i s c u i t /'biskit/ noun [C] a s m a l l flat d r y cake t h a t is u s u a l l y sweet: a
packet of chocolate biscuits
a b i t Is 'bit/ phrase s l i g h t l y , or a l i t t l e : I'm feeling a bit tired.
/bleim/ noun [U] r e s p o n s i b i l i t y for a n accident, p r o b l e m , or
bad s i t u a t i o n : Why do I always get the blame for everything? ч&Ъ [T]
to say or t h i n k t h a t someone or s o m e t h i n g is responsible for
an accident, p r o b l e m, or bad s i t u a t i o n : If it all goes wrong, don't
blame me.
b l e e d /bli:d / verb [i] to have blood f l o w i n g f r o m y o u r body, for
example f r o m a cut: He was bleeding from a wound in his
shoulder.
/blamd/ adj unable to see: Blind and sighted children attend
the same school.
/bmk/ noun [C] 1 a large b u i l d i n g w i t h a lot of different
levels: an apartment/office block 2 a solid piece of wood, stone, ice
etc w i t h s t r a i g h t sides: a block of marble 3 an area of b u i l d i n g s
i n a t o w n or c i t y w i t h streets on a l l four sides: / was early, so
I walked around the block a couple of times, verb m to stop
s o m e t h i n g f r o m m o v i n g along or passing t h r o u g h s o m e t h i n g : A
car was blocking the road.
b l o g /Ыод/ noun [C] a b i o g r a p h i c a l web log: a typ e of d i a r y on a
website that is changed r e g u l a r l y , to give the latest news.
/bUd/ noun [U] the re d l i q u i d that flows a r o u n d inside
y o u r body: Oxygen is carried in the blood.
/Ыэи/ verb [l] 1 i f w i n d or a i r blows, the a i r moves: A strong
wind was blowing across the island. 2 to p u sh out a i r f r o m y o u r
m o u t h : He bent towards the candle and blew gently.
Iby.ul noun [C] 1 a t h i n flat piece of wood or other
m a t e r i a l t h a t is used for a p a r t i c u l a r purpose: a chopping/
ironing board 2 a flat w i d e surface such as a noticeboar d or
blackboard that is used for s h o w i n g i n f o r m a t i o n : The exam
results were pinned up on the board, verb [i/т] to get onto a ship,
a i r c r a f t , t r a i n , or bus
b o a r d g a m e /Ъхб ,geim/ noun [C] a n y game i n w h i c h y o u move
objects a r o u n d on a special b o a r d
b o a r d i n g s c h o o l /'bo:dii] sku:l/ noun [C] a school i n w h i c h the
students l i v e d u r i n g the p a r t of the y e a r t h a t t h ey go to lessons
/ЬэиГ/ noun [C] a vehicle for t r a v e l l i n g on water: The only
way to get there was by boat.
/bod/ verb [l/T] 1 i f a l i q u i d boils, or i f y o u b o i l i t , i t becomes so
hot that bubbles rise to the surface: When the water boils, add the
rice. 2 to cook s o m e t h i n g i n b o i l i n g water, or to be cooked i n t h i s
way: How long does it take to boil an egg?
/Ьок/ noun [C] a w r i t t e n w o r k t h a t is p r i n t e d on pages
fastened together inside a cover: Please open your books at page
25. verb [l/T] to a r r a n g e to have or use s o m e t h i n g at a p a r t i c u l a r
t i m e i n the f u t u r e : Shall I book a room for you?
b o o s t /bu:st/ noun [singular] s o m e t h i n g t h a t helps s o m e t h i n g to
increase or i m p r o v e : The festival has been a major boost for the
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brother
local economy, verb [T] to help s o m e t h i n g to increase or improve:
The cold weather boosted demand for electricity.
Iby.ul adj feeling i m p a t i e n t and annoyed because n o t h i n g
is i n t e r e s t i n g : The waiter looked very bored.
b o r e d o m / t a d a m / noun [U] the feeling of being bored
/'boirirj/ adj not at a l l i n t e r e s t i n g : a boring, badly-paid job
/by.nl adj 1 w h e n a baby is b o r n , it comes out of its
mother's body and s t a r t s its life: Her grandfather died before she
was born. 2 i f s o m e t h i n g such as a new o r g a n i s a t i o n or idea is
b o r n , i t begins to exist
/'bDrau/ verb [T] to receive and use s o m e t h i n g that
belongs to someone else, and promise to give it back: Can I
borrow your calculator?
b o s s y /'bDsi/ adj someone who is bossy is a n n o y i n g because they
keep t e l l i n g other people w h a t to do
b o u n c e /baons/ verb [i/T] 1 i f a b a l l or other object bounces, or i f you
bounce i t , i t h i t s a surface t h e n i m m e d i a t e l y moves away: The
ball bounced twice before hitting the net. 2 i f an e m a i l message
bounces, i t is sent back to y o u w i t h o u t r e a c h i n g the person you
sent i t to
/baol/ noun [C] 1 a r o u n d containe r that you use for eating,
s e r v i n g , or p r e p a r i n g food: In a large bowl, mix together the eggs,
sugar, and butter. 2 a large c o n t a i n e r w i t h o u t a l i d , used for
h o l d i n g l i q u i d s : a washing-up bowl
b o w l i n g /'bauhq/ noun [u] a n i n d o o r game i n w h i c h players r o l l
heavy balls along a t r a c k and t r y to k n o c k d o w n a group of pins
/bDks/ noun [C] 1 a c o n t a i n e r w i t h s t r a i g h t sides and a flat
base: a cardboard box 2 a space for w r i t i n g i n f o r m a t i o n on a
p r i n t e d f o r m , or a space on a computer screen w i t h i n f o r m a t i o n
i n i t : a dialogue box
b o x e r Arokss/ noun [C] someone who takes p a r t i n the sport of
boxing
/brein/ noun [C] the o r g a n inside y o u r head that allows you
to t h i n k a n d feel, a n d c o n t r o ls y o u r body: The illness had affected
his brain.
/bra:ntJ7 noun [C] 1 one of the parts of a tree that grows
out of its t r u n k 2 a shop or office r e p r e s e n t i n g a large company
or o r g a n i s a t i o n i n a p a r t i c u l a r area: The store has branches in
over 50 cities.
/breiv/ adj able to deal w i t h danger, p a i n , or trouble
w i t h o u t b e i n g f r i g h t e n e d or w o r r i e d : the brave soldiers who
fought and died for their country
/breik/ verb [l/T] 1 i f s o m e t h i n g breaks, or i f you break it,
it separates i n t o t w o or more pieces w h e n i t is h i t , dropped etc: /
broke two dishes this morning. 2 i f a piece of equipment breaks,
or i f y o u b r e a k i t , it stops w o r k i n g c o r r e c t l y : Don't play with the
camera - you 11 break it. verb [T] to f a i l to obey a r u l e or law:
Students who break these rules will be punished.
b r i d e /braid/ noun [C] a w o m a n who is g e t t i n g m a r r i e d , or one who
has r e c e n t l y m a r r i e d
/brait/ adj 1 b r i g h t colours are strong but not dark: She
was wearing a bright red scarf. 2 f u l l of stron g s h i n i n g l i g h t : It
was a bright sunny day. 3 i n t e l l i g e n t : one of the brightest students
in the class
/Ьпп/ verb [T] to take someone or s o m e t h i ng w i t h you
f r o m one place to another: Bring a coat in case it turns cold.
b r o a d b a n d /'br3:d,baend/ noun [U] a typ e of connection between a
computer and the I n t e r n e t that allows y o u to send or receive a
large a m o u n t of i n f o r m a t i o n i n a short t i m e
b r o a d c a s t /'brj:d,ka:st/ noun [С] a p r o g r a m m e that is broadcast:
Channel 5's main news broadcast verb [l/T] to send out messages or
p r o g r a m m e s to be received by radios or televisions: The BBC will
be broadcasting the match live from Paris.
/Ъгэикэп/ adj 1 a b r o k e n object has been damaged w i t h
the r e s u l t t h a t i t is i n t w o or more pieces: Nearly all the houses
had broken windows. 2 i f a piece of equipment is broken, it is not
w o r k i n g c o r r e c t l y : You can't use the microwave - it's broken.
b r o k e n - h e a r t e d /Ьгэикэп 'ha:tid/ adj extremely sad
/'Ьглбэ/ noun [C] a boy or m a n who has the same
parents as y o u : his younger/older/little/big brother
brother - in - law chat show

b r o t h e r - i n - l a w /'Ьгл5э(г)т,Ь:/ noun [C] 1 y o u r sister's h u s b a n d 2 the c a r b o n d i o x i d e /,ка:Ьэп dai'Dksaid/ noun [U] the gas tha t is produced
brother of y o u r husband o r wife w h e n y o u breathe out
b r o w s e r /'brauzs/ noun [C] a compute r p r o g r a m t h a t a l l o w s y o u to /кеэ/ verb [l/T] to be interested i n someone or s o m e t h i n g
use the I n t e r n e t and t h i n k t h a t they are i m p o r t a n t : Her son didn't care enough to
come and visit her.
b u i l d e r /'bilda/ noun [C] someone whose j o b is to b u i l d a n d r e p a i r
houses /кэ'пэ/ noun [C] a j o b or profession t h a t y o u w o r k at for
/'bildm/ noun [C] + * • a s t r u c t u r e such as a house t h a t has a some t i m e : the problems of combining a career and a family
roof and w a l l s : The town hall was a large, impressive building. c a r i n g /'кеэпп/ adj k i n d , h e l p f u l a n d s y m p a t h e t i c t o w a r d s other
b u l ly /'buli/ noun [C] someone w h o uses t h e i r s t r e n g t h or status to people
threaten or f r i g h t e n people verb m to f r i g h t e n o r h u r t someone c a r p e n t e r /'ka:pmta/ noun [C] someone whose j o b is to m a ke or
who is smaller or weaker t h a n y o u r e p a i r wooden t h i n g s
b u n k e r /Ълг)кэ/ noun [c] a r o o m w i t h v e r y s t r o n g w a l l s t h a t is b u i l t c a r t o o n /ka:'tu:n/ noun [C] 1 a f i l m o r T V p r o g r a m m e made by
underground as a shelter against bombs p h o t o g r a p h i n g a series o f d r a w i n g s so t h a t t h i n g s i n t h e m
b u r g l a r /Ъз:д1э/ noun [C] someone w h o enters a b u i l d i n g i l l e g a l l y i n seem to move 2 a h u m o r o u s d r a w i n g o r series of d r a w i n g s i n a
order to steal t h i n g s newspaper or magazine

b u r g l a r y /'Ьз:д1эп/ noun [c/u] the c r i m e of e n t e r i n g a b u i l d i n g /keis/ noun [C] a s i t u a t i o n t h a t involves a p a r t i c u l a r person

illegally i n order to steal t h i n g s or t h i n g : In the majority of cases, it's easy to keep costs down.

b u r g l e /'Ьз:д(э)1/ verb [T] to enter a b u i l d i n g i l l e g a l l y a n d steal t h i n g s
/Ьз:п/ verb [T] 1 to damage or destroy s o m e t h i n g w i t h
fire: Demonstrators burned flags outside the embassy. 2 to i n j u r e
someone or a p a r t of y o u r body w i t h s o m e t h i n g hot: The sand
was so hot it burnt my feet. 3 to put i n f o r m a t i o n onto a CD-ROM
c a s h i e r /kaejia/ noun [C] someone whose j o b is to receive o r give
money to customers i n a shop, b a n k etc
c a s t /ka:st/ noun [С] 1 a l l the p e r f o r m e r s i n a f i l m , play etc 2 a h a r d
cover for p r o t e c t i n g a b r o k e n p a r t of y o u r body w h i l e i t is g e t t i n g
better

/'beri/ verb [T] to put s o m e t h i n g i n the g r o u n d a n d cover i t c a t a s t r o p h i c /kaeta'strofik/ adj c a u s i n g a l o t o f damage, or m a k i n g a

w i t h e a r t h : There's supposed to be treasure buried around here. lot o f people suffer: catastrophic floods

/ЬиГ/ noun [C] a p l a n t t h a t is s m a l l e r t h a n a tree a n d has a /kastf/ verb [l/T] 1 to stop s o m e t h i n g t h at is f a l l i n g or

lot of t h i n branches: a holly/rose/currant bush
/'bizros/ noun [U] + • * 1 t h e w o r k of b u y i n g o r s e l l i n g
products or services: the music/fashion business 2 the w o r k t h a t
you do as y o u r job: a business trip
sy /"bizi/ adj * * * 1 h a v i n g a lot of t h i n g s to do: He is an extremely
busy man. 2 f u l l of people or vehicles: a busy main road
b u t c h e r /'but/a/ noun [C] someone whose j o b is to sell meat. T h e shop
they w o r k i n is c a l l e d a butcher's o r a butcher's shop.
b u t t e r f l y /'bAtd,flai/ noun [C] a n insect w i t h large c o l o u r f u l w i n g s
m o v i n g t h r o u g h the a i r , and h o l d i t : Stewart caught the ball with
one hand. 2 to get on a t r a i n , bus, plane, or boat t h a t is t r a v e l l i n g
somewhere: I caught the next train to London, verb [T] 1 i f the
police catch someone, they f i n d t h e m a n d a r r e s t t h e m 2 to get a
disease o r i l l n e s s : Brian caught chickenpox from his nephew.
c a t w a l k /'kaet,w:>:k/ noun [C] the r a i s e d area at a fashion show t h a t
the models w a l k along
/'sela.breit/ verb [l/T] to do s o m e t h i n g enjoyable i n order
to show t h a t a n occasion o r event is special: Let's have a party to
celebrate.

/ ' b A t ( 9 ) n / noun [C] 1 a s m a l l object t h a t y o u press to m a ke /sa'lebrati/ noun [C] a famous e n t e r t a i n e r or sports
a machine do s o m e t h i n g : Press this button to start the computer. p e r s o n a l i t y : TV/sports celebrities
2 a s m a l l r o u n d object t h a t is used for f a s t e n i n g clothes by
/'sentfsri/ noun [C] a p e r i o d of 100 years, u s u a l l y
pushing i t t h r o u g h a hole: He had undone the top button of his
c o u n t e d f r o m a year e n d i n g i n - 00 : 16th century paintings
shirt.
/'s3:t(3)nli/ adv 1 used for emphasisin g t h a t
s o m e t h i n g is definitely t r u e o r w i l l definitely happen: There
certainly wasn't any point in going now. 2 used for expressing
agreement or for g i v i n g p e r m i s s i o n : 'We'd like you to explain your
proposal to us in greater detail.' 'Certainly.'
/'tfaelmd3/ noun [C/U] s o m e t h i n g t h a t needs a lot of
s k i l l , energy, a n d d e t e r m i n a t i o n to deal w i t h o r achieve: I felt
I needed a new challenge at work, verb m to i n v i t e someone to
compete o r fight: The girls challenged the boys to a cricket match.
c a b l e /'keib(a)l/ noun [c/u] 1 t h i c k w i r e used for c a r r y i n g e l e c t r i c i t y
or electronic signals 2 s t r o n g t h i c k m e t a l rope /'tjaempian/ noun [C] someone w h o has w o n a n
i m p o r t a n t c o m p e t i t i o n , especially i n sport: the world
/'kaelkju.leit/ verb [T] to discover a n u m b e r or a m o u n t by
heavyweight boxing champion
using mathematics : Calculate the size of the angle.
/tja:ns/ noun [C] an o p p o r t u n i t y to do s o m e t h i n g ,
/ka:m/ adj 1 not affected by s t r o n g emotions: a calm voice
especially s o m e t h i n g t h a t y o u w a n t to do: Students are given the
2 peaceful: The city appears calm after last night's missile attach.
chance to learn another language.
/'кает(э)гэ/ noun [C] 1 a piece of e q u i p m e nt for t a k i n g
/'tjaen(d)l/ noun [C] a t e l e v i s i o n s t a t i o n and the
photographs 2 a piece of e q u i p m e nt for m a k i n g t e l e v i s i o n
p r o g r a m m e s t h a t i t broadcasts: What's on the other channel?
programmes, f i l m s, o r videos
/'tjaepta/ noun [C] one of the sections of a book: See
/ к а з т р / noun [C/U] a place where people go for a h o l i d a y
Chapter Three for more details.
that often has tents or other t e m p o r a r y shelters: music camp
/'kaerikts/ noun [C] a person i n a book, play, f i l m etc:
/'kaensa/ noun [U] a serious i l l n e s s t h a t is caused w h e n cells
The film's main character is played by George Clooney.
in the body increase i n a n u n c o n t r o l l e d way: He died of lung
cancer. /'tfaerati/ noun [C/u] a n o r g a n i s a t i o n t h a t gives money and
help to people w h o need i t : a registered charity
/'kaendi,deit, 'kamdidat/ noun [C] one of the people w h o
is competing i n a n election or c o m p e t i n g for a job: the Labour/ c h a r t /tfa:t/ noun [c] a l i s t , d r a w i n g , o r g r a p h tha t shows i n f o r m a t i o n
Liberal/Conservative candidate
/tjaet/ verb [i] 1 to t a l k i n a f r i e n d l y way: They sat waiting,
c a n t e e n /kaen'tim/ noun [C] a r o o m i n a factory, school, or h o s p i t a l chatting about their families. 2 to exchange messages w i t h
where meals are served someone u s i n g computers, i n a way t h a t lets y o u see each other's
messages i m m e d i a t e l y
/'kaeptja/ verb [T] to catch a person or a n i m a l and stop
them f r o m escaping: Most of the men had been either killed or c h a t s h o w /'tjaet ,/эи/ noun [C] a t e l e v i s i o n or r a d i o p r o g r a m m e i n
captured. w h i c h famous people t a l k about themselves a n d t h e i r w o r k

I 0 l
cheap condition

c h e a p /tj'i:p/ adj 1 not expensive: People should have access to
cheap, fresh food. 2 not expensive a n d not of good q u a l i t y : cheap
wine
/tfi:t/ verb [I] to behave dishonestly, o r to not obey r u l e s :
Kids have always found ways of cheating in school exams.
/tfek/ verb [l/T] t o e x a m i n e s o m e t h i n g i n o r d e r to get
i n f o r m a t i o n , o r to find out w h e t h e r i t is good o r c o r r e c t : Always
check your spelling, ve rb [T] t o give y o u r bags a n d cases to
an official at a n a i r p o r t so t h a t they c a n be put o n a plane: How
many bags do you have to check?
c h e c k o u t /'tjekaut/ noun [C] the place w h e r e y o u pay i n a
s u p e r m a r k e t o r o t h e r larg e shop
/tfi:k/ noun [C] the soft p a r t o n each side o f y o u r face below
y o u r eyes: Sarah kissed him on the cheek.
c h e e r u p /.tfiafr) л р / phr vb t o become less sad, o r to m a k e someone
feel less sad: / tried to cheer him up, but he just kept staring out of
the window.
c h e f /Jef/ noun [C] someone whose j o b is to cook food i n a r e s t a u r a n t
/'кегшк(э)1/ noun [C] a substance used i n c h e m i s t r y ,
or one produced by a process t h a t involves c h e m i s t r y : toxic
chemicals
c h e m i s t /'kemist/ noun [C] 1 a shop t h a t sells m e d i c i n e s, beauty
products, and t o i l e t r i e s 2 someone whose j o b is p r e p a r i n g and
s e l l i n g medicines i n a chemist's shop 3 a scientis t w h o studies
chemistry
/tjek/ noun [C] a piece of p r i n t e d paper t h a t y o u c a n use
instead of money: a cheque for £50
c h e s s /tjes/ noun [u] a game t h a t t w o people play o n a b o a r d w i t h
black a n d w h i t e squares. T h e pieces t h a t y o u use have d i f f e r e n t
shapes a n d move i n d i f f e r e n t ways.
/tfest/ noun [C] the upper f r o n t p a r t of y o u r body between
y o u r neck a n d y o u r stomach: a broad/hairy chest
c h e w i n g g u m /'tju:in , д л т / noun [u] a t y p e of sweet t h a t y o u chew
for a l o n g t i m e but do not s w a l l o w
/tfaild/ noun [C] 1 a y o u n g person f r o m the t i m e w h e n they
are b o r n u n t i l they a r e about 14 years o l d : The nursery has places
for 30 children. 2 someone's son o r d a u g h t er o f any age: All of our
children are grown and married.
c h i l d h o o d /'tjaild,hud/ noun [c/u] the t i m e of y o u r l i f e w h e n y o u a r e a
c h i l d : We spent our childhood in a small town in the mountains.
c h i l d i s h /'tfaildif/ adj b e h a v i n g i n a s i l l y a n d a n n o y i n g way. l i k e a
small child
c h i l l y /'tjili/ adj cold enough to be unpleasant: The evenings are
getting chilly.
/tjip/ noun [C] 1 a l o n g t h i n piece of potato cooked i n hot
o i l : fish and chips 2 a v e r y s m a l l piece o f s i l i c o n t h a t is m a r k e d
w i t h e l e c t r o n ic connections. I t is used i n computer s a n d other
machines 3 a s m a l l piece of s o m e t h i n g such as w o o d o r glass t h a t
has b r o k e n off s o m e t h i n g : wood chips
/tfois/ noun [singular/u] the o p p o r t u n i t y o r r i g h t to choose
between differen t t h i n g s : We try to provide greater choice for
our customers, noun [C] a decision t o choose someone o r
s o m e t h i n g : He was facing a difficult choice between staying with
his family or working abroad.
c h o k e /tjaok/ verb [l/T] i f y o u choke, o r i f s o m e t h i n g chokes y o u ,
you cannot breathe because t h e r e is not enough a i r, o r because
s o m e t h i n g is b l o c k i n g y o u r t h r o a t : Joe took a bite of the steak and
started to choke, verb [T] t o squeeze someone's neck so t h a t they
cannot breathe
c h o p /tjbp/ noun [C] a s m a l l piece of meat w i t h a bone i n i t : Iambi
pork chops verb [T] t o cut s o m e t h i n g such as food o r w o o d i n t o
pieces: Chop the meat into small cubes.
c h r i s t e n i n g /'kns(a)nir)/ noun [C] a r e l i g i o u s ceremony d u r i n g w h i c h
a baby is made a member of the C h r i s t i a n r e l i g i o n a n d is g i v e n a
name
/'sitiz(a)n/ noun [C] someone w h o l i v es i n a p a r t i c u l a r
c o u n t r y , t o w n o r c i t y : the citizens of Edinburgh
/кЬэ/ adj 1 obvious and c e r t a i n t o be t r u e : It appears
to be a clear case of discrimination. 2 easy to u n d e r s t a n d : Clear
instructions are provided. 3 t r a n s p a r e n t : a clear glass bottle
/ ' k l e va / adj good at l e a r n i n g or u n d e r s t a n d i n g t h i n g s : I'd
like to be a doctor but I'm not clever enough.
c l i f f / k l i f / noun [C] the steep side of a n area of h i g h l a n d
/ k l a i m / ve rb [l/T] to use y o u r hands and feet to move up,
over, d o w n , o r across s o m e t h i n g : He climbed onto the roof.
/ k t aus / adj 1 o n l y a s h o r t distance away: We can walk to
the swimming pool - it's quite close. 2 g i v i n g c a r e f u l a t t e n t i o n to
every d e t a i l : I'll take a closer look at it tomorrow. 3 connected by
s h a r e d feelings such as love and respect: My brother and I are
very close.
/'klati6in/ noun [U] clothes: a piecelitem/article of clothing
/ kau t f / noun [C] 1 someone w h o t r a i n s a sports player o r
t e a m : a baseball coach 2 a comfortable bus for l o n g j o u r n e y s verb
[T] t o t r a i n a sports player o r t e a m
/ k a o s t / noun [C] an area of l a n d along the edge of a sea: the
east coast of England
/ к а т / noun [C] a flat r o u n d piece of m e t a l used as money:
Put a coin into the slot.
Id /кзоШ/ adj * * * w i t h a l o w t e m p e r a t u r e , o r a t e m p e r a t u re that
is l o w e r t h a n n o r m a l : The water was too cold for a shower, noun [C]
a m i n o r i l l n e s s t h a t blocks y o u r nose and makes y o u cough: I
didn't go to the game because I had a cold.
/ к э т ' Ь а т / verb [l/T] i f y o u combine t h i n g s , o r i f they
c o m b i n e , they a r e used, done, o r put together: an attempt to
combine the advantages of two systems
c o m e a c r o s s / к л т a ' kros / phr vb t o meet someone o r find something
by chance: / came across a word I'd never seen before.
Pkomadi/ noun [C] a f u n n y film, play o r t e l e v i s i o n
programme
c o m i c / ' к ш ш к / noun [C] a magazine t h a t contain s stories told i n a
series o f d r a w i n g s
/ ka ' m3:J" (a)l/ adj r e l a t i n g to the business of b u y i n g
a n d s e l l i n g goods and services: One of their first commercial
products was an electronic typewriter, noun [C] a n advertisement on
television or radio
/ k a ' m i t / ve rb [T] to do s o m e t h i n g that is i l l e g a l or
m o r a l l y w r o n g : The study aims to find out what makes people
commit crimes.
/ ' k n m a n / adj h a p p e n i n g frequently, or e x i s t i n g i n
large a m o u n t s o r n u m b e r s : Today smog is a common occurrence
in many major cities.
/ ka'mju:nati/ noun [C] the people w h o l i v e i n a n
area: small rural communities
/ ' к л т р ( э ) т / noun [C] a n o r g a n i s a t i o n t h a t sells
services o r goods: Max works for a large oil company.
c o m p a r t m e n t / k a m ' p a : t m a n t / noun [C] one o f t h e separate p a r t s of a
c o n t a i n e r o r place wdiere t h i n g s are stored
/kDmpa ' t i f(a)n/ noun [C] 1 a n organised event
i n w h i c h people t r y to w i n prizes by b e i n g better t h a n other
people: He'd entered a competition in the local newspaper. 2 t h e
c o m p e t i t i o n : the person, company, o r t h i n g t h a t someone is
c o m p e t i n g w i t h : Let's look at what the competition is doing and do
it better.
/'kDmpli.keitid/ adj d i f f i c u l t to do, deal w i t h , o r
understand
c o m p l i m e n t / ' k o m p h m a n t / noun [C] s o m e t h i n g nice t h a t y o u say to
prais e someone: He kept paying me compliments on my cooking.
ve rb [T] t o say s o m e t h i n g nice to o r about someone: Everybody
complimented her on the way she handled the emergency.
/ k a m ' p a u n a n t / noun [C] a p a r t of a m a c h i n e or piece of
equipment
c o m p o s e r / к э т ' р э и г э / noun [C] someone w h o w r i t e s music
/ kam ' pA l sa r i / adj s o m e t h i n g t h a t is c o m p u l s o r y must
be done o r used because of a r u l e o r law: compulsory exams
/ ' kDns(a)n , t re i t / verb [l/T] t o give a l l y o u r attentio n
to the t h i n g t h a t y o u a r e d o i n g : Shh! I'm trying to concentrate.
/ kan'dif ( 3)n/ noun [singular/u] the p h y s i c a l state of
s o m e t h i n g o r someone: Engineers will examine the condition of
the damaged buildings, noun [C] a n i l l n e s s o r h e a l t h problem
conference cruelty

that lasts a long t i m e and affects the way y o u l i v e : a heart
condition
/'kDnf(a)rans/ noun [C] a large m e e t i n g where people
who are interested i n a p a r t i c u l a r subject discuss ideas: a
conference hall/room/centre
/'kDnfid(a)nt/ adj * * * c e r t a i n about y o u r a b i l i t i e s a n d
not nervous or f r i g h t e n e d: a confident mood/smile/manner
/kan'fju:zd/ adi unable to u n d e r s t a n d s o m e t h i n g or
t h i n k clearly about i t : She was completely confused.
/kan'fjuizin/ adj not easy to u n d e r s t a n d : She left a very
confusing message.
/kan'fju:3(a)n/ noun [U] a feelin g t h a t y o u do not
understand s o m e t h i n g or cannot decide w h a t to do: There
to be some confusion about who actually won.
/kan,graetjb'leif(a)n/ noun [plural] c o n g r a t u l a t i o n s :
used for t e l l i n g someone that y o u are pleased about t h e i r
success, good luck, or happiness on a special occasion:
'I'vepassed my driving test.' 'Congratulations!' noun [u] an
expression of pleasure to someone for t h e i r success, good l u c k ,
or happiness on a special occasion: We had thousands of letters of
congratulation.
c o n n e c t e d /ka'nektid/ adj 1 related to each other: Were the two
deaths connected? 2 j o i n e d to each other or to s o m e t h i n g else:
connected underground tunnels
/'ka:na/ noun [C] 1 the p a r t of a n object, space, or r o o m
where t w o edges or sides meet: The baby banged his head on the
corner of the table. 2 a place wher e t w o roads meet, or where
there is a s h a r p bend i n the road: I get my newspaper from the
shop on the corner.
/kDst/ noun [c/U] the a m o u n t of money t h a t y o u need i n
order to b u y s o m e t h i n g or to do s o m e t h i n g : The cost of basic foods
has risen dramatically.
c o s y /'kauzi/ adj w a r m and comfortable, r e l a x i n g or f r i e n d l y
c o u g h /ко(/ noun [C] a n i l l n e s s i n w h i c h y o u coug h a lot and y o u r
t h r o a t h u r t s verb [I] to force a i r up t h r o u g h y o u r t h r o a t w i t h
a sudden noise, especially w h e n y o u have a cold or w h e n y o u
w a n t to get someone's a t t e n t i o n : My chest felt painful, and I was
seems coughing uncontrollably.
/kaunt/ verb [l/T] to calculate h o w m a n y people or t h i n g s
there are i n a g r o u p : All the votes have been counted, verb [I] to
say n u m b e r s one after another i n order: lean count up to ten in
German.
/'kAntri/ noun [C] a n area of l a n d t h a t has its o w n
g o v e r n m e n t and official borders: We have offices in 15 European
countries, noun [singular] the c o u n t r y : areas away f r o m towns
a n d cities, c o n s i s t i n g of fields, f a r m s , v i l l a g e s etc: We went for a
picnic in the country.
/'kAntri,said/ noun [U] areas away f r o m t o w n s and
cities, w i t h f a r m s , fields a n d trees

/ka'nekftajn/ noun [C] 1 a r e l a t i o n s h i p between /'клр(э)1/ noun [singular] t w o t h i n g s or people of the same
things or people: I don't see a connection between the two cases. t y p e : 'Has he had any serious girlfriends?' A couple.' noun [C]
2 a t r a i n , bus, or plane that a l l o w s y o u to c o n t i n u e a j o u r n e y : My t w o people w h o are m a r r i e d to each other, or w h o have a
train was late and I missed my connection. r o m a n t i c r e l a t i o n s h i p w i t h each o t h e r

/'kDnsikwans/ noun [C] a r e s u l t or effect of /ka:s/ noun [C] a series of lessons or lectures i n an
something: Climate change could have disastrous consequences. academic subject or a p r a c t i c a l s k i l l : a drama/secretarial/
Spanish course 2 one of the p a r t s of a m e a l : We both chose fish as
/kan ' s3:vativ/ adj 1 not w i l l i n g to accept m u c h our main course. 3 an area wher e a race or sport takes place: a
change: The small farming communities tend to be very golf/race course
conservative. 2 conservative c l o t h i n g or styles are t r a d i t i o n a l
/'клг(э)п/ noun [C] a c h i l d of y o u r uncle or aunt
/kan'sida/ verb [l/T] to t h i n k about s o m e t h i n g c a r e f u l l y
/'kAva/ noun [C] 1 s o m e t h i n g t h a t y o u put over s o m e t h i ng
before you make a decision: The jury went out to consider its
else i n order to hide i t , protect i t , or close i t : She put plastic
verdict, verb m to have a p a r t i c u l a r o p i n i o n about someone or
covers on all the furniture. 2 the outside page on the front or back
something: We all considered him a hero.
of a book or magazine: Her face was once on the cover of Vogue
c o n s i s t o f /kan'sistav/ verb to be made of p a r t i c u l a r p a r t s or t h i n g s : magazine, verb [T] to p u t one t h i n g over another i n order to
Breakfast consisted of dry bread and a cup of tea. protect or hide i t : Cover the food until you are ready to eat it.

