Answers to Exam practice

Chapter 23 13. (a)

Type of
Personal health and infectious Infectious Main mode of
causative
diseases disease
organism
transmission

Multiple-choice questions (p.23-30) HIV / AIDS virus (0.5) sexual contact

cholera bacterium (0.5) ingestion of
1. A contaminated
2. C water and food
tuberculosis bacterium aerosol / droplet
3. C infection (0.5)
measles virus aerosol / droplet
4. C
infection
5. C malaria protist / mosquito bite / by
(0.5) protozoan (0.5) vector (0.5)
6. D
(b) • availability of condoms (e.g. free or
7. D affordable condoms) (1)

8. A • education in the proper use of condoms /

Chickenpox and dengue fever are diseases caused
by viruses. They cannot be treated by antibiotics.
9. C
10. B
11. C
In this investigation, the effectiveness of the
antibiotic is shown by the diameter of the clear
zone. As the clear zone of antibiotic S is larger than
Q, antibiotic S is more effective than Q. There are
clear zones around antibiotics P and Q. Hence, we
cannot tell whether the bacteria had developed
resistance against these two antibiotics.
how HIV is spread / safe sex (1)
• prevention campaigns targeting high risk
groups (e.g. sex workers) (1)
• availability of clean syringes for certain drug
abusers (1)
• screen all donated blood for HIV before
blood transfusion (1)
(or other acceptable answers) (Any four, 4)
14. HKDSEE Biology 2012 Paper 1 Section B Q2
15. (a) Conclusion 1: No bacteria next to Penicillium / a
clear zone formed around Penicillium (1)
Conclusion 2: Its effect decreases with distance
from source (1)

(b) (i) antibiotic (1)

Short questions (p.23-31)
12. (a) virus (1)
(b) droplets (1)
(c) contact (1)
(d) gloves (1)
(e) hygiene (1)
(ii) The indiscriminate use of antibiotics (1)
speeds up the development of antibiotic
resistance in bacteria. (1)
(c) Clean hands with antiseptics / clean hospitals
regularly. (1)
(or other acceptable answers)

Structured questions (p.23-33)

16. (a) 58,000 / 3.0 (1)
= ×19,333 (1)

T 1
 (b) Example 2: tuberculosis (1)
Feature Identity Name Transmission: aerosol or droplets / air-borne
provides motility F flagellum transmission / coughing / sneezing (1)
stores genetic G (0.5) DNA (0.5) Prevention: wear a face mask when in contact with
information infected persons / receive vaccination against
partially C (0.5) cell membrane (0.5) tuberculosis (1)
permeable
Example 3: malaria (1)
composed of E (0.5) cell wall (0.5)
peptidoglycan Transmission: vector / mosquito bites (1)
site of translation A (0.5) ribosome (0.5) Prevention: eliminate the potential breeding
grounds of mosquitoes / avoid being bitten by
(c) • presence of membrane-bound organelles mosquitoes (1)
(e.g. mitochondria and chloroplasts) (1) (or other acceptable answers) (Max. 7)
• presence of a nucleus (1) Communication (Max. 3)
• cellulose cell wall instead of
peptidoglycan (1) 20. (a) Causative organism: bacterium /
Vibrio cholerae (1)
• presence of starch grains (1)
Symptoms: diarrhoea / vomiting (1)
(or other acceptable answers) (Any three, 3)
Mode of transmission: drinking of
(d) The faeces of an infected person contain the contaminated water / eating contaminated
pathogen. (1) food (1)
The faeces then contaminate drinking water, Treatment: antibiotics (1)
which is then drunk by an uninfected
Prevention: boil drinking water thoroughly /
person. (1)
build a better sewerage system to prevent
(or other acceptable answers) sewage from contaminating drinking water (1)
(e) Pathogen is at most vulnerable when in transfer (b) Causative organism: bacterium / Mycobacterium
between hosts. (1) tuberculosis (1)
Sewage should be properly discharged to Symptoms: fever / coughing / sneezing (1)
prevent it from contaminating drinking
Mode of transmission: aerosol or droplets /
water. (1)
air-borne transmission / coughing /
Drinking water should be boiled thoroughly to sneezing (1)
kill the cholera bacteria. (1)
Treatment: antibiotics (1)
(or other acceptable answers)
Prevention: wear a face mask when in close
17. HKCEE Biology 2009 Paper 1 Q6 with infected persons / receive vaccination
against tuberculosis (1)
18. HKDSEE Biology Practice Paper Paper 1 Section B
(or other acceptable answers) (Max. 7)
Q6
Communication (Max. 3)

