Project Reporte and User Manual Haile Tegenu Brihane

YIRGALEM INDUSTRIAL AND
CONSTRUCTION COLLEG
PROJECT REPORT FOR DESIGNING AND MANUFACTURING OF

FEARMING/ HI-LIFT JACK
PREPARED BY
INSTRUCTOR HAILE TEGENU BIRHANE
March 14, 2023

YIRGALM, SIDAMA ETHIOPIA
Farming jack
Prepared by haile tegenu
Abstract
A farm jack is a multipurpose tool originally developed for agricultural applications that can be
used for lifting, winching, and clamping operations. In addition to being useful in farm settings,
it can be used in construction, car repair, and a variety of other activities. The operation of a farm
jack is relatively simple, and the device is very rugged and durable, capable of withstanding
extremely high strain without failing or buckling. Agricultural and tool suppliers often carry
these tools along with components to replace worn parts. The farm jack consists of a long beam
with holes and adjustable clamps with pins that lock into the holes. The user can attach a lever to
move the clamps, allowing the jack to be adjusted up or down for different purposes. For
example, on a vehicle with a high suspension that a normal jack could not reach, the farm jack
can be used to lift the vehicle to work underneath. Multiple jacks can be applied to a project to
position it appropriately and hold it safely. With over 100 years of quality, the Hi-Lift Jack is a
rugged, highly versatile jack that puts you in command of situations requiring lifting, pushing,
pulling, winching, and clamping. Although light in weight and easy to maneuver, the Hi-Lift
Jack offers a rated capacity of 4,660 lbs (2114 kg) and a tested capacity of 7,000 lbs (3175 kg).
Experimental design is the most prestigious method for advancing science and technology as
well as research is selected for this project. In addition to this, a quantitative data analysis
method was prominently used in analysing and interpreting data.
The method starting for review of literature up to design analysis and finish physically the
project has been done. Tools used to collect data questioner, observation’s structure interview
and unstructured interview. From the respondents it is possible to summarize that majority of the
enterprises use portable grinding machine and hammer for making the pipe profile and most of
them respond this machine is very essential for their production system improvement.
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Contents
Abstract .......................................................................................................................................................... i
CHAPTER ONE ............................................................................................................................................... 1
INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................................. 1
1.1 Background of the project ............................................................................................................ 1
1.2 Problem statement of the project ...................................................................................................... 3
1.3 Objectives of the project..................................................................................................................... 3
1.3.1general objectives of the project .................................................................................................. 3
1.3.2 Specific Objectives ....................................................................................................................... 3
1.4 Project question .................................................................................................................................. 3
1.3 Project Specifications........................................................................................................................ 4
1.4 Applications ....................................................................................................................................... 4
1.5 Significance of the project ................................................................................................................ 4
1.6 Beneficiaries of the project ............................................................................................................... 5
1.6.1 Government .................................................................................................................................. 5
1.6.2 Metal workshops enterprises ........................................................................................................ 5
1.6.3 Researchers................................................................................................................................... 5
1.6.4 Institute Technology transfer department .................................................................................... 6
1.7 Scope of project ................................................................................................................................. 6
1.8 Limitation of the project .................................................................................................................. 6
CHAPTER TWO .............................................................................................................................................. 7
LITERATURE REVIEW ..................................................................................................................................... 7
2.1 Etymology ........................................................................................................................................... 8
2.2 Jackscrew ............................................................................................................................................ 8
2.2.1 Scissor jack ....................................................................................................................................... 8
2.2.2 House jack .................................................................................................................................... 9
2.3 Hydraulic jack ...................................................................................................................................... 9
2.3.1 Floor jack .................................................................................................................................... 10
2.3.2 Bottle jack .................................................................................................................................. 10
2.4 Pneumatic jack .................................................................................................................................. 12
2.4.1 Air hydraulic jack ........................................................................................................................ 12
2.4.2 Inflatable jack ............................................................................................................................. 12
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2.2.4 Strand jack.................................................................................................................................. 13
2.2.5 Farm jack .................................................................................................................................... 13
2.3 Parts of the hijack/ farm jack ............................................................................................................ 13
Chapter 3: Methodology........................................................................................................................... 15
3.1 Methodology .............................................................................................................................. 15
3.2 Description of the study area............................................................................................................ 16
3.3. Sampling Design ............................................................................................................................... 16
Target population ............................................................................................................................... 16
3.4 Data collection methods ................................................................................................................... 17
3.4.1. Secondary data collection ......................................................................................................... 17
3.5. Instrument of Data Collection.......................................................................................................... 17
3.6 Feasibility Studies ........................................................................................................................... 19
3.6.1 Technical Feasibility ................................................................................................................... 19
3.6.2 Economical Feasibility ................................................................................................................ 19
3.6.3 Operational Feasibility ............................................................................................................... 19
3.6.4 Efficiency .................................................................................................................................... 19
3.7 Tools, devices and machineries ...................................................................................................... 19
3.8 Summary.......................................................................................................................................... 21
CHAPTER 4: DESIGN PROCESS ......................................................................................................... 22
4.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 22
4.2 Schematic presentation of the machine ......................................................................................... 23
4.3 Total size and weight of the machine ............................................................................................ 23
4.4 Material selection analysis.............................................................................................................. 23
4.4.1 Material selection processes and its factors ................................................................................ 23
4.4.2 Material selection for critical parts/components ........................................................................ 25
4.4.3 Material selection for Shafts ....................................................................................................... 25
4.4.4 Material selection for bearing ..................................................................................................... 27
Functional requirement for bearing ................................................................................................ 27
4.5 Assembling procedure, maintenance............................................................................................. 28
4.5.1 The need for maintenance .......................................................................................................... 28
4.5.2 Types of maintenance ................................................................................................................. 28
4.5.3 Maintenance and their functions ................................................................................................ 29
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4.5.4 The expecting problems in rolling machine ................................................................................ 30
4.5.5 Maintenance and repairs for rolling machines ........................................................................... 31
4.5.6 Periodical or routine maintenance.............................................................................................. 31
4.6 Assembling Procedure .................................................................................................................... 33
4.7 Cost analysis .................................................................................................................................... 34
4.7.1 Raw materials cost ...................................................................................................................... 34
4.7.2 Blank materials cost ................................................................................................................... 34
4.7.3 Standard items cost .................................................................................................................... 34
4.7.4 Labor cost ................................................................................................................................... 35
4.7.5 Machine depreciation cost .......................................................................................................... 38
4.7.6 Power consumption cost ............................................................................................................. 40
4.7.7 Operation cost ............................................................................................................................ 40
4.8 Total cost .......................................................................................................................................... 41
CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION AND FUTURE RECOMMENDATIONS .......................................... 42
5.1 Conclusion ....................................................................................................................................... 42
5.2 Future Recommendations .............................................................................................................. 42
USER MANUAL ............................................................................................................................................ 43
Safety .......................................................................................................................................................... 47
Safety Symbols ....................................................................................................................................... 47
Safety Warnings ..................................................................................................................................... 47
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CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the project