/'kDnsanant/ noun [C] any l e t t e r of the E n g l i s h alphabet c o w b o y /'kau.bai/ noun [C] a m a n whose job is to look after cows on a
except for 'a', 'e', T , 'o', and ' u ' r a n c h i n the US

/'kDnstant/ adj 1 c o n t i n u o u s or r e g u l a r over a l o n g /kraef/ noun [C] a n accident that happens w h e n a vehicle
period of t i m e : the constant noise of traffic 2 c o n t i n u i n g at the h i t s s o m e t h i n g : He was seriously injured in a car crash. 2 a l o u d
same rate, level, or a m o u n t over a p a r t i c u l a r p e r i o d o f t i m e : noise l i k e the sound of t h i n g s h i t t i n g each other a n d b r e a k i n g
Maintain a constant speed. 3 a n occasion w h e n a c o m p u t e r or a compute r p r o g r a m suddenly
stops w o r k i n g
/kan'tem/ verb [T] to have s o m e t h i n g inside : boxes
containing toys and books /kri'eitiv/ adj h a v i n g a lot o f i m a g i n a t i o n and new ideas:
The programme offers children the chance to be creative.
c o n t e s t /'kDntest/ noun [C] a c o m p e t i t i o n : a writing contest
/'kredit/ noun [u] a n a r r a n g e m e n t to receive money f r o m
/kan'vi:niant/ adj easy for you to do, or suitable for a b a n k , or receive goods f r o m a shop, and to pay for t h e m later: /
your needs: If it's convenient, call me tomorrow. don't like buying things on credit, noun [plural] the c r e d i t s: a l i s t
at the b e g i n n i n g or end of a f i l m or t e l e v i s i o n p r o g r a m m e that
/kan'ven/(a)n/ noun [C/U] a way of b e h a v i n g t h a t
shows the people w h o were i n v o l v e d i n m a k i n g i t
is generally accepted as n o r m a l and r i g h t : social conventions
noun [C] a large m e e t i n g of people f r o m a p a r t i c u l a r profession c r e d i t c a r d /'kredit ,ka:d/ noun [С] a s m a l l plastic c a r d t h a t you use to
or o r g a n i s a t i on buy t h i n g s n o w a n d pay for t h e m later
c o n v i c t /'kDnvikt/ noun [C] someone wh o is i n p r i s o n because they /'kntik/ noun [C] someone whose j o b is to give t h e i r o p i n i o n s
have c o m m i t t e d a c r i m e about t h i n g s such as books, films or plays

/kan'vikt/ verb [T] to prove i n a c o u r t o f l a w t h a t someone /'knti,saiz/ verb [i/т] to say w h a t y o u t h i n k is w r o n g

is g u i l t y of a c r i m e : There wasn't enough evidence to convict her.
/кик/ verb [l/T] to prepare and heat food so t h a t i t is ready
to eat: What's the best way to cook fish? noun [C] someone w h o cooks
food, either as t h e i r job or for pleasure
c o o k b o o k /'kuk,buk/ noun [C] a cookery book
or bad about s o m e t h i n g : We were told not to criticise the policy
publicly.
c r o s s /kros/ adj a n g r y
c r o s s o u t /kros 'aut/ phr vb to d r a w an X or a l i n e t h r o u g h w r i t i n g
because i t is w r o n g , or because y o u w a n t to w r i t e s o m e t h i n g else

c o o k e r y /'kuk(a)ri/ noun [uj the s k i l l or a c t i v i t y of p r e p a r i n g or c r o s s r o a d s /'kros,raudz/ noun [C] a place wher e one r o a d crosses
c o o k i n g food another

/ku:l/ adj f a i r l y cold: The water was wonderfully cool and
refreshing. 2 fashionable and a t t r a c t i v e : one of Britain's coolest
young designers 3 good or enjoyable: The restaurant was really
cool.
c r o s s w o r d /'kros , w3:d/ noun [C] a w o r d game i n w h i c h the answers to
questions are w r i t t e n i n r o ws of squares t h a t cross each other
c r u e l t y /'kru:alti/ noun [C/u] c r u e l b e h a v i o u r : cruelty to children/
animals

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 cruise difference

c r u i s e / k r u : z / noun [C] a j o u r n e y o n a s h i p f o r p l e a s u r e , o f t e n /di'lib(a)rat ( 3)li/ adv w i t h a definite intention, a n d

v i s i t i n g a s e r i e s of place s n o t b y c h a n c e o r b y a c c i d e n t : Police believe the fire was started
deliberately.
/клр/ noun [q a s m a l l r o u n d c o n t a i n e r for a d r i n k , u s u a l l y
w i t h a h a n d l e : She filled my cup with hot tea. /di'liv(a)ri/ noun [C/u] 1 t h e p r o c e s s o f b r i n g i n g goods,
l e t t e r s o r a s e r v i c e to a p l a c e o r p e r s o n : Please allow ten days for
/ k j u a / noun [С] 1 a medicine or treatment that m a k e s someone
delivery. 2 t h e p r o c e s s o f g i v i n g b i r t h to a b a b y
w h o i s i l l b e c o m e h e a l t h y : Doctors say there are several possible
cures. 2 a s o l u t i o n to a p r o b l e m : It's the only possible cure for high /deman'streif(a)n/ noun [C] a n occasion when
unemployment. p e o p l e p r o t e s t a b o u t s o m e t h i n g i n p u b l i c : Angry students
held demonstrations, noun [C/U] a n occasion w h e n someone
c u r l y /'кз:Н/ adj f o r m i n g c u r v e s : curly hair
s h o w s h o w s o m e t h i n g w o r k s o r h o w to do s o m e t h i n g : cookery
/ k A S t a m a / noun [C] a p e r s o n or c o m p a n y that b u y s demonstrations
g o o d s o r s e r v i c e s : Supermarkets use a variety of tactics to attract
d e p a r t m e n t s t o r e /di'pu:tmant ,sta:/ noun [C] a l a r g e s h o p t h a t
customers.
is divided into separate sections, w i t h e a c h section selling a
c u t d o w n / , k A t ' d a u n / phr vb to c u t t h r o u g h a t r e e a n d m a k e i t f a l l to different type of t h i n g
the g r o u n d
d e p e n d o n /di'pend p n / phr vb 1 i f o n e t h i n g d e p e n d s o n a n o t h e r , it
c u t l e r y /'kAtlari/ noun [U] t h e k n i v e s , f o r k s , a n d s p o o n s t h a t y o u u s e i s c h a n g e d o r a f f e c t e d b y t h e o t h e r t h i n g : Their future depends on
for e a t i n g food how well they do in these exams. 2 to n e e d s o m e o n e o r s o m e t h i n g
i n o r d e r to c o n t i n u e to e x i s t o r to b e s u c c e s s f u l : The project's
c u t t i n g - e d g e /kAtin'ed3/ adj e x t r e m e l y m o d e r n a n d a d v a n c e d :
success depends on the support of everyone concerned. 3 if you can
cutting-edge technology
d e p e n d o n s o m e o n e to do s o m e t h i n g , y o u c a n t r u s t t h e m to do it:
C V / s i : V i : / noun [C] c u r r i c u l u m v i t a e : a d o c u m e n t t h a t g i v e s d e t a i l s / knew I could depend on you.
of y o u r qualifications a n d the jobs y o u h a v e h a d
d e p r e s s i n g /di'presir]/ adj m a k i n g y o u f e e l v e r y u n h a p p y a n d
c y c l e /'saik ( a)l/ ve rb [I] to go s o m e w h e r e o n a b i c y c l e w i t h o u t a n y feelings of hope or e n t h u s i a s m

c y c l i s t /'saiklist/ noun [C] s o m e o n e w h o r i d e s a b i c y c l e /di'sknpj(a)n/ noun [C] a statement about w h a t

s o m e o n e o r s o m e t h i n g i s l i k e : a brief description of the area

/'dezat/ noun [C/u] a l a r g e a r e a of l a n d w i t h few plants a n d

dry weather

D
d e s e r t i s l a n d /deza t 'ailand/ noun [C] a s m a l l t r o p i c a l i s l a n d w i t h n o
p e o p l e l i v i n g o n it

/ d i ' z a m / noun [c/u] t h e w a y t h a t s o m e t h i n g i s m a d e so

t h a t it w o r k s a n d l o o k s a c e r t a i n w a y , o r a d r a w i n g t h a t s h o w s
w h a t it w i l l l o o k l i k e : The car has a new design, noun [С] a
d a f f o d i l / ' dae f ad i l / noun [C] a t a l l y e l l o w f l o w e r t h a t g r o w s i n s p r i n g
p a t t e r n t h a t d e c o r a t e s s o m e t h i n g : simple geometric designs ve rb [T]
/'daemid3/ noun [U] negative effects o n s o m e o n e o r to d e c i d e h o w s o m e t h i n g w i l l b e m a d e , h o w it w i l l w o r k , o r
s o m e t h i n g : The damage to the bank's image is extremely serious. w h a t it w i l l l o o k l i k e , a n d o f t e n to m a k e d r a w i n g s o f it: The bride
ve rb [T] to h a r m s o m e t h i n g p h y s i c a l l y : Many buildings had wore a dress that she designed herself.
been damaged in the blast.
/ d f z a i n a / noun [C] s o m e o n e w h o s e j o b i s to d e c i d e h o w to
/ ' demd3aras / adj l i k e l y to c a u s e s e r i o u s h a r m , o r to m a k e t h i n g s , h o w they w i l l w o r k , a n d w h a t they w i l l look l i k e : a
h a v e a b a d effect: a dangerous dog fashion designer

/da : k / ad j 1 w i t h v e r y l i t t l e o r n o l i g h t : a dark and stormy /di ' z3:t/ noun [C/u] s w e e t food that y o u eat after the m a i n
night 2 c l o s e to b l a c k i n c o l o u r : He was dressed in a dark suit. p a r t of a m e a l

d a r k n e s s / ' d a : k n a s / noun [u] t h e l a c k o f l i g h t : The front rooms were /destrneiffajn/ noun [C] the place wher e someone or
all in darkness. something is going

/ ' de i t a , 'da : ta / noun [u] i n f o r m a t i o n t h a t i s u s e d for m a k i n g /di'strai/ ve rb [T] to d a m a g e o r h a r m s o m e t h i n g s o

c a l c u l a t i o n s o r d e c i s i o n s : The document contained data from tests s e v e r e l y t h a t it c a n n o t e x i s t a s it w a s b e f o r e : An earthquake
of biological weapons. destroyed the town.

d a t a b a s e / ' de i t a.beis/ noun [C] a l a r g e a m o u n t o f i n f o r m a t i o n t h a t i s /di'strAkf(a)n/ noun [u] d a m a g e tha t is so s e v e r e that

stored i n a computer i n a n organised w a y s o m e t h i n g c a n n o t e x i s t a s it w a s b e f o r e : the destruction of the
environment
/ ' da : t a / noun [C] y o u r female c h i l d
d e s t r u c t i v e /di'strAktiv/ adj c a u s i n g s e v e r e d a m a g e o r h a r m
d e a d l y / ' d e d l i / adj c a p a b l e o f k i l l i n g p e o p l e : This is a potentially
deadly disease. /•dhteil/ noun [C/U] one of m a n y s m a l l facts or pieces
o f i n f o r m a t i o n r e l a t i n g to a s i t u a t i o n : No details of the offer
/ de6 / noun [C/u] t h e e n d o f s o m e o n e ' s l i f e : Sandra was
were revealed, noun [U] a l l the s m a l l a s p e c t s o r f e a t u r e s that
very close to death.
s o m e t h i n g h a s , e s p e c i a l l y w h e n t h e y a r e d i f f i c u l t to n o t i c e :
/ d f s ^ f a j n / noun [C] a choice that y o u m a k e after y o u Attention to detail is important in this job.
h a v e t h o u g h t c a r e f u l l y a b o u t s o m e t h i n g : The committee will
/di'velap/ ve rb [l/T] 1 to c h a n g e , g r o w o r i m p r o v e , o r to
make a decision by the end of the week.
m a k e s o m e t h i n g g r o w , c h a n g e o r i m p r o v e : All children develop
/ d i ' f e n d / ve rb [T] 1 to p r o t e c t s o m e o n e o r s o m e t h i n g f r o m at different rates, ve rb [T] 2 to c r e a t e a n e w p r o d u c t o r m e t h o d :
a t t a c k : Can the military defend the city against attack? 2 t otry to We've recently developed new communications software. 3 to t r e a t
prevent y o u r team's opponents from s c o r i n g a film w i t h c h e m i c a l s i n o r d e r to m a k e p h o t o g r a p h s

/ ' de f ( a ) na t l i / adv 1 w i t h o u t a n y d o u b t : I'm definitely d i a l /'daial/ noun [C] 1 t h e r o u n d p a r t of a c l o c k , w a t c h o r m a c h i n e

going to Ben's party. 2 u s e d f o r e m p h a s i s i n g t h a t y o u m e a n 'yes': t h a t h a s n u m b e r s o n it 2 a r o u n d c o n t r o l o n a p i e c e of e q u i p m e n t
'So we'll see you on Sunday at 7o'clock?' 'Definitely!' t h a t y o u t u r n to c h a n g e s o m e t h i n g ve rb [l/T] to p r e s s t h e b u t t o n s or
t u r n t h e d i a l o n a t e l e p h o n e i n o r d e r to c a l l s o m e o n e
d e f o r e s t a t i o n / d i : , f Dn ' s t e i f ( a)n/ noun [U] t h e p r o c e s s o f r e m o v i n g t h e
trees f r o m a n a r e a of l a n d d i a m e t e r /dai'aemita/ noun [C/u] a s t r a i g h t l i n e t h a t c r o s s e s a c i r c l e
t h r o u g h t h e centre, or the l e n g t h of t h i s l i n e
/ d i ' l e i / noun [C/u] a situation i n w h i c h something happens
l a t e r o r m o r e s l o w l y t h a n y o u e x p e c t e d : After a long delay, the plane d i c t i o n a r y /'dikfan(a)ri / noun [C] a b o o k t h a t g i v e s a n a l p h a b e t i c a l
finally took off. verb [i/T] to do s o m e t h i n g l a t e r t h a n i s p l a n n e d o r list of w o r d s w i t h t h e i r m e a n i n g s or t h e i r t r a n s l a t i o n s
e x p e c t e d : They delayed the decision for as long as possible.
/'difrans/ noun [C/U] s o m e t h i n g that m a k e s one
d e l e t e / d r l i : t / ve rb [Т] to r e m o v e s o m e t h i n g t h a t h a s b e e n w r i t t e n , p e r s o n o r t h i n g not the s a m e a s a n o t h e r p e r s o n or thing:
r e c o r d e d , o r s t o r e d i n a c o m p u t e r : I deleted the file by mistake. cultural/social/political differences noun [C] the amount by

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w h i c h one t h i n g i s d i f f e r e n t f r o m a n o t h e r t h i n g : The same car / d i 'splei/ noun [C] 1 a n a r r a n g e m e n t of t h i n g s for people

costs £500 less here which is quite a difference! to look at: a window display 2 a p e r f o r m a n c e for people to look
/'difik(a)lt/ adj not e a s y to do, d e a l w i t h , o r u n d e r s t a n d :
at: a firework display verb [T] to put s o m e t h i n g i n a p a r t i c u l a r
Choosing the winner was a difficult task. place so t h a t people can see i t easily: She displayed some of her
paintings at the local arts festival.
/'difik ( 3)lti/ noun [C] a p r o b l e m : Many students have
serious financial difficulties, noun [U] t h e d e g r e e to w h i c h d i s q u a l i f y /dis'kwDh.fai/ verb [T] to not a l l o w someone to take p a r t i n
s o m e t h i n g i s d i f f i c u l t: The courses vary in content and difficulty. s o m e t h i n g , u s u a l l y because t h e y have done s o m e t h i n g w r o n g
d i s s a t i s f i e d /dis'saetis,faid/ adj a n n o y e d because s o m e t h i n g is not as
d i m e n s i o n /dai'men/(a)n/ noun [C] l e n g t h , h e i g h t o r w i d t h
good as y o u expected i t to be: a dissatisfied customer
d i p i n t o /,dip i n t u : / ph r v b to r e a d d i f f e r e n t p a r t s of a b o o k , b u t not
the w h o l e b o o k
/'distans/ noun [c/u] the a m o u n t of space between t w o
people or t h i n g s : the distance from the Earth to the sun
/da'rekta, d a r r e k t a/ noun [C] 1 s o m e o n e w h o s e j o b i s to
tell t h e a c t o r s a n d t e c h n i c a l s t a f f w h o a r e i n v o l v e d i n a film, p l a y /'distant/ adj far away f r o m the place where y o u are: the
or p r o g r a m m e w h a t to do 2 s o m e o n e w h o s e j o b i s to m a n a g e a l l distant sound of traffic
or p a r t of a c o m p a n y , o r g a n i s a t i o n o r i n s t i t u t i o n : the finance/ /di'vaid/ ve rb [i/т] to separate i n t o groups or p a r t s, or to
marketing/personnel director m a k e people or t h i n g s separate i n t o groups or p a r t s : Divide the
d i s a b i l i t y /disd'bilati/ noun [c/u] a c o n d i t i o n i n w h i c h s o m e o n e i s n o t
class into three groups.
able to u s e a p a r t of t h e i r b o d y o r b r a i n n o r m a l l y : children with d i v i n g / ' da i vm / noun [U] 1 the a c t i v i t y or sport of s w i m m i n g deep
learning disabilities u n d e r w a t e r 2 the a c t i v i t y or sport of j u m p i n g i n t o w a t e r w i t h
y o u r head first a n d y o u r a r m s stretched out i n f r o n t of you
/,disad'va:ntid3/ noun [C] something that m a k e s
someone or s o m e t h i n g less effective, s u c c e s s f u l or a t t r a c t i v e : /di'vj:s/ noun [c/U] a legal way of e n d i n g a m a r r i a g e : I want
One of the disadvantages of the job is the long hours I work. a divorce.
/disa'gri:/ ve rb [I] to h a v e a d i f f e r e n t o p i n i o n f r o m /di'vjist/ adj no longer m a r r i e d because y o u r m a r r i a g e
s o m e o n e e l s e : Teenagers and their parents often disagree. has been legall y ended: a divorced mother of three
/disa'grkmant/ noun [c/U] a situation in w h i c h d i z z y /'dizi/ adj f e e l i n g t h a t the t h i n g s a r o u n d y o u are s p i n n i n g and
people do not a g r e e : Bowen resigned from the club following a t h a t y o u are g o i n g to f a l l
disagreement with the head coach.
/'dDkjumant/ noun [C] 1 a piece of paper or a set of
/disa'pia/ ve rb [l] to n o l o n g e r h a p p e n o r e x i s t : The papers c o n t a i n i n g official i n f o r m a t i o n : He refused to sign the
symptoms should disappear within a few days. documents. 2 a c o m p u t e r file t h a t you can w r i t e i n : The program
will automatically save any documents you have open.
/disa'pamtid/ adj unhappy because something did
not h a p p e n o r b e c a u s e s o m e o n e o r s o m e t h i n g w a s not a s good a s d o c u m e n t a r y /,dDkjo'ment ( 3)ri/ noun [C] a film or televisio n
you e x p e c t e d : She was disappointed that he never replied to her p r o g r a m m e t h a t deals w i t h r e a l people and events
letter.
d o l l /dDl/ noun [C] a c h i l d r e n ' s toy i n the shape of a s m a l l person
d i s a p p o i n t i n g /disa'pamtin/ adj not a s good a s y o u h a d h o p e d o r
d o w n l o a d /daun'laud/ verb [l/T] to move i n f o r m a t i o n to y o u r
e x p e c t e d : This year's sales figures were very disappointing.
c o m p u t e r f r o m a c o m p u t e r system or f r o m the I n t e r n e t
/dfza:std/ noun [C/u] 1 something v e r y bad that happens
/draeg/ verb m 1 to p u l l s o m e t h i n g a l o n g w i t h d i f f i c u l t y ,
a n d c a u s e s a lot of d a m a g e o r k i l l s a lot of p e o p l e : A series of
especially s o m e t h i n g heavy: She dragged her suitcase down the
disasters forced the company to close down. 2 a v e r y b a d o r
path. 2 to move s o m e t h i n g across a c o m p u t e r screen u s i n g the
a n n o y i n g s i t u a t i o n , o r a c o m p l e t e f a i l u r e : Our party was a
mouse
complete disaster.
d r a g o n /'draegan/ noun [C] i n stories, a n i m a g i n a r y large a n i m a l
d i s a s t r o u s /di'za:stras/ adj v e r y b a d , h a r m f u l o r u n s u c c e s s f u l : The
t h a t breathes out fire
spending cuts would be disastrous for schools.
/'dra:ma/ noun [C] a play for the t h e a t r e , television, or
/'disa,plm/ noun [U] t h e p r a c t i c e of m a k i n g p e o p l e o b e y
r a d i o noun [U] plays i n g e n e r a l or as a subject t h a t y o u study: He
r u l e s a n d p u n i s h i n g t h e m i f t h e y do not: He believes in strict
teaches drama.
discipline.
d r e s s u p /dres л р / phr vb to put on clothes t h a t m a k e y o u look
d i s c o u r s e /'diska:s/ noun [C] a l o n g s e r i o u s s p e e c h o r p i e c e of w r i t i n g
l i k e someone else, for f u n : They had dressed up as princes and
on a p a r t i c u l a r s u b j e c t
princesses.
/di ' skAVd / ve rb [T] to find s o m e t h i n g t h a t w a s h i d d e n
/'draiva/ noun [C] someone w h o d r i v e s a vehicle,
or t h a t n o o n e k n e w a b o u t before: William Herschel discovered
especially as t h e i r j o b : a taxi driver
Uranus in 1781.
d r o u g h t /draut/ noun [C/u] a l o n g p e r i o d of t i m e w h e n t h e r e is l i t t l e
/di'skAv ( 3)ri/ noun [C] s o m e t h i n g that is found, or
or no r a i n
s o m e t h i n g n e w t h a t i s l e a r n e d : This is one of the most important
archeological discoveries of the century. 1 / noun [C] 1 a n i l l e g a l substance t h a t affects someone
p h y s i c a l l y or m e n t a l l y w h e n they put i t i n t o t h e i r body: drug
/di'skAs/ verb [T] to w r i t e o r t a l k a b o u t a s u b j e c t i n
smuggling 2 a substance t h a t a doctor gives y o u i n o r d e r to t r e a t
d e t a i l : The causes of stress have already been discussed in
a disease or m e d i c a l p r o b l e m: Your doctor may prescribe drugs
Chapter 3.
for this condition.
d i s g u s t e d /dis'gAstid/ adj 1 f e e l i n g v e r y a n g r y a n d u p s e t a b o u t
/ d r a i / adj 1 s o m e t h i n g t h a t is d r y has l i t t l e or no w a t e r or
s o m e t h i n g t h a t y o u do not a p p r o v e of: / was disgusted by the
o t h e r l i q u i d i n s i d e or on i t : Are your hands dry? 2 w i t h no r a i n :
way he treated those women. 2 f e e l i n g p h y s i c a l l y i l l b e c a u s e
warm dry places like southern Spain verb [T] to r e m o v e the
s o m e t h i n g i s e x t r e m e l y u n p l e a s a n t to s e e , s m e l l o r t a s t e
w a t e r f r o m s o m e t h i n g by w i p i n g i t , h e a t i n g i t , or b l o w i n g a i r
d i s g u s t i n g /dis ' gAs t m / adj 1 e x t r e m e l y u n p l e a s a n t 2 v e r y b a d o r onto i t : We washed and dried all the sheets.
shocking
d u b / dAb / ve rb [T] to change the sound i n a film by r e p l a c i n g the
d i s h o n e s t /dis ' Dn i st / adj w i l l i n g to do t h i n g s t h a t a r e not h o n e s t o r i g i n a l speech w i t h w o r d s spoken i n a differen t language
/ d i s i a i k / verb [T] to not l i k e s o m e o n e o r s o m e t h i n g : She D u t c h /dAtJ7 adj 1 someone w h o is D u t c h is f r o m the N e t h e r l a n d s
knew Philip disliked her. 2 r e l a t i n g to the N e t h e r l a n d s , or to the language a n d c u l t u r e of
the N e t h e r l a n d s
d i s o b e y /disa'bei/ ve rb [i/т] to d e l i b e r a t e l y not p a y a t t e n t i o n to a r u l e
or a n o r d e r f r o m s o m e o n e i n a u t h o r i t y D V D / d i : v i : 'di:/ noun [C] a n object l i k e a CD t h a t has a film or
t e l e v i s i o n p r o g r a m m e r e c o r d e d on it
d i s o r g a n i s e d /dis'o:(r)ganaizd/ ad 1 not a r r a n g e d a c c o r d i n g to a
clear p l a n or s y s t e m 2 s o m e o n e w h o is d i s o r g a n i s e d does not d y n a m i c /dai'naemik/ adj v e r y l i v e l y and e n t h u s i a s t i c, w i t h a lot of
deal w i t h things i n a c l e a r or sensible w a y energy a n d d e t e r m i n a t i o n : dynamic leadership
 ear exhausting

/m'geid3d/ ad : i f t w o people are engaged, they have

f o r m a l l y agreed to get m a r r i e d : She's engaged to someone she met
at work.

/end3i'nia/ noun [C] someone w h o designs t h i n g s such as

roads, r a i l w a y s or m a c h i n e s
Да/ noun [С] one o f the t w o p a r t s at the sides o f y o u r head e n j o y a b l e АпУз.->гаЬ(э)1/ adj s o m e t h i n g t h a t is enjoyable gives you
that you hear w i t h pleasure: an enjoyable evening
e a r a c h e /iareik/ noun jc / ui p a i n i n y o u r ear A'na:mas/ adj v e r y larg e i n size or q u a n t i t y : an
e a r t h q u a k e /'3 : 9,kweik/ noun [C] a sudden s h a k i n g m o v e m e n t of the enormous birthday cake
ground e n q u i r e /m'kwaia/ ve rb [ i/т] to ask someone for i n f o r m a t i o n about
/i:st/ noun (U] the d i r e c t i o n t h a t is i n f r o n t of y o u w h e n s o m e t h i n g : lam writing to enquire whether you have any
you are f a c i n g the r i s i n g s u n: driving from east to west noun positions available.
[singular] the East: the e a s t e r n p a r t of the w o r l d , especially C h i n a /'enta/ ve rb [l/T] 1 to go o r come i n t o a place: The man
and J a p a n had entered through the back door. 2 to a r r a n g e to be i n a race
o r c o m p e t i t i o n , o r t o a r r a n g e for someone else to do t h i s : The
e a s y g o i n g /i:zi'gauin/ adj r e l a x e d , c a l m , a n d not easy to upset
competition is free, and anyone over the age of 18 can enter.
e c l i p s e /fklips/ noun [C] a s h o r t p e r i o d w h e n a l l o r p a r t o f the S u n
/enta'temmant/ noun [c / u] performances t h a t
o r M o o n becomes d a r k : a total eclipse of the Sun is when all of the
people enjoy: A jazz band provided entertainment for the evening.
Sun is dark
/m'vairanmant/ noun [C] the place i n w h i c h
e c o n o m i s t A'kDnamist/ noun [C] a n e x p e r t i n economics
people l i v e a n d w o r k , i n c l u d i n g a l l the p h y s i c a l c o n d i t i o n s
/I'fektiv/ adj w o r k i n g w e l l a n d p r o d u c i n g the r e s u l t t h a t affect t h e m : Parents are responsible for providing the right
t h a t was i n t e n d e d : You need more effective communication within environment for their children to learn in. noun [singular] the
the organisation. e n v i r o n m e n t : the n a t u r a l w o r l d , i n c l u d i n g the l a n d , water,
air, plants a n d a n i m a l s : Industrial development is causing
/i'fif(a)nt/ adj w o r k i n g w e l l a n d p r o d u c i n g good r e s u l t s
widespread damage to the environment.
by u s i n g the a v a i l a b l e t i m e , money, supplies etc i n the most
effective w a y : The new machine is far more efficient than the /in,vairan'ment(a)l/ adj r e l a t i n g to the n a t u r a l
old one. w o r l d a n d the effect t h a t h u m a n a c t i v i t y has o n i t : The Minister
discussed environmental issues.
/'efat/ noun [singular/u] p h y s i c a l o r m e n t a l energy needed
to do s o m e t h i n g : Writing a book takes a lot of time and effort. e n v i r o n m e n t a l l y f r i e n d l y /invairan,mentali 'frendli/ adj not
h a r m i n g the n a t u r a l e n v i r o n m e n t
/'elbau/ noun [C] the p a r t i n the m i d d l e o f y o u r a r m ,
w h e r e i t bends: She sat with her elbows on the table. e p i s o d e /'episaod/ noun [C] one p a r t o f a series i n a t e l e v i s i o n or
radio story
/.elek'tronik/ adj using electricity and extremely
s m a l l e l e c t r i c a l p a r t s such as m i c r o c h i p s : an electronic /'i:kwali/ adv i n e q u a l a m o u n t s or q u a n t i t i e s : The
calculator money raised will be divided equally among the charities.

e l f /elf/ noun [C] a s m a l l i m a g i n a r y p e r s o n w i t h m a g i c powers A'kwipmant/ noun [U] the tools, machine s or other
t h i n g s t h a t y o u need for a p a r t i c u l a r j o b o r a c t i v i t y : camping
e m a i l a d d r e s s /'i:meil a.dres/ noun [q a n i n d i v i d u a l n a m e t h a t y o u equipment
use to receive e m a i l o n the I n t e r n e t
/rskeip/ ve rb [I] to get away f r o m a dangerous or
Am'baerast/ adj f e e l i n g s l i g h t l y ashamed , a n d u n p l e a s a n t place: Three people died in the fire, but John escaped
w o r r i e d about w h a t o t h e r people w i l l t h i n k of y o u : She looked through the bedroom window.
embarrassed when we asked her about her boyfriend.
A'sen/(a)l/ adj basic a n d i m p o r t a n t : food, fuel, and
Am'beerasin/ adj m a k i n g y o u feel n e r v o u s , other essential supplies
ashamed or s t u p i d : an embarrassing situation
e s t a t e a g e n t /tsteit ,eid3ant/ noun [C] someone whose j o b is to help
/i , m3:d3(a)nsi/ noun [C] an unexpected situation i n people to buy, sell or r e n t p r o p e r t y
w h i c h i m m e d i a t e a c t i o n is necessary, often because t h e r e is
/'evri.wea(r)/ adv , conj , pron used for t a l k i n g about a
danger: The club is now facing a financial emergency.
v e r y l a r g e area such as a r e g i o n , a c o u n t r y o r the whole w o r l d :
/im'pbis/ noun [C] a person or o r g a n i s a t i o n t h a t I'd like to thank all my fans everywhere for their support.
pays w o r k e r s t o w o r k for t h e m : The factory is the largest single
/'evid(a)ns/ noun [U] facts or p h y s i c a l signs t h a t help
employer in the area.
t o prov e s o m e t h i n g : The study found no evidence that fish feel
e n c l o s e Anklauz/ ve rb [T] to send s o m e t h i n g such as a d o c u m e n t pain.
w i t h a letter: Please enclose a copy of your birth certificate with
e v i l /'i:v(a)l/ adj v e r y bad o r c r u e l : a dangerous and evil dictator
your application.
/ig'zaek(t)li/ adv no m o r e and no less t h a n a p a r t i c u l a r
e n c y c l o p e d i a An,saikla'pi:dia/ noun [C] a book o r set o f books a m o u n t o r t i m e : It's exactly three o'clock.
t h a t gives i n f o r m a t i o n about a lot of d i f f e r e n t subjects o r one
p a r t i c u l a r subject /ik'sept/ conj , prep used for i n t r o d u c i n g the o n l y person,
t h i n g or fact t h a t is n o t i n c l u d e d i n y o u r m a i n statement: All the
e n d u p /end л р / phr vb to be i n a place o r state after d o i n g team were there except Eddie Stratton, who was ill.
s o m e t h i n g , or because of d o i n g s o m e t h i n g : Somehow they all
ended up at my house. /ik'saitid/ adj v e r y happy and e n t h u s i a s t ic because
s o m e t h i n g good is g o i n g to happen: I was so excited I couldn't
e n d a n g e r e d s p e c i e s An,deind3ad 'spi:fi:z/ noun [C] a t y p e o f a n i m a l sleep.
or p l a n t t h a t m a y soon stop e x i s t i n g because not m a n y of t h e m
are left i n the w o r l d /ik'saitmant/ noun [U] the feelin g of b e i n g excited:
The long wait only added to our excitement.
/'enami/ noun [C] someone w h o is opposed to someone
else a n d t r i e s to h a r m t h e m : They searched for information on e x c u r s i o n /ik'sk3:J'(a)n/ noun [C] a s h o r t j o u r n e y t h a t y o u m a k e for
pleasure
political enemies.
e x h a u s t e d Ag'zaistid/ adj e x t r e m e l y t i r e d and w i t h o u t enough
/'enad3i/ noun [u] 1 the powe r t h a t y o u r body needs
energy to do a n y t h i n g else: After two days of travel the children
i n o r d er to do p h y s i c a l t h i n g s : She didn't even have the energy
were completely exhausted.
to get out of bed. 2 e l e c t r i c i t y a n d o t h e r f o r m s o f powe r used for
m a k i n g t h i n g s w o r k : energy sources/supplies e x h a u s t i n g /ig'zjxstm/ adj e x t r e m e l y t i r i n g

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exhibition fill i n

/eksfbiftajn/ noun [C] a p u b l i c show w h e r e a r t or /fa'milia/ adj w e l l k n o w n to y o u , o r easily r e c o g n i s e d

other i n t e r e s t i n g t h i n g s are p u t so t h a t people c a n go a n d look at by y o u : People are more relaxed in familiar surroundings.
them: an exhibition hall/centre/space
f a m i n e /'faemm/ noun [C/U] a serious l a c k o f food t h a t causes m a n y
e x o t i c Ag'zDtik/ adj i n t e r e s t i n g o r e x c i t i n g because o f b e i n g people to become i l l o r to die
u n u s u a l or n o t f a m i l i a r
f a n t a s y /'faentasi/ noun [c] a pleasant, e x c i t i n g o r u n u s u a l
c t /ik'spekt/ verb [Tj * * * 1 t o t h i n k t h a t s o m e t h i n g w i l l experience t h a t y o u i m a g i n e is h a p p e n i n g to y o u
happen: We're expecting good weather at the weekend. 2 to t h i n k
F A Q /ef ei 'kju:/ noun [C] f r e q u e n t l y asked questions: a l i s t of t y p i c a l
that i t is r i g h t or reasonable t h a t s o m e t h i n g s h o u l d happen: Our
q u e s t i o n s t h a t people ask a n d t h e i r a n s w e r s
customers expect good service.
/fa:/ ad j , adv 1 used for t a l k i n g about a l o n g distance, o r for
Ak'spensiv/ adj s o m e t h i n g t h a t is expensive costs a a s k i n g o r s t a t i n g h o w great a d i s t a n c e is: You can go outside and
lot of money: He always wears expensive clothes. play, but don't go far. 2 used for e m p h a s i s i n g a difference w h e n
Ak'spiarians/ noun [U] knowledge and s k i l l that y o u are m a k i n g a c o m p a r i s o n : The situation is bad in England,
you get by d o i n g a p a r t i c u l a r j o b o r a c t i v i t y : You don't need any but it is far worse in Scotland. 3 used for t a l k i n g about the
experience to work here, noun [C] s o m e t h i n g t h a t happens degree to w h i c h s o m e t h i n g happens o r h o w e x t r e m e a n a c t i o n
to y o u , or a s i t u a t i o n t h a t y o u are i n v o l v e d i n : our childhood is: The opinion polls show how far his popularity has fallen.
experiences f a r m e r / ' ю : т э / noun и someone w h o o w n s o r manage s a f a r m
Akspenmant/ noun [C] a scientific test to f i n d f a s c i n a t e d /'faesmeitid/ adj v e r y i n t e r e s t e d i n , o r a t t r a c t e d by,
out w h a t happens to someone o r s o m e t h i n g i n p a r t i c u l a r someone o r s o m e t h i n g
conditions: laboratory experiments
/'fae/(a)n/ noun [U] 1 t h e a c t i v i t y o r business t h a t
e x p l o r a t i o n /,ekspla'reif(3)n/ noun [C/U] a j o u r n e y a r o u n d a n area i n v o l v e s styles of clothes a n d people's appearance: the world of
i n order to l e a r n about i t o r i n o r d e r to search for s o m e t h i n g fashion 2 the state of b e i n g p o p u l a r at a p a r t i c u l a r t i m e : High
valuable such as o i l heels are back in fashion.