Essays (p.23-36)
19. Example 1: cholera (1)
Transmission: drinking of contaminated water /
eating contaminated food (1)
Prevention: boil drinking water thoroughly / build a
better sewerage system to prevent sewage from
contaminating drinking water (1)

T 2
Chapter 24
Non-infectious diseases and
disease prevention
Multiple-choice questions (p.24-35)
1. D
2. C
The graph only shows the relative risk of lung
cancer, not the life expectancy of smokers. Hence,
statement (1) is not the answer.
3. D
4. B
5. B
The bursting of artery in the brain leads to a stroke,
not a heart attack.
6. D
7. C
Short questions (p.24-36)
8. (a) The more cigarettes smoked the higher
incidence of lung cancer. (1)
A time lag between the time that they smoke
and possibility of death from lung cancer. (1)
(b) Any year from 1943 to 1947 (1)
9. HKDSEE Biology 2016 Paper 1 Section B Q6
10. (a) Nicotine in cigarette smoke increases blood
viscosity and the chance of forming blood
clots. (1)
The blood clots may block the coronary
arteries. (1)
Carbon monoxide reduces the oxygen-carrying
capacity of blood. This leads to a reduced
oxygen supply to coronary artery walls and
causes damage to the vessel walls. (1)
(b) (i) The by-pass vessels supply oxygenated
blood from the aorta to supply oxygen /
nutrients to the cardiac muscles for aerobic
respiration. (1)
(ii) • Educate students about the significance
of preventing heart diseases (1)
• Organize anti-smoking campaigns (1)
• Screening programmes for the risk of
heart disease / high cholesterol level (1)
• Regulation against foods with high
sugar / fat contents (1)
(or other acceptable answers) (Any three, 3)
11. (a) To make a comparison with the new diet. (1)
(b) A lower blood glucose concentration (1)
Lower peaks / less fluctuations in blood glucose
concentration (1)
(c) • Less starch is available and broken down
into glucose so less glucose is absorbed (1)
• No enzymes to digest dietary fibres /
cellulose (1)
• No processed food which usually contains
large amounts of sugars (1)
(or other acceptable answers) (Any two, 2)
(d) • The sample size, sex or ages of the subjects
are unknown (1)
• Blood glucose level only measured for one
day (1)
• The peaks in blood glucose level still go
above the normal range (1)
• Diet may not control blood glucose
concentration / diabetes in the long term
(1)
(or other acceptable answers) (Any two, 2)
Structured questions (p.24-38)
12. HKDSEE Biology 2014 Paper 1 Section B Q9
13. (a) • Diet high in saturated fat / cholesterol /
salt (1)
• Smoking (1)
• Lack of exercise (1)
• Having a family history of heart diseases (1)
(or other acceptable answers) (Any three, 3)
(b) During vigorous exercise, the workload of
cardiac muscle increases. (1)
T 3
 David’s coronary artery is narrowed and this
reduces blood flow to the cardiac muscle. (1)
The supply of oxygen and nutrients to the
cardiac muscle is reduced, and the cardiac
muscle may die as it cannot obtain enough
oxygen and nutrients for aerobic respiration. (1)
David may have a heart attack during vigorous
exercise.
(c) • Adopt a low-fat diet (1)
to lower his blood cholesterol level and
thereby reducing the risk of plaque
formation in the arteries. (1)
• Quit smoking (1)
as carbon monoxide in cigarette smoke
reduces the oxygen-carrying capacity of
the blood and this increases the workload
of the heart. (1)
• Exercise regularly (1)
to control body weight, prevent obesity
and strengthen the cardiovascular system.
(1)
(or other acceptable answers) (Any two sets, 4)
14. HKDSEE Biology 2015 Paper 1 Section B Q8
15. (a) (i) p53 gene is a tumour suppressor gene. (1)
Benzopyrene causes mutation of p53
gene. (1)
The cell cycle cannot be stopped and the
cells divide uncontrollably, forming a
tumour. (1)
(or other acceptable answers)
(ii) • Having family history of cancer (1)
• Aging (1)
• Certain viral infections (1)
• Age / gender / family history of the
subjects (1)
(or other acceptable answers) (Any two, 2)
(iii) Blood could be from sources other than a
tumour. (1)
16. (a) Blood clot prevents oxygenated blood from
reaching the cardiac muscle. (1)
The cardiac muscle cannot obtain enough
oxygen / glucose for aerobic respiration. (1)
As a result, the cardiac muscle dies. (1)
(b) (i) The death rate decreases with an increasing
ratio of unsaturated fatty acids. (1)
The countries with a the lowest ratio of
unsaturated fatty acids have the highest
death rate. (1)
Correct quoting of data to support
answers (1)
(ii) Increase the ratio of unsaturated to
saturated fatty acids in their diet. (1)
Replace animal fats with plant oils / reduce
animal fats / increase plant oils (1)
because plant oils have a higher percentage
of unsaturated fatty acids. (1)
(or other acceptable answers)
Chapter 25
Body defence mechanisms
Multiple-choice questions (p.25-29)
1. C
2. B
3. B