A jack is a mechanical lifting device used to apply great forces or lift heavy loads. A mechanical
jack employs a screw thread for lifting heavy equipment. A hydraulic jack uses hydraulic
power.[1] The most common form is a car jack, floor jack or garage jack, which lifts vehicles so
that maintenance can be performed. Jacks are usually rated for a maximum lifting capacity (for
example, 1.5 tons or 3 tons). Industrial jacks can be rated for many tons of load.
The farm jack also known as a railroad jack, high lift jack or kanga-jack was invented in 1905. It
consists of a steel beam with a series of equally spaced holes along its length, and a hand-
operated mechanism which can be moved from one end of the beam to the other through the use
of a pair of climbing pins. Typical sizes for the farm jack are 4 feet (1.2 m), 5 feet (1.5 m)and 6
feet (1.8 m) referring to the length of the beam.
The jack's versatility stems from its use for such applications as lifting, winching, clamping,
pulling and pushing. It is this versatility, along with the long travel it offers and its relative
portability, which make the farm jack so popular with off-road drivers.
The history of the Hi-Lift Jack came up in conversation the other day and it seemed like an
interesting topic to delve into. This piece of equipment is tied to a long line of good old
fashioned “Murican” history.
Back in 1895, Philip John Harrah founded the Bloomingfield Manufacturing Company in the
state of Indiana. Aside from the Hi-Lift Jack, some inventions I found most interesting were the
“Kalamity Kar Kit” and the “seven-use hammer-hatchet-wirecutter-pliers tool.” The second is
pretty self-explanatory but the kit was a group of handy items that pioneering motorists needed
to deal with roadside issues. The company is credited with several inventions that are still in very
wide use today.
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Farming jack
Figure 1 farm jack
Mr. Harrah was quite a character. According to sources found on www.indianahistory.org, he

was famous for his tall tales and playing the violin at square dances. He was a washing machine
salesman and a school teacher before he decided to follow his passion and open the company
with Oscar Shryer. He very much admired Thomas Edison and wanted to be a similar creator,
making things for people that would simplify everyday life.
In 1905, the very first Hi-Lift Jack was produced except it wasn’t called that until much later.
Originally, it was produced as the Automatic Combination Tool but was often called the
Handyman or Sheepherder’s Jack.
Since its invention, it has been used in several different applications. If you surf through the
forums, you can find story after story of how this jack is used extensively even on modern day
farms. Also known as the Farm Jack, you can use it to hoist heavy equipment, clamp bent steel
back to “somewhat” straight levels so it can be reassembled, or even stretch barbed wire when
laying new pasture fences. Check out the video for some more interesting history and uses of the
jack.
For several years, automobiles didn’t come with the jacks we are used to seeing today, they came
with the Automatic Combination Tool or at least a spin-off. A great deal of these jacks are still
being provided to tactical military units today. I have always heard that the Hi-Lift was a
prominent tool for emergency services personnel prior to the implementation of the “Jaws of
Life” (another interesting story; those came from stock car racing). The fact is, they are still
widely used by fire departments all over the country. Hi-Lift has an emergency responder
version jack and an accompanying video that shows why the tool is still so valuable in life or
death scenarios.
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1.2 Problem statement of the project
A farm jack is not a standard car jack and is called a farm jack since it’s mainly used with
farming equipment such as tractors and jeeps. These jacks are larger by far than any standard
jack and are used to lift extremely heavy weights high off the ground. Farm jacks are best used
on vehicles with big wheels and for raised or tall vehicles.
1.3 Objectives of the project