Ak'spb:/ ve rb [l/T] to t r a v e l a r o u n d a n area i n o r d e r to f a s h i o n d e s i g n e r /'faefan di,zama/ noun someone whos e j o b is

l e a r n about i t , o r i n o r d e r to search for s o m e t h i n g v a l u a b l e such to decide h o w to m a k e clothes o r t o decide t h e i r shape o r
as o i l : The town is a good base from which to explore this part of appearance
Italy.
/'fae/(a)nab(a)l/ adj p o p u l a r at a p a r t i c u l a r t i m e :
/'ekspa:t/ noun [C] a p r o d u c t t h a t is sold to a n o t h e r fashionable clothes
c o u n t r y : Agricultural produce is the country's largest export.
/fa:st/ adj m o v i n g , happening or doing something
Ak'spa:t/ verb [l/T] to send a p r o d u c t to a n o t h e r c o u n t r y so q u i c k l y : Simon loves fast cars.
that i t can be sold t h e r e: Their flowers are exported around the
/faet/ adj a p e r s o n o r a n i m a l t h a t is fat has too m u c h flesh
world.
on t h e i r b o d y a n d w e i g h s too m u c h : She can eat whatever she
Ak'spre/(s)n/ noun [C] a w o r d o r phrase: He uses likes and she never gets fat. noun [u] a soft w h i t e substance t h a t
childish expressions like 'easy-peasy'. y o u store i n a l a y e r u n d e r y o u r s k i n

e x t i n c t Ak'stmkt/ adj i f s o m e t h i n g such as a t y p e of a n i m a l or f a t h e r - i n - l a w /'fa : 6a(r)m,b:/ noun [C] t h e f a t h e r o f y o u r h u s b a n d o r

plant is e x t i n c t , i t no longer exists wife

e x t r a /'ekstra/ noun [C] s o m e t h i n g t h a t is added to a basic service , /fy.lt/ noun [C] 1 a f e a t u re t h a t m a k e s someone o r
product etc: A virus checker is available as an optional extra for s o m e t h i n g less good: She has her faults, but on the whole she's
your computer. very nice. 2 a p r o b l e m w i t h a m a c h i n e o r piece o f e q u i p m e n t
t h a t stops i t f r o m w o r k i n g c o r r e c t l y : The fire was caused by an
e x t r a c u r r i c u l a r /ekstraka'nkjub/ adj e x t r a c u r r i c u l a r a c t i v i t i e s are electrical fault.
t h i n g s t h a t y o u do at school o r college t h a t are n o t p a r t o f y o u r
usual classes f a u l t y /'fadti/ adj n o t w o r k i n g c o r r e c t l y , o r n o t made c o r r e c t l y :
faulty brakes

/fia/ noun [U] t h e f e e l i n g t h a t y o u have w h e n y o u are

f r i g h t e n e d : She eventually managed to overcome her fear of the
dark, noun [C] s o m e t h i n g bad o r u n p l e a s a n t t h a t y o u are
• I a f r a i d m i g h t happen: He expressed fears for his missing wife's
safety.

/Тиф/ noun [C] a n i m p o r t a n t p a r t o r aspect o f

/'faekta/ noun [C] one o f the t h i n g s t h a t i n f l u e n c e
w h e t h e r a n event happens o r the w a y t h a t i t happens: Several
factors have contributed to the increase in the number of road
accidents.
/'faektri/ noun [C] a b u i l d i n g where large quantities of
goods are p r o d u c e d u s i n g m a c h i n e s : She works in a factory.
f a i n t /feint/ ve rb [i] t o suddenly become u n c o n s c i o u s for a s h o r t
time
/fea/ adj 1 i f a s i t u a t i o n is f a i r , everyone is t r e a t e d
e q u a l l y a n d i n a reasonable way: free and fair elections 2 f a i r
h a i r is blonde o r v e r y l i g h t b r o w n i n c o l o u r
f a i r y t a l e /'feari ,teil/ noun [C] a t r a d i t i o n a l c h i l d r e n ' s s t o r y i n
w h i c h m a g i c t h i n g s h a p p en
/fad/ verb [i] 1 to move q u i c k l y d o w n w a r d s f r o m a h i g h e r
p o s i t i o n by accident: I keep falling off my bike. 2 to come d o w n
to the g r o u n d f r o m the s k y : Snow began to quietly fall.
f a l l i n l o v e /fail m 'Uv/ phr ase t o s t a r t t o love someone: Why do we
fall in love with one person rather than another?
f a l l a s l e e p /fad a'slkp/ phr ase to s t a r t to go to sleep
s o m e t h i n g : The latest model has a lot of new safety features, verb
[T] i f s o m e t h i n g features a p a r t i c u l a r p e r s o n o r t h i n g , t h e y
are a n i m p o r t a n t p a r t o f i t : a concert featuring music by Haydn
and Mozart
f e d u p /fed л р / adj a n n o y e d o r b o r e d w i t h s o m e t h i n g t h a t y o u feel
y o u have accepted for too l o n g : I'm fed up with this job.
Itr.l noun [C] a n a m o u n t o f m o n e y t h a t y o u pay to be a l l o w e d
to do s o m e t h i n g such as j o i n a n o r g a n i s a t i o n : The gallery
charges a small entrance fee.
f e v e r /'fi:va/ noun [c/u] a m e d i c a l c o n d i t i o n i n w h i c h the
t e m p e r a t u r e o f y o u r b o d y is v e r y h i g h
fiance /fibnsei/ noun [C] the m a n t h a t a w o m a n is g o i n g t o m a r r y
fiancee /fi'tmsei/ noun [C] t h e w o m a n t h a t a m a n is g o i n g to m a r r y
/'fikf(a)n/ noun [U] books a n d stories about i m a g i n a r y
events a n d people: Hardy wrote poetry as well as fiction.
/fait/ noun [C] 1 a s i t u a t i o n i n w h i c h people h i t each
other: He had a fight with a man in the pub. 2 a s i t u a t i o n i n
w h i c h people d i s a g r e e o r a r g u e w i t h each other: All teenagers
have fights with their parents.
fill i n / f i l i n / phr vb t o add i n f o r m a t i o n i n t h e e m p t y spaces o n a n
o f f i c i a l d o c u m e n t : Please fill in the application form.

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 film fussy

/ f i l m / noun [C] m o v i n g p i c t u r e s t h a t t e l l a s t o r y : Have you f o o t s t e p / ' futstep / noun [C] the sound of a foot t o u c h i n g the g r o u n d
seen the new James Bond film? as someone w a l k s

f i n d o u t / f a i nd 'aut/ phr vb to discover a fact or piece of i n f o r m a t i o n : /b : s / noun [U] p h y s i c a l s t r e n g t h , violence or energy: The
I don't want Jerry to find out about this. force of the bomb blast shattered windows in 15 buildings, verb m
to m a k e s o m e t h i n g happen: Opposition to the plans forced a
f i n e / fa i n / noun [CI a n a m o u n t of money t h a t y o u m u s t pay because
rapid change of policy.
you have b r o k e n the l a w : / had to pay a $40 fine for parking on the
street overnight. f o r e c a s t / ' f j :ka:st / verb [T] to m a k e a statement about w h a t is l i k e l y
to happen, u s u a l l y r e l a t i n g to the weather business, or the
/'ппдэ/ noun и the long t h i n p a r t s o n the end of y o u r
economy
hands
/'bonn/ adj f r o m another c o u n t r y , or i n another
/faia/ noun [c/U] flames a n d heat f r o m s o m e t h i n g t h a t is
c o u n t r y : Working in a foreign country takes some getting used to.
b u r n i n g i n an u n c o n t r o l l e d way: Lightning may have started the
fire, verb [l/T] i f a weapon fires, or i f someone fires i t , someone / ' fDr ist / noun [C/u] a large area of l a n d t h a t is covered by
uses i t to shoot s o m e t h i n g : The rebels fired their machine guns trees a n d other plants g r o w i n g close together
into the air. verb [T] to m a k e someone leave t h e i r j o b as a / fo'giv/ verb [T] to decide to stop b e i n g a n g r y w i t h someone
p u n i s h m e n t : She was fired for refusing to include the information who has done s o m e t h i n g t h a t is bad: John has never forgiven
in her report. himself for the accident.
f i r e f i g h t e r /'faia.faita/ noun [C] someone whose j o b is to put out fires f o r t u n a t e /'b:tfanat/ adj l u c k y : Not everyone is as fortunate as we
a n d help people to escape f r o m othe r dangerous s i t u a t i o n s are.
f i r e p l a c e /'faia,pleis/ noun [C] a place i n a r o o m w h e r e a fire b u r n s f o r w a r d /'faiwad/ verb [T] to send a letter, parcel , e m a i l etc t h a t has
f i r s t a i d /,f3:st 'eid/ noun [u] basic m e d i c a l t r e a t m e n t t h a t is g i v e n as been sent to y o u r address to someone else at another address
soon as someone is i n j u r e d or i l l f r a n c / f ra?nk/ noun [C] the u n i t of money used i n France a n d
/fit/ adj healthy, s t r o n g a n d able to do p h y s i c a l exercise: B e l g i u m before the E u r o replaced i t and s t i l l used i n Switzerland
Running around after the kids keeps me fit. and some other c o u n t r i e s

f i t n e s s /'tunas/ noun [u] the state of b e i n g p h y s i c a l l y h e a l t h y a n d / fr i : / adj 1 s o m e t h i n g t h a t is free does not cost a n y t h i n g :
s t r o n g : a high level of physical fitness There is plenty of free parking. 2 not held, tied or fixed
somewhere: Hand me the free end of the rope. 3 not a prisoner or
f i z z y /'fizi/ adj a fizzy d r i n k is a sweet d r i n k w i t h o u t a l c o h o l t h a t
a slave: He'll soon be a free man. 4 available to see someone or do
has bubbles
s o m e t h i n g : I'm busy at the moment, but I'll be free this afternoon.
/flaet/ adj s m o o t h and level on the surface, w i t h no l u m p s
/'fri:dam/ noun [U] the r i g h t or o p p o r t u n i t y to do what
or slopes: The farmland is very flat.
you w a n t : a law that restricts religious freedom
f l a t m a t e /'flaet.meit/ noun [C] someone y o u share a flat w i t h
/'fri:kwant/ adj h a p p e n i n g often: Their arguments were
/'fleiva/ noun [C] the p a r t i c u l a r taste t h a t food o r d r i n k becoming more and more frequent.
has: The drink has a very strong citrus flavour.
If rej/ adj 1 c l e a r l y new and different: We need a
f l i c k t h r o u g h / f h k 'Gru:/ phr vb to look q u i c k l y at the pages of a completely fresh approach to the problem. 2 fresh food has not
magazine o r book. been preserved i n any way: You can use fresh or tinned tomatoes
for this recipe. 3 food t h a t is fresh is s t i l l good to eat because i t
f l i r t /fb:t/ verb [l] to behave t o w a r d s someone i n a w a y t h a t shows
was p r e p a r e d or produced r e c e n t l y: Cooked meat will keep fresh
t h a t y o u are s e x u a l l y a t t r a c t e d to t h e m
for several days in the fridge. 4 fresh water is w a t e r i n lakes and
/ f U d / noun [C/u] a l a r ge a m o u n t o f w a t e r t h a t covers a n area r i v e r s t h a t does not c o n t a i n any salt
t h a t was d r y before: The southwest of England has been badly hit
/fnd3/ noun [C] a piece of equipment t h a t is used for s t o r i n g
by floods.
food at l o w t e m p e r a t u r e s
/ f b : / noun [C] 1 the flat area t h a t y o u w a l k o n i n s i d e a
/'f ren(d)Jip/ noun [C/U] a r e l a t i o n s h i p between people
b u i l d i n g o r r o o m : The house has polished wooden floors. 2 one of
who are friends: Whatever happened, I did not want to lose
the levels i n a b u i l d i n g : a first-floor flat
Sarah's friendship.
f l o r i s t /'florist/ noun [C] someone whose j o b is to a r r a n g e a n d s e l l
/ ' f ra i t(a)nd/ adj f e e l i n g or s h o w i n g fear: The puppy
flowers
looked cold and frightened.
/'flaua/ noun [C] the c o l o u r e d p a r t o f a p l a n t f r o m w h i c h
/'frait(a)nir)/ adj m a k i n g y o u feel a f r a i d , nervous, or
the plant's seeds develop: The plant has small white flowers.
w o r r i e d : a frightening noise/thought/experience
f l u /flu:/ noun [U] a v e r y c o m m o n i n f e c t i o u s disease t h a t lasts for a
f r u s t r a t i n g /'frA,streitmg/ adj m a k i n g y o u feel annoyed and
short t i m e and makes y o u feel weak a n d t i r e d
i m p a t i e n t because y o u are prevented f r o m a c h i e v i n g something:
f l u e n t /'fluiant/ adj able to speak a f o r e i g n language v e r y w e l l : I'm It's frustrating to wait all day for a repairman who doesn't show
fluent in three languages. up.

f o g /fix;/ noun [u] t h i c k clouds t h a t f o r m close to the g r o u n d a n d are f u l l - t i m e / f o f t a i m / adj done o r d o i n g s o m e t h i n g for the n u m b e r of
d i f f i c u l t to see t h r o u g h h o u r s t h a t people n o r m a l l y w o r k o r study i n a complete week: a
full-time student
f o l d e r /'foulda/ noun [C] 1 a t h i n flat c o n t a i n e r for sheets of paper 2 a
g r o u p of p r o g r a m s or documents t h a t are stored i n a c o m p u t e r f u m e s / f j u:mz/ noun [plural] smoke o r gas t h a t has a n unpleasant
smell and t h a t may be h a r m f u l : traffic/petrol fumes
f o l l o w i n g / ' f D b u m / noun [C] a g r o u p of people w h o suppor t o r
a d m i r e a n o t h er person or g r o u p /'fju:n(a)ral/ noun [C] a ceremony t h a t takes place after
someone dies, and the f o r m a l process of t a k i n g the body to the
f o o d p o i s o n i n g /'fu:d ,pjizamn/ noun [U] a n i l l n e s s caused by e a t i n g
place w h e r e i t is b u r i e d or cremated: He flew home to arrange for
food t h a t c o n t a i n s h a r m f u l b a c t e r i a
his father's funeral.
/fut/ noun [C] 1 the p a r t of y o u r body at the end of y o u r
/ ' fAn i / adj 1 someone or s o m e t h i n g t h a t is f u n n y makes
leg, o n w h i c h y o u stand: He wiped his feet on the mat. 2 a u n i t
you l a u g h : a funny story 2 strange or u n u s u a l : This tea tastes
used for m e a s u r i n g l e n g t h t h a t is e q u a l to 12 inches o r about 30
funny.
centimetres: We had over two feet of snow last night.
f u r Цз-.l noun [U] the soft h a i r t h a t covers the body of some a n i m a l s
/'futbad/ noun [u] a game i n w h i c h t w o teams of 11
players k i c k a b a l l a n d t r y to score goals noun [C] a b a l l used for f u r i o u s /'fjuarbs/ adj e x t r e m e l y a n g r y : Rosie was absolutely furious
p l a y i n g football that I'd borrowed her car without asking.
f o o t p r i n t /'fut.pnnt/ noun [C] a m a r k made by a h u m a n o r a n i m a l f u s s y /'fAsi/ adj o n l y satisfied i f t h i n g s are exactly as y o u w a n t them
foot i n a soft surface such as e a r t h , snow or sand to be

108
gadget grow up

g h o s t /gaust/ noun [C] t h e s p i r i t o f a d e a d p e r s o n t h a t s o m e o n e

believes that they c a n see or h e a r

g i a n t /'d3aiant/ adj e x t r e m e l y l a r g e : a giant bronze statue

g i v e u p / g i v 'лр/ phr vb 1 to stop t r y i n g to do s o m e t h i n g b e c a u s e

it i s too d i f f i c u l t : I give up. Tell me the answer. 2 to stop d o i n g
g a d g e t /'gaedst/ noun [C] a s m a l l t o o l o r p i e c e o f e q u i p m e n t t h a t d o e s s o m e t h i n g t h a t y o u do r e g u l a r l y : I'm trying to give up smoking.
something that is useful or i m p r e s s i v e 3 to a l l o w s o m e o n e to h a v e s o m e t h i n g t h a t w a s y o u r s : The
new arrangement would mean giving up some of their political
g a m e s h o w /'geim jav/ noun [C] a t e l e v i s i o n p r o g r a m m e i n w h i c h
independence.
people p l a y g a m e s o r a n s w e r q u e s t i o n s i n o r d e r to w i n p r i z e s

g a n g / д а т / noun [C] 1 a g r o u p o f y o u n g p e o p l e w h o s p e n d t i m e /gla:s/ noun [U] a h a r d c l e a r s u b s t a n c e t h a t i s u s e d for

t o g e t h e r a n d often c a u s e t r o u b l e : a study of Chicago street gangs m a k i n g o b j e c t s s u c h a s w i n d o w s o r b o t t l e s : the sound of breaking
2 a g r o u p o f c r i m i n a l s w o r k i n g t o g e t h e r : a gang of thieves 3 a glass noun [C] a s m a l l c o n t a i n e r m a d e o f g l a s s t h a t y o u u s e for
g r o u p of f r i e n d s d r i n k i n g f r o m , o r t h e d r i n k i n it: a wine/brandy/beer glass

/'джгшз, 'ga?nd3/ noun [С] 1 a b u i l d i n g for k e e p i n g a c a r i n g l o b a l w a r m i n g / g b u b d l ' w j : m i n / noun [uj t h e i n c r e a s e i n t h e

2 a p l a c e t h a t r e p a i r s o r s e l l s c a r s 3 a p l a c e w h e r e y o u go to b u y t e m p e r a t u r e of the E a r t h that is c a u s e d p a r t l y by i n c r e a s i n g
petrol a m o u n t s of c a r b o n dioxide i n the a t m o s p h e r e

/'ga:(r)d(3)na(r)/ noun [C] 1 s o m e o n e w h o s e j o b i s to l o o k G M /d3i: 'em / adj g e n e t i c a l l y m o d i f i e d : u s e d for d e s c r i b i n g c r o p s

a f t e r a g a r d e n : the head gardener on an estate 2 s o m e o n e w h o w h o s e g e n e s h a v e b e e n c h a n g e d , o r for d e s c r i b i n g foods m a d e
from these crops
e n j o y s g r o w i n g p l a n t s a n d i s good a t it

g e n e r a l e l e c t i o n /Узепгэ1 I'lekfan/ noun [C] a n e l e c t i o n i n w h i c h g o o u t / д э и 'aut/ verb 1 to l e a v e y o u r h o u s e a n d go s o m e w h e r e ,

e v e r y a d u l t i n t h e c o u n t r y c a n v o t e for t h e p e o p l e w h o w i l l e s p e c i a l l y to do s o m e t h i n g e n j o y a b l e : / wanted the evenings free
represent them forgoing out with friends 2 to h a v e a r e l a t i o n s h i p w i t h s o m e o n e
a n d s p e n d a lot o f t i m e w i t h t h e m : How long have Rob and Sue
/'d3em,reit/ verb [T] to p r o d u c e s o m e t h i n g , o r to c a u s e been going out?
s o m e t h i n g to e x i s t : The food processing industry generates billions
/дэи1/ noun [C] 1 i n g a m e s s u c h a s football, the net or
of dollars a year.
s t r u c t u r e t h a t y o u t r y to get t h e b a l l i n t o i n o r d e r to s c o r e p o i n t s
/'d3enar3s/ adj g i v i n g people m o r e of y o u r t i m e o r m o n e y 2 t h e a c t i o n o f p u t t i n g a b a l l i n t o a g o a l : Nielsen scored two goals
t h a n i s u s u a l o r e x p e c t e d : She is a warm and generous human in the last ten minutes.
being.
g o o d - l o o k i n g / g u d 'lukin/ adj p h y s i c a l l y a t t r a c t i v e
/get/ verb [T] 1 to o b t a i n , r e c e i v e , o r b e g i v e n s o m e t h i n g :
/ ' gAv(3)nmant/ noun [C/U] the people w h o c o n t r o l a
Ross's father got a new job. 2 to b u y s o m e t h i n g : They had to
c o u n t r y o r a r e a a n d m a k e d e c i s i o n s a b o u t i t s l a w s a n d t a x e s : The
stop and get some petrol. 3 to go a n d b r i n g s o m e t h i n g b a c k f r o m
government has announced plans to raise the minimum wage next
s o m e w h e r e else: She went and got a photograph from the desk.
year.
4 to s t a r t to h a v e a n i d e a o r f e e l i n g : I got a strange feeling as
we walked towards the house. 5 to s t a r t to h a v e a n i l l n e s s o r a G P S /d3i: p i : 'es/ noun [u] g l o b a l p o s i t i o n i n g s y s t e m : a s y s t e m for
m e d i c a l c o n d i t i o n : I hope I don't get the flu this winter. 6 to a n s w e r finding exactly w h e r e y o u a r e a n y w h e r e i n the world u s i n g
the d o o r o r p h o n e : It's OK, I'll get it. ve rb [I] to a r r i v e a t a p l a c e : satellites
What time did you get home last night?
/greid/ noun [C] 1 a l e v e l of q u a l i t y o r i m p o r t a n c e : Their wool
g e t b a c k /get 'baek/ phr vb 1 to r e t u r n to a p l a c e : It's late, I ought to is suitable for finer grades of cloth. 2 a l e t t e r o r n u m b e r t h a t s h o w s
get back. 2 to r e c e i v e o r h a v e s o m e t h i n g a g a i n a f t e r a t i m e w h e n t h e q u a l i t y o f a s t u d e n t ' s w o r k : You need to improve your grades.
it w a s t a k e n a w a y f r o m y o u o r lost: She left her briefcase on the
/'graed3uat/ noun [C] someone w h o h a s a degree from a
train and she doesn't know how to get it back.
u n i v e r s i t y : careers for history graduates
g e t b a c k t o g e t h e r /get baek ta'geda/ phr vb [I] i f t w o p e o p l e w h o e n d e d
g r a n d d a u g h t e r /'graen(d),d:>:ta/ noun [C] t h e d a u g h t e r o f o n e of y o u r
t h e i r s e x u a l o r r o m a n t i c r e l a t i o n s h i p get b a c k t o g e t h e r , t h e y s t a r t
children
h a v i n g a r e l a t i o n s h i p w i t h e a c h o t h e r a g a i n : / kept hoping we
would get back together. /'graen(d),fa:6d/ noun [C] the father of one of y o u r
parents
g e t b e h i n d /get bi'haind/ phr vb i f y o u get b e h i n d w i t h w o r k o r
p a y m e n t s , y o u h a v e not d o n e a s m u c h w o r k o r m a d e a s m a n y / graen(d) mA6d/ noun [C]
l
l the m o t h e r of one of y o u r
payments a s y o u should have done parents

g e t o f f /get Ы/ phr vb 1 to l e a v e a b u s , p l a n e , o r t r a i n 2 to h a v e a g r a n d s o n /'graen(d),SAn/ noun [C] t h e s o n o f o n e o f y o u r c h i l d r e n

p a r t i c u l a r p e r i o d of t i m e a s a h o l i d a y : Do you get much time off at / g r a : n t / noun [C] a n a m o u n t of m o n e y that the government
Christmas? o r a n o r g a n i s a t i o n g i v e s y o u for a s p e c i f i c p u r p o s e a n d d o e s not
g e t o n /get bnj phr vb 1 to c o n t i n u e d o i n g s o m e t h i n g w i t h m o r e a s k y o u to p a y b a c k : a research grant
effort o r m o r e q u i c k l y t h a n before : Can we please get on, because g r a p e /greip/ noun [C] a s m a l l g r e e n o r p u r p l e f r u i t t h a t g r o w s i n
there are a lot of things still to discuss. 2 u s e d for a s k i n g a b o u t o r b u n c h e s o n a v i n e a n d t h a t i s o f t e n u s e d for m a k i n g w i n e
t a l k i n g about h o w w e l l s o m e o ne h a s done a p a r t i c u l a r a c t i v i t y :
How did you get on in your exams? g r a p h i c n o v e l /graefik 'nDval/ noun [C] a n o v e l t h a t u s e s d r a w i n g s to
tell the story
g e t o u t /get 'aut/ phr vb u s e d for t e l l i n g s o m e o n e to l e a v e : The
teacher screamed at him to get out. /greiv/ noun [C] the place w h e r e a dead body is b u r i e d i n a
d e e p h o l e i n t h e g r o u n d : He's never even visited his mother's grave.
g e t ( s o m e o n e ) r e a d y /get 'redi/ phr ase to p r e p a r e y o u r s e l f o r
g r e e n g r o c e r / д г к п . д г э ш э / noun [c] 1 g r e e n g r o c e r ' s : a s h o p t h a t
s o m e o n e e l s e to do s o m e t h i n g : She's upstairs getting ready to go
s e l l s f r u i t a n d v e g e t a b l e s 2 s o m e o n e w h o s e j o b i s to s e l l f r u i t a n d
out.
vegetables i n a shop
g e t r i d o f /get 'rid av/ phr ase to t h r o w a w a y , g i v e a w a y , o r s e l l
g r e e n h o u s e /'gri:n,haus/ noun [C] a b u i l d i n g m a d e o f g l a s s t h a t i s
s o m e t h i n g t h a t y o u n o l o n g e r w a n t o r n e e d : We're moving, so we
u s e d for g r o w i n g p l a n t s t h a t n e e d p r o t e c t i o n f r o m t h e w e a t h e r
have to get rid of a lot of our furniture.
g r e e n h o u s e e f f e c t , t h e / б э 'grknhaus i.fekt/ noun [singular] t h e
g e t t o g e t h e r /get ta'ge6d/ phr vb i f p e o p l e get t o g e t h e r, t h e y m e e t
s i t u a t i o n i n w h i c h h e a t i s u n a b l e to e s c a p e f r o m t h e a t m o s p h e r e ,
i n o r d e r to do s o m e t h i n g o r i n o r d e r to s p e n d t i m e t o g e t h e r : The
w h i c h c a u s e s t h e t e m p e r a t u r e o f t h e E a r t h to r i s e
whole family usually gets together at Christmas.
g r i p p i n g / ' д п р т / adj v e r y e x c i t i n g a n d i n t e r e s t i n g
g e t u p /get л р / phr vb to get o u t o f b e d a f t e r s l e e p i n g : He never gets
up before nine. g r o o m / д г и : т / noun [C] a b r i d e g r o o m

g e t w e l l ( s o o n ) /get 'wel/ phr ase u s e d for g i v i n g good w i s h e s to g r o w u p / д г э и л р / ph r v b t o c h a n g e f r o m b e i n g a c h i l d to b e i n g a n