• Lack of exercise (1) 4. D

• Being overweight (1)
5. D
(or other acceptable answers) (Any two, 2)
6. A
(b) (i) The confirmed cases only have a slightly
higher mortality rate than the control 7. B
group in the first five years. (1)
8. B
(ii) • Sample size (1)
• The subjects are randomly assigned 9. C
into two groups or not / the design is
10. C
double-blinded or not (1)

T 4
11. D
With reference to the graph, the latent period of
the primary response is about 12 days. Since the
secondary response is faster than primary response,
the antibody level of Q would reach a peak in less
than 12 days.
Short questions (p.25-31)
12. (a) Cell P: ciliated epithelial cell (1)
Cell Q: mucus-secreting cell (1)
(b) Cell Q secretes mucus, (1)
which traps dust particles and pathogens in the
incoming air. (1)
The beating action of the cilia of cell P sweeps
the mucus, together with the pathogen, to the
pharynx for removal. (1)
Cell P and Q are closely packed to form a
physical barrier that prevents the entry of
pathogens into the body. (1)
13. (a) Plasma cell (1)
(b) (i) The shape of the antigen-binding sites of
antibodies is complementary to the shape
of antigens on a virus. (1)
(ii) Antibodies can make holes on the surfaces
of pathogens. The pathogens are lysed and
killed. (1)
(or other acceptable answers)
(c) (i) They can attack / destroy infected body
cells. (1)
(ii) They stimulate cell Y to carry out
phagocytosis / engulf viruses. (1)
14. HKDSEE Biology 2016 Paper 1 Section B Q7
Structured questions (p.25-32)
15. (a) Rough endoplasmic reticulum has
ribosomes, (1)
which are the site of protein synthesis. (1)
(b) 41 mm × 1000 = 41,000 μm
41,000 μm / 15 μm (1)
= 2733× (1)
(c) Smallpox / variola virus (1)
(d) Memory cells are produced in immune
response. (1)
These cells are long-lived / remain in the blood
circulation. (1)
They can produce faster immune response to
provide immunity. (1)
(e) The majority of the population received the
vaccine and thus smallpox cannot spread
among the community. (1)
The virus does not mutate readily and the same
vaccine is still effective against smallpox. (1)
(or other acceptable answers)
(f) (Artificial) active immunity (1)
16. (a) (i) 12.5 days (1)
(ii) Memory cells are already present. (1)
More plasma cells produced in a shorter
period of time. (1)
(b) (i) Correct drawing: (3)
• Antibody level starts to rise on day 40
(1)
• Antibody level shows a latent period
and a slow increase (1)
• Antibody level reaches a peak 13 to 17
days later and then decreases (1)
(ii) No memory cells are present. (1)
It takes some time for the immune system
to recognize the foreign antigen and
produce an immune response. (1)
17. HKDSEE 2013 Biology Paper 1 Section B Q9
18. (a) (i) Tissue X: ciliated epithelium (1)
Cell Y: red blood cell (1)
(ii) • Mucus produced by mucus-secreting
cells traps dust particles and pathogens.
(1)
• The beating action of the cilia of
ciliated epithelial cells moves the mucus
along with the pathogens to the
pharynx for removal. (1)