1.3.1general objectives of the project
In order to reduce the damage caused by the lack of good and effective lifting equipment, we
established the goal of designing and creating a farm jack to be used as a part of a sustainable
system of transportation for businesses and farms to lift up heavy equipment’s, vehicles and
machinery. In order to reach this goal, we established the following specific objectives.
1.3.2 Specific Objectives

➢ The first objective of this project is to research preexisting farm jack designs to determine
what characteristics work or do not work.
➢ The second objective is to design a farm jack for agricultural equipment, machinery and
vehicles lifting to the market in Ethiopia.
➢ The third objective is to build a functioning farm jack to be used by small business
enterprises, Farm, to serve as an example of the effectiveness of the design.
1.4 Project question

This project is going to justify how effective farm jack technology plays an important role in the
distribution of agricultural products, how it creates market for agricultural product and reduces
spoilage and wastage of farm products. It also going to answer the following questions;-
➢ What are the current practices of transportation channels to deliver agricultural products
to the market?
➢ What are the preexisting farm jack designs looks?
➢ How to design a farm jack?
➢ How to build a farm jack?
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1.3 Project Specifications
The specifications of this project mainly involve the use of different types of mechanisms, in a
manual HI lift jack (farming jack) machine, the gear mechanism, power transmission, speed
controller. In simple words, most specifications are linked with the theory of machines. Since the
project's objective is to design a manual roller bending machine, the concepts of mechanisms
must be clear.
Mostly, the engineering standards involved in this design are taken from ASME codes.
First of all, all the parts are separately designed, and then they are assembled. The machine
design standards were used for designing the gears and mechanism of power transmission. The
specifications of the manual HI lift jack (farming jack) machine must be like it consumes very
little power and delivers much work. Moreover, the machine must have reliability so that it can
operate for longer hours.
1.4 Applications
The major uses of this roller bending machine is given as follows
➢ This machine is helpful in lifting heavy machines easily.
➢ It can lift heavy machines without any electricity.
➢ Manually operated to do the task at domestic level.
➢ Also, helpful in moving from one place to another place.
➢ Through this machine, no heavy labour is required.
➢ Easy to handle and operate.
➢ Little maintenance is required for such type of machines.
1.5 Significance of the project
This project significantly strength small and medium micro enterprise in the country by
developing appropriate technology. Thus, the enterprise competitiveness, productivity efficient
utilization and innovation capabilities of enterprises may be improved; the continuity of this
improvement in the future assists the policy and strategy of the country.
Specifically, the project is useful for the SME as well as for the community in the following
aspects:
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Farming jack
➢ It will create job opportunity after producing the prototype for those who work in this
sector.
➢ It will help as a source for another academic research.
➢ After the prototype of the machine is produced and implemented, the Enterprise will get
profit by manufacturing lifting jack machine according to the design and distributing for
local metal workers.
➢ By utilization of local resources and enhancing technology transfer by manufacturing the
rolling machine.
1.6 Beneficiaries of the project
1.6.1 Government
One of the strategic requirements of TVET training is to design, fabricate, and transfer
technology to stakeholder especially to MSE’s which the main are pillar for the development and
transformation plan Sectors. Lifting jack machine uses to industry development sectors and it is
Owen relevant with Ethiopian GDP growth which is directly or indirectly contributes some input
for the development through MSE’S which engaged in metal work manufacturing enterprises
and industries.
1.6.2 Metal workshops enterprises
The technology is so helpful to the enterprises which are involving in business generating by
modifying and fabricating different technologies so as this project/technology will enhance their
market by fabricating and selling it to customers.
1.6.3 Researchers
This project also is very important for the researchers which deal with lifting jack machines.
During development of this project, i observed some important points about the nature of the
machine, the types of operation to be performed etc. and researchers gained in knowledge and
skills that can be can used it either as reference for related studies or to modify it to any
appropriate function.
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1.6.4 Institute Technology transfer department
The Technology transfer department of the institution is working in copying and modifying of
different technologies which must be functional and bring significant impact in the import
substitution and strengthening the micro and small enterprises so this project will deliver to the
SME enterprises through the institution.
1.7 Scope of project
The project is design and manufactures a high lifting machine which used to lift up any heavy
machines and equipment’s that wight is limited to 700kg and the width which the machine can
lift up to 1m :
• Low maintenance cost
• High durability
• High efficiency
The machine is useful in many industrial applications still it can be used for small scale
production enterprise.
1.8 Limitation of the project
These high lift (farming jack) machines have some limitation.