someone w h o is i l l a d u l t : She's really starting to grow up now.
 guarantee
/gaeran'ti:/ noun [C] a p r o m i s e t h a t s o m e t h i n g w i l l
d e f i n i t e l y happen: I can't give you any guarantees at the moment.
/ga:d/ noun [C] 1 someone whose j o b is to p r o t e c t a place
or person: a prison guard 2 a n o f f i c i al o n a t r a i n whose j o b is to
check t i c k e ts
/ges/ verb [i/т] t o say o r decide w h a t y o u t h i n k is t r u e ,
w i t h o u t b e i n g c e r t a i n about i t : a competition to guess the weight
of the pig
/gaid/ noun [C] 1 a book t h a t gives i n f o r m a t i o n : It is
worth buying a good travel guide. 2 someone whose j o b is to
give i n f o r m a t i o n to people w h o are v i s i t i n g a place: a tour
guide verb [T] 1 to show someone w h e r e to go b y g o i n g w i t h
t h e m : He guided them through the forest. 2 to help someone to do
s o m e t h i n g o r m a k e a decision: There was no research to guide
them.
g u i d e b o o k /'gaid,buk/ noun [ci a book for t o u r i s t s t h a t p r o v i d e s
i n f o r m a t i o n about a place
/'gilti/ adj 1 a s h a m e d a n d s o r r y because y o u have done
s o m e t h i n g w r o n g : a guilty look/expression 2 someone w h o is
g u i l t y has c o m m i t t e d a c r i m e or has done s o m e t h i n g w r o n g :
Patrick knew that he was guilty of lying.
/длп/ noun [C] a weapo n t h a t shoots b u l l e t s o r l a r g e shells:
Enemy guns fired a shell every two or three minutes.
g y m / d j i m / noun [C] a r o o m o r c l u b w i t h e q u i p m e n t for d o i n g
p h y s i c a l exercises
Hh
/'haebit/ noun [c/u] s o m e t h i n g t h a t y o u do often: healthy
eating habits
h a b i t a t /'haebi.taet/ noun [C] t h e t y p e of place t h a t a n a n i m a l
n o r m a l l y l i v e s i n or t h a t a p l a n t n o r m a l l y g r o w s i n
h a i r d r e s s e r /'hea.dresa/ noun и someone whose j o b is to c u t
people's h a i r
h a l f b r o t h e r /'had ,Ьглбэ/ noun [С] a b r o t h e r w h o has e i t h e r the
same m o t h e r o r the same f a t h e r as y o u have
h a l f s i s t e r /'had ,sista/ noun [С] a sister w h o has e i t h e r the same
m o t h e r or the same f a t h er as y o u have
/haend/ noun [C] 1 the p a r t of y o u r bod y at the end o f each
a r m t h a t y o u use for h o l d i n g t h i n g s : Mrs Bennet put her hands
over her ears to shut out the noise. 2 the h a n d s o n a clock are the
l o n g p a r t s t h a t move r o u n d a n d show the t i m e
h a n d b a g /'haenjdj.baeg/ noun [C] a s m a l l bag t h a t w o m e n use for
c a r r y i n g p e r s o n a l t h i n g s such as money a n d keys
/'heend(a)l/ noun [C] t h e p a r t of s o m e t h i n g t h a t y o u use for
h o l d i n g i t : knives with plastic handles
/ ' haens ( a)m/ adj a h a n d s o m e m a n or boy has a v e r y
a t t r a c t i v e face
h a n d w r i t i n g / ' haend.raitir)/ noun [u] the p a r t i c u l a r w a y t h a t
someone w r i t e s w h e n t h e y use a pen o r p e n c i l
h a n g o u t /haen 'aut/ phr vb to spend t i m e i n a p a r t i c u l a r place o r
w i t h p a r t i c u l a r people: She knew all the clubs where he usually
hung out.
/ ' haepan / ve rb [l] to t a k e place, u s u a l l y w i t h o u t b e i n g
p l a n n e d : The accident happened at 4.30pm yesterday.
h a p p i n e s s / ' haep i nas / noun [U] the f e e l i n g of b e i n g happy
/'haepi/ adj f e e l i n g pleased a n d r e l a x e d , w i t h no
w o r r i e s : The children seem very happy at school.
h a r b o u r /'ha:ba/ noun [C] a n area o f w a t e r n e x t to the l a n d w h e r e
boats can stop
/ha:d/ adj 1 stiff, firm, and not easy to bend o r b r e a k :
hard wooden benches 2 d i f f i c u l t to do: Some of the questions were
very hard. 3 s t r o n g a n d not easily f r i g h t e n e d : He likes to pretend
he's hard, but he's really soft underneath.
n o
honest
h a r d c o p y /'ha : d , kDp i / noun [и] a p r i n t e d copy of i n f o r m a t i o n that is
held on a computer
h a r d d r i v e /'ha:d ,draiv/ noun [C] a h a r d disk
h a r d h a t /'ha:d ,haet/ noun [C] a hat made of metal or h a r d plastic w o r n
by workers to protect t h e i r heads
h a r d w a r e /'ha:d,wea/ noun [U] computer equipment
h a r d - w o r k i n g /'ha:d ' w3:kir)/ adj p u t t i n g a lot of effort into you r work
h a r m /ha:m/ verb [T] to i n j u r e, damage or have a bad effect on
someone or something: chemicals that harm the environment
h a y f e v e r / ' he i ,fi:va/ noun [U] a medical c o n d i t i o n that affects y o ur
nose and eyes. It is caused by pollen.
/hed/ noun [C] 1 the top part of y o u r body that has you r
b r a i n , eyes, m o u t h etc i n i t : Lynn had a bruise on the side of her
head. 2 the leader or most i m p o r t a n t person i n a group: the head
waiter 3 the teacher who is i n charge of a school
/'hedeik/ noun [C] a p a i n i n y o ur head: / had a bad
headache yesterday.
h e a d b a n d / ' hed , baend / noun [C] a n a r r o w piece of cloth that you wear
a r o u n d y o u r head to keep h a i r or sweat out of y o u r eyes
h e a d l i g h t /'hedjait/ noun [C] one of the two l i g h ts on the front of a
vehicle
h e a d l i n e /'hedjam/ noun [C] the t i t l e of a newspaper story, p r i n t e d i n
large letters
h e a d p h o n e s / ' hed,faunz/ noun [plural] a piece of equipment that you
wear over y o u r ears i n order to listen to the radio or recorded
sound
h e a d q u a r t e r s /hed'kwa:tez/ noun [plural] the place where a company,
o r g a n i s a t i o n or m i l i t a r y u n i t has its m a i n offices or its m a i n
centre of c o n t r o l
h e a d t e a c h e r /hedthtja/ noun ю a teacher who is i n charge of a school
/heie/ noun [U] the c o n d i t i o n of y o u r body, especially
whether or not y o u are i l l : His health improved once he stopped
working.
h e a l t h c e n t r e /'heie .senta/ noun [C] a b u i l d i n g where people can go to
see a doctor or nurse
/'heiei/ ad] 1 physicall y strong and not i l l : a healthy baby
2 w o r k i n g w e l l and l i k e l y to continue to be successful: The country
still has a healthy economy.
h e a r t a t t a c k /'ha:t a,taek/ noun и an occasion when someone suddenly
has a lot of p a i n because t h e i r heart stops w o r k i n g n o r m a l l y
/hi:t/ noun [singular/u] the q u a l i t y of being hot, or how hot
s o m e t h i n g is: We felt the intense heat from the fire, verb [i/т] to make
something hot, or to become hot: Heat the oil gently in a large frying
pan.
h e l m e t /'helmit/ noun [C] a h a r d hat that y o u wear to protect you r
head
/haid/ verb [T] to put something i n a place so that no one
can find i t or see i t : She hid the key in the drawer, verb ш to go
somewhere or be somewhere where no one can find you or see you:
He ran and hid behind a bush.
/ n i l / noun [C] an area of l a n d that is higher t h a n the l a n d
s u r r o u n d i n g it but that is smaller and lower t h a n a m o u n t a i n :
They climbed slowly to the top of the hill.
/hit/ verb [l/T] 1 to move q u i c k l y against something, or to
move an object q u i c k l y against something, t o u c h i n g i t w i t h force:
The glass smashed as it hit the ground. 2 to move y o ur hand or an
object h a r d against someone's body, so that you h u r t them: Stop
hitting your brother!
/hauld/ verb [T] 1 to c a r r y something or someone using your
hands or a r m s : Can you hold my bag for a moment? 2 to organise
s o m e t h i n g such as a meetin g or event: The government agreed to
hold a referendum.
h o m e t i m e /'haum ,taim/ noun [U] the end of the school day when the
students go home
h o m e l y /'haumli/ adj simple and pleasant i n a way that makes you
feel comfortable and at home
/ 'Dnist / adj 1 a person who is honest does not t e l l lies or
cheat people, and obeys the law: an honest man 2 t e l l i n g the t r u t h ,
or not cheating people: I want you to give mean honest answer.
honeymoon innovation

h o n e y m o o n / ' п л ш . т ш п / noun [Ci a h o l i d a y t h a t t w o people take /im'poit/ ve rb [T] to b u y a p r o d u c t f r o m a n o t h e r c o u n t r y

after they get m a r r i e d a n d b r i n g it to y o u r c o u n t r y : We import most of our coal from
other countries.
h o o d / h u d / noun [C] the p a r t o f a coat or jacket that covers y o u r
head /im'pDsab(a)l/ adj i f s o m e t h i n g is impossible,
n o o n e c a n do it o r it c a n n o t h a p p e n : We were faced with an
h o o d i e /'hudi/ noun [C] a piece of c l o t h i n g w i t h a hood that you w e a r
impossible task.
on the top p a r t of y o u r body, u s u a l l y made of t h i c k c o t t o n. Some
people t h i n k t h a t y o u n g m e n w e a r hoodies because they are / i m ' p r u i v / ve rb [l/T] to b e c o m e b e t t e r , o r to m a k e
t r y i n g to hide t h e i r face w h e n they c a r r y out c r i m i n a l a c t i v i t i e s . s o m e t h i n g b e t t e r : Your English will improve with practice.
h o p e l e s s /'hauplas/ adj 1 i f a s i t u a t i o n is hopeless, it seems v e r y / i m ' p r u : v m a n t / noun [C] a change that you m a k e
u n l i k e l y to succeed or i m p r o v e 2 not s k i l f u l at a l l : lam hopeless to s o m e t h i n g i n o r d e r to m a k e it b e t t e r : home improvements
at tennis.
/ i n s i d ( a ) n t / noun [C] s o m e t h i n g that happen s that is
/'horab(a)l/ adj v e r y unpleasant or u n k i n d : I've had a u n u s u a l , v i o l e n t o r d a n g e r o u s : an embarrassing incident
horrible day at work.
/ m ' k l u : d / ve rb [T] 1 to c o n t a i n , o r to h a v e s o m e o n e o r
h o r r o r /'hDra/ noun [c/U) a s t r o n g feeling of shock or fear, or the s o m e t h i n g a s a p a r t : The book includes activities, stories and
t h i n g that makes you feel shocked or a f r a i d : Millions watched practical advice. 2 to m a k e s o m e o n e o r s o m e t h i n g b e p a r t of a
in horror as the disaster unfolded on TV. noun [U] a t y p e of book or g r o u p , s e t , o r c o l l e c t i o n of t h i n g s : Please include a photograph of
film that is intended to f r i g h t e n people: a horror story/film yourself with your application.

/'hju:man/ noun [C] a person: The disease can be fatal in / ' т к л т / noun [c/U] m o n e y t h a t s o m e o n e gets f r o m
humans. w o r k i n g o r f r o m i n v e s t i n g m o n e y : What is your approximate
annual income?
h u m i d /'hju:mid/ ad ; hot and wet i n a way t h a t makes y o u feel
uncomfortable: a humid climate i n c o r r e c t / m k a ' r e k t / adj w r o n g , o r n o t a c c u r a t e o r t r u e

h u n g e r /'hArjga/ noun [U] 1 the feeling t h a t y o u have w h e n y o u need / m ' k r n s / ve rb [l/T] to b e c o m e l a r g e r i n n u m b e r o r

to eat: a nutritious snack that will satisfy your hunger 2 a lack of a m o u n t , o r to m a k e s o m e t h i n g do t h i s : We have managed to
food that can cause illness or death: a new chance to fight world increase the number of patients treated.
hunger and poverty i n d e c i s i v e /mdi'saisiv/ adj u n a b l e to m a k e d e c i s i o n s
I hx t l verb и to feel p a i n somewhere i n y o u r body: Fred's / m d i ' p e n d a n s / noun [U] 1 freedom from control
knees hurt after skiing all day. verb [l/T] to cause someone by a n o t h e r c o u n t r y o r o r g a n i s a t i o n : Lithuania was the first of the
physical p a i n or i n j u r y : You're hurting my arm! Soviet republics to declare its independence. 2 t h e a b i l i t y to m a k e
/'hAzband/ noun [C] the m a n that a w o m a n is m a r r i e d d e c i s i o n s a n d l i v e y o u r life free f r o m the c o n t r o l or influence
to of o t h e r p e o p l e : Employment gave young women a measure of
independence,
h y g i e n e /'haid3i:n/ noun [u] the practice of keeping y o u r s e l f and the
things a r o u n d you clean i n order to prevent illness and disease / i n d i ' p e n d a n t / adj not d e p e n d i n g on other
p e o p l e : Michelle is young, independent and confident.
i n d i g e n o u s / i n ' d ^ a n a s / adj 1 i n d i g e n o u s p e o p l e l i v e d i n a p l a c e
for a v e r y l o n g t i m e b e f o r e o t h e r p e o p l e c a m e to l i v e t h e r e
2 i n d i g e n o u s p l a n t s a n d a n i m a l s b e l o n g to a r e g i o n b e c a u s e
they developed there

/ i n f l u a n s / noun [C/U] t h e effect t h a t a p e r s o n o r t h i n g

h a s o n s o m e o n e o r s o m e t h i n g : He couldn't hope to exert any real
influence in the new department, noun [C] a p e r s o n or t h i n g
/ais/ noun [U] water t h a t has frozen a n d become s o l i d : a t h a t h a s a n effect o n s o m e o n e o r s o m e t h i n g ve rb [T] to affect
block/lump of ice s o m e o n e o r s o m e t h i n g : What factors influenced your decision to
ice c a p /'ais , kaep/ noun [C] a large area o f ice t h a t covers the l a n d take the job?
and sea a r o u n d the N o r t h or South Pole /m'fy.m/ verb ] * * * to officially t e l l s o m e o n e about
/ai'dial/ adj of the best or most suitable t y p e : Upgrading s o m e t h i n g : The President has been fully informed of
your computer seems the ideal solution. developments.

i d e n t i f i c a t i o n /ai,dentifi'keif(a)n/ noun [U] s o m e t h i n g t h a t proves / т Ъ : т ( э ) 1 / adj r e l a x e d , f r i e n d l y a n d n o t o f f i c i a l : The

who y o u are, especially a d o c u m e n t w i t h y o u r n a m e a n d a hotel has an informal atmosphere.
photograph: Can you show me some identification? ,/infa'meif(a)n/ noun [U] knowledge or facts
/ai'denti,fai/ verb [T] to recognis e someone a n d be able a b o u t s o m e o n e o r s o m e t h i n g : We're not allowed to give you any
to say who they are: One of the thieves has been identified by information about our clients' medical records.
witnesses, verb m to recognis e s o m e t h i n g a n d to u n d e r s t a n d i n f o r m a t i v e /in'fjimativ/ adj g i v i n g a lot of u s e f u l i n f o r m a t i o n
exactly w h a t i t is: Several key problems have already been
i n g o t / i n g a t / noun [C] a b l o c k o f g o l d , s i l v e r o r o t h e r m e t a l
identified.
i n g r e d i e n t / m ' g r k d i a n t / noun [c] o n e o f t h e foods o r l i q u i d s t h a t y o u
/aidentiti/ noun [C/U] the fact of w h o y o u are or w h a t
u s e i n m a k i n g a p a r t i c u l a r m e a l : Mix all the ingredients together
your name is: Do you have any proof of identity?
carefully.
i g l o o /iglu:/ noun [C] a b u i l d i n g made f r o m snow or ice
/ т У з е к Д э ) п / noun [c/U] a d r u g t h a t i s i n j e c t e d i n t o y o u r
/i'li:g(a)l/ adj not a l l o w e d by the l a w : illegal drugs b o d y , o r t h e p r o c e s s o f i n j e c t i n g it i n t o y o u r b o d y : vaccines that

Alnas/ noun [ci a p a r t i c u l a r disease, or a p e r i o d of b e i n g are given by injection

i l l : a serious illness /ind3ari/ noun [C/u] p h y s i c a l h a r m : an eye/leg injury
/imid3/ noun [C] a p i c t u r e , especially one i n a m i r r o r or i n - l a w noun [C] s o m e o n e w h o y o u a r e r e l a t e d to b y m a r r i a g e ,
on a computer, t e l e v i s i o n or c i n e m a screen: the flickering black- e s p e c i a l l y t h e f a t h e r o r m o t h e r o f y o u r h u s b a n d o r w i f e : We're
and-white images on the first cinema screens going to stay with the in-laws this weekend.
/ r m i i d i a t l i / adv , con j very quickly and w i t h o ut i n n o c e n c e / i n a s ( a ) n s / noun [u] t h e s t a t e of n o t b e i n g g u i l t y of a
delay: She decided to leave immediately. c r i m e o r a n y t h i n g b a d : This new evidence would hopefully prove
his innocence.
/impaekt/ noun [C] a n effect or influence Her paper
discusses the likely impact of global warming, noun [C/u] the i n n o v a t i o n /inau'vei/(a)n/ noun [c/U] a n e w i d e a o r p i e c e of
force or act of one object h i t t i n g a n o t h e r : the point of impact e q u i p m e n t , o r t h e u s e of n e w i d e a s o r e q u i p m e n t
 inquiry knowledge

/m'kwairi/ noun [C] a q u e s t i o n t h a t is i n t e n d e d to get

i n f o r m a t i o n about someone or s o m e t h i n g : There have already
been over 300 inquiries from people interested, noun [ / ] a
process o f t r y i n g to f i n d out m o r e i n f o r m a t i o n about s o m e t h i n g :
The public is demanding an official inquiry into the incident.

i n s e r t /m ' s3:t/ ve rb [T] t o p u t s o m e t h i n g i n t o s o m e t h i n g else: Insert

the plug into the earphone socket. /УзаекИ/ noun [C] a s h o r t coat: a linen/denim/leather
jacket
i n s p i r a t i o n /,mspa'reif(a)n/ noun [c/u] someone or s o m e t h i n g t h a t
gives y o u the e n t h u s i a s m a n d new ideas to create s o m e t h i n g , o r j a m Л1за?т/ noun [C/u] a sweet s t i c k y food made f r o m b o i l e d f r u i t
a f e e l i n g of e n t h u s i a s m l i k e t h i s : Her short story was the original a n d sugar, t h a t is u s u a l l y spread onto bread : strawberry jam
inspiration for the film. j a r /Уза:/ noun [C] a glass c o n t a i n e r for food, w i t h a l i d and a w i d e
/in'sted/ adv used for s a y i n g t h a t one person, t h i n g , o p e n i n g : a jar of marmalade
or a c t i o n replaces another: If you don't have olive oil, you can use j a y w a l k i n g /'d3ei,wa:kin/ noun [U] a d a n g e r o u s o r i l l e g a l w a y of
sunflower oil instead. c r o s s i n g a street at a place w h e r e c a r s do not u s u a l l y stop.
Someone w h o does t h i s is c a l l e d a j a y w a l k e r .
/ i n s t r u m e n t / noun [C] 1 a t o o l t h a t is used i n
science, m e d i c i n e o r t e c h n o l o g y: scientific instruments such as /'d33:nalist/ noun [C] someone whose j o b is to r e p o r t
microscopes 2 a m u s i c a l i n s t r u m e n t , for example a p i a n o o r a the news for a newspaper, magazine , r a d i o p r o g r a m m e o r
g u i t a r : Do you play an instrument? television programme
/mtar'aekjtajn/ noun [C/U] the a c t i v i t y o f b e i n g w i t h / У з з : т / noun [C] a n occasion w h e n y o u t r a v e l f r o m
a n d t a l k i n g to o t h e r people, a n d the w a y t h a t people react t o one place to another, especiall y over a l o n g distance: a train
each other: I enjoy the constant interaction with people from other journey
departments.
/d^AUTj noun [C] 1 someone whose j o b is to m a k e
/intrastid/ adj 1 w a n t i n g to k n o w about o r t a k e decisions i n a c o u r t o f law: The judge sentenced her to ninety
p a r t i n s o m e t h i n g : Joe's always been interested in politics. days in prison. 2 someone w h o decides w h o the w i n n e r of a
2 w i l l i n g o r keen to do s o m e t h i n g : We're going to the cinema. Are c o m p e t i t i o n w i l l be: All entries will be examined by a panel of
you interested? Would you like to come too? judges, ve rb [l/T] to f o r m a n o p i n i o n about s o m e t h i n g after
c o n s i d e r i n g a l l the d e t a i l s o r facts: He left the room when he
/intrastm/ adj m a k i n g y o u w a n t to pay a t t e n t i o n
judged that she was asleep, ve rb [T] to decide i n a c o u r t of law
or k n o w m o r e : an interesting topic
w h e t h e r o r n o t someone is g u i l t y
/m , t 3:pn'teif(a)n/ noun [C/U] 1 an explanation
j u m p i n / У з л т р i n / hr vb [i] t o become i n v o l v e d i n s o m e t h i n g
of the m e a n i n g or i m p o r t a n c e of s o m e t h i n g : The Catholic
w i t h o u t t h i n k i n g c a r e f u l l y about i t
interpretation of the Bible is slightly different. 2 a w a y of
p e r f o r m i n g a piece o f m u s i c, a p a r t i n a play etc t h a t shows h o w j u n g l e /Узлпд(э)1/ noun [c/U] a t h i c k t r o p i c a l forest
you u n d e r s t a n d i t a n d feel about i t : He was best known for his
interpretation of English folk music.

i n t e r p r e t e r /m't3:pnta/ noun ic] someone whose j o b is to t r a n s l a t e

Kk
w h a t someone is s a y i n g i n t o a n o t h e r language
i n t r i g u e /m'tri:g/ ve rb [T] to m a k e someone v e r y i n t e r e s t e d i n
k n o w i n g m o r e about s o m e t h i n g : That old house has always
intrigued me.

I n u i t /'muit, i n j u i t / noun [c/U] a m e m b e r of a g r o u p of people w h o

l i v e i n n o r t h e r n S i b e r i a , Canada, A l a s k a , a n d G r e e n l a n d , o r the k e e p u p /,ki:p л р / phr vb 1 t o move o r develop at the same speed as
language t h a t t h e y speak someone o r s o m e t h i n g : By studying hard, she managed to keep
up. 2 to c o n t i n u e to do s o m e t h i n g : Keep up the good work.
/in'vent/ ve rb [T] to d e s i g n o r create s o m e t h i n g t h a t d i d
not exist before: Alfred Nobel invented dynamite. k e t c h u p /'ketjap/ noun [U] a t h i c k r e d sauce made f r o m tomatoes

/m'venf(a)n/ noun [c/u] s o m e t h i n g t h a t someone has k e y b o a r d /'ki:,ba:d/ noun [C] 1 a piece of c o m p u t e r e q u i p m e n t w i t h

keys o n i t , used for p u t t i n g i n f o r m a t i o n i n t o a c o m p u t er 2 a
made, designed o r t h o u g h t o f for the f i r s t t i m e , o r the act o f
m u s i c a l i n s t r u m e n t t h a t has a k e y b o a r d , especially an electric
i n v e n t i n g s o m e t h i n g : Inventions like the electric light bulb
piano
changed the way people lived.
k i d n a p /'kidnaep/ ve rb [T] t o i l l e g a l l y t a k e someone away and make
i n v e n t o r /m'venta/ noun [C] someone w h o has i n v e n t e d s o m e t h i n g ,
t h e m a p r i s o n e r , e s p e c i a l l y i n o r d e r to m a k e t h e i r f a m i l y o r a
or whose j o b is to i n v e n t t h i n g s
g o v e r n m e n t give y o u m o n e y
/m'vest/ ve rb [l/T] to use y o u r m o n e y w i t h the a i m of
/ k i l / ve rb [i/T] to m a k e a p e r s o n o r o t h e r l i v i n g t h i n g die:
m a k i n g a p r o f i t f r o m i t , for example b y b u y i n g shares i n a
Each year thousands of people are killed and injured on the
company: Banks invested £20 million in the scheme.
roads.
i n v i s i b l e /in'vizab(a)l/ adj s o m e t h i n g t h a t is i n v i s i b l e c a n n o t be
k i n d e r g a r t e n /'kmda,ga:t(a)n/ noun [C/u] 1 a n u r s e r y school 2 the
seen
f i r s t y e a r o f f o r m a l e d u c a t i o n i n the US, for c h i l d r e n aged 5 or 6
/m ' vD l v / ve rb [T] to i n c l u d e s o m e t h i n g as a necessary
/ k m / noun [C] a m a n w h o r u l e s a c o u n t r y a n d is the
p a r t of a n a c t i v i t y , event o r s i t u a t i o n : The course involves a lot of
s e n i o r m a l e m e m b e r o f the r o y a l f a m i l y : King George VI
hard work.
k i n g d o m /'kmdam/ noun [C] a c o u n t r y o r a r e a t h a t is r u l e d b y a
/'aian/ noun [U] a h a r d h e a v y m e t a l t h a t is used for m a k i n g
k i n g o r queen
steel
k i w i / ' k i : w i : / noun [C] 1 t h e b i r d t h a t is the s y m b o l o f New Zealand.
i r r e g u l a r A 'regjula/ adj 1 not h a p p e n i n g r e g u l a r l y : His breathing
I t has a l o n g t h i n beak a n d c a n n o t fly. 2 someone f r o m New
had become irregular. 2 not f o l l o w i n g the u s u a l r u l e s o f
Zealand
g r a m m a r . F o r example, 'eat' is a n i r r e g u l a r v e r b because its
past tense is 'ate' a n d its past p a r t i c i p l e is 'eaten'. / n i : / noun [C] t h e p a r t i n the m i d d l e o f y o u r leg, where i t
bends: a serious knee injury
/'ailand/ noun [C] a piece o f l a n d t h a t is c o m p l e t e l y
s u r r o u n d e d by w a t e r : the best hotel on the island /naif/ noun [C] a n object w i t h a blade, used for c u t t i n g
food o r as a w e a p o n : knives and forks
/iju:, isju:/ noun [C] 1 a subject o r p r o b l e m t h a t people
discuss o r a r g u e about: environmental issues 2 a m a g a z i n e t h a t /'nDhd3/ noun [U] w h a t y o u k n o w , o r w h a t is
is p u b l i s h e d at a p a r t i c u l a r t i m e : The article appeared in the k n o w n abou t a p a r t i c u l a r subject: She had a lot of knowledge
November issue. and experience.

12
laboratory
L
/b ' bD r 3 t (a)ri, laebra,tj:ri/ noun [C] a b u i l d i n g o r l a r g e
r o o m w h e r e people do scientific r e s e a r c h : our new research
laboratory
l a n d s c a p e /'lasnidj.skeip/ noun [С] 1 a n a r e a of l a n d t h a t has
p a r t i c u l a r features: a green, rural landscape 2 a p a i n t i n g o f a n
area o f l a n d
l a p t o p /'1а?р №р/ noun [C] a s m a l l c o m p u t e r t h a t y o u c a n c a r r y w i t h
(
you
/la:st/ ve rb [I] to c o n t i n u e h a p p e n i n g for a p a r t i c u l a r
p e r i o d , o r u n t i l a p a r t i c u l a r t i m e : The game lasts 80 minutes.
verb [l/T] to c o n t i n u e to be a v a i l a b l e , o r to be e n o u g h for w h a t
people need: The water won't last long.
/leit/ adj 1 i f y o u are late, y o u a r r i v e s o m e w h e r e after the
c o r r e c t or u s u a l t i m e : She phoned to say she'd be late. 2 n e a r the
end o f a p e r i o d o f t i m e such as a day, m o n t h o r season: the late
18th century 3 n e a r the end o f a n e v e n i n g o r n i g h t : If it weren't
so late I would give Donna a call.
/'leita/ adv at some t i m e i n the f u t u r e , o r after the t i m e
that y o u have been t a l k i n g about: She'll be home later.
/lad/ verb [I] to m a k e the noise w i t h y o u r voice t h a t
shows t h a t y o u t h i n k t h a t s o m e t h i n g is f u n n y : We talked and
laughed late into the night.
I\y.l noun [singular] the l a w : the s y s t em o f r u l e s t h a t m u s t be
obeyed i n society: Failing to declare any extra income is against
the law.
/'b:ja/ noun [C] someone whose profession is to p r o v i d e
people w i t h legal advice a n d services: Mayer's lawyer spoke to
the press today.
/'leizi/ adj n o t w i l l i n g to w o r k o r do a n y t h i n g t h a t i n v o l v e s
effort: Get out of bed, you lazy slob!
/'li:dd/ noun [C] 1 someone w h o is i n c h a r g e o f a g r o u p ,
o r g a n i s a t i o n or c o u n t r y : a political/military/religious leader
2 someone or s o m e t h i n g t h a t is the most successful, most
popular, most advanced etc: He is a world leader in his field.
/'lkdafip/ noun [U] the p o s i t i o n o f b e i n g a leader: The
war was fought under the emperor's leadership.
/ l i : v / verb [l/T] 1 to go away f r o m a place: We left London
at three in the afternoon. 2 to end a r e l a t i o n s h i p w i t h someone
and stop l i v i n g w i t h t h e m : His wife has threatened to leave
him. verb [T] 1 t o p u t s o m e t h i n g s o m e w h e r e a n d forget to
take i t away w i t h y o u : / left my homework on the bus. 2 t o p u t
s o m e t h i n g somewhere, especially i n a place w h e r e i t w i l l stay:
Leave your things by the door.
l e f t - h a n d e d /left 'hasndid/ adj b o r n w i t h a n a t u r a l tendency to
use the left h a n d to do t h i n g s
/leg/ noun [C] 1 one of the p a r t s o f a person's o r a n i m a l ' s
body to w h i c h the feet are attached: an exercise to strengthen the
leg muscles 2 the p a r t o f a piece of f u r n i t u r e t h a t s u p p o r t s i t a n d
raises i t off the floor: a stool with three legs 3 a p a r t o f a j o u r n e y ,
race o r c o m p e t i t i o n
/let/ verb [T] to a l l o w s o m e t h i n g to h a p p e n , or to a l l o w
someone to do s o m e t h i n g : Alice's mum won't let her come with
us.
/'lev ( 3)l/ noun [C] the a m o u n t o f s o m e t h i n g t h a t exists at
a p a r t i c u l a r t i m e : Unemployment is now at its lowest level for
15years, noun [C/U] 1 a s t a n d a r d of academic a b i l i t y : This is
an excellent book for advanced level students. 2 a p a r t o r stage
i n a system t h a t has several p a r t s o r stages: Decisions should
be taken at local, not national, level. 3 one o f the floors i n a
b u i l d i n g : a garage at basement level
/'laibrari/ noun [C] 1 a place w h e r e books, d o c u m e n t s ,
CDs etc are availabl e for y o u to l o o k at o r b o r r o w : the
university/school library 2 a p r i v a t e c o l l e c t i o n o f books, o r the
r o o m t h a t i t is kept i n
/lai/ ve rb [I] 1 to be o r p u t y o u r s e l f i n a p o s i t i o n i n w h i c h
y o u r body is flat o n a surface such as the floor o r a bed: She
was lying on the beach reading a book. 2 t o be o n a p a r t i c u l a r
lose
surface: The gun was lying on the ground next to him. 3 to
d e l i b e r a t e l y say s o m e t h i n g t h a t is n o t t r u e : It was obvious that
she was lying.
l i f e s t y l e /iaif.stail/ noun [c/u] t h e t y p e o f life t h a t someone has,
for example t h e t y p e o f t h i n g s t h a t t h e y o w n a n d the t y p e o f
a c t i v i t i e s t h a t t h e y do: a healthy, outdoor lifestyle
/ l i f t / noun [C] 1 a n occasion w h e n someone takes y o u
s o m e w h e r e i n t h e i r car: lean give you a lift into town. 2 a
m a c h i n e t h a t c a r r i e s people up o r d o w n b e t w e e n d i f f e r e n t
levels o f a t a l l b u i l d i n g
/ l a i t / adj 1 v e r y b r i g h t because o f l i g h t f r o m the s u n
The room is light and airy. 2 i f i t is l i g h t , y o u c a n see because i t
is day a n d n o t n i g h t : It gets light around 5 am. 3 n o t w e i g h i n g
m u c h , o r w e i g h i n g less t h a n y o u expect: The table is a lot lighter
than it looks.
l i g h t b u l b /Tart ,Ьл1Ь/ noun [C] a glass object t h a t y o u p u t i n a n
e l e c t r i c l i g h t to p r o d u c e l i g h t
l i g h t n i n g / i a i t n i n / noun [u] t h e b r i g h t flashes of l i g h t t h a t y o u see
i n the s k y d u r i n g a s t o r m : The ship was struck by lightning soon
after it left the port.
l i m e / l a i m / noun [C/U] a f r u i t w i t h a h a r d green s k i n a n d s o u r j u i c e
/'limit/ noun [C] 1 t h e greatest a m o u n t o r l e v e l of
s o m e t h i n g t h a t is possible or a l l o w e d : The speed limit here is
40 miles an hour. 2 the o u t e r edge o f a n a r e a : No bombs landed
within the city limits.
l i n g u i s t /'lirjgwist/ noun [C] 1 someone w h o s t u d i e s a n d speaks a lot
of l a n g u a g e s 2 someone w h o teaches o r s t u d i e s l i n g u i s t i c s
/ l m k / ve rb [T] t o connect t w o o r m o r e places o r t h i n g s :
Several new roads will link the southern and northern regions of
the country.
l i t t e r /'lita/ noun [U] t h i n g s t h a t people have d r o p p e d o n the g r o u n d
i n a p u b l i c place, m a k i n g i t u n t i d y
l i v e h a p p i l y e v e r a f t e r / l i v 'haepili: eva(r) ,adta/ phr ase t o be happy
for the rest of y o u r life
/tok/ noun [C] t h e t h i n g t h a t is used for f a s t e n i n g a door,
d r a w e r etc so t h a t no one c a n open i t : All the windows were fitted
with locks, ve rb [i/т] to fasten s o m e t h i n g such as a door w i t h a
key, o r t o be fastened w i t h a key: Have you locked the car?
l o g i c /'iDdjik/ noun [U] 1 the w a y t h a t someone connects ideas w h e n
t h e y are e x p l a i n i n g s o m e t h i n g o r g i v i n g a reason 2 the study o f
t h e w a y t h a t ideas c a n be connected a n d used to e x p l a i n t h i n g s
/ ' b u n l i / adj u n h a p p y because y o u are alone o r have no
f r i e n d s : a lonely childhood
l o o k a f t e r /Дик 'a:fta/ phr vb t o t a k e c a r e o f someone or s o m e t h i n g :
It's hard work looking after three children all day.
l o o k a h e a d /Дик a'hed/ phr vb to t h i n k about w h a t is l i k e l y to
happen, or to p l a n w h a t you are going to do i n the f u t u r e : Looking
ahead, I think the company needs to develop some new services.
l o o k b a c k /Дик 'bask/ phr vb to t h i n k about a t i m e o r event i n the
past: Most people look back on their schooldays with fondness.
l o o k f o r /'luk fx/ phu v b to s e a r c h for someone o r s o m e t h i n g : I'm
looking for Jim. Have you seen him?
l o o k f o r w a r d t o /Дик 'fD:wad t u : / phr vb t o feel h a p p y a n d excited
about s o m e t h i n g t h a t is g o i n g to h a p p e n
l o o k i n t o /Дик i n t u : / phr vb t o t r y t o d i s c o v e r the facts about
s o m e t h i n g such as a p r o b l e m o r c r i m e : The airline have
promised to look into the matter.
l o o k o u t f o r / l u k 'aut fx/ phr vb to l o o k c a r e f u l l y at people o r
t h i n g s a r o u n d y o u i n o r d e r to t r y to find a p a r t i c u l a r p e r s o n o r
t h i n g : We were told to look out for a blue van.
l o o k r o u n d /Дик ' r a u n d / phr vb [l/T] to w a l k a r o u n d a r o o m , b u i l d i n g
o r place a n d see w h a t is t h e r e
l o o k u p /Док л р / phr vb to t r y to find a piece o f i n f o r m a t i o n b y
l o o k i n g i n a b o o k o r o n a l i s t , o r b y u s i n g a c o m p u t e r : I had to
look the word up in a dictionary.
/lu:z/ ve rb [T] 1 to no l o n g e r have s o m e t h i n g : Mike lost his
job last year. 2 t o be u n a b l e to f i n d someone o r s o m e t h i n g : I've
lost my bag. Have you seen it? ve rb [l/T] t o n o t w i n a race o r
c o m p e t i t i o n : England lost 2-1 to Germany.
 lottery mix

l o t t e r y /'kotari/ noun [C] a game i n w h i c h people w i n money i f t h e y m e c h a n i c a l /mi'ka;nik(a)l/ adj operated by a machine, or r e l a t i n g to
guess the c o r r e c t n u m b e r s machines: a mechanical device
/laud/ aoj a loud sound is s t r o n g a n d v e r y easy to hear: /mi:t/ verb [l /T) 1 to come together i n order to spend time
There was a loud knocking on the door. w i t h someone who you have arranged to see: I'll meet you in the
bar later. 2 to be i n t r o d u c e d to someone that you do not know:
/'1эиэ/ verb m 1 to move s o m e t h i n g or someone slowly d o w n
Have you met my wife?
f r o m a h i g h e r p o s i t i o n : He lowered himself into the chair. 2 to
reduce s o m e t h i n g i n number, a m o u n t , value, or s t r e n g t h : The m e l o d r a m a t i c /meladra'maetik/ adj behaving i n a way that is too
voting age was lowered from 21 to 18 years. e m o t i o n a l or too serious