• The epithelial cells are closely packed to
form a physical barrier, preventing the
entry of pathogens into the body. (1)
T 5
 • The capillaries bring phagocytes to
engulf pathogens. (1) (Any three, 3)
(b) (i) phagocytosis (1)
(ii) Cell L digests the pathogens. (1)
Cell L presents the antigens on its cell
surface. This allows specific lymphocytes to
recognize and bind to the antigens, and
become activated. (1)
(c) The secondary response is faster (1)
because memory cells divide and differentiate
quickly into large numbers of plasma cells and
killer T cells. (1)
Disease symptoms may not appear (1)
because a larger amount of antibodies are
produced and the pathogens are killed before
they can reproduce and cause harm. (1)
(or other acceptable answers) (Max. 3)
(d) (i) Insufficient lymphocytes to produce
immune response (1)
(ii) Pathogens cannot be recognized by the
immune system (1)
(iii) No plasma cells can be formed and no
antibodies are produced (1)
19. (a) People with AIDS are susceptible to infections /
get infections easily. (1)
When pathogens invade their body, their
immune system cannot destroy the
pathogens. (1)
The pathogens can reproduce and damage
host tissues. (1)
(b) (i) • HIV enters cells before antibodies can
destroy it. (1)
• Antibodies stay in the blood. They
cannot enter the infected cells to
destroy HIV. (1)
• HIV enters cells before secondary
response can be initiated / before
memory cells can respond. (1)
(Any two, 2)
(ii) When the antigens on HIV change,
memory cells cannot recognize the new
antigens. (1)
T 6
There are many different strains of HIV. /
Many antigens are present on HIV. It is not
possible to make a vaccine for all
antigens. (1)
(c) • Inactive virus may become active. (1)
• Weakened (attenuated) virus might
become harmful. (1)
• Non-pathogenic virus may mutate and
harm cells. (1)
• Genetic information or proteins from HIV
may harm cells. (1)
• People may be tested HIV positive after
vaccination. (1) (Any three, 3)
Essays (p.25-35)
20. • The wound will bleed and the blood flowing
out of the wound. Blood clot will form at the
wound to stop the further entry of pathogens
into the body. (1)
• Inflammatory responses will be initiated to
deliver more phagocytes to the wound to
engulf the pathogens and dead cells. (1)
• B cells recognize the antigens of pathogens,
and are stimulated to multiply and differentiate
into plasma cells and memory B cells. (1)
• Plasma cells produce antibodies to destroy the
pathogens. (1)
• The body may already have some memory B
cells for the pathogens and they can initiate
secondary response to destroy the pathogens
quickly. (1)
• Helper T cells recognize the antigens presented
on the surfaces of infected cells. They release
lymphokines to activate B cells, phagocytes and
T cells. (1)
• T cells multiply and differentiate into killer T
cells, helper T cells and memory T cells. (1)
• Killer T cells destroy the infected cells. (1)
• Memory T cells develop a memory for the
antigens. (1)
Communication (Max. 3)