➢ Limited budget and time constants.
➢ Shortage of machines and equipment
➢ Shortage of row material.
➢ The machine cannot lift up more than 700kg wight and 1m hight.
➢ There are no latest research works in abundantly and materials for high lifting jack
(farming jack) machine.
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CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
A farm jack is not a standard car jack and is called a farm jack since it’s mainly used with
farming equipment such as tractors and jeeps. These jacks are larger by far than any standard
jack and are used to lift extremely heavy weights high off the ground. Farm jacks are best used
on vehicles with big wheels and for raised or tall vehicles.
A farm jack is a multipurpose tool originally developed for agricultural applications that can be
used for lifting, winching, and clamping operations. In addition to being useful in farm settings,
it can be used in construction, car repair, and a variety of other activities. The operation of a farm
jack is relatively simple, and the device is very rugged and durable, capable of withstanding
extremely high strain without failing or buckling. Agricultural and tool suppliers often carry
these tools along with components to replace worn parts.
The farm jack consists of a long beam with holes and adjustable clamps with pins that lock into
the holes. The user can attach a lever to move the clamps, allowing the jack to be adjusted up or
down for different purposes. For example, on a vehicle with a high suspension that a normal jack
could not reach, the farm jack can be used to lift the vehicle to work underneath.
Multiple jacks can be applied to a project to position it appropriately and hold it safely.
Farm jacks come in a number of models, but the basic range is from 48” to 60” in height. These
jacks all use the same mechanical lifting principles and are made from similar materials.
Essentially, the lifting system is a cast steel socket that drops over the rack. The rack has a long
series of holes in which steel lifting pegs are secured in place when the jack has reached the
preferred height.
At the bottom of the jack is the lifting mechanism, this includes the “foot” or “toe” which holds
the weight of the load. The lever is usually a long pole of steel that is set into a receiving lever
that gives you the ability to push the jack up the rack and is locked in place using the pins.
All jacks come with a “reversing catch,” remember that this must never be touched until you are
ready to release the load when it is on the ground. The reverse catch basically separates the lever
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Farming jack
mechanism from the rack, and if the pins are not in place, the jack mechanism will fly down the
rack. Take heed also that if the handle is in place, it will go up and down with speed, and is
extremely dangerous. Imagine a chopping mechanism, that’s what you get here. So always make
sure the reverse catch is locked into its place, and only use it when you need to release the
tension in the lowest stage of the operation. That means when you have lowered the jack to the
ground, but still has that initial tension from holding the vehicle frame to the jack.
A jack is a mechanical lifting device used to apply great forces or lift heavy loads. A mechanical
jack employs a screw thread for lifting heavy equipment. A hydraulic jack uses hydraulic
power. The most common form is a car jack, floor jack or garage jack, which lifts vehicles so
that maintenance can be performed. Jacks are usually rated for a maximum lifting capacity (for
example, 1.5 tons or 3 tons). Industrial jacks can be rated for many tons of loads.
2.1 Etymology
The personal name Jack, which came into English usage around the thirteenth century as a
nickname form of John, came in the sixteenth century to be used as a colloquial word for 'a man
(of low status)' (much as in the modern usage 'jack of all trades, master of none'). From here, the
word was 'applied to things which in some way take the place of a lad or man, or save human
labour'. The first attestation in the Oxford English Dictionary of jack in the sense 'a machine,
usually portable, for lifting heavy weights by force acting from below' is from 1679, referring to
'an Engine used for the removing and commodious placing of great Timber.
2.2 Jackscrew
2.2.1 Scissor jack

Scissor car jacks usually use mechanical advantage to allow a human to lift a vehicle by manual
force alone. The jack shown at the right is made for a modern vehicle and the notch fits into
a jack-up point on a unibody. Earlier versions have a platform to lift on a vehicle's frame or axle.
Electrically operated car scissor jacks are powered by 12 volt electricity supplied directly from
the car's cigarette lighter receptacle. The electrical energy is used to power these car jacks to
raise and lower automatically. Electric jacks require less effort from the motorist for operation.
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Figure 2 jackscrew/scissor jacks
2.2.2 House jack

A house jack, also called a screw jack, is a mechanical device primarily used to lift
buildings from their foundations for repairs or relocation. A series of jacks is used and then
wood cribbing temporarily supports the structure. This process is repeated until the desired
height is reached. The house jack can be used for jacking carrying beams that have settled or for
installing new structural beams. On the top of the jack is a cast iron circular pad that the jacking
post rests on. This pad moves independently of the house jack so that it does not turn as
the acme-threaded rod is turned with a metal rod. This piece tilts very slightly, but not enough to
render the post dangerously out of plumb.
Figure 3 hose jack
2.3 Hydraulic jack