/ ' U k i / adj i f y o u are l u c k y , s o m e t h i n g good happens to y o u /melt/ verb [l/T] to change a solid substance into a l i q u i d , or
as a r e s u l t of luck: Five lucky winners will each receive £1,000. to be changed f r o m a solid int o a l i q u i d : Melt the butter in a small
saucepan.
l y r i c / l i n k / noun [C] the words of a song
/'memba/ noun [C] someone who belongs to a group or
an organisation: a trade union member
/'membajip/ noun [u] the fact of being a member of
a club, organisatio n or group: Several countries have applied for

M
membership of the EU.
m e m o r i s e /'mema,raiz/ verb [T] to l e a r n somethin g so that you can
remember it perfectly: The children had memorised a poem.
/'mem(a)ri/ noun [C] 1 something that you remember:
/maed/ adj 1 v e r y s i l l y or stupid: You'll think I'm mad - I've What are your most vivid memories of that period? 2 the part of
just left my job. 2 an offensive way of describing someone who is a computer i n w h i c h i n f o r m a t i o n is stored noun [singular] the
mentally i l l a b i l i t y to remember t h i n g s : Your memory tends to get worse as you
get older.
m a d n e s s /'maednas/ noun [u] ideas and actions that show a lack of
good j u d g m e nt and careful thought: It would be madness to give up m e n d /mend/ verb [T] to r e p a i r something that is broken or damaged:
your job just now. Have you mended the gate?
/maega'ziin/ noun [C] a large t h i n book w i t h a paper /'menf(a)n/ verb [T] to refer to something, but not
cover that is u s u a l l y published once a m o n t h or once a week: a discuss it m u c h : He didn't mention her all evening.
fashion/gardening/motoring magazine /mes/ noun [C/U] a s i t u a t i o n i n w h i c h a place is d i r t y , u n t i d y
m a g i c i a n /тэУзпГ(э)п/ noun [ci someone whose job is to e n t e r t a i n or i n bad c o n d i t i o n: The garden was a real mess, noun [singular] a
people by p e r f o r m i n g magic t r i c k s difficult s i t u a t i o n w i t h a lot of problems: an economic mess

/ т е т / adj most i m p o r t a n t or largest: We eat our main /'mesid3/ noun [C] a piece of w r i t t e n or spoken
meal in the evening. i n f o r m a t i o n that you give or send to someone: I got your email
message, thank you.
/'memli/ adv 1 used for t a l k i n g about the largest or
most i m p o r t a n t p a r t of something: This sauce is made mainly of m e s s y /'mesi/ adj d i r t y or v e r y u n t i d y
milk and flour. 2 i n most cases: Our customers are mainly young m i d d l e - a g e d /midl'eidsd/ adj no longer young but not yet old,
mothers. u s u a l l y between 40 and 60 years of age
m a k e u p /meik 'лр/ phr vb 1 to become f r i e n d ly w i t h someone again /'milit(a)ri/ adj r e l a t i n g to armed forces, or using armed
after an argument: Why don't you two forget your differences and forces: military service
make up? 2 to invent s o m e t h i ng such as a story or an explanation:
m i m e / m a i m / verb [l/T] to tel l a story u s i n g only the movements of
He made up some excuse about the dog eating his homework.
y o u r body and face, not u s i n g words
m a k e - u p /'meik,\p/ noun [U] substances that people put on t h e i r faces
/mamd/ noun [C/U] y o u r thoughts and attention, or the part
to make t h e m look attractive : Gina wears no make-up at all.
of you that t h i n k s , knows and remembers t h i n g s: You never know
m a n u a l /'maenjual/ noun [CI a book that contains i n s t r u c t i o n s for what's going on in her mind, verb [ i/т] to feel annoyed, upset or
doing something, especially for operatin g a m a c h i ne unhappy about something: We had to cancel, but Rosa didn t seem
to mind, verb [T] to be careful about something: Mind the step!
/'maend3/ noun [c/u] the r e l a t i o n s h ip between t w o
people who are husband and wife: a long and happy marriage m i n e r /'mama/ noun [C] someone whose job is to d i g coal f r o m a mine

/'masri/ verb [T] to p e r f o r m the ceremony i n w h i c h t w o /'mira/ noun [C] a piece of special glass i n w h i c h you can see
people become husband and wife y o u r s e l f or w h a t is b e h i n d you: a bathroom mirror

m a r v e l l o u s /'ma:valas/ adj extremely enjoyable, good or impressive: m i s b e h a v e /misbi'heiv/ verb [i] to behave badly
a marvellous performance/trip/party m i s e r y /'mizari/ noun [u] the state of being extremely unhappy or
m a s t e r ' s d e g r e e /'ma:staz di,gri:/ noun [C] a u n i v e r s i t y degree that uncomfortable
a student gets i f t h e y study for one or two years after t h e i r first /mis/ verb [l/T] to f a i l to catch, h i t or reach something: /
degree tried to catch the ball but missed, verb [T] 1 to f a i l to be present for
m a t e /meit/ noun [q a friend someone or something: I had to miss a week of school. 2 to feel sad
because someone is not w i t h you any longer, or because you do not
/ma'tiarial/ noun [C/u] cloth: What sort of material is your have or cannot do something any longer: We miss him enormously.
dress made from?
m i s s i o n /'mif(a)n/ noun [C] an i m p o r t a n t piece of w o r k that a person or
/'msta/ verb [il to be i m p o r t a n t : Education matters. group of people has to do for a government or large organisation,
/mid/ noun [C] an occasion w h e n y o u eat, such as breakfast especially one that involves t r a v e l : a fact-finding/rescue
or l u n c h , or the food that y o u eat at that t i m e : He cooked us a mission noun [singular] an a i m that is very i m p o r t a n t to a person or
delicious meal. organisation: Helping homeless people was Gina's mission in life.

Imv.nl adj 1 c r u e l or u n k i n d : Don't do that - it's mean. 2 not /mi'steik/ noun [C] 1 something that you have not done
correctly, or something you say or t h i n k that is not correct:
w i l l i n g to spend money: She was too mean to put the heating on.
spelling/grammar mistakes 2 something that you do that you later
verb [T] to have a p a r t i c u l a r m e a n i n g : What does 'maudlin'
w i s h you had not done, because it causes a lot of problems: You're
mean?
making a big mistake.
m e a s l e s /'mi:z(a)lz/ noun [u] a n infectious disease i n w h i c h you have
/miks/ verb [l/T] 1 to combine t w o or more substances so that
red spots a l l over y o u r body and a h i g h temperature
they become a single substance: Add the eggs and mix thoroughly.
m e c h a n i c /mi'kaenik/ noun [ci someone whose job is to r e p a i r vehicles 2 to combine t h i n g s such as a c t i v i t i e s , ideas, or styles: In this
and machines room, antique and modern furniture have been successfully mixed.

14
mixture nuclear

/'mikstfa/ noun [singular] a c o m b i n a t i o n of t w o or m o r e

N
different people or t h i n g s : Her face showed a mixture offear and
excitement, noun [C/U] a substance such as food t h a t is the r e s u l t
of m i x i n g different t h i n g s : Spoon the mixture into the cake tins.
/'mDd(d)n/ adj 1 r e l a t i n g to o r b e l o n g i n g to the present
time: the role of women in modern society 2 u s i n g the most recent n a t i v e s p e a k e r /neitiv 'spkka/ noun [ q someone who speaks a
methods, ideas, designs or equipment: We should replace the p a r t i c u l a r language as t h e i r first language
equipment with something more modern.
n a v y /'neivi/ noun [C] the p a r t of a c o u n t r y ' s a r m e d forces t h a t uses
/ т л п в / noun [C] 1 one of the 12 periods t h a t a year is ships
divided i n t o , for example J a n u a r y or F e b r u a r y : Could we meet
earlier in the month? 2 a p e r i o d of about four weeks: They're /'nesas(a)ri/ adj i f s o m e t h i n g is necessary, y o u
getting married in a month's time. m u s t have i t or must do it: I don't want to be disturbed unless it's
absolutely necessary.
m o n u m e n t /'monjumant/ noun [C] 1 a s t r u c t u r e t h a t is b u i l t i n a
public place i n order to celebrate a n i m p o r t a n t person or event /пек/ noun [C] 1 the p a r t of y o u r body that j o i n s y o u r head
2 a place of h i s t o r i c a l i m p o r t a n c e to the rest of y o u r body 2 a l o n g n a r r o w p a r t of s o m e t h i n g such as
a bottle or a m u s i c a l i n s t r u m e n t
/mu:d/ noun [C/U] the w a y t h a t someone is feeling, or
the way t h a t a g r o u p of people is feeling at a p a r t i c u l a r t i m e : /'neiba/ noun [C] someone w h o lives near you: friends
Politicians have to be in touch with the public mood, noun [ ] a and neighbours
group of verb forms t h a t are used to show whether, for example, a n e i g h b o u r h o o d /'neiba.hud/ noun [C] a p a r t i c u l a r area of a t o w n
sentence is a statement, question o r o r d e r
/'патбэ(г), 'пкбэ(г)/ conj, det, pron used for s h o w i n g t h a t
/'moral/ adj r e l a t i n g to r i g h t and w r o n g and the w a y t h a t a negative statement also applies to someone or s o m e t h i n g else:
people should behave: moral standards/principles/values Adam was not invited, and neither were any of his friends.
m o s q u e / n r osk / noun [C] a b u i l d i n g i n w h i c h M u s l i m s w o r s h i p n e p h e w /'nefju:, 'nevju:/ noun [C] a son of y o u r b r o t h e r or sister, or a
son of y o u r husband's or wife's b r o t h e r or sister
m o t h e r t o n g u e / т л б э Члп/ noun [ ] the f i r s t language t h a t y o u
learn to speak /net/ noun [c/U] a m a t e r i a l made of s t r i n g or rope t h a t is
m o t h e r b o a r d / ' т л д э , Ь э У / noun [C] the m a i n c i r c u i t b o a r d i n a woven i n t o a loose p a t t e r n w i t h spaces i n i t noun [ ] 1 i n some
sports, a n object made of net t h a t y o u h i t , k i c k or t h r o w the b a l l
computer
over or i n t o 2 the Net: the i n t e r n e t
m o t h e r - i n - l a w /'mAda(r)in,b:/ noun [C] the m o t h e r of y o u r h u s b a nd
/nju:z/ noun [U] 1 i n f o r m a t i o n about s o m e t h i n g t h a t
or wife
has happened recently: I'm afraid I've got some bad news.
m o t o r w a y /'mauta,wei/ noun [C] a w i d e fast r o a d w i t h several lanes 2 i n f o r m a t i o n about recent events t h a t is reporte d i n newspapers
of traffic g o i n g i n each d i r e c t i o n or on t e l e v i s i o n o r r a d i o : foreign/sports/financial news
/'mauntm/ noun [C] 1 a v e r y h i g h h i l l : They went /'nju:z,peipa/ noun [C] a set of large p r i n t e d sheets of
walking and climbing in the mountains. 2 a l a r g e pile or a m o u n t folded paper c o n t a i n i n g news, a r t i c l e s and other i n f o r m a t i o n that
of something: a mountain of paperwork is p u b l i s h e d every day or every week: a local newspaper
m o u n t a i n r a n g e /'mauntm ,remd3/ noun [ q a l o n g r o w o f m o u n t a i n s n e w s r e a d e r /'nju:z,ri:da/ noun [C] someone whose j o b is to read the
/maus/ noun [ ] 1 a small f u r r y a n i m a l w i t h a long t a i l news o n t e l e v i s i o n or r a d i o
2 a s m a l l object connected to a c o m p u t er t h a t y o u move i n order n i e c e /ni:s/ noun [C] a daughter of y o u r b r o t h e r o r sister, or a
to do t h i n g s on the computer screen: Click on the left mouse daughter of y o u r husband's o r wife's b r o t h e r or sister
button.
n i g h t m a r e /'nait,mea/ noun [C] a v e r y f r i g h t e n i n g and unpleasant
m o u s e p a d /'maus,paed/ noun [C] the flat p a r t o n a laptop t h a t y o u d r e a m : / still have terrible nightmares about the crash.
operate w i t h y o u r fingers to do t h i n g s o n a c o m p u t er screen
/'naizi/ adj m a k i n g a lot of noise, or f u l l of noise: noisy
m o u s t a c h e /im'sta:J7 noun [ q h a i r t h a t g r o w s above a man's m o u t h neighbours
/'mu:vmant/ noun [C/U] 1 a w a y of m o v i n g y o u r n o n - a l c o h o l i c /nonadka'holik/ adj non-alcoholic d r i n k does not
body, or the a b i l i t y to move y o u r body: rhythmic movements 2 the c o n t a i n alcohol
process of m o v i n g s o m e t h i n g f r o m one place to another: The
n o n - r e s i d e n t /nnn'rezidant/ adj 1 not based i n a p a r t i c u l a r
agreement governs the free movement of goods between countries.
c o u n t r y : The island does not tax non-resident companies. 2 not
m o v i n g /'mu:virj/ adj 1 m a k i n g y o u feel sad or s y m p a t h e t i c 2 a l i v i n g i n a house t h a t y o u o w n : These houses all belong to non-
moving object is s o m e t h i n g t h a t moves: He was pushed from a resident owners. 3 not l i v i n g at the place w h e r e y o u w o r k : non-
moving train. resident teaching staff
m u g / т л д / verb [T] to attack someone i n a p u b l i c place and steal n o n - s m o k i n g /nnrismaukirj/ adj a n o n - s m o k i n g area is one where
their money or possessions you are not a l l o w e d to smoke
m u g g e r /'тлда(г)/ noun [C] someone w h o attacks people i n p u b l i c n o n - s t o p /nDn'stDp/ adj c o n t i n u i n g w i t h o u t stopping: non-stop
places and steals t h e i r money, j e w e l l e r y , o r other possessions entertainment
m u g g i n g /'тлдгп/ noun [C/U] a n attack o n someone i n a p u b l i c place /nauz/ noun [C] the p a r t of y o u r face t h a t is above y o u r
i n order to steal t h e i r money, j e w e l l e r y o r other possessions m o u t h t h a t y o u use for s m e l l i n g and b r e a t h i n g : I'd like to punch
him on the nose.
/ ' т з У э / noun [c/U] the c r i m e of deliberately k i l l i n g
someone: The murder was committed over five years ago. /naut/ noun [C] 1 a short w r i t t e n message to someone: I've
written him a note asking him to meet me tonight. 2 a piece of paper
m u r d e r e r / ' m3:dara/ noun [C] someone w h o c o m m i t s m u r d e r
money: a £5 note noun [plural] notes: details f r o m s o m e t h i n g
/'m . As(d)l/ noun [C/u] a piece of flesh t h a t connects bones such as a l e c t u r e or a book t h a t y o u w r i t e on a piece of paper so
and moves a p a r t i c u l a r p a r t of y o u r body: These exercises are t h a t y o u can remember t h e m : It'll help you later if you take notes.
good for your stomach muscles.
/'nDv(a)l/ noun [C] a long w r i t t e n s t o r y about i m a g i n a r y
m y s t e r i o u s /mi'stiarias/ adj not e x p l a i n e d , u n d e r s t o o d or k n o w n : characters and events
They are investigating the mysterious disappearance of a young
n o v e l i s t /'novelist/ noun [C] someone w h o w r i t e s novels
man.
/'naua,deiz/ adv at the present t i m e : Lots of people get
/'mist(d)ri/ noun [C] 1 s o m e t h i n g t h a t y o u cannot
divorced nowadays.
understand, e x p l a i n , or get i n f o r m a t i o n about: The exact origin
of the universe remains a mystery. 2 a story, film or play i n w h i c h /'njurklia/ adj r e l a t i n g to energy t h a t is produced by
events take place t h a t are not e x p l a i n e d u n t i l the end: a murder c h a n g i n g the s t r u c t u r e of the c e n t r a l p a r t of an atom: nuclear
mystery power/energy

l 15
 obey
/a'bei/ verb [l/T] to do w h a t a person, law or r u l e says t h at you
must do: Officers expect their troops to obey them without question.
/db'd3ektiv/ noun [C] s o m e t h i n g t h a t you p l a n to achieve:
I'm not sure I understand the objective of this exercise.
/'Dbvias/ adj clear to almost anyone: an obvious mistake
/ n b v i a s l i / adv i n a way t h at is clear for almost anyone
to see or understand : Richards was obviously disappointed at being
left out of the team.
/э'кег5(э)пэН/ adv sometimes, but not frequently or
r e g u l a r l y : Simmer the sauce for ten minutes, stirring occasionally.
/bfa/ verb [T] to let someone k n o w t h at you w i l l give t h e m
something or do something for t h e m i f t h e y w a n t i t : They haven't
offered me the job yet.
/Wis/ noun [C] a r o o m or b u i l d i n g where the people i n an
o r g a n i s a t i o n or department w o r k , or the people w h o w o r k there:
the company's Los Angeles office
o n e - p a r e n t f a m i l y / w A n pearant 'faemali:/ noun [C] a f a m i l y i n w h i c h
o n l y one parent lives i n the home and looks after the c h i l d r e n
/'onlam/ adj connected to or available t h r o u g h a computer
or a computer n e t w o r k , especially the Internet: an online
bookshop
o p e n - m i n d e d /eupan ' ma i nd i d / adj w i l l i n g to consider new ideas
o p e r a t o r / ' Dpa,reita/ noun [C] 1 someone who w o r k s for a telephone
company and helps people w i t h calls 2 someone wdiose jo b is to
operate a machine or piece of equipment: a crane operator
/a'paunant/ noun [C] 1 someone who is c o m p e t i n g
against y o u : His opponent received only 36 per cent of the vote.
2 someone who disagrees w i t h s o m e t h i n g and t r i e s to change or
stop i t : opponents of the legislation
/npa'tjuinati/ noun [C/u] a chance to do something,
or a s i t u a t i o n i n w h i c h i t is easy for you to do something: The trip
sounds like a wonderful opportunity.
/'Dpazit/ adj 1 across f r o m , or on the other side of,
someone or something: They sat at opposite ends of the room.
2 completely different: The car smashed into a lorry coming in the
opposite direction.
/ ' Dp j b j n / noun [C] s o m e t h i n g t h a t you can choose to
do: We discussed all the marketing options and chose television
advertising.
/'a:da / verb [T] 1 to t e l l someone to do something, i n a way
that shows that you have a u t h o r i t y : The government has ordered
an investigation into the cause of the accident. 2 to put t h i n g s i n a
p a r t i c u l a r order: The list of books is ordered alphabetically, verb [l/T]
to ask for s o m e t h i n g to be brought to you or be made for y o u :
Are you ready to order?
/'a:d(a)n(a)ri/ adj n o r m a l or average, and not u n u s u a l or
special: It was just an ordinary Saturday morning.
o r g a n i s e d /'a:ga,naizd/ adj 1 planned c a r e f u l l y and effectively 2 an
organised person arranges and plans a c t i v i t i es c a r e f u l l y and
effectively
o r g a n i s e r /'a:ga , na i za / noun [C] someone who makes a l l the
arrangements for an event or a c t i v i t y
/э'гк1з(э)пэ1/ adj 1 e x i s t i n g at the b e g i n n i n g of a p e r i o d
or process, before any changes have been made: Do you know who
the car's original owner was? 2 new, i n t e r e s t i n g , and different
from a n y t h i n g else: a highly original design 3 not copied f r o m
something else: The original painting is in a museum in Vienna.
o u t d o o r s /aut'da:z/ adv not i n a b u i l d i n g
o u t f i t /'autfit/ noun [C] a set of clothes t h at are w o r n together
o u t l a w /'autla:/ noun [C] a c r i m i n a l
/aut ' sa i d / adj , adv, noun , prep 1 not inside a b u i l d i n g :
Outside the sun was shining. 2 away f r o m a p a r t i c u l a r c o u n t r y ,
area or t o w n : The postal service is better outside London. 3 not
w i t h i n the l i m i t s of a p a r t i c u l a r t i m e , range or s i t u a t i o n : classes
held outside normal school hours
16
partner
/'auva( r ) / adv , pr ep 1 m o v i n g across the space above
someone or s o m e t h i n g : Government troops fired a few shots over
their heads. 2 on someone or s o m e t h i n g and c o v e r i n g them: She
put her hands over her ears. 3 on the opposite side of a n area,
l i n e , road , r i v e r etc: Sandra's brother lives just over the road from
our house. 4 f a l l i n g , h a n g i n g o r l o o k i n g d o w n f r o m the edge of
s o m e t h i n g : Lava flowed over the rim of the volcano. 5 more t h a n a
p a r t i c u l a r a m o u n t , n u m b e r o r age: Yeltsin was elected by a large
majority with over 45 million votes.
o v e r t i m e /'aova.taim/ noun [U] e x t r a h o u r s t h a t someone w o r k s at
t h e i r job, or money t h at is p a i d for w o r k i n g e x t r a h o u r s
o v e r w e i g h t /auva'weit/ adj heavier t h a n y o u should be
/'эипэ/ noun [C] someone w h o owns s o m e t h i n g : a
restaurant/supermarket/hotel owner
o z o n e l a y e r /'auzaun ,leia/ noun [singular] a layer of ozone i n the
E a r t h ' s atmosphere t h a t protects the E a r t h f r o m the h a r m f u l
effects of the S u n
P
p a c i f i s t /'paesifist/ noun [C] someone w h o believes tha t violence is
w r o n g a n d refuses to fight i n w a r s
p a c k a g i n g /'paekid3in/ noun [U] the boxes, plastic etc tha t are used for
w r a p p i n g products
/'paekit/ noun [C] 1 a box, bag or piece of plastic w r a p p i n g ,
c o n t a i n i n g food t h at is ready to be sold: The ingredients should be
listed on the packet. 2 a s m a l l parcel or envelope c o n t a i n i n g a set
of s i m i l a r t h i n g s : A packet of brochures arrived in the post.
/ р е ш / noun [c/U] a bad feeling i n p a r t of your body when you
are h u r t or become i l l : An old injury was causing him intense pain.
/'pemf(a)l/ adj causing p h y s i c a l p a i n : The sting can be
excruciatingly painful.
p a i n k i l l e r / ' pem , kda / noun [C] a medicine tha t reduces p a i n
/реэ/ noun [C] 1 a set of t w o t h i n g s of the same type: The
vases were sold as a pair. 2 a single u n i t made up of two s i m i l a r
p a r t s j o i n e d together: My glasses are getting old and I probably
need a new pair.
p a l /pad/ noun [C] a f r i e n d
/peil/ adj 1 l i g h t and not b r i g h t i n colour: pale blue/yellow/
green 2 a pale person has s k i n t h at is l i g h t e r t h a n usual because
they are i l l , shocked or w o r r i e d : He looked pale and weary.
p a l m t r e e /'pa:m ,tri:/ noun [С] a t r o p i c a l tree w i t h o u t branches that
has large w i d e leaves g r o w i n g f r o m the top of its t r u n k
p a p e r w o r k / ' pe i pa , w3 : k / noun [U] the documents t h at you need for a
p a r t i c u l a r a c t i v i t y or occasion
p a r a c e t a m o l / pae r a ' sk t amD l , ,paera ' setamD l / noun [c/U] a c o m m on type
of p a i n k i l l e r
p a r a c h u t i n g /'paerajictin/ noun [U] the a c t i v i t y of j u m p i n g out of a
plane w e a r i n g a parachute
p a r c e l /'pa:s(a) l / noun [C] s o m e t h i n g w r a p p e d i n paper or i n a large
envelope so tha t i t can be sent by post
p a r r o t /'paerat/ noun [C] a b r i g h t l y coloured t r o p i c a l b i r d that is often
kept as a pet and can be taught to copy what people say
p a r t i c l e /'pa:tik(a)l/ noun [C] 1 an extremely s m a l l piece or amount of
s o m e t h i n g 2 an adverb or prepositio n used w i t h a verb to f o r m a
p h r a s a l verb. For example i n the sentence 'He q u i c k l y put on his
clothes', 'on' is a p a r t i c l e .
/pa' t ikjula/ adj used for emphasising tha t you are
t a l k i n g about one specific person or t h i n g and not anyone or
a n y t h i n g else: Are there any particular topics that you would like
me to explain further?
/paitna/ noun [C] 1 someone who you live w i t h and have
a sexual relationship w i t h : Are partners invited to the office party?
2 someone who you do a p a r t i c u l a r a c t i v i t y wdth: John is my tennis
partner. 3 one of two or more people who o w n a company and share
its profits and losses: He became a partner in his father's law firm.
part - time positive

p a r t - t i m e / pa:t'taim/ adj d o n e for o n l y p a r t o f t h e t i m e t h a t a n

( p i c t u r e s q u e /piktfa'resk/ adj a p i c t u r e s q u e p l a c e o r s c e n e i s a t t r a c t i v e
a c t i v i t y i s u s u a l l y p e r f o r m e d : a part-time job
/ p i l / noun [C] a s m a l l piece of solid m e d i c i n e that y o u s w a l l o w
t y /"parti/ noun [C] * * * 1 a s o c i a l e v e n t a t w h i c h p e o p l e m e e t i n w i t h w a t e r : vitamin pills
o r d e r to c e l e b r a t e s o m e t h i n g o r h a v e f u n : Did you invite her to
/ p m / noun [ q a s m a l l t h i n piece of m e t a l w i t h a s h a r p point,
your birthday party? 2 a n o r g a n i s e d group of people w h o s h a r e
u s e d for h o l d i n g cloth i n p l a ce w h i l e y o u a r e s e w i n g
the s a m e i d e a s a b o u t h o w a c o u n t r y s h o u l d b e g o v e r n e d , a n d w h o
t r y to get e l e c t e d : the two main political parties P I N / p i n / noun 1С] p e r s o n a l i d e n t i f i c a t i o n n u m b e r : a s e t of f o u r
n u m b e r s t h a t y o u p u t i n t o a c a s h m a c h i n e i n o r d e r to t a k e m o n e y
/'pa?f(a)n/ noun [c/u] a p o w e r f u l emotion s u c h a s love
out of y o u r b a n k a c c o u n t
or a n g e r : She spoke with great passion about the plight of the
refugees, noun [ q a s t r o n g e n t h u s i a s m o r i n t e r e s t : a passion for p i r a c y /'pairasi/ noun [u] 1 t h e c r i m e o f m a k i n g a n d s e l l i n g i l l e g a l
classical music copies of c o m p u t e r p r o g r a m s , books, videos o r C D s 2 the c r i m e
of s t e a l i n g t h i n g s f r o m s h i p s w h i l e t h e y a r e s a i l i n g
p a s s w o r d /'pa:s,w3:d/ noun [С] a s e c r e t w o r d o r p h r a s e t h a t y o u n e e d
i n o r d e r to get i n t o a r o o m , b u i l d i n g o r a r e a p i r a t e /'pairat/ noun [C] s o m e o n e w h o s t e a l s t h i n g s f r o m s h i p s w h i l e
they a r e s a i l i n g
/ р а : 6 / noun [C] a w a y f r o m o n e p l a c e to a n o t h e r t h a t p e o p l e
c a n w a l k a l o n g : Amy walked up the path to the house. /pitJ7 noun [C] a flat a r e a o f g r o u n d t h a t i s u s e d for p l a y i n g
s p o r t s o n : a football/cricket/rugby pitch
/'peif(a)nt/ adj s o m e o n e w h o i s p a t i e n t i s a b l e to w a i t for
a long t i m e o r d e a l w i t h a d i f f i c u l t s i t u a t i o n w i t h o u t b e c o m i n g /pleis/ ve rb [T] to p u t s o m e t h i n g s o m e w h e r e , u s u a l l y i n a
a n g r y o r u p s e t : Susan's very patient with the children. c a r e f u l w a y : Ella placed the dish on the table.