In 1838 William Joseph Curtis filed a British patent for a hydraulic jack.[4]
In 1851, inventor Richard Dudgeon was granted a patent for a "portable hydraulic press" – the
hydraulic jack, a jack which proved to be vastly superior to the screw jacks in use at the time.[5]
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Hydraulic jacks are typically used for shop work, rather than as an emergency jack to be carried
with the vehicle. Use of jacks not designed for a specific vehicle requires more than the usual
care in selecting ground conditions, the jacking point on a vehicle, and to ensure stability when
the jack is extended. Hydraulic jacks are often used to lift elevators in low and medium rise
buildings.
A hydraulic jack uses a liquid, which is incompressible, that is forced into a cylinder by a pump
plunger. Oil is used since it is self-lubricating and stable. When the plunger pulls back, it draws
oil out of the reservoir through a suction check valve into the pump chamber. When the plunger
moves forward, it pushes the oil through a discharge check valve into the cylinder. The suction
valve ball is within the chamber and opens with each draw of the plunger. The discharge valve
ball is outside the chamber and opens when the oil is pushed into the cylinder. At this point the
suction ball within the chamber is forced shut and oil pressure builds in the cylinder.
Figure 4 the working principle of hydraulic jack
2.3.1 Floor jack

In a floor jack (aka 'trolley jack') a horizontal piston pushes on the short end of a bellcrank, with
the long arm providing the vertical motion to a lifting pad, kept horizontal with a horizontal
linkage. Floor jacks usually include casters and wheels, allowing compensation for the arc taken
by the lifting pad. This mechanism provides a low profile when collapsed, for easy maneuvering
underneath the vehicle, while allowing considerable extension.
2.3.2 Bottle jack

"Bottle jack" redirects here. For the meat-roasting device, see Roasting jack.
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A bottle jack or whiskey jack is a jack which resembles a bottle in shape, having a cylindrical
body and a neck. Within is a vertical lifting ram with a support pad of some kind fixed to the top.
The jack may be hydraulic or work by screw action. In the hydraulic version, the hydraulic
ram emerges from the body vertically by hydraulic pressure provided by a pump either on the
baseplate or at a remote location via a pressure hose. With a single action piston the lift range is
somewhat limited, so its use for lifting vehicles is limited to those with a relatively high
clearance. For lifting structures such as houses the hydraulic interconnection of multiple vertical
jacks through valves enables the even distribution of forces while enabling close control of the
lift.
The screw version of the bottle jack works by turning a large nut running on the threaded vertical
ram at the neck of the body. The nut has gear teeth, and is generally turned by a bevel
gear spigotted to the body, the bevel gear being turned manually by a jack handle fitting into a
square socket. The ram may have a second screwed ram within it, which doubles the lifting range
telescopically.
Bottle jacks have a capacity of up to 50 tons and may be used to lift a variety of objects. Typical
uses include the repair of automobiles and house foundations. Larger, heavy-duty models may be
known as a barrel jack
This type of jack is best used for short vertical lifts. Blocks may be used to repeat the operation
when a greater amount of elevation is required.
Figure 5 screw version of the bottle jack works
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2.4 Pneumatic jack
2.4.1 Air hydraulic jack

An air hydraulic jack is a hydraulic jack that is actuated by compressed air - for example, air
from a compressor - instead of human work. This eliminates the need for the user to actuate the
hydraulic mechanism, saving effort and potentially increasing speed. Sometimes, such jacks are
also able to be operated by the normal hydraulic actuation method, thereby retaining
functionality, even if a source of compressed air is not available.
Figure 6 demonstration of using two stacked air bags to lift the rear of a car
2.4.2 Inflatable jack

An inflatable jack, lifting bag, or pneumatic lifting bag is an air bag that is inflated by
compressed air (without a hydraulic component) in order to lift objects. The bag can be deflated
to be reused later. The objects can be of a smaller load such as an automobile or it can be a larger
object such as an airplane.
Air bags are also used by rescuers to lift heavy objects up to help victims who are trapped under
those objects. There are three main types of lifting bags for rescue: high pressure, medium
pressure and low pressure systems. Low-pressure bags are operated at 7.25 psi for high vertical
lift in a large surface area but lower lifting capacities. Medium-pressure bags are operated at 15
psi. High-pressure bags which have higher lifting capacities are operated at pressure between 90
and 145 psi. Two air bags can be stacked together to provide a higher lift. It is recommended that
no more than two bags can be used in a stacked configuration, the bigger bag must be the bottom
one, and no other objects are inserted between the stacked bags. Incorrect use of stacked bags
may result in a bag (or other objects) shooting out to create a dangerous projectile.
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Farming jack
2.2.4 Strand jack
A strand jack is a specialized hydraulic jack that grips steel cables. Often used in concert, strand
jacks can lift hundreds of tons and are used in engineering and construction.
2.2.5 Farm jack

The farm jack also known as a railroad jack, high lift jack or kanga-jack was invented in 1905. It
consists of a steel beam with a series of equally spaced holes along its length, and a hand-
operated mechanism which can be moved from one end of the beam to the other through the use
of a pair of climbing pins. Typical sizes for the farm jack are 4 feet (1.2 m), 5 feet (1.5 m)and 6
feet (1.8 m) referring to the length of the beam.
The jack's versatility stems from its use for such applications as lifting, winching, clamping,
pulling and pushing. It is this versatility, along with the long travel it offers and its relative
portability, which make the farm jack so popular with off-road drivers.
Figure 7 A farm jack attached to a vehicle
2.3 Parts of the hijack/ farm jack

The thing you're most likely to see when driving off-road is a 4x4. The second thing you're most
likely to see when driving off-road is a Hi-Lift Jack. The wildly popular jack-of-all-trades jack
has a family tree that includes the original Automatic Combination Tool. Eventually renamed Hi-
Lift Jack, its all-purpose-ness comes from its ability to function in situations that call for
winching and lifting the chassis, as well as pulling, pushing, spreading, and other recovery and
repair needs. Now, not all "high-lift" jacks are the same as a Hi-Lift Jack; the former is more of a
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generic term. To see what we mean, plug "Hi-Lift Jack" into Amazon or google and you'll get
the real deal as well as similar tools named "high-lift jack." The authentic Hi-Lift jack is built in
the USA and certified by the International 4 Wheel Drive Trainers Association.
The anatomy of the Hi-Lift Jack is simple: a two-piece, handle-socket design with components
that include a bar with holes, climbing pins, and clamp-clevis. It's rated for 4,660 pounds but has
a 7,000-pound tested capacity. Models include cast-steel and all-cast, and range from 36 to 60
inches, which matters depending on the height of your vehicle. Most people do fine with a 48-
incher, but if you've added more than a couple inches of lift with bigger tires, you might need
more jack. There are also interesting variants of the Hi-Lift Jack, such as the X-Treme, which
has a special top winch-clamp spreader attachment for winching, spreading, and clamping up to
5,000 pounds, a model for UTV/SxS vehicles, and the P.J. Harrah Signature Edition that melds
the modern Hi-Lift Jack with the original Automatic Combination Tool and
Handyman/Sheepherder from the early 1900s.
At the very least, no other off-road jack can compete with the volume of Hi-Lift Jack
accessories, many of which are spotlighted here with pricing that was approximate when this
article was published. You'll find accessories for mounting, storage, security, and protection, and
these and others can be purchased from various suppliers of off-road products,
including Quadratec, Warn, 4Wheel Parts, and, of course, directly from Hi-Lift.
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Chapter 3: Methodology
3.1 Methodology
his chapter of the study clarifies the research methods used to gather relevant information which
will help to answer the research questions. It deals with the background information of the
research data collection methods and procedures.
In order to carry out this project work an experimental research design was chosen because
Experiment could be a signal protocol, we follow from beginning to end to get a result. This
refers to physical experimentation. This involves generating design, material selection and
prototypes manufacturing and testing the same after setting up’ the test conditions, in process
parameters variables are typically monitored.
Experiment is part of research starts from selecting a problem then comes your experimental
phase. So that determines the best methods to be used in the design and manufacture of the
rolling machine. For these reasons, specific data collected prior to the designing the model
provides definite answers to specific issues and challenges that could meet the objective of this
project. Appling the method in the project experimental design is a problem-solving approach
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that the study is described in the future on what will be and when variables are carefully
controlled or manipulated.
3.2 Description of the study area

Yirgalem The town has 6°45 N latitude and 38° 25 E longitudes and an elevation of 1776 meter.
Yirgalem is located at 370km south of Addis Ababa, 45km to Hawassa which is the capital city
Sidama region and also 50km north of Dilla and its current population is 38700 and the growth
rate is 2.9 percent. Yirgalem falls in Weina Dega climate zone (and it is tropical and moderately
hot) with mean annual rainfall ranging from 900mm to1800mm and a mean temperature varying
from 100c and 320c.
The elevation of the town ranges between 1600m to 1800m above sea level. The surrounding of
Yirgalem lies on two physiographic units, southeastern highlands and the rift valley and also
surrounded by two rivers locally named Gidawo in the side of northeast parts and southeast
Woyima. Due to its Physiographic seating, it has steep slope, river valley and fluvial deposits are
dominant features.
3.3. Sampling Design
Target population
The size of sample should neither be excessively large, nor too small but it should be optimum.
An optimum sample is one which fulfills the requirements of efficiency, representativeness,
reliability and flexibility (Kothari, 2004).The sample size for the study is calculated from the
total small and medium enterprises, instructors and farmers, Yirgalem city and surrounding.
Hence taking the total small and medium enterprises, instructors and farmers, Yirgalem city and
surrounding, determination of sample size is calculated using sample size calculator with
acceptable confidence level. Therefore, with 95% confidence level and +/- 5% confidence
interval, the sample size becomes. Different studies in the area (Buil et al., 2013; Alhaddad,
2015; Mutsikiwa et al., 2013) are also conducted with similar sample size.
Therefore, the sample size for this study was determined by using the formula developed by
Krejcie and Morgan (1970). Sample size from the customers is going to be calculated as follows:
n=x2NP (1-P)
D2 *(N-1) +X2P (1-P)
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Farming jack
Where; n = required sample size.
𝑥2= table value of chi - square for one degree of freedom at the desired confidence level
(3.841 for 0.95 confidence interval).
N = the given population
𝑝= population proportion (assumed to be 0.5 since this would provide the maximum sample size.
d= the degree of accuracy set at 0.05.
3.4 Data collection methods
3.4.1. Secondary data collection