/'pa?t(a)n/ noun [C] 1 a s e r i e s of a c t i o n s o r events that / p l a : n t / noun [C] a l i v i n g t h i n g that grows i n soil a n d h a s
together s h o w h o w t h i n g s n o r m a l l y h a p p e n o r a r e d o n e : The l e a v e s a n d r o o t s : a strawberry plant
study examined patterns of behaviour in young children. 2 a set of / ' plaet , fa:m/ noun [C] 1 a r a i s e d s t r u c t u r e for p e o p l e
l i n e s , s h a p e s o r c o l o u r s t h a t a r e r e p e a t e d r e g u l a r l y : a carpet with to s t a n d o n s o t h a t t h e y c a n b e s e e n b y a n a u d i e n c e : The two
a pretty pattern 3 a d r a w i n g or shape that y o u use w h e n y o u a r e candidates shared the platform for the question and answer
m a k i n g s o m e t h i n g , so t h a t y o u get t h e s h a p e a n d s i z e c o r r e c t session. 2 a n a r e a n e x t to a r a i l w a y t r a c k w h e r e p a s s e n g e r s
PC / pi: 'si:/ noun [C] 1 p e r s o n a l c o m p u t e r : a c o m p u t e r t h a t i s get o n t o a n d o f f t r a i n s : The train to Brussels will depart from
t

d e s i g n e d to b e u s e d b y o n e p e r s o n a t h o m e o r i n a n office 2 p o l i c e platform 3.
constable: a police officer of t h e l o w e st r a n k / p l e i / noun [C] a p i e c e o f w r i t i n g t h a t i s i n t e n d e d to b e
/pi:s/ noun [U] 1 a situation i n w h i c h there is no w a r performed by actors i n a theatre or on television or the radio: a
b e t w e e n c o u n t r i e s o r g r o u p s : For many years the agreement Shakespeare/ West End play
maintained peace in Europe. 2 a c a l m quiet situation i n w h i c h /'pleia/ noun [С] 1 someone who plays a particular game
you a r e not a n n o y e d b y n o i s e o r o t h e r p e o p l e : He just wanted to o r s p o r t : a tennis/cricket player 2 someone who plays a m u s i c a l
read his newspaper in peace. i n s t r u m e n t : a piano player
/'pi:sf(a)l/ adj 1 not i n v o l v i n g w a r or violence : talks p l a y g r o u n d /'plei.graund/ noun [C] a n a r e a o f l a n d w h e r e c h i l d r e n
aimed at finding a peaceful solution to the crisis 2 c a l m a n d quiet: c a n play, e s p e c i a l l y at a s c h o o l
The hotel is set in peaceful surroundings.
/phot/ noun [c / u] a series of related events that m a k e up
/ р э , р з : / pr ep u s e d f o r s t a t i n g t h e r a t e o r c o s t for e a c h u n i t o f t h e m a i n s t o r y i n a b o o k , film e t c noun [C] a s e c r e t p l a n to do
t i m e , q u a n t i t y , d i s t a n c e e t c : He is paid £10 per hour for the job. s o m e t h i n g b a d , m a d e b y t w o o r m o r e p e o p l e : a kidnap plot

p e r f e c t i o n i s t /pa'fekf(a)nist/ noun [C] s o m e o n e w h o a l w a y s w a n t s p l u m b e r / ' р 1 л т э / noun [C] s o m e o n e w h o s e j o b i s to fit a n d r e p a i r t h e

t h i n g s to b e d o n e i n a p e r f e c t w a y p i p e s a n d e q u i p m e n t t h a t a r e u s e d for s u p p l y i n g a n d s t o r i n g w a t e r

/pa'fa:mans/ noun [C] the act of p e r f o r m i n g a play, /'pokit/ noun [C] a s m a l l b a g that forms p a r t of a piece of
d a n c e o r o t h e r f o r m o f e n t e r t a i n m e n t : The first performance of c l o t h i n g a n d i s u s e d f o r h o l d i n g s m a l l o b j e c t s : She searched her
the opera was in 1936. noun [c/U] the s t a n d a r d of s u c c e s s that pockets for the car keys.
s o m e o n e o r s o m e t h i n g a c h i e v e s : A healthy diet can improve a
p o i s o n /'poiz(a)n/ noun [c/U] a s u b s t a n c e t h a t c a n k i l l y o u o r m a k e
child's performance in school.
y o u i l l i f y o u e a t , d r i n k o r b r e a t h e it ve rb [T] 1 to k i l l s o m e o n e , o r
/pa'haeps/ adv 1 u s e d for s a y i n g that y o u a r e not m a k e t h e m v e r y i l l , b y g i v i n g t h e m p o i s o n : He was suspected of
c e r t a i n w h e t h e r s o m e t h i n g i s t r u e : I haven't seen them for poisoning his wife. 2 to p u t p o i s o n i n s o m e t h i n g : Waste from the
months - perhaps they've moved away. 2 u s e d w h e n y o u a r e factories is poisoning the water supply.
m a k i n g a suggestion, g i v i n g a d v i c e or m a k i n g a polite request:
p o l i c e f o r c e / 'p(a) l i :s , fa:s/ noun [C] a n o r g a n i s e d g r o u p o f p o l i c e
You don't look well - perhaps you should go to the doctor.
o f f i c e r s i n c h a r g e of a c o u n t r y o r a p a r t i c u l a r a r e a
/ ' р з : т э п э т / adj h a p p e n i n g or e x i s t i n g for a
p o l i c e o f f i c e r /'p(a) l i :s p f i sa / noun [ci a m e m b e r o f t h e p o l i c e
long t i m e , o r for a l l t i m e i n t h e f u t u r e : The illness can cause
permanent blindness. /pa'laitli/ adv i n a p o l i t e w a y : 'Didyou sleep well?'she
asked politely.
/pa'mif(a)n/ noun [u] t h e r i g h t to do s o m e t h i n g t h a t
is g i v e n to y o u b y s o m e o n e i n a u t h o r i t y : You are not allowed to / ,pDla' t i / (a)n/ noun [C] someone who h a s a job i n politics
camp here without permission.
/рэ'1и:Дэ)п/ noun [u] chemical s a n d other substances
/pa'sweid/ ve rb (Tj 1 to m a k e s o m e o n e a g r e e to do t h a t h a v e a h a r m f u l effect o n a i r , w a t e r o r l a n d : new measures to
s o m e t h i n g b y g i v i n g t h e m r e a s o n s w h y t h e y s h o u l d : He did prevent pollution levels from rising
finally come with us, although it took a long time to persuade him.
/ р э : / adj 1 h a v i n g little m o n e y a n d few p o s s e s s i o n s : a
2 to m a k e s o m e o n e b e l i e v e t h a t s o m e t h i n g i s t r u e : I managed to
poor family/area/country 2 not a s good a s e x p e c t e d o r needed:
persuade him that it was not his fault.
poor health/eyesight/hearing 3 u s e d f o r s h o w i n g t h a t y o u fee l
/'petral/ noun [u] a l i q u i d that is u s e d a s a fuel for c a r s a n d s o r r y f o r s o m e o n e : The poor child had lost both his parents.
other vehicles:
p o p u l a r /'popjula/ adj l i k e d b y m a n y p e o p l e : Jenny is one of the
p e t r o l s t a t i o n /'petral .steifan/ noun [C] a g a r a g e t h a t s e l l s p e t r o l for most popular girls in the school.
your c a r
p o p u l a t i o n /pDpjo'leif(a)n/ noun [singular] 1 the n u m b e r of people
p h a r m a c y /'fa:masi/ noun [C] a p l a c e w h e r e m e d i c i n e s a r e p r e p a r e d w h o l i v e i n a p a r t i c u l a r a r e a : Los Angeles has a population of
and sold over 3 million. 2 a l l the people w h o live i n a p a r t i c u l a r a r e a : Less
than 40% of the population voted in the last election.
p h o t o g r a p h e r /fa'tografa/ noun [C] s o m e o n e w h o t a k e s p h o t o g r a p h s ,
especially as their job /'pDzativ/ ad j 1 c o m p l e t e l y c e r t a i n : We'd met before - 1
was positive about that. 2 b e l i e v i n g t h a t g o o d t h i n g s w i l l h a p p e n ,
/'fiziks/ noun [U] the science that deals w i t h heat, light a n d
o r t h a t a s i t u a t i o n w i l l get b e t t e r : a positive attitude 3 a positive
other f o r m s of e n e r g y a n d h o w t h e y affect objects
e x p e r i e n c e , s i t u a t i o n , r e s u l t e t c i s a g o o d o n e : School was a
p i c n i c / ' p i k n i k / noun [ci a m e a l t h a t y o u e a t o u t s i d e totally positive experience for me.
 possession quickly

/pa'zef(a)n/ noun [C] s o m e t h i n g that you o w n : Their / p r a i z / noun [C] a r e w a r d t h a t y o u get for b e i n g s u c c e s s f u l
family home and possessions were destroyed in the fire. i n a c o m p e t i t i o n , o r for b e i n g g o o d at s o m e t h i n g : the Nobel Prize
for chemistry
/paust/ noun [ui the letters and parcels that are d e l i v e r e d
to someone, or the system used for c o l l e c t i n g , c a r r y i n g a n d /•prodAkt/ noun [C/u] s o m e t h i n g that is made, g r o w n
d e l i v e r i n g t h e m : There was no post for you today, verb [T] 1 to send or o b t a i n e d i n l a r g e q u a n t i t i e s so t h a t it c a n be s o l d : dairy/
a letter or p a r c e l to someone i n the post 2 to put i n f o r m a t i o n or pharmaceutical/software products
a message where the p u b l i c can see i t , for example on a w a l l : The /pra'fej"(a)nal/ adj 1 r e l a t i n g to w o r k t h a t n e e d s
menu and prices are posted outside the door. 3 to put i n f o r m a t i o n s p e c i a l s k i l l s a n d q u a l i f i c a t i o n s : Teachers must be free to exercise
on the I n t e r n e t : New job openings are posted every day on their their professional judgment. 2 p l a y i n g a s p o r t o r t a k i n g p a r t i n
website. a n a c t i v i t y a s a j o b r a t h e r t h a n for e n j o y m e n t : a professional
p o t i o n /'рэи/(э)п/ noun [C] a d r i n k t h a t is believed to be magic, actor/photographer
poisonous or useful as a m e d i c i n e /pra'fesa/ noun [C] a s e n i o r t e a c h e r i n a college or
/'раиэ/ noun [u] 1 the a b i l i t y to influence or c o n t r o l u n i v e r s i t y : a professor of English
people: a power struggle within the party 2 energy t h a t is used for /'praugraem/ noun [C] 1 a s e r i e s of p l a n n e d e v e n t s :
o p e r a t i n g equipmen t a n d machines: solar power 3 p h y s i c a l force a festival with an exciting musical programme 2 a t e l e v i s i o n
or s t r e n g t h : The boy was thrown backwards by the power of the o r r a d i o b r o a d c a s t : More people watch the news than any other
blast. programme. 3 a document that tells you what w i l l happen i n a
p e r f o r m a n c e or event
/'praektik(a)l/ adj 1 i n v o l v i n g , or r e l a t i n g to, r e a l
situations r a t h e r t h a n theories or ideas alone: Unfortunately this p r o g r a m m e r / ' р г а ц д г а е т э / noun [C] s o m e o n e w h o s e j o b i s to c r e a t e
research has no practical use. 2 m a k i n g sensible decisions a n d computer programs
choices based on w h a t can be successfully achieved: Despite their
/'prDd3ekt, ' p r a u d j e k t / noun [C] a p i e c e of w o r k t h a t
wealth, they were always practical about money. 3 intended to be
i n v o l v e s c o l l e c t i n g i n f o r m a t i o n : The university has set up a new
useful or suitable, not j u s t fashionable or a t t r a c t i v e : a practical research project to study language development in babies.
car for the family 4 able to m a k e r e p a i r s or do t h i n g s w i t h y o u r
hands i n a s k i l f u l way /'promis/ verb [l/T] 1 to t e l l s o m e o n e t h a t y o u w i l l
d e f i n i t e l y do s o m e t h i n g : The police chief promised tougher action
/'praektis/ noun [C/U] occasions w h e n y o u do s o m e t h i n g against young criminals. 2 to m a k e s o m e t h i n g s e e m l i k e l y : This
i n order to become better at i t , or the t i m e t h a t y o u spend d o i n g evening promises to be a lot of fun.
t h i s : piano/basketball practice
/'propati/ noun [U] t h e t h i n g s t h a t y o u o w n : The books
/'praektis/ verb [l/T] to repeat a n a c t i v i t y r e g u l a r l y so are my personal property, noun [c/U] l a n d a n d t h e b u i l d i n g s on
t h a t y o u become b e t t e r at i t : How many hours a day do you it: He owns several properties in London.
practise?
/pra'tekt/ verb [T] to k e e p s o m e o n e o r s o m e t h i n g safe:
/prei/ verb [l/T] to speak to God or a saint, for example to give Are you prepared to protect yourself in case of attack?
t h a n k s or to ask for help: They prayed for peace.
/pra'tekf(a)n/ noun [U] t h e p r o c e s s of k e e p i n g
p r e d a t o r /'predata/ noun [C] a n a n i m a l t h a t k i l l s and eats other s o m e o n e o r s o m e t h i n g safe: the protection of the countryside
animals
p r o t e i n / ' p r a u t k n / noun [U] a s u b s t a n c e i n f o o d s s u c h a s m e a t , eggs
/prfdikt/ verb [T] to say w h a t y o u t h i n k w i l l happen i n the and m i l k that keeps you healthy
f u t u r e : They're predicting heavy rain for tomorrow.
/'prautest/ noun [C/u] a strong complaint or disagreement:
p r e s c r i p t i o n /prfsknpjan/ noun [C] a piece o f paper t h a t a doctor a formal protest against the nuclear testing noun [C] a n occasion
gives y o u t h a t says w h a t t y p e of m e d i c i n e y o u need: The drug is w h e n p e o p l e s h o w s t r o n g p u b l i c o p p o s i t i o n to s o m e t h i n g : a
only available on prescription. protest march

/pres/ noun the press: newspapers a n d news magazines, p r o t e s t /pra'test/ verb [i] to s h o w p u b l i c l y t h a t y o u o p p o s e
or the j o u r n a l i s t s w h o w o r k on t h e m : the national/local/ s o m e t h i n g : Workers are protesting against high unemployment.
American press / p r a o d / adj 1 feeling happy about y o u r achievements, y o ur
/'preja/ noun [c/U] 1 a t t e m p t s t o persuade o r force p o s s e s s i o n s , o r p e o p l e w h o y o u a r e c o n n e c t e d w i t h : We're so
someone to do s o m e t h i n g : Pressure for political change proud of her for telling the truth. 2 a p r o u d p e r s o n d o e s not l i k e
o t h e r p e o p l e to h e l p t h e m o r to t h i n k t h a t t h e y a r e w e a k : a proud
increased in the 1990s. 2 a w o r r i e d f e e l i n g t h a t y o u get w h e n
you have to deal w i t h a d i f f i c u l t or c o m p l i c a t e d s i t u a t i o n : and independent nation
With greatly increased workloads, everyone is under pressure /pAbli'keif(a)n/ noun [U] t h e p r o c e s s of p r o d u c i n g a
now. noun [U] a p h y s i c a l force t h a t is p r e s s i n g o n someone o r b o o k for people to buy: She became famous after the publication of
s o m e t h i n g : She became aware of the pressure of his hand on her her first novel, noun [Ci a m a g a z i n e , n e w s p a p e r o r book: a weekly
shoulder. financial publication
/'prhvias/ adj a p r e v i o u s event, p e r i o d or t h i n g p u b l i s h e r /'рлЬЬ/э/ noun [C] a p e r s o n o r c o m p a n y t h a t p r o d u c e s a n d
happened or existed before the one t h a t y o u are t a l k i n g about: sells books
Mark has two children from a previous marriage. / ' р л ш ] / verb [T] to do s o m e t h i n g u n p l e a s a n t to s o m e o n e
/prkst/ noun [C] 1 someone whose j o b is to p e r f o r m r e l i g i o u s b e c a u s e t h e y h a v e d o n e s o m e t h i n g b a d o r i l l e g a l : He was
duties and ceremonies i n some C h r i s t i a n churches: a Roman punished for stealing.
Catholic priest 2 a m a n w h o p e r f o r m s r e l i g i o u s duties i n some
r e l i g i o n s t h a t are not C h r i s t i a n /рз-s/ noun [C] a s m a l l b a g for c a r r y i n g m o n e y

p r i m e m i n i s t e r / p r a i m 'minista/ noun [C] the p o l i t i c a l leader i n S

c o u n t r i e s such as the U K t h a t are governed by a p a r l i a m e n t
/print/ verb [l/T] to produce words, n u m b e r s , p i c t u r e s etc on

Q
paper, u s i n g a p r i n t e r or p r i n t i n g press: The book is beautifully
printed on quality paper, verb m 1 to p u b l i s h s o m e t h i n g i n a
newspaper or magazine: They refused to print my letter. 2 to
produce a p h o t o g r a p h on paper
/'printa/ noun [C] 1 a piece of equipment that y o u use for q u e s t i o n n a i r e /kwestfa'nea/ noun [ q a set of q u e s t i o n s t h a t a lot
p r i n t i n g documents t h a t y o u have created on a computer 2 a of p e o p l e a r e a s k e d a s a w a y o f g e t t i n g i n f o r m a t i o n a b o u t w h a t
person or business tha t p r i n t s books, newspapers etc p e o p l e g e n e r a l l y t h i n k o r do

/ k j u : / noun [C] a l i n e of p e o p l e t h a t a r e w a i t i n g for

/'pnz(a)n/ noun [C/u] a n i n s t i t u t i o n where people are kept
s o m e t h i n g : There was a long queue for tickets.
as a p u n i s h m e n t for c o m m i t t i n g a c r i m e : He's currently in prison
for tax fraud. / ' k w i k l i / adv at a fast s p e e d : We have to work quickly.

18
race respect

/'ref(d)rans/ noun [C/U] a comment that mentions

s o m e o n e o r s o m e t h i n g : He made no reference to my untidy
appearance, noun [C] a statement g i v i n g i n f o r m a t i o n about you
that you a s k someone who k n o w s you or h a s worked w i t h you
to p r o v i d e w h e n y o u a p p l y for a n e w j o b : Her former employer
provided a reference for her.
/reis/ noun [C] a competition that decides who is the fastest
r e f i n e /rffain/ verb m to r e m o v e t h i n g s f r o m a n a t u r a l s u b s t a n c e i n
at d o i n g s o m e t h i n g : He is training for a big race, noun [C/u]
o r d e r to m a k e it p u r e
a g r o u p of people w h o a r e s i m i l a r b e c a u s e t h e y h a v e t h e s a m e
s k i n c o l o u r or o t h e r p h y s i c a l f e a t u r e s , o r b e c a u s e t h e y s p e a k t h e a r /"regjula/ adj 1 a r r a n g e d so t h a t t h e r e i s t h e s a m e
s a m e l a n g u a g e or h a v e t h e s a m e h i s t o r y or c u s t o m s : We do not a m o u n t of t i m e or s p a c e b e t w e e n t h i n g s : regular monthly meetings
discriminate on the basis of race or gender. 2 d o i n g s o m e t h i n g o r done f r e q u e n t l y : a regular customer
3 f o l l o w i n g t h e n o r m a l p a t t e r n s of g r a m m a r : regular verbs
r a i n f o r e s t /'rem . f Dns t / noun [C/U] a forest i n a t r o p i c a l r e g i o n of t h e
w o r l d w h e r e it r a i n s a lot /'regjutali/ adv 1 a f t e r e q u a l a m o u n t s of t i m e h a v e
p a s s e d : The committee meets regularly. 2 f r e q u e n t l y : The
r a i s e y o u r v o i c e /,reiz j3 ' VD I S / phrase to s p e a k i n a l o u d a n g r y w a y : We equipment needs to be checked regularly.
told him not to raise his voice to our children.
/ri'leitid/ adj 1 c o n n e c t e d : We think the two crimes are
r a s h /гае// noun [c] a n a r e a of s m a l l r e d s p o t s o n y o u r s k i n t h a t i s related in some way. 2 b e l o n g i n g to t h e s a m e f a m i l y : Annie's
c a u s e d by a n i l l n e s s or a r e a c t i o n to s o m e t h i n g related to the director.

/ri: t |7 verb [T] to a r r i v e s o m e w h e r e : We hoped to reach /ri'leif(3)nfip/ noun [C] 1 the w a y i n w h i c h two or m o r e
the camp before dark, verb [I] to m o v e y o u r h a n d t o w a r d s people or t h i n g s a r e c o n n e c t e d : There is a close relationship between
s o m e t h i n g y o u a r e t r y i n g to t o u c h o r p i c k u p : He turned round and poverty and crime. 2 a s i t u a t i o n i n w h i c h two people a r e s e x u a l or
reached for the phone, verb [i/т] to m a n a g e to t o u c h s o m e t h i n g r o m a n t i c p a r t n e r s : / was already in a relationship when I met Ben.
or p i c k it u p b y s t r e t c h i n g out y o u r a r m : We keep the bottles up here
/'reldtivli/ adv i n c o m p a r i s o n w i t h s o m e o n e or
so the children can't reach them.
s o m e t h i n g s i m i l a r : a relatively small flat
r e a d o u t /,ri:d 'aut/ phr vb to s a y t h e w o r d s t h a t y o u a r e r e a d i n g so /niaekst/ adj c a l m a n d not w o r r i e d : Bill came back from his
that people c a n h e a r t h e m : He read the list of names out. holiday looking relaxed and tanned.
r e a d u p o n / r i : d 'лр on/ phr vb to get i n f o r m a t i o n o n a p a r t i c u l a r r e l a x i n g /n'laeksm/ adj p l e a s a n t a n d m a k i n g y o u feel r e l a x e d
subject by r e a d i n g a lot a b o u t it: I need to read up on my British
/ri'li:s/ verb [T] 1 to let s o m e o n e l e a v e a p l a c e w h e r e t h e y
history.
h a v e b e e n kept: The authorities had recently released two suspects.
r e b e l l i o u s /n'beljds/ adj o p p o s i n g a u t h o r i t y or t h e a c c e p t e d r u l e s of 2 to stop h o l d i n g s o m e o n e o r s o m e t h i n g : She slowly released her
s o c i e ty grip on Louisa's hand.

r e b o o t /ri:'bu:t/ verb [l/T] i f a c o m p u t e r or s y s t e m r e b o o t s , or i f /п'1аюЬ(э)1/ adj able to be t r u s t e d : a reliable workman/car

s o m e o n e r e b o o t s it, it s t a r t s a g a i n a f t e r it h a s b e e n t u r n e d off r e l y o n /n'lai pnl phr vb 1 to n e e d s o m e t h i n g i n o r d e r to c o n t i n u e
/ n'si : t / noun [C] a d o c u m e n t t h a t y o u get f r o m s o m e o n e l i v i n g , e x i s t i n g , o r o p e r a t i n g : The museum relies on voluntary
donations to keep open. 2 to t r u s t s o m e o n e or s o m e t h i n g to do
s h o w i n g t h a t y o u h a v e g i v e n t h e m m o n e y or goods: Keep all your
s o m e t h i n g for y o u : Sometimes you just have to rely on your own
credit card receipts.
judgment.
/'ri:s(a)nt/ adj h a p p e n i n g or s t a r t i n g a s h o r t t i m e ago: a
/'reniddi/ noun [C] 1 a s o l u t i o n to a p a r t i c u l a r p r o b l e m :
recent discovery
There are no easy remedies for learning difficulties. 2 a c u r e for
r e c e p t i o n i s t /n'sepjlajmst/ noun [ q s o m e o n e w h o w o r k s i n r e c e p t i o n p a i n o r for a m i n o r i l l n e s s : homeopathic/herbal remedies
at a hotel o r office a n d w h o s e j o b i s to w e l c o m e v i s i t o r s , d e a l w i t h
r e m o t e c o n t r o l /n.maut kan'traul/ noun [u] a s y s t e m of c o n t r o l l i n g a
q u e s t i o n s etc
m a c h i n e or a vehicle from a distance
/'resspi/ noun [C] a set of i n s t r u c t i o n s for c o o k i n g or r e n e w a b l e /n'nju:ab ( 3)l/ adj 1 a r e n e w a b l e c o n t r a c t o r a r r a n g e m e n t
p r e p a r i n g a p a r t i c u l a r food: a recipe for apple pie c a n be c o n t i n u e d for a l o n g e r p e r i o d of t i m e 2 r e n e w a b l e e n e r g y
/ r e k s ' m e n d / verb [T] to s a y t h a t s o m e o n e o r a n d n a t u r a l m a t e r i a l s r e p l a c e t h e m s e l v e s by n a t u r a l p r o c e s s e s , so
s o m e t h i n g i s good a n d w o r t h u s i n g , h a v i n g or e x p e r i e n c i n g : Can t h a t they a r e n e v e r completely u s e d up
you recommend a good restaurant? | y / r r p l a i / verb [l/T] • * * to s a y , w r i t e o r do s o m e t h i n g a s a n
a n s w e r : Tknow,' Corbett replied quietly.
/'rek3:d/ noun [C] 1 i n f o r m a t i o n that is kept about
s o m e t h i n g t h a t h a s h a p p e n e d or t h a t s o m e o n e h a s done: medical/ /п'рэ: 7 noun [C] 1 a s p o k e n o r w r i t t e n d e s c r i p t i o n of a
historical records 2 t h e b e st a c h i e v e m e n t so f a r i n a p a r t i c u l a r p a r t i c u l a r s u b j e c t , s i t u a t i o n o r event: A new report shows violent
a c t i v i t y , e s p e c i a l l y a s p o r t : She holds the world record in the 800 crime is on the increase. 2 a n a r t i c l e or b r o a d c a s t t h a t g i v e s
metres. 3 a l a r g e c i r c u l a r b l a c k p i e c e of p l a s t i c c o n t a i n i n g m u s i c i n f o r m a t i o n a b o u t s o m e t h i n g i n t h e n e w s : Did you see that report
or o t h e r s o u n d s : an original Beatles' record about house prices in London? 3 a d o c u m e n t t h a t i s w r i t t e n by a
t e a c h e r , g i v i n g d e t a i l s of a s t u d e n t ' s s c h o o l w o r k verb [i/т] to
/ri'kj:d/ verb [T] to m a k e a r e c o r d of s o m e t h i n g t h a t h a s give i n f o r m a t i o n about s o m e t h i n g i n a n e w s a r t i c l e or broadcast:
h a p p e n e d , u s u a l l y by w r i t i n g it d o w n : They were asked to record Three journalists were sent to report on the conflict, verb [T]
the time at which the attack happened, verb [i/т] to p u t s o u n d s o r to p r o d u c e a n o f f i c i a l s t a t e m e n t o r a w r i t t e n d o c u m e n t a b o u t
i m a g e s onto a DVD, CD or v i d e o : Can you record the football for me a p a r t i c u l a r s u b j e c t : The committee will report the results of its
at 10 o'clock? investigation tomorrow.

/ п ' к л у э / verb [I] to b e c o m e fit a n d h e a l t h y a g a i n a f t e r a n /,repju'teif(d)n/ noun [C/u] t h e o p i n i o n p e o p l e h a v e about

i l l n e s s o r i n j u r y : I haven't fully recovered from the flu. ve rb [T]
to get b a c k s o m e t h i n g t h a t h a s b e e n lost o r s t o l e n o r i s o w e d :
thieves were caught, but many of the items were never recovered.
r e c y c l e /rirsaik(a)l/ verb m to t r e a t w a s t e m a t e r i a l s so t h a t t h e y c a n
be u s e d a g a i n
/n'dju:s/ verb [T] to m a k e s o m e t h i n g s m a l l e r o r l e s s i n
size, a m o u n t , i m p o r t a n c e , p r i c e etc: Try to reduce the amount of fat
in your diet.
r e e f /ri: f / noun [C] a l o n g l i n e of r o c k or c o r a l i n t h e s e a , w i t h its top
j u s t below or j u s t abov e t h e s u r f a c e
r e f e r e e /refd'ri:/ noun [C] s o m e o n e w h o s e j o b i s to m a k e s u r e t h a t
p l a y e r s i n a g a m e obey t h e r u l e s
h o w good o r b a d s o m e o n e o r s o m e t h i n g i s : The town has a bad
The reputation.
/rfsartf, 'ri:s3: tJ7 noun [U] the d e t a i l e d s t u d y of s o m e t h i n g i n
o r d e r to d i s c o v e r n e w facts: medical/historical/linguistic research
/'rezid(d)nt/ noun [C] someone who lives i n a p a r t i c u l a r
p l a c e : Many local residents have objected to the new road.
/n'spekt/ noun [U] 1 the attitude that someone is
i m p o r t a n t a n d s h o u l d be a d m i r e d , a n d t h a t y o u s h o u l d t r e a t t h e m
p o l i t e l y : She has worked hard to gain the respect of her colleagues.
2 a feeling that s o m e t h i n g is i m p o r t a n t a n d deserves s e r i o u s
a t t e n t i o n : a healthy respect for the law verb [T] to t r e a t s o m e o n e
in a way that shows that you t h i n k they a r e important a n d should
b e a d m i r e d : He is highly respected in his profession.
 responsibility science fiction

/ r i .spDnsa 'bi lat i / noun [u] s o m e t h i n g t h a t you have /'глЫГ/ noun [U] 1 t h i n g s that you t h r o w away because
to do as a d u t y or a job: She has a lot of responsibility as a nurse. they are no longer useful: The streets were littered with rubbish.
2 t h i n g s that someone says or w r i t e s t h a t are not reasonable or
/ r i ' spDns3b(a) l / adj 1 i f you are responsible for
sensible: As usual, he was talking complete rubbish. 3 something
something that has happened, you caused i t , or you deserve to be
t h a t is of v e r y low q u a l i t y : Critics have described the paintings as
blamed for i t : Parents feel responsible when things go wrong. 2 i n
worthless rubbish.
charge of someone or s o m e t h i n g : The manager is responsible for
the running of the theatre. r u c k s a c k /'rAk.sask/ noun [C] a bag that you c a r r y on your back
/rest/ noun [singular] the p a r t of s o m e t h i n g that r e m a i n s , /ru:d/ adj not polite: I don't want to seem rude, but I'd rather
or the people or t h i n g s t h a t r e m a i n : I'm not really hungry - do be alone.
you want the rest? noun [c/U] a p e r i o d of t i m e t h a t you spend
r u i n /'ru:m/ verb [T] to spoil or destroy something: She had ruined her
r e l a x i n g or sleeping: Can we stop for a minute? I need a rest, verb [l]
mother's chances of getting a job.
1 to spend a perio d of t i m e r e l a x i n g or sleeping: It would be
nice to sit down and rest for a while. 2 to not use a p a r t of y o u r body /rud/ noun [C] a statement that explains what you can or
that is t i r e d or i n j u r e d , so that it can get better: You'll need to rest cannot do i n a p a r t i c u l a r situation : grammatical rules noun [U]
your foot for at least two days. the person, group, or c o u n t r y that officially controls a place:
British rule over Hong Kong ended in 1997.
r e s t r i c t i o n / r i 'stnkf tain/ noun [C] something, for example a law, that
l i m i t s what you can do r u n n e r /'глпэ/ noun [C] a person or a n i m a l that r u n s i n a race, or
someone who r u n s for pleasure
/n ' zAl t / noun [c/U] s o m e t h i n g t h a t is caused d i r e c t l y

s
by s o m e t h i ng else: He said the argument was the result of a
misunderstanding, noun [С] 1 the final score i n a sports game,
the n u m b e r of votes t h a t someone gets i n an election or the
n u m b e r of points that someone gets i n a c o m p e t i t i o n : The election
result was a disaster for the party. 2 a piece of i n f o r m a t i o n t h a t you
get by e x a m i n i n g , s t u d y i n g or c a l c u l a t i n g something: The results
of the survey will be published shortly, noun [plural] results:
success t h a t you achieve: He breaks rules, but he gets results.