The study used data from both primary and secondary sources. Questionnaires are the sole
source of primary data collection. These questionnaires are distributed to sample Yirgalem city
and surrounding in which their responses were collected for further statistical analysis.
Secondary data was collected from various sources such as previous research like journal
articles, internal publications, in-house company survey and others
3.5. Instrument of Data Collection

The studyed employ self-administered questionnaires to collect primary data. Structured
questionnaires were used because it is easy for respondents to answer and it is simple for the
researcher to compare and analyze different response. Because each person (respondent) was
asked to respond to the same set of questions, questionnaire provides an efficient way of
collecting responses from a large sample prior to quantitative analysis (Saunders et al. 2009).
Generally, Likert scale is the most suitable method of survey collection and is simple for the
researcher to collect data and to code responses. The responses on Likert scale are easily
quantifiable and simple to apply statistical analysis (Kumar, 2011). Five Point Likert scale
questionnaire that ranges from („Strongly Agree‟ to „Strongly Disagree‟) was proposed to
measure questions with 31 item scales under a total of three variables. Most studies in similar
subject matter also applied the Five Point Likert Scale in constructing their questionnaires (Yoo
et al., 2000; Buil et al., 2013).
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Farming jack
As illustrated below, this guide as to be aware on the specific to accomplished the project.
Literature survey on high lifting

(farming) jack machine
Determine important weights engineering
characteristics and design specification.
Brainstorming
Selection design variable determines
constraints, physical principle and material
geometry.
Conceptual design
Application of standard component and

Re-design 3D Modeling by using right component
solidwork
Predict the performance, checking the feasibility.

No Analysis of Optimal? Best feasibility alternative?
Design
Yes
Final & detail of design

Application of different process by proper
selection for pipe profile cutting machine and
Manufacturing assembling.
End
Fig.3. 1 Guide to accomplish the specifics parts of the project

[16]
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Farming jack
3.6 Feasibility Studies
3.6.1 Technical Feasibility
To implement the project, it is not that much complicated machine. This machine can be easily
manufactured with the available of raw materials.
3.6.2 Economical Feasibility
The materials and parts used for the machine are available in local market with a reasonable cost.
In general, the cost for manufacturing the machine is reasonable. Therefore, it is possible to say
that the machine is economically feasible.
3.6.3 Operational Feasibility
The machine has no complex parts, and any person with low skills can operate the machine by
taking a one- or two-days training. Hence the machine is operationally feasible.
3.6.4 Efficiency
It is much more efficient to increase the production rate as compared to traditional method
replacing the labour force by means of motor power driven machine.
3.7 Tools, devices and machineries
The list of tools, devices and machineries which are used for manufacturing pipe profile
cutting machine of this project work are listed in table 3.2 below
Table 3. 1 Tools use for the project
N Tools Function
o.
Scriber Used for layout on the blank metals

1
Try Square To check square-ness of a component

2
Different types of file Used for different surface finishing

3
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Farming jack
Chipping hammer Used to remove slag on the weld pool
4
Center punch To punch center of a holes to be drilled

5
Measuring tools used to take measurement

6
Paint brush Used to paint assembled part

7
Drill bits Drill holes on component as required

8
9 Wire brush To clean slag from the welded components
1 Open wrench To fasten the parts when assembling the parts

0
Table 3. 2 Equipment use for the project
N Equipment Function
O.
Portable Grinding
1 Used to grind the welded parts
machine
Pedestal grinding
2 Used to grind tools
machine
pedestal drilling
3 produce holes on the required parts of the machines
machine:
Hand shearing machine:
4 Used to shear sheet metal part.
Bending machine: -
5 To bend sheet metals for cover and pattern holder.
SMAW machine:
6 To fabricate the frame, top table and motor seat
Lath machine
7 It is used to turn the shafts, pulley etc.
8 oxy- acetylene To cut plates
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Farming jack
power hacksaw
9 To cut the solid bar
1 Sand paper To Clean films from the surface