/пЧаю/ verb [I] to stop w o r k i n g permanently, especially / ve rb [T] to f o r c e s o m e o n e to l e a v e t h e i r j o b : Hundreds of

when you are old: He retired from the army last month. workers are to be sacked at the factory.
r e t i r e d /n'taiad/ adj no longer w o r k i n g at a job, especially when you /seed/ adj f e e l i n g u n h a p p y , m a k i n g y o u feel u n h a p p y o r
are old: a retired teacher/police officer s h o w i n g t h a t y o u feel u n h a p p y : It was a sad day when we sold our
home.
r e u n i o n / r i :'ju : n i an / noun [c] a social event for people who have not
seen each other for a long t i m e : a family reunion s a d n e s s /'saednas/ noun [u] t h e f e e l i n g of b e i n g u n h a p p y : Joan's
childhood was filled with pain and sadness.
r e v i s e / r i 'vaiz/ verb [T] to change, i m p r o v e or make additions to
something: a revised draft of the treaty verb [l/T] to study y o u r notes s a i l i n g /'seihrj/ noun [U] t h e s p o r t o r a c t i v i t y of t r a v e l l i n g a c r o s s
and i n f o r m a t i o n again i n order to prepare for an e x a m i n a t i o n w a t e r i n a s a i l i n g boat

r e v i s i o n / n'vi3(a)n / noun [c/u] the process of c h a n g i n g , i m p r o v i n g or /'sadari/ noun [C] a fixed a m o u n t of m o n e y t h a t y o u e a r n

m a k i n g additions to something: He intends to undertake a major
revision of the constitution, noun [U] the w o r k of s t u d y i n g for an
e x a m i n a t i o n : I can't go out-I've got to do some revision for my
exams.
/ritjy adj 1 h a v i n g a lot of money, p r o p e r t y or valuable
possessions: a rich man 2 c o n t a i n i n g a lot of t h i n g s such as butter,
eggs or crea m that make y o u r stomach feel f u l l very q u i c k l y : a
rich chocolate dessert
/raid/ verb [i/т] to sit on a bicycle, motorcycle or an a n i m a l
such as a horse and c o n t r o l i t as i t moves: / learned to ride a bike
when I was five.
r i g h t - h a n d e d /rait ' haend i d / adj n a t u r a l l y t e n d i n g to use y o u r r i g h t
h a nd r a t h e r t h a n y o u r left to do t h i n g s such as w r i t i n g
/nr j / noun [C] 1 a piece of j e w e l l e r y i n the f o r m of a
circle t h a t you wear on a finger: She had a ring on every finger.
2 s o m e t h i ng t h a t is i n the shape of a circle: onion rings
e a c h m o n t h o r y e a r f r o m y o u r j o b : an annual salary of £25.000
/saend/ noun [U] a p a l e b r o w n s u b s t a n c e t h a t y o u find at a
b e a c h o r i n t h e d e s e r t , f o r m e d f r o m v e r y s m a l l p i e c e s of r o c k :
The children were playing in the sand.
/sa:s/ noun [c/U] a l i q u i d food t h a t y o u p u t o n o t h e r foods to
g i v e t h e m a p a r t i c u l a r f l a v o u r : tomato sauce
/ se i v / ve rb [T] 1 to m a k e it p o s s i b l e for s o m e o n e o r
s o m e t h i n g to a v o i d d a n g e r , h a r m , i n j u r y etc: campaigns to save
the planet 2 to a v o i d u s i n g s o m e t h i n g s u c h a s m o n e y , t i m e o r
e n e r g y , o r to u s e l e s s of it: You can save £25 if you buy your tickets
before Saturday. 3 to k e e p o r s t o r e s o m e t h i n g so t h a t y o u c a n u s e
it i n t h e f u t u r e : Save some energy for the end of the race, verb [l/T]
if a g o a l k e e p e r s a v e s a b a l l i n a sport s u c h a s football, they
prevent the b a l l from going into the net
s c a n d a l /'skaend(a)l/ noun [c/U] a s i t u a t i o n i n w h i c h p e o p l e b e h a v e i n
a d i s h o n e s t o r i m m o r a l w a y t h a t s h o c k s people: a sex scandal

/ r isk/ noun [C/U] the p o s s i b i l i t y t h a t s o m e t h i n g unpleasant s c a n n e r /'skaena/ noun [С] 1 a p i e c e of e q u i p m e n t t h a t y o u u s e for

or dangerous m i g h t happen: The risks to consumers are being c o p y i n g a p i c t u r e o r d o c u m e n t i n t o a c o m p u t e r 2 a p i e c e of
analysed, verb [T] to do s o m e t h i n g a l t h o u g h you k n o w t h a t e q u i p m e n t t h a t i s u s e d for p r o d u c i n g a p i c t u r e of t h e i n s i d e of a n
something t h a t is bad could happen as a result: He risked a lot of o b j e c t o r a p a r t of y o u r b o d y
money on the company.
s c a r /ska:/ noun [С] a p e r m a n e n t m a r k o n y o u r s k i n w h e r e y o u h a v e
r i v e r b a n k / ' nva ,baer)k/ noun [C] the l a n d at the side of a r i v e r b e e n i n j u r e d : He has a scar under his left eye.
r o b /rob/ verb [T] to take money or p r o p e r t y f r o m someone i l l e g a l l y : /skead/ adj f r i g h t e n e d o r w o r r i e d : I'm scared stiff of having
They were planning to rob the museum. the operation.
r o b b e r /'гоЬэ/ noun [C] someone who steals money or p r o p e r t y s c a r y /'skeari/ adj f r i g h t e n i n g : a scary story

r o b b e r y /'robari/ noun [c/U] the c r i m e of stealin g money or p r o p e r t y s c h o l a r s h i p /'skDlaJip/ noun [C] a n a m o u n t of m o n e y t h a t a n

o r g a n i s a t i o n g i v e s to s o m e o n e s o t h a t t h e y c a n s t u d y at
r o m a n c e / r au ' maens / noun [U] the b e h a v i o u r t h a t is t y p i c a l of t w o
a p a r t i c u l a r s c h o o l o r u n i v e r s i t y : Sophie was awarded a
people who love each other: She wasn't in a mood for romance, noun
scholarship to attend Boston University.
[C] a book or film about a r o m a n t i c r e l a t i o n s h ip
/'saians/ noun [U] t h e s t u d y a n d k n o w d e d g e of t h e
r o o m m a t e /'ru:m,meit/ noun [C] someone who you share a r o o m w i t h
p h y s i c a l w o r l d a n d its b e h a v i o u r , t h a t i s b a s e d o n e x p e r i m e n t s
/гэир/ noun [C/U] a type of v e r y t h i c k s t r i n g t h a t can be used a n d f a c t s a n d i s o r g a n i s e d i n t o a s y s t e m : recent advances in
for t y i n g or p u l l i n g t h i n g s science
/ru:t/ noun [C] the roads or paths t h a t you use w h e n you go s c i e n c e f i c t i o n / s a i a n s 'fikfan/ noun [u] b o o k s a n d films a b o u t
from one place to another: The tunnel is the route taken by most i m a g i n a r y f u t u r e e v e n t s t h a t often i n c l u d e s p a c e t r a v e l a n d
drivers. creatures from other planets

120
scientist
/'saisntist/ noun [C] someone w h o is t r a i n e d i n science,
especially someone whose j o b is to do scientific r e s e a r c h
/sky./ noun [C] the n u m b e r of p o i n t s t h a t someone gains i n
a game o r test: The average score for the test was 75. verb [l/T] to
get a p o i n t i n a game or sport: No one scored in the first half.
/skri:n/ noun [C] the flat surface o n a computer, t e l e v i s i o n
or piece of electronic e q u i p m e n t where w o r d s and p i c t u r e s are
shown: Suddenly the screen went blank.
s c u b a d i v i n g /'sku:ba d a i v m / noun [ii] the a c t i v i t y of s w i m m i n g
under w a t e r w i t h a c o n t a i n e r of a i r o n y o u r back and a tube for
breathing throug h
s e a l e v e l /'si: ,leval/ noun [u] the average level of the sea. I t is used
for m e a s u r i n g the h e i g h t of p a r t s of the l a n d .
s e a r c h e n g i n e /'s3:tf .endjm/ noun [C] a c o m p u t e r p r o g r a m t h a t is
used for s e a r c h i n g for i n f o r m a t i o n on the I n t e r n e t
s e a s i c k /'si:,sik/ adj feeling i l l f r o m the movement of the boat t h a t
you are t r a v e l l i n g o n
s e a s i c k n e s s /'si: siknis/ noun [u]
s e a s i d e /'si:,said/ noun [singular] a n area t h a t is n e ar the sea, especially
one where people go for a h o l i d a y : This was their first family
holiday together at the seaside.
/siit/ noun [C] s o m e t h i n g t h a t y o u c a n sit o n : Some of the
vans have leather seats.
>n ДекДэ)п/ Houn [С] 1 a p e r s o n, g r o u p , p a r t , or area t h a t
forms p a r t of s o m e t h i n g l a r g e r: The frozen-foods section is in
the rear of the shop. 2 a p a r t of a newspaper, book, o r other piece
of w r i t i n g t h a t may be considered separately: The story was
reported on the front page of the business section.
/si'kjuardti/ noun [U] 1 safety f r o m attack, h a r m ,
or damage: The information received is highly confidential
and relates to national security. 2 the d e p a r t m e n t w i t h i n a n
organisation t h a t protects b u i l d i n g s a n d w o r k e r s : If you won't
leave, I'll have to call security.
/si:d/ noun [c/U] a s m a l l h a r d p a r t produce d by a p l a n t t h a t
can g r o w i n t o a new p l a n t of the same t y p e : a packet of seeds
/si:m/ verb [l] to appear to be s o m e t h i n g , or t o appear to
have a p a r t i c u l a r q u a l i t y : John seems nice.
s e l e c t i v e /si'lektiv/ adj c a r e f u l about w h a t y o u choose or accept: He
is very selective in his reading.
s e l f - c e n t r e d /selfsentad/ dj too interested i n yourself, so t h a t y o u
do not t h i n k about w h a t other people feel or need
s e l f - c o n f i d e n c e /self'konfidans/ noun [U] the f e e l i n g t h a t y o u can do
t h i n g s w e l l and t h a t people respect y o u
s e l f - e m p l o y e d /self i m ' p b i d / adj w o r k i n g for y o u r s e l f r a t h e r t h a n
being employed d i r e c t l y by a company or o r g a n i s a t i o n
s e l f i s h /'selfif/ adj t h i n k i n g o n l y about y o u r s e l f and not c a r i n g
about other people: a greedy selfish man
s e l f - r e l i a n t /selfn'laiant/ adj able to do t h i n g s for y o u r s e l f w i t h o u t
depending o n other people
/sel/ verb [T] to let someone have s o m e t h i n g i n exchange for
money: We've decided to sell our house and move to Spain.
s e n i o r c i t i z e n /sknia 'sitizan/ noun [C] someone w h o is at or past the
age w h e n most people stop w o r k i n g
s e n s a t i o n /seriseif(3)n/ noun [C/U] the a b i l i t y to feel s o m e t h i n g ,
or s o m e t h i n g t h a t y o u feel: When she awoke she had lost all
sensation in her legs.
s e n s a t i o n a l i s m /sen'seij(3 ) n3,liz(3)m/ noun [U] a w a y o f r e p o r t i n g
events, especially i n a newspaper, t h a t makes t h e m seem as
e x c i t i n g or s h o c k i n g as possible
/'sentans/ noun [C] 1 a g r o u p of words, u s u a l l y
i n c l u d i n g a subject a n d a verb, t h a t expresses a statement,
question or i n s t r u c t i o n 2 a p u n i s h m e n t t h a t is o f f i c i a l ly g i v e n by
a judge: She received the maximum sentence of ten years.
/'sep(3)ret/ adj 1 not together: My brother and I
always had separate rooms. 2 not connected w i t h s o m e t h i n g t h a t
is s i m i l a r : Police have arrested seven drug smugglers in three
separate incidents this week.
/'siariiz/ noun [С] 1 a set of t e l e v i s i o n or r a d i o
programmes t h a t are a l l about a p a r t i c u l a r subject, person o r
simplify
g r o u p of people: Tonight's programme is the second in a three-part
series. 2 a set o f t h i n g s t h a t are made w i t h the same design, o r
made i n the same way: a popular new series of children's books
/'siarias/ adj 1 bad or dangerous enough to m a k e y o u
w o r r i e d : It's not a serious problem. 2 m e a n i n g w h a t y o u say or do,
a n d not m a k i n g a j o k e : I'm sorry, I didn't realise you were being
serious.
/'s3:vis/ noun [С] * * * 1 a system t h a t provides t h i n g s t h a t
the p u b l i c needs: transport/education services 2 a r e l i g i o u s
ceremony: a church service
s e t u p /set л р / phr vb [l/T] to s t a r t s o m e t h i n g such as a business,
o r g a n i s a t i o n o r i n s t i t u t i o n : The group plans to set up an import
business.
/Jip/ noun [C] a v e r y l a r g e boat t h a t is used for c a r r y i n g
people or goods l o n g distances: His ship sailed from Pearl Harbor
on Monday.
/Jbk/ noun [singular/u] the f e e l i n g of b e i n g v e r y s u r p r i s e d
by s o m e t h i n g bad t h a t happens unexpectedly : Jessica's face
was blank with shock, noun [C] s o m e t h i n g t h a t happens
u n e x p e c t e d l y a n d makes y o u feel v e r y s u r p r i s e d a n d upset: The
price of housing was quite a shock for us.
/Jbkt/ adj 1 v e r y s u r p r i s e d a n d upset by s o m e t h i n g bad
t h a t happens unexpectedly: We were deeply shocked to hear of his
sudden death. 2 v e r y offended or e m b a r r a s s e d by s o m e t h i n g t h a t
you consider i m m o r a l : People were shocked by the sex scenes in
the film.
/Ju:t/ verb [l/T] 1 to f i r e a g u n : We were ordered not to shoot
until he gave the signal. 2 i n sport, to t h r o w or k i c k a b a l l i n an
a t t e m p t to score p o i n t s : He shot the ball straight at the goalkeeper.
ve rb ГП * * * t o h i t someone o r s o m e t h i n g w i t h a b u l l e t f r o m a g u n :
The man was shot in the head as he left the bar.
s h o p a s s i s t a n t /Jbp a.sistant/ noun [C] someone whose j o b is to serve
people i n a shop
s h o p l i f t i n g /jbpjiftir)/ noun [U] the c r i m e of s t e a l i n g t h i n g s f r o m a
shop
s h o r t s t o r y Ijxt 'std:ri/ noun [C] a s h o r t piece of w r i t i n g about an
imaginary situation
/Jaut/ ve rb [l/T] 1 to say s o m e t h i n g i n a loud voice: He was
one of those speakers who shout into the microphone. 2 to make a
sudden loud noise because y o u are a f r a i d or y o u feel p a i n : A man
in the next bed was shouting wildly in pain.
/fan/ noun [C] 1 a p e r f o r m a n c e i n a theatre: the new show
at the Aldwych Theatre 2 a t e l e v i s i o n or r a d i o p r o g r a m m e : It's
the funniest comedy show on television. 3 a n e x h i b i t i o n : a fashion/
flower show
/ / а и э / noun [C] 1 a piece of e q u i p m e n t t h a t forces s m a l l
drops of w a t e r i n t o the a i r and is used for w a s h i n g y o u r body, or
a s m a l l area w i t h a shower i n i t : The shower isn't working. 2 the
a c t i v i t y of w a s h i n g y o u r s e l f by s t a n d i n g u n d e r a shower: I'm
going to have a shower.
/fai/ adj n e r v o u s and e m b a r r a s s ed i n the compan y of other
people, especially people w h o y o u do not k n o w : I'd love to meet
her but I'm too shy to introduce myself.
s i b l i n g /'siblm/ noun [C] y o u r s i b l i n g s are y o u r b r o t h e r s and sisters
/sik/ adj i f y o u are sick, food t h a t y o u have eaten suddenly
comes out of y o u r stomach t h r o u g h y o u r m o u t h : I'm going to be
sick!
s i d e r o a d /'said ,reud/ noun [C] a s m a l l r o a d t h a t is connected to a
major r o a d
/sain/ noun [C] a flat object w i t h w o r d s o r p i c t u r e s o n i t , put
i n a p u b l i c place i n o r d e r to p r o v i d e i n f o r m a t i o n or to advertise
s o m e t h i n g : a flashing neon sign
/'sadant/ adj 1 not t a l k i n g o r m a k i n g any noise: a crowd of
silent onlookers 2 not p r o n o u n c e d : The 'b' in 'thumb' is silent.
/'sili/ adj 1 not i n t e l l i g e n t o r sensible: a silly mistake 2 not
i m p o r t a n t : Don't get upset over silly things that people say.
/'simp(3)l/ adj 1 easy to u n d e r s t a n d or do: Students
were given a simple skills test. 2 p l a i n , w i t h o u t any c o m p l i c a t e d
features o r d e c o r a t i o n : a simple meal
s i m p l i f y /'simphfai/ verb [T] t o m a k e s o m e t h i n g less c o m p l i c a t e d or
difficult
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s i n g e r /'sma/ noun и someone w ho sings, especially someone w h o reason or e x p l a n a t i o n for s o m e t h i n g: solve a mystery/puzzle/
sings w e l l or as t h e i r j o b riddle
/'siijg(a)l/ adj 1 o n l y one: a single sheet of paper 2 not Ллп/ noun [C] y o u r male c h i l d : My younger son is a doctor.
m a r r i e d , or not i n a r o m a n t i c r e l a t i o n s h i p : Please state whether /su:n/ adv w i t h i n a short t i m e : If we don't leave soon,
you are single, married or divorced. we're going to miss our bus. 2 q u i c k l y : How soon can this package
s i n i s t e r /'sinista/ adj t h r e a t e n i n g to do s o m e t h i n g h a r m f u l or e v i l : a be delivered to Brussels?
sinister remark s o r e IsxJ adj p a i n f u l and uncomfortable, u s u a l l y as a result of an
/'sista/ noun [C] a g i r l or w o m a n wh o has the same parents i n j u r y , i n f e c t i o n or too m u c h exercise: I always feel stiff and sore
as y o u : He has two brothers and two sisters. after gardening.

s i s t e r - i n - l a w /'sista(r)in,b:/ noun [C] 1 the sister of y o u r h u s b a nd or /saund/ noun [C] s o m e t h i n g t h a t y o u can hear: Laura
wife 2 the wife of y o u r b r o t h e r didn't make a sound as she left the room, noun [u] the loudness
of a r a d i o , t e l e v i s i o n etc: Turn the sound up a bit -1 can't hear.
s i t c o m /'sit.kom/ noun [C] a h u m o r o u s t e l e v i s i o n or r a d i o series
about a group of characters s o u n d t r a c k /'saun(d),traek/ noun [C] the music that is played d u r i n g a
f i l m or t e l e v i s i o n p r o g r a m m e , or a CD of t h i s music
/,sitju'eif(a)n/ noun [C] the set o f c o n d i t i o n s t h a t exist
at a p a r t i c u l a r t i m e i n a p a r t i c u l a r place: The country is facing a /speis/ noun [C/u] a n e m p t y or available area: We replaced
very difficult economic situation. the bath with a shower to create more space, noun [U] 1 the
whole of the u n i v e r s e outside the Earth's atmosphere: a space
/saiz/ noun [C/u] a measurement of h o w large or s m a l l mission 2 the area i n w h i c h e v e r y t h i n g exists: different points in
s o m e t h i n g is: balloons of all shapes and sizes space and time
s k a t e /skeit/ noun [C] 1 a t y p e of shoe w i t h a t h i n m e t a l blade on the /spea/ adj 1 kept i n a d d i t i o n to other s i m i l a r t h i n g s , so that
b o t t o m , used for m o v i n g q u i c k l y on ice 2 a t y p e of shoe w i t h f o u r you can use i t i f y o u need i t : a spare key/battery 2 available: Have
t h i c k wheels on the b o t t o m , used for m o v i n g q u i c k l y on a smoot h you got any spare room in your car?
surface verb [i] to move over a surface u s i n g skates
/'spi:ka/ noun [C] 1 someone w ho t a l k s about a subject to
s k i /ski:/ verb [I] to slide over snow on s k i s a g r o u p : She's a very interesting speaker. 2 someone who is able
/skil/ noun [C/u] the a b i l i t y to do s o m e t h i n g w e l l , u s u a l l y to speak a p a r t i c u l a r language: an English speaker 3 a piece of
as a r e s u l t of experience a n d t r a i n i n g : I admired the skill and e l e c t r i c a l e q u i p m e n t t h a t sends out sound
dedication of the nursing staff. /'spejalist/ noun [C] someone whose t r a i n i n g , education,
s k i l l e d /skild/ adj s k i l f u l : a skilled craftsman or experience makes t h e m a n expert i n a p a r t i c u l a r subject: a
web design specialist
s k i n n y /'skini/ adj v e r y t h i n
/'spi:fi:z/ noun [C] a plant or a n i m a l group whose
/'slaitli/ adv a l i t t l e : /feel slightly better today. members a l l have s i m i l a r general features and are able to
/slip/ verb [l] 1 i f you slip, y o u r feet slide a c c i d e n t a l l y a n d y o u produce y o u n g plants or a n i m a l s together: the human species
f a l l or lose y o u r balance: Margaret slipped and broke her arm. s p e c t a c u l a r /spek'taekjub/ adj e x t r e m e l y impressive
2 i f s o m e t h i n g slips, it slides out o f the p o s i t i o n i t s h o u l d be i n :
The knife slipped and cut my finger. /spi:d/ noun [c/u] the rate at w h i c h s o m e t h i n g or someone
moves or w o r k s : They were working with incredible speed.
s l o w d o w n /slao daun/ phr vb to move at a slower speed, or to make
someone or s o m e t h i n g move at a slower speed: Slow down.' You're /spend/ verb [l/T] to use money to pay for t h i n g s : How
driving too fast. much money did you spend? verb [T] to stay somewhere, or to
do s o m e t h i n g , for a p e r i o d of t i m e : We spent the day at the beach.
/smo:t/ adj 1 i n t e l l i g e n t : Sophie is a smart hard-working
student. 2 clean and t i d y i n appearance and dressed i n nice s p i l l /spil/ noun [c/U] an a m o u n t of l i q u i d that has accidentally
clothes: smart new clothes flowed out of its container: an oil spill

/smauk/ verb [l /T] to suck smoke f r o m a cigarette, pipe s p l i t u p /split 'лр/ phr vb to end a sexual or r o m a n t i c r e l a t i o n s h i p
etc i n t o y o u r m o u t h and lungs: Phil was reading the paper and /spred/ verb [i/T] 1 to g r a d u a l l y affect a l a r g e r area or a
smoking a cigarette. large n u m b e r of people or t h i n g s , or to make something do t h i s :
S M S /,es em 'es/ noun [U] short message service: a m e t h o d of sendin g Rain will spread from the west this evening. 2 to put t h i n g s i n
a w r i t t e n message u s i n g a m o b i l e phone m a n y p a r t s of a n area, or to be present i n m a n y part s of a large
area: There are 54 community colleges spread across California.
/snau/ noun [U] s m a l l soft w h i t e pieces of ice t h a t f a l l f r o m 3 i f i n f o r m a t i o n spreads, or i f y o u spread i t , it becomes k n o w n
the sky and cover the g r o u n d : The path was hidden under a by m o r e people t h a n before: Someone has been spreading nasty
blanket of snow. rumours about Stella's private life.
/saop/ noun [C/U] a substance t h a t y o u use w i t h w a t e r i n s p y /spai/ verb [l] to w o r k as a spy
order to wash y o u r body or a n object: a bar of soap noun [ ] a
soap opera /steid3/ noun [C] 1 a particular point i n time d u r i n g a
process or series of events: We were now on the last stage of our
s o c i a b l e /'saufob(a)l/ adj a sociable person is f r i e n d l y and enjoys journey. 2 the p a r t o f a theatr e where the actors or musicians
being w i t h other people p e r f o r m : They had now been on stage for over four hours.
/'saujiajl/ adj 1 r e l a t i n g to society and to people's lives /stea/ verb [i] to look at someone or s o m e t h i n g v e r y d i r e c t l y
i n general: a period of enormous political and social change for a l o n g t i m e : It's rude to stare.
2 r e l a t i n g to a c t i v i t i e s t h a t i n v o l ve b e i n g w i t h other people,
especially a c t i v i t i e s that y o u do for pleasure: a social activity/ s t a t e s c h o o l /'steit ,sku:l/ noun [C] i n the U K , a school that is paid for
engagement by the g o v e r n m e n t and that provides free education
/'steif(a)n/ noun [C] 1 a b u i l d i n g or place where t r a i n s or
/'snf(t),wea/ noun [U] the p r o g r a m s used by computers
buses stop so t h a t passengers can get on or off: It was dark when
for d o i n g p a r t i c u l a r jobs: word-processing software
we arrived at the station. 2 a company t h a t broadcasts television
Л э о И з э / noun [C] someone wh o is a member of an a r m y or r a d i o p r o g r a m m e s : Listen to your local radio station for travel
information.
/'solid/ adj a solid substance is firm a n d h a r d and is not a
l i q u i d or a gas: The lake was frozen solid. s t a y i n /stei i n / phr vb to r e m a i n i n y o u r home and not go out: /
think I'd rather stay in tonight.
/sa'lu:J"(a)n/ noun [C] 1 a way to solve a p r o b l e m or
deal w i t h a bad s i t u a t i o n : Putting children in prison is not the /stid/ verb [l/T] to take s o m e t h i n g that belongs to someone
solution. 2 the answer to a question i n a game or a p r o b l e m i n else w i t h o u t p e r m i s s i o n : She was caught stealing food from the
mathematics supermarket.
/ S D I V / ve rb [T] 1 to find a s o l u t i o n to s o m e t h i n g t h a t is s t e p f a t h e r /'step,fa:6a / noun [C] the m a n wh o is m a r r i e d to y o u r
causing d i f f i c u l t i e s : solve a crisis/dispute/conflict 2 to find the mother, b u t w h o is not y o u r father

22
stepmother survive

stepmother . / noun [Ci t h e w o m a n w h o i s m a r r i e d to y o u r / 'sAfa/ ve rb [l/T] to e x p e r i e n c e s o m e t h i n g v e r y u n p l e a s a n t

father, but w h o i s not y o u r m o t h e r o r p a i n f u l : In wars, it's usually innocent civilians that suffer.

/ std / adv u s e d for s a y i n g t h a t a s i t u a t i o n c o n t i n u e s to e x i s t / s3'fif(s)nt/ adj a s m u c h a s i s n e e d e d : The wages were

u p to a n d i n c l u d i n g a p a r t i c u l a r t i m e : Her hair was still damp not sufficient for people to live on.
from her walk in the rain.
/ s a f e s t / verb [T] 1 to offer a n i d e a o r a p l a n for s o m e o n e
: / ve rb [l/T] to m o v e food o r a l i q u i d a r o u n d u s i n g a s p o o n o r to c o n s i d e r : He suggested that we have dinner first, and then watch
o t h e r object: Stir the sauce gently over a low heat. the film. 2 to m a k e p e o p l e t h i n k t h a t s o m e t h i n g e x i s t s o r i s t r u e :
Evidence suggests a link between asthma and pollution.
/ ' Я л т э к / noun [С] 1 t h e soft p a r t at t h e f r o n t o f y o u r
b o d y t h a t i s b e t w e e n y o u r c h e s t a n d y o u r legs: A horse had kicked / sad3est f (a)n/ noun [C] a n i d e a o r p l a n t h a t y o u offer
her in the stomach. 2 t h e o r g a n i n s i d e y o u r b o d y w h e r e food g o e s for s o m e o n e to c o n s i d e r : Could I make a suggestion? noun [U]
w h e n y o u h a v e e a t e n it: She'll feel better when she has some food t h e a c t of s u g g e s t i n g s o m e t h i n g : It was at Larry's suggestion that I
in her stomach. attended the meeting.
s t o m a c h a c h e noun [c/u] p a i n i n y o u r s t o m a c h /suit/ noun [C] 1 a set of clothes m a d e f r o m the s a m e cloth,
/ s t aun / noun [u] the h a r d substance that r o c k s a r e made u s u a l l y a j a c k e t w i t h t r o u s e r s o r a s k i r t : He was wearing a dark
of: a cottage built of stone noun [C] 1 a s m a l l piece of rock: suit and a tie. 2 a t y p e o f c l o t h i n g t h a t y o u w e a r for a p a r t i c u l a r
Children threw stones at him. 2 a l a r g e h a r d s e e d t h a t i s i n s i d e a a c t i v i t y : a diving/jogging suit
p i e c e of f r u i t : a peach stone s u m u p / s A m л р / phr vb to g i v e a s u m m a r y of s o m e t h i n g
/staim/ noun [C] a n o c c a s i o n w h e n a lot o f r a i n o r s n o w / ' sAma r i / noun [C] a short a c c o u n t of s o m e t h i n g that
f a l l s v e r y q u i c k l y , often w i t h v e r y s t r o n g w i n d s o r t h u n d e r a n d g i v e s o n l y t h e m o s t i m p o r t a n t i n f o r m a t i o n : The text provides
l i g h t n i n g : A fierce storm hit the west coast of Florida early this summaries of the plots of Shakespeare's plays.
morning.
Л л т э / noun [C/U] * * * t h e s e a s o n b e t w e e n s p r i n g a n d
/ s t remd3 / adj 1 u n u s u a l or unexpected i n a w a y that a u t u m n , w h e n t h e w e a t h e r i s h o t t e s t : the summer of 1973
s u r p r i s e s , w o r r i e s o r f r i g h t e n s y o u : Ian is a very strange person.
2 not f a m i l i a r o r k n o w n to y o u : When you arrive in a new country, s u n g l a s s e s / ' sAn,gla:siz/ noun [plural] d a r k g l a s s e s t h a t y o u w e a r to
everything seems strange. protect y o u r eyes w h e n the s u n is bright

/ st ress / noun [C/u] 1 a w o r r i e d o r n e r v o u s f e e l i n g t h a t m a k e s / sa ' pa:t/ noun [U] 1 h e l p a n d a p p r o v a l t h a t y o u g i v e to a

y o u u n a b l e to r e l a x , o r a s i t u a t i o n t h a t m a k e s y o u f e e l l i k e t h i s :
the stresses and strains of everyday living 2 t h e e m p h a s i s t h a t
y o u p u t o n a p a r t i c u l a r w o r d o r p a r t o f a w o r d b y s a y i n g it m o r e
loudly
/ s t nk t / adj 1 s o m e o n e w h o i s s t r i c t e x p e c t s p e o p l e to o b e y
r u l e s c o m p l e t e l y , o r o b e y s r u l e s c o m p l e t e l y t h e m s e l v e s : The
coach is very strict about our diet. 2 s t r i c t r u l e s o r c o n d i t i o n s
m u s t be o b e y e d c o m p l e t e l y : They operate within strict time limits.
/strorj/ adj 1 p h y s i c a l l y p o w e r f u l a n d h e a l t h y : Are you
strong enough to carry that? 2 n o t e a s i l y b r o k e n , d a m a g e d o r
d e s t r o y e d : a strong fabric/glue/rope 3 someone who is strong h a s
c o n f i d e n c e , d e t e r m i n a t i o n a n d e m o t i o n a l s t r e n g t h : You've got to
be strong and not let their jokes bother you. 4 v e r y n o t i c e a b l e : a
strong light/colour
stubborn / adj 1 n o t w i l l i n g to c h a n g e y o u r i d e a s o r
d e c i s i o n s : Stop being so stubborn! 2 v e r y d i f f i c u l t to c h a n g e ,
defeat o r r e m o v e : stubborn opposition
s t u c k / s u k / adj c a u g h t o r h e l d i n a p o s i t i o n s o t h a t y o u c a n n o t
s u r f /s3: f / ve rb [i] to r i d e o n w a v e s i n t h e s e a o n a s u r f b o a r d verb [i/T]
m o v e : Carl's car got stuck in the mud.
/'stju : d ( a)nt/ noun [C] s o m e o n e w h o g o e s to a u n i v e r s i t y ,
c o l l e g e o r s c h o o l : Jennifer is one of my best students.
s u r f i n g /'sxfm /
/ ' stAd i / ve rb [l/T] to l e a r n a b o u t a s u b j e c t b y g o i n g to
s c h o o l , u n i v e r s i t y e t c : She's studying history at university, ve rb [l]
to do w o r k s u c h a s r e a d i n g a n d h o m e w o r k : You need to study
hard if you want to pass.
surgeon
/stAf / noun [U] 1 o b j e c t s o r t h i n g s : What's all this stuff on
my desk? 2 a m a t e r i a l , o r a s u b s t a n c e : The costumes were made of
thin, gauzy stuff. 3 g e n e r a l i n f o r m a t i o n : I already know all that
stuff.
p a r t i c u l a r i d e a , p o l i t i c i a n , o r g a n i s a t i o n e t c : / urge my colleagues
to join me in support of this plan. 2 h e l p a n d k i n d n e s s t h a t y o u
g i v e to s o m e o n e w h o i s h a v i n g a d i f f i c u l t t i m e : / am grateful to
my family for their love and support, noun [C/U] something that
h o l d s t h e w e i g h t o f a n o b j e c t , b u i l d i n g o r s t r u c t u r e so t h a t it d o e s
n o t m o v e o r f a l l ve rb [T] 1 to h e l p s o m e o n e a n d be k i n d to t h e m
w h e n t h e y a r e i n a d i f f i c u l t s i t u a t i o n : My friends have supported
me through the entire trial. 2 to h o l d t h e w e i g h t of s o m e o n e o r
s o m e t h i n g so t h a t t h e y do n o t m o v e o r f a l l : The plants were
supported with wire. 3 to l i k e a p a r t i c u l a r s p o r t s t e a m a n d a l w a y s
w a n t t h e m to w i n : I support West Ham - who do you support?
/ sa ' pauz / ve rb [T] to t h i n k t h a t s o m e t h i n g i s p r o b a b l y
t r u e , r i g h t o r p o s s i b l e : I suppose she must be delighted about
getting the job.
/fx, Jba/ adj 1 c e r t a i n that something is real, true or
c o r r e c t : / think she's called Monica, but I'm not sure. 2 c e r t a i n
to h a p p e n o r s u c c e e d : Everyone thought that the deal was a sure
thing.
to l o o k at v a r i o u s p l a c e s o n e a f t e r a n o t h e r o n t h e I n t e r n e t o r o n
t e l e v i s i o n : She spends hours every day just surfing the Net.
noun [U] 1 a s p o r t i n w h i c h p e o p l e r i d e o n w a v e s
u s i n g s u r f b o a r d s 2 t h e a c t i v i t y of l o o k i n g at d i f f e r e n t p l a c e s
o n t h e I n t e r n e t o r o n t e l e v i s i o n i n o r d e r to f i n d s o m e t h i n g
interesting
( ) / noun [C] a d o c t o r w h o d o e s o p e r a t i o n s
/ ' S3:d3ari/ noun [U] m e d i c a l t r e a t m e n t i n w h i c h a d o c t o r
c u t s o p e n s o m e o n e ' s b o d y noun [C] a p l a c e w h e r e p e o p l e c a n v i s i t
a doctor or a dentist

s t y l i s h /'stailif/ adj a t t r a c t i v e a n d f a s h i o n a b l e : stylish clothes /sa'praiz/ noun [C] a n u n u s u a l event, o r a n u n e x p e c t ed

p i e c e o f n e w s : The news came as a big surprise to everyone, noun
s u b t i t l e /'sAb,tait(a) l / noun [plural] s u b t i t l e s : a t r a n s l a t i o n o f w h a t [U] the feeling that y o u h a v e w h e n s o m e t h i n g u n u s u a l or
p e o p le a r e s a y i n g i n a f o r e i g n l a n g u a g e f i l m o r t e l e v i s i o n
u n e x p e c t e d h a p p e n s : Many students expressed surprise at the
p r o g r a m m e w h i c h a p p e a r s at t h e b o t t o m o f t h e s c r e e n noun [C]
news.
a n a d d i t i o n a l title that a p p e a r s after t h e m a i n title of a piece of
writing / sa'praizd/ adj feeling s u r p r i s e because something
u n e x p e c t e d h a s h a p p e n e d : We were surprised by Ben's reaction to
/ sak ' shd / ve rb [I] to a c h i e v e s o m e t h i n g t h a t y o u p l a n n e d
the news.
to do o r a t t e m p t e d to do: Everyone wants the peace process to
succeed. / sa'praiziq/ adj u n u s u a l o r u n e x p e c t e d : It's not at all
surprising that she's angry, considering what you said.
/sak'sesf(a)l/ adj • * * • 1 a c h i e v i n g t h e r e s u l t t h a t y o u
w a n t : The team has had a highly successful season. 2 a s u c c e s s f u l s u r r o u n d i n g s / sa'raundinz/ noun [plural] a p l a c e a n d a l l t h e t h i n g s i n
p e r s o n d o e s w e l l i n t h e i r c a r e e r : a successful businesswoman 3 a it: She soon became accustomed to her new surroundings.
s u c c e s s f u l b u s i n e s s m a k e s a lot o f m o n e y : It was another very
/ sa'vaiv/ verb [i/T] 1 to c o n t i n u e to e x i s t o r l i v e i n a
successful year for the bank.
d i f f i c u l t s i t u a t i o n : Only one of the museum's paintings survived the
/'sAd(a)n l i / adv quickly a n d without any w a r n i n g : A fire. 2 to s t a y a l i v e a f t e r a n i n j u r y , i l l n e s s o r a t t a c k : Doctors don't
strange feeling suddenly came over him. think the victims will survive.