0
1 Compressor For painting

1
1 Safety equipment Used as PPE

2
1 Hand Glove To protect from sharp and hot metal

3
3.8 Summary
Experimental design is the most prestigious method for advancing science and technology as
well as research is selected for this project. In addition to this, a quantitative data analysis
method was prominently used in analysing and interpreting data.
The method starting for review of literature up to design analysis and finish physically the
project has been done. Tools used to collect data questioner, observation’s structure interview
and unstructured interview. From the respondents it is possible to summarize that majority of the
enterprises use portable grinding machine and hammer for making the pipe profile and most of
them respond this machine is very essential for their production system improvement.
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Farming jack
CHAPTER 4: DESIGN PROCESS
4.1 Introduction
Design can be defined as a plan or a working drawing produced to show the look and function or
workings before it is built or made, or it is the art or action of conceiving of and producing such
a plan or drawing.
The main factors that were associated with design include: form and size of the parts, ergonomic
consideration, materials selection, type of loads and stresses induced due to the loads, motion of
the parts and their safely operations. In designing a machine component, it is necessary to have a
good knowledge and skill of Mathematics, Engineering Mechanics, Strength of Materials,
Theory of Machines, Workshop Processes and Engineering Drawing.
Engineering design process or mechanical engineering design process is a series of steps that
each designer have to go through, to reach to the solution of the problem or to satisfy the need.
Figure4.1 shows the steps or phases of a general engineering design process.
Identification of need
Definition of problem
Synthesis
Analysis and optimization
Evaluation
Presentation
Fig. 4. 1 Steps in the Design
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Farming jack
4.2 Schematic presentation of the machine
The pictorial and assembly drawings of the project work were presented in order to help the
viewer to conceptualize the entire Physical appearance of the high lifting (farming) jack
machine.
4.3 Total size and weight of the machine

 Size of the machine
The machine has the following total sizes and weight:
Width = 250mm= 0.25meter
Height (from the ground) = 1000mm=1m
Length (including the wheel and handle parts) =350 mm=0.35 m
Total ground space/ area coverage =0.23 square meter.
Machine weight
Total weight of the rolling machine of this project is 4 kilograms.
4.4 Material selection analysis
This section focused on material selection criteria for manufacturing the major components of
the high lifting (farming) jack machine.
4.4.1 Material selection processes and its factors
Material selection is a step in the process of designing any physical object. In the context of
product design, the main goal of material selection is to minimize cost while meeting product
performance goals. Systematic selection of the best material for a given application begins with
properties and costs of candidate materials. The selection of materials and the processes used in
fabrication are integral parts of the design of a machine component.
The characteristics that are usually considered when selecting a material for a given application
can be classified into the following categories: -
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Farming jack
➢ Mechanical behaviour including: yield Strength, tensile strength, ductility, elongation
Percept, hardness, toughness, fatigue strength and stiffness resistance to abrasion and erosion
are also related to mechanical behaviour.
➢ Chemical properties: These include mainly corrosion and oxidation resistance.
➢ Physical characteristics: Under these groups electrical, magnetic, thermal properties and
density are included.
➢ Process ability: includes cast ability, workability, weld ability and machine-ability.
In selecting materials for a given application it is useful to classify them according to
the major function they are expected to perform in service.
The selection of proper materials for manufacturing purpose is one of the most
difficult problems for the designer. A best material selection provides the desired objectives
at a reasonable cost. The following factors should be considered during material selection.
1. Availability of the material in the form of required shape and size;

2. Cost of the material including current and future cost;
3. Material properties as they are related to service performance requirements; and
4. Suitability of material for manufacturing process.
Generally material selection factors are service performance (specifications), availability,
economics (cost), material properties, manufacturing processes, finishing and coatings.
Fig. 4. 2 Material selections processes
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Farming jack
Some of the more common and analytical methods of materials selection are:
1. Cost versus Performance

2. Weighted Property Indices
3. Value Analysis
4. Failure Analysis
5. Benefit-Cost Analysis
4.4.2 Material selection for critical parts/components
Selecting the right material for a machine should fulfil the functional requirement for the specific
part. Hence, to select the suitable material for project work, the digital logic technique was used.
The steps for digital logic methods are: -
1. Set the functional requirements for the part under consideration. This is done by setting a
rating factor;
2. Rank the ratings factors and then determine the weight factors;
3. Decide total number of decisions using the formula: -
𝑛(𝑛−1)
N= -----------------------------------------------(4.1)
2
Where: -
N = total number of decisions
n = number of rating factors/properties/
4. Write the most suitable candidate materials and enlist properties from standard data table
/ the data quantitative or qualitative/
5. Normalize the outcomes of the parts
6. Value the outcomes and for overall satisfaction of parts.
The overall satisfaction shall be lastly ranked, and the ranked value shows the result on the
basis of the allocated weight factors which give the best overall satisfaction for the
functional requirements of the part.
4.4.3 Material selection for Shafts
In order to minimize deflections, steel was the logical choice for a shaft material because of its
high modulus of elasticity, though cast or nodular iron is sometimes used. Most machine shafts
are made from low-to medium carbon steel, either cold rolled or hot rolled, though alloy steels
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Farming