I
 survivor toothbrush

s u r v i v o r / sa ' va i va / noun [C] s o m e o n e w h o i s s t i l l a l i v e a f t e r a n t e r r i f y i n g Д е г э Д а п п / adj e x t r e m e l y f r i g h t e n i n g : a terrifying

accident, illness or attack experience

s u s p e c t / ' sAspek t / noun [C] s o m e o n e w h o m i g h t h a v e c o m m i t t e d a t e x t b o o k /'teks(t),buk/ noun [C] a b o o k t h a t c o n t a i n s i n f o r m a t i o n

c r i m e : a murder suspect about a p a r t i c u l a r subject

/ sa ' spek t / ve rb [T] t o believe t h a t s o m e t h i n g is t r u e : t h e f t / 9 e f t / noun [c/u] t h e c r i m e o f s t e a l i n g s o m e t h i n g

Police suspected that she had some connection with the robbery.
t h e m e p a r k / ' 6 i : m ,pa:k/ noun [C] a l a r g e p a r k w h e r e p e o p l e p a y t o
s u s p i c i o u s /sa'spi jas/ adj 1 i f y o u a r e s u s p i c i o u s , y o u d o n o t play games a n d have f u n a n d where a l l the entertainment is
trust someone or y o u t h i n k that something bad m i g h t have designed according to one theme
h a p p e n e d : Colleagues became suspicious when he started acting
/ 9 i k / adj 1 a t h i c k object o r m a t e r i a l has a long distance
strangely. 2 i f s o m e t h i n g i s s u s p i c i o u s , y o u t h i n k t h a t i t m i g h t
b e t w e e n t w o o p p o s i t e s i d e s , e d g e s o r s u r f a c e s : a thick woollen
b e b a d o r d a n g e r o u s : Customers noticed a suspicious package by
sweater 2 u s e d f o r s t a t i n g t h e d i s t a n c e b e t w e e n t h e o p p o s i t e
the door.
s u r f a c e s o r e d g e s o f a s o l i d o b j e c t : The walls are only a few inches
/ s w i : t / ad j 1 foods a n d d r i n k s t h a t a r e sweet taste l i k e thick. 3 a t h i c k l i q u i d i s m o r e s t i f f o r s o l i d t h a n n o r m a l a n d d o e s
s u g a r : I'd like something sweet, like a piece of cake. 2 s o m e t h i n g n o t flow e a s i l y : a thick cream sauce 4 s t u p i d
t h a t i s s w e e t h a s a n i c e s m e l l , s o u n d o r a p p e a r a n c e : The room is
t h i e f /Girt/ noun [C] s o m e o n e w h o s t e a l s s o m e t h i n g
filled with the sweet fragrance offlowers. 3 k i n d a n d g e n t l e : He's
such a sweet man. / 9 ш / adj 1 a t h i n object or m a t e r i a l has only a short
d i s t a n c e b e t w e e n t w o o p p o s i t e s i d e s , e d g e s o r s u r f a c e s : a thin
s w i t c h o f f / sw i t f "of/ phr v b 1 t o s t o p l i s t e n i n g t o s o m e o n e , o r t o s t o p
layer of dust 2 s o m e o n e w h o i s t h i n h a s v e r y l i t t l e f a t o n t h e i r
t h i n k i n g a b o u t s o m e t h i n g : He just switches off and ignores me.
b o d y : Charles was thin and very tall. 3 a t h i n l i q u i d c o n t a i n s
2 i f y o u s w i t c h o f f s o m e t h i n g s u c h as a l i g h t o r a m a c h i n e , o r i f i t
m o s t l y w a t e r , s o t h a t i t f l o w s e a s i l y : a plate of meat covered with
s w i t c h e s o f f , i t s t o p s w o r k i n g : The heating has switched off.
thin gravy
s w i t c h o n / sw i t f ton/ phr v b i f y o u s w i t c h o n s o m e t h i n g s u c h a s a
/"G3:sti/ adj feeling that y o u w a n t or need to d r i n k
l i g h t o r a m a c h i n e , o r i f i t s w i t c h e s o n , i t s t a r t s w o r k i n g : Don't
s o m e t h i n g : I'm really thirsty - could I have a glass of water?
switch on the light.
/ б а и / adv , con j 1 b u t : / really enjoyed your lecture, though
there were some parts I didn t quite understand. 2 used w h e n
a d d i n g a statement o r question t h at seems s u r p r i s i n g after the
p r e v i o u s s t a t e m e n t : 'The Savoy's a very nice hotel.'Tsn't it rather
expensive, though?'

t h r i l l e r /'GrikV noun [C] a b o o k , p l a y o r f i l m t h a t t e l l s a n e x c i t i n g

story

/Graut/ noun [C] 1 t h e a r e a at t h e back o f y o u r m o u t h a n d

t a b l o i d / ' t a e b b i d / noun [C] a n e w s p a p e r t h a t h a s s m a l l p a g e s a n d n o t i n s i d e y o u r n e c k : She's in bed with a throat infection. 2 t h e f r o n t
m u c h serious news p a r t o f y o u r n e c k : The bigger man grabbed him by the throat.

t a k e o v e r / t e i k 'auva/ phr v b 1 t o b e g i n t o d o s o m e t h i n g t h a t t h u n d e r /'GAnda/ noun [u] t h e l o u d n o i s e t h a t y o u s o m e t i m e s h e a r i n

s o m e o n e e l s e w a s d o i n g : Jane took over as director after Richard the sky d u r i n g a s t o rm
retired. 2 t o t a k e c o n t r o l o f s o m e t h i n g , e s p e c i a l l y a n o t h e r
o n t i m e / n n ' t a i m / phr ase a r r i v i n g a t t h e c o r r e c t t i m e a n d n o t l a t e :
company
The train was on time.
t a l k a t i v e / ' t a i k a t i v / adj s o m e o n e w h o i s t a l k a t i v e t a l k s a l o t
/ ' t a i n i / adj e x t r e m e l y s m a l l : She is one of a tiny minority of
/ t e i s t / ve rb [l inking verb] to have a p a r t i c u l a r flavour: female motoring journalists.
Although the meal was cold, it tasted delicious, ve rb [T] t o eat o r
/ t i p / noun [С] 1 a n a r r o w o r p o i n t e d e n d , e s p e c i a l l y o f
d r i n k s o m e t h i n g a n d e x p e r i e n c e i t s flavour: The dinner was one
s o m e t h i n g l o n g o r t h i n : the tip of your nose/finger 2 an amount
of the best meals I have ever tasted, noun [c/U] 1 t h e flavour t h a t
of mone y that y o u give to someone i n additio n to the price o f a
s o m e t h i n g c r e a t e s i n y o u r m o u t h w h e n y o u e a t o r d r i n k i t : / love
s e r v i c e : Shall we leave a tip for the waiter?'3 a u s e f u l s u g g e s t i o n
the taste of chocolate. 2 t h e t y p e s o f t h i n g t h a t y o u l i k e : The meals
o r p i e c e o f i n f o r m a t i o n t h a t s o m e o n e g i v e s y o u : The booklet gives
are designed to suit all tastes.
some good tips on getting the most out of your software.
/ ' t k t f e / noun [C] someone whose j o b is to teach: a
/ ' t a i a d / adj n e e d i n g t o r e s t o r s l e e p : Your mother looked
French/maths/piano teacher
tired.
/ t i : m / noun [C] 1 a g r o u p o f people w h o play a sport o r
t i r i n g / ' t a i a r m / adj m a k i n g y o u f e e l t i r e d
g a m e a g a i n s t a n o t h e r g r o u p : a football/basketball team 2 a g r o u p
o f p e o p l e w h o w o r k t o g e t h e r : a negotiating team / t a u / noun [C] o n e o f t h e f i v e i n d i v i d u a l p a r t s a t t h e e n d o f y o u r
f o o t : Vera slipped off her shoes and wriggled her toes.
t e c h n i c i a n / t e k ' m f ( a ) n / noun [C] s o m e o n e w d t h t e c h n i c a l t r a i n i n g
whose job involves w o r k i n g w i t h a n d t a k i n g care o f special Д э ' д е б э / adv 1 i f you put or join t w oor more things
equipment t o g e t h e r , y o u c o m b i n e o r c o n n e c t t h e m : Mix together the flour,
eggs, and water. 2 w i t h e a c h o t h e r : Kevin, Jack and Dave share a
/tek'nDtad3i/ noun [C/U] advanced scientific
house together.
knowledge that is used for p r a c t i c a l purposes, especially i n
i n d u s t r y : computer/military technology t o l e r a n t / ' t D l a r a n t / adj w i l l i n g t o a c c e p t o t h e r p e o p l e ' s b e l i e f s , w a y
o f l i f e etc w i t h o u t c r i t i c i s i n g t h e m , e v en i f y o u d i s a g r e e w i t h
/'ti:n,eid3a/ noun [C] a y o u n g p e r s o n b e t w e e n t h e ages o f
them
13 a n d 19
t o n n e Д л п / noun [C] a u n i t f o r m e a s u r i n g w e i g h t , e q u a l t o 1,000
/ ' t e m p r i , t j a / noun [C/U] a measurement ofhow hot
kilograms
o r c o l d a p l a c e o r o b j e c t i s : The plants need a temperature of at
least 15°C to grow well. / t u : l / noun [C] 1 a piece o f e q u i p m e n t that y o u hold to do a
p a r t i c u l a r t y p e o f w o r k : kitchen/gardening tools 2 s o m e t h i n g
/ ' t e m p ( a ) r a r i / adj 1 existing, done or used for only
t h a t y o u u s e i n o r d e r t o p e r f o r m a j o b o r a c h i e v e a n a i m : The
a l i m i t e d p e r i o d o f t i m e : These measures are only temporary.
Internet has become an important research tool for students.
2 t e m p o r a r y w o r k e r s do a j o b for a l i m i t e d p e r i o d o f t i m e : a
temporary lecturer / t u : 6 / noun [C] a n y o f t h e h a r d w h i t e objects insid e y o u r
m o u t h t h a t y o u u s e f o r b i t i n g : a loose/missing/broken tooth
/хз:т/ noun [C] 1 a w o r d o r phrase that is used for
r e f e r r i n g t o o r d e s c r i b i n g s o m e o n e o r s o m e t h i n g : a technical/ t o o t h a c h e / ' t u : 6 e i k / noun [singular/u] a p a i n i n o n e o r m o r e o f y o u r
medical term 2 o n e o f t h e p e r i o d s o f t i m e t h a t t h e y e a r i s d i v i d e d teeth
i n t o f o r s t u d e n t s : What classes are you taking this term?
t o o t h b r u s h Ди:6,Ьгл ) 7 noun [C] a s m a l l b r u s h t h a t y o u u s e f o r
t e r r i f i e d / ' t e r a f a i d / adj e x t r e m e l y f r i g h t e n e d cleaning y o u r teeth

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toothpaste
t o o t h p a s t e /'tu:9,peist/ noun [C/U] a soft t h i c k substance t h a t y o u put
on a t o o t h b r u s h to clean y o u r teeth
/top/ noun [C] 1 the highest place, p o i n t , p a r t or surface
of something : We could see mountain tops in the distance. 2 a l i d
or cover for a c o n t a i n e r or pen: the top of the shampoo bottle 3 a
piece of c l o t h i n g t h a t covers the upper p a r t of y o u r body: She was
wearing a red skirt and a black top.
Л а и э / noun [C] a t a l l n a r r o w s t r u c t u r e , b u i l d i n g or p a r t of
a b u i l d i n g : a water tower
/tre'dif(a)n/ noun [c/U] a v e r y o l d custom, b e l i e f or
story: Native American culture and traditions
/tra'dij'(a)nal/ adj 1 r e l a t i n g to v e r y o l d customs,
beliefs or stories: traditional Mediterranean cooking 2 t y p i c a l
of the t h i n g s people have u s u a l l y done: Our house was built in a
traditional style.
t r a f f i c j a m /'traefik У з з е т / noun [C] a l i n e of vehicles w a i t i n g b e h i n d
s o m e t h i n g that is b l o c k i n g the r o a d
t r a i n e r s /'tremaz/ noun [plural] a t y p e of comfortable shoe t h a t y o u
wear i n i n f o r m a l situations or for d o i n g sport
t r a n s i s t o r /traen'zista/ noun [C] a n object t h a t c o n t r o ls the flow of
e l e c t r i c i t y inside electronic e q u i p m e n t
/traens'leit/ verb [i/ T] to change spoken or w r i t t e n w o r d s
i n t o a different language: I don't speak Russian, so someone will
have to translate, verb ш to cause a p a r t i c u l a r s i t u a t i o n or r e s u l t :
Will the sales increase translate into more jobs?
/traens'leif(a)n/ noun [C] a piece of w o r k i n w h i c h spoken
or w r i t t e n words have been changed i n t o a different language:
Some people like to make lists of words with translations in their
own language, noun [U] the a c t i v i t y of c h a n g i n g spoken or
w r i t t e n words i n t o a different language: Most legal translation is
done by lawyers with foreign language training.
t r a n s l a t o r /traens'leita/ noun [C] someone whose j o b is to t r a n s l a t e
spoken or w r i t t e n words i n t o a d i f f e r e nt language
t r a n s m i s s i o n /traenz'mif(a)n/ noun [C/u] the process o f s e n d i n g
electronic signals such as r a d i o or t e l e v i s i o n signals, or a s i g n a l
that is sent i n t h i s way: New telephone lines allow faster data
transmission by fax or modem, noun [U] the process by w h i c h
s o m e t h i n g spreads f r o m one person to another: the transmission
of disease
t r a n s m i t /traenz'mit/ verb [T] 1 to send a n electroni c s i g n a l such
as a radio or television s i g n a l : The Cup Final was transmitted
via satellite to over 20 countries. 2 to pass i n f o r m a t i o n , beliefs or
attitudes to other people: We transmit our values to our children.
3 to spread a disease f r o m one person to another: HIV can be
transmitted by sexual contact.
t r i b e /traib/ noun [C] a large grou p of related f a m i l i e s w h o l i v e i n the
same area and share a c o m m o n language, r e l i g i o n and customs:
Native American tribes
/trip/ noun [C] a n occasion w h e n y o u go somewhere and come
back again: a fishing/camping/sightseeing trip
t r o l l /trol, traul/ noun [C] 1 a n i m a g i n a r y , v e r y ugly, c r e a t u r e i n old
S c a n d i n a v i a n stories t h a t lives i n a cave a n d is e i t h er v e r y s m a l l
or very t a l l 2 an ugly or unpleasant person
t r o l l e y /'trod/ noun [C] a large c o n t a i n er w i t h wheels t h a t y o u push
and use for c a r r y i n g t h i n g s i n a s u p e r m a r k e t or at a n a i r p o r t
/ trAst / noun [U] a feeling that y o u t r u s t someone or
something: The doctor-patient relationship has to be based on
trust, verb [T] to believe that someone or s o m e t h i n g is good,
honest or reliable: Both communities have to trust each other.
t r u s t w o r t h y / ' t rAs(t) , w3:6i/ adj someone w h o is t r u s t w o r t h y ca n be
trusted
/trai/ verb [i/T] to attempt to do s o m e t h i n g : Owen tried a
shot at goal, but the ball went wide, verb [T] to do s o m e t h i n g
i n order to find out w h e t h e r i t is enjoyable, suitable or effective:
Haveyou tried these biscuits? They're great!
/tju:b/ noun [C] 1 a l o n g n a r r o w object s i m i l a r to a pipe t h a t
l i q u i d or gas can move t h r o u g h : Nurses had to feed Dan through a
tube. 2 a long n a r r o w plastic or m e t a l c o n t a i n e r t h a t y o u squeeze
i n order to push out the soft substance inside : a tube of toothpaste
noun [singular] the tube: the system of u n d e r g r o u n d t r a i n s i n
London: a tube station/train
unofficial
t u r n i n t o / t3:n i n t u i / phr vb to change or develop i n t o s o m e t h i n g
different, or to m a k e s o m e t h i n g change or develop i n t o
s o m e t h i n g different: Our holiday turned into a nightmare.
t u r n o n / , t3:n ton/ phr vb to s t a r t u s i n g a piece of equipment or
a supply of gas, e l e c t r i c i t y or water by pressing, t u r n i n g , or
m o v i n g s o m e t h i n g : Is your computer turned on?
t u r n o f f / :п 'nil phr vb 1 to leave the r o a d t h a t y o u are t r a v e l l i n g
a l o n g i n order to go along a n o t h e r one: If you're coming on the M4,
turn off at junction 26. 2 to stop u s i n g a piece of equipment or a
supply of gas, e l e c t r i c i t y or water by pressing, t u r n i n g or m o v i n g
s o m e t h i n g : Will you turn the television off, please?
t u r n o v e r / t3:n 'auva/ phr vb 1 to stop w a t c h i n g one t e l e v i s i on station
a n d s t a r t w a t c h i n g another: Let's turn over-this is really boring.
2 to t u r n a page i n a book or a sheet o f paper so t h a t the other
side is t o w a r d s y o u : You may turn over your exam papers now.
t u r n r o u n d / :п 'raund/ phr vb to change the p o s i t i o n of y o u r body
or head so t h a t y o u are f a c i n g i n a d i f f e r e nt d i r e c t i o n : The girls
in front turned round and grinned.
t u r n u p / t3:n 'лр/ phr vb 1 to a r r i v e somewhere: She failed to turn
up for work on Monday. 2 to increase the a m o u n t of sound, heat
or l i g h t t h a t is p r o d u c ed by a piece of equipment, by pressing a
b u t t o n or by m o v i n g a s w i t c h : Can you turn the volume up a bit?
:e /twais/ adv * + * two times: He's phoned twice already this
morning.
/ t w i n / noun [C] one of t w o c h i l d r e n w h o were b o r n at the
same t i m e to the same m o t h e r: my twin brother/sister
/twist/ ve rb [i/т] to bend or t u r n i n t o a different shape, or to
force s o m e t h i n g out of its o r i g i n a l shape by b e n d i n g i t or t u r n i n g
it: The force of the explosion had twisted the metal, verb [T] 1 to
i n j u r e a p a r t of y o u r body by suddenly b e n d i n g i t too m u c h :
I've twisted my ankle so I won't be able to play. 2 to change the
i n t e n d e d m e a n i n g of s o m e t h i n g s l i g h t l y , so t h a t i t means w h a t
you w a n t i t to mean: You're twisting my words.
Uu
/лдИ/ adj 1 unpleasant to look at 2 a n u g l y s i t u a t i o n involves
v i o l e n t or a n g r y b e h a v i o u r : an ugly confrontation
u m p i r e / л т р а г э / noun [C] someone whose j o b is to make sure
t h a t players obey the r u l e s i n some sports, for example tennis,
baseball a n d c r i c k e t
/'лпк(э)1/ noun [C] the b r o t h e r of one of y o u r parents, or the
h u s b a n d of y o u r aunt: The business was owned by my uncle.
u n d e r g r a d u a t e / ,Anda'graed3uat/ noun [C] a student w h o is s t u d y i n g
for a first degree at a college or u n i v e r s i t y
/ д ш т ' р к ж ! / adj w i t h o u t a j o b : Haveyou been
unemployed for a year or more?
u n e x p e c t e d l y / An i k'spektidli/ adv s o m e t h i n g t h a t is s u r p r i s i n g
because y o u d i d not expect i t at a l l , or y o u expected i t to happen
i n a d i f f e r e nt way: His response was unexpectedly positive.
Mn'haepi/ adj 1 feeling sad or upset: Why are you so
unhappy? 2 not satisfied: People are very unhappy about the high
ticket prices.
u n h e a l t h y /An'heiei/ adj 1 i l l , or not p h y s i c a l l y fit 2 not good for you
/'ju:ni,fa:m/ noun [C] a set of clothes t h a t y o u w e a r to
show t h a t y o u are p a r t of a p a r t i c u l a r o r g a n i s a t i o n or school: He
was still wearing his school uniform.
/ An'kaind/ adj u n f r i e n d l y , i n s u l t i n g or c r u e l : an unkind
remark
u n l e a d e d An'ledid/ adj unleaded p e t r o l does not c o n t a i n lead
/ An'nesas(a)ri/ adj not needed: Remove all
unnecessary files from your computer.
u n o f f i c i a l /лпэ'П/(э)1/ adj 1 not organise d or f o r m a l l y approved by
anyone i n a u t h o r i t y 2 not h a v i n g a n official p o s i t i o n or status
125
untidy
u n t i d y / An'taidi/ adj 1 not a r r a n g e d i n a w a y t h a t is t i d y : an untidy
desk 2 not k e e p i n g t h i n g s t i d y : He's always criticising me for
being untidy.
/лп]шзиэ1/ adj 1 not n o r m a l , c o m m o n or o r d i n a r y :
You're in a very unusual situation. 2 different f r o m other people
or t h i n g s i n a way t h a t is i n t e r e s t i n g , a t t r a c t i v e or i m p r e s s i v e :
The designers have chosen unusual colour combinations.
/ Ap'set/ adj 1 sad, w o r r i e d o r a n g r y about s o m e t h i n g : Why
are you so upset? 2 i f y o u r stomach is upset, y o u have a n i l l n e s s
affecting y o u r stomach, u s u a l l y caused by s o m e t h i n g t h a t y o u
have eaten or d r u n k : Phone and tell them you've got an upset
stomach, verb [T] to m a k e someone feel sad, w o r r i e d o r a n g r y :
I'm sorry, I didn't mean to upset you.
/'з:Ьэп/ adj r e l a t i n g to t o w n s a n d cities: People moved to the
urban areas for jobs.
/ '3:d3(a)nt/ adj u r g e n t t h i n g s are t h i n g s t h a t y o u need to
deal w i t h i m m e d i a t e l y : He had some urgent business to attend to.
U S B p o r t / j u : es 'bi: pa:t/ noun [C] a place o n a c o m p u t e r w h e r e y o u
c a n attach a cable for c o n n e c t i n g a p r i n t e r , k e y b o a r d , m o d e m etc
/'ju:sf(d)l/ adj h e l p f u l for d o i n g o r a c h i e v i n g s o m e t h i n g :
a useful tool/technique/gadget
V
v a c a n c y /'veikansi/ noun [C] 1 a j o b t h a t is a v a i l a b l e: We have several
vacancies to fill in the Sales Department. 2 a r o o m i n a h o t e l t h a t
is available: We have no vacancies at all during July.
/'vadi/ noun [ci a l o w area of l a n d between t w o m o u n t a i n s
or h i l l s , often w i t h a r i v e r f l o w i n g t h r o u g h i t : Their house has
wonderful views across the valley.
v a n d a l /"vaend(ad/ noun [C] someone w h o deliberatel y damages o r
destroys t h i n g s , especially p u b l i c p r o p e r t y
v a n d a l i s e /'vaenda.laiz/ verb [T] to d e l i b e r a t e ly damage or destroy
t h i n g s , especially p u b l i c p r o p e r t y
/va'raiati/ noun [singular] a n u m b e r of differen t people
or t h i n g s : Adults study for a variety of reasons, noun [С] a w e b s i t e /'web,sait/ noun [C] a place on the I n t e r n e t where i n f o r m a t i on
p a r t i c u l a r t y p e of t h i n g : a new variety of tomato
/'vearias/ adj several d i f f e r e n t : There are various ways
of solving the problem.
v e g e t a r i a n / , ved3a'tearian/ adj r e l a t i n g to o r i n t e n d e d for
vegetarians: a vegetarian diet/cookbook/restaurant
/ ' :/( ) / noun [C] a f o r m of s o m e t h i n g t h a t is d i f f e r e n t
f r o m other f o r m s or f r o m the o r i g i n a l : The software comes in
several different versions.
/ ' v i k t i m / noun [C] 1 someone w h o has been h a r m e d o r
k i l l e d as the r e s u l t of a c r i m e : a murder victim 2 someone w h o
has been affected by s o m e t h i n g such as a n accident or i l l n e s s :
flood/earthquake victims
/Vaialans/ noun [U] 1 v i o l e n t b e h a v i o u r : acts of violence
2 a s t r o n g force t h a t s o m e t h i n g has, often one t h a t causes a lot of
damage: the violence of the storm
/'vaialant/ adj 1 u s i n g p h y s i c a l force to h u r t people
or damage p r o p e r t y : There were several violent incidents on the
streets. 2 a v i o l e n t w i n d , s t o r m or explosion happens w i t h a lot of
force and causes serious damage
/'vairas/ noun [C] 1 a v e r y s m a l l l i v i n g t h i n g t h a t can enter
y o u r body and m a k e y o u i l l , o r a disease o r i l l n e s s caused by
t h i s : Malaria is caused by a virus. 2 a p r o g r a m t h a t enters y o u r
computer and damages o r destroys i n f o r m a t i o n t h a t y o u have
stored: Most viruses are spread over the Internet.
v o c a t i o n a l /vau'keif(a)nal/ adj r e l a t i n g to the s k i l l s t h a t y o u need for
a p a r t i c u l a r job: a vocational course/qualification
v o l l e y b a l l / ' vD l i ,bad/ noun [u] a s p o r t i n w h i c h t w o teams use t h e i r
hands and a r m s to h i t a b a l l to each other over a h i g h net
v o w e l /'vaual/ noun [C] one of the letters a, e, i , о o r u , or the sounds
t h a t they represent
wild
m\ m
/ we i d3 / noun [C] a r e g u l a r amount of money that you earn
for w o r k i n g : a daily/hourly/weekly wage
w a i t i n g r o o m /'weitin ,ru:m/ noun [C] a r o o m where you w a i t for
s o m e t h i n g such as a t r a i n , or for someone such as a doctor to be
ready to see y o u
w a l k i n g s t i c k / "wutk i r j ,stik/ noun [c] a stick t h a t some people use to
help t h e m to w a l k
/weist/ verb [T] to use more of s o m e t h i ng t h a n is necessary,
or to use i t i n a way t h a t does not produce the best results: There
were accusations that the government was wasting public money.
w a t e r /'wa:ta/ verb [T] to p o u r water on plants i n order to keep them
h e a l t h y verb т 1 i f y o u r eyes water, tears f o r m i n the m because
s o m e t h i n g is h u r t i n g t h e m 2 i f y o u r m o u t h waters when you see
or s m e l l nice food, saliva begins to f o r m i n y o ur m o u t h
/weiv/ noun [C] 1 a l i n e of water that rises up on the surface
of a sea, lake or r i v e r : The boat was smashed by a huge wave. 2 a
movement t h a t y o u make w i t h y o u r h a n d or w i t h an object as a
way of sayin g hello or goodbye to someone or as a s i g n a l to them
verb [l/T] to move y o u r hand i n order to say hello or goodbye: He
smiled and waved when he saw me. verb D l to move something
a r o u n d i n the a i r : People clapped and cheered and children waved
flags.
/wi:k/ adj 1 l a c k i n g physical s t r e n g t h or good health: The
illness had left him too weak to speak. 2 l a c k i n g d e t e r m i n a t i o n and
easily persuaded to do s o m e t h i n g that y o u should not do: weak,
indecisive leadership 3 bad i n q u a l i t y or a b i l i t y : Her written work
is good, but her oral skills are rather weak.
/'wkknas/ noun [U] the state or c o n d i t i o n of being
weak: the increasing weakness of the government noun [C] a fault
or p r o b l e m that makes someone or something less effective
or a t t r a c t i v e : They listed the strengths and weaknesses of their
product.
w e a l t h y /'wel9i/ adj r i c h : a wealthy businessman
w e b c a m /'web.kaem/ noun [C] a camera that is connected to a
computer and produces images on a website
is available about a p a r t i c u l a r subject, company, u n i v e r s i t y etc
w e d d i n g a n n i v e r s a r y /'wedin aeni ' v3:sari/ noun [C] a celebration of the
n u m b e r of years t h a t two people have been m a r r i e d
/weit/ noun [U] a measurement of how heavy a person or
t h i n g is: It was about 12 pounds in weight, noun [C] a piece of
heavy m e t a l t h a t is designed for l i f t i n g for exercise or as a sport
w e l l - b e h a v e d /,wel bi'heivd/ adj b e h a v i n g i n a way that is polite and
quiet and does not upset people
w e l l - b u i l t /,wel 'bilt/ adj a w e l l - b u i l t person has an attractive, strong
body
w e l l - k n o w n /'wel.naun/ adj k n o w n by m a n y people, or by the people
involved i n a p a r t i c u l a r s i t u a t i o n
w e l l - o f f /'welpf/ dj r i c h
w e l l - p a i d /'wel,peid/ adj r e c e i v i n g a satisfactory amount of money
for the w o r k t h a t y o u do
/'wispa/ verb [i/T] to speak v e r y q u i e t l y to someone, so that
other people cannot hear you: Stop whispering, you two!
/haul/ adj 1 a l l of something: My whole family came to
watch me playing in the concert. 2 not d i v i d e d or broken: Add three
whole eggs plus two additional yolks.
w i c k e d /'wikid/ adj m o r a l l y w r o n g and deliberately i n t e n d i n g to
h u r t people
/wad/ noun [C] the w o m a n t h a t a m a n is m a r r i e d to: I'd
better phone my wife and tell her I'll be late.
/waild/ adj 1 a w i l d a n i m a l or plant lives or grows on its
own i n n a t u r a l conditions and is not raised by humans: The wild
rose is a familiar sight in woods and hedges. 2 a w i l d area is one
where people do not l i v e or cannot live: wild, mountainous regions
3 e x c i t i n g and enjoyable: They have some pretty wild parties.
wing zone

/ w i n / noun [C] 1 one of the p a r t s o n a b i r d or insect t h a t w r e c k /гек/ noun [C] 1 s o m e t h i n g t h a t has been badly damaged o r
move up and d o w n and a l l o w i t to fly: a moth's delicate wings 2 one is i n v e r y bad c o n d i t i o n 2 someone w h o looks or feels v e r y i l l or
of the long flat p a r t s on b o t h sides of a plane t h a t a l l o w i t to f l y tired

/'wmtd/ noun [C/U] the season after a u t u m n and before w r i n k l e /'пг)к(э)1/ noun [C] a l i n e t h a t appears o n y o u r s k i n w h e n y o u
spring, w h e n i t is u s u a l l y cold: a cold/severe/hard winter get older, o r w h e n y o u r s k i n has been damaged by the sun

w i r e l e s s /'waialas/ adj not u s i n g w i r e s : wireless phones w r i t e d o w n /rait 'daun/ phr vb to w r i t e somethin g on a piece of paper

w i s d o m /'wizdam/ noun [U] the a b i l i t y to m a k e good decisions based /'raita/ noun [C] someone w h o w r i t e s books, stories or
on knowledge and experience: The Egyptian leader was praised a r t i c l e s as t h e i r j o b
for his courage and wisdom.

/waiz/ adj 1 a wise a c t i o n or decision is sensible and shows

that y o u have good j u d g m e n t : You made a wise decision when

X
you chose to study Spanish. 2 a wise person is able to make good
choices and decisions because they have a lot of experience

w i t c h /witJ7 noun [C] a w o m a n w i t h magic powers

/wi6'aut/ adv , pr ep used for s a y i n g w h a t someone

or s o m e t h i n g does not have: I can't find the answer without a X - r a y '/eks ,rei/ noun [С] 1 a t y p e of r a d i a t i o n t h a t is used for l o o k i n g
calculator. i n s i d e t h i n g s such as y o u r body 2 a p i c t u r e of the inside of
someone's body t h a t is t a k e n u s i n g X-rays
w o l f /wulf/ noun [C] a w i l d a n i m a l t h a t looks l i k e a large dog
/ W n d a / verb [i/т] to t h i n k about s o m e t h i n g because
you want to k n o w more facts, or because y o u are w o r r i e d : 'How
did they find out?'she wondered, verb [i] to be v e r y impressed

Y
or s u r p r i s e d by s o m e t h i n g: It's hard not to wonder at the miracle
of a newborn baby.

/'wud(a)n/ adj made of wood: a wooden box

w o r k o u t /w3:k 'aut/ phr vb 1 to do p h y s i c a l exercise as a w a y of

keeping fit 2 to find an answer to s o m e t h i n g by c a l c u l a t i n g i t : Use y e l l /jel/ verb [i/т] t o shout l o u d l y
the chart to work out how much tax you have to pay. y o g h u r t /'jDqa(r)t/ noun [C/u] a food made f r o m m i l k t h a t has become
t h e W o r l d W i d e W e b /бэ ,w3:id waid 'web/ noun [singular] a v e r y large t h i c k a n d s l i g h t l y sour
collection of documents, pictures, sounds etc stored on computers
i n m a n y different places and connected t h r o u g h the I n t e r n e t

/'wArid/ adj nervous and upset because y o u are t h i n k i n g

about y o u r problems or about bad t h i n g s t h a t c o u l d happen:
Everyone was very worried when John didn't show up.

w o r r y i n g /'wArim/ adj m a k i n g y o u feel w o r r i e d

/rasp/ verb [T] to cover someone or s o m e t h i n g by p u t t i n g
paper, cloth etc r o u n d t h e m : Keep the cheeses fresh by wrapping /zaun/ noun [C] a n area w h e r e a p a r t i c u l a r t h i n g happens: an
each one individually. earthquake zone

gHM

MACM I LLAN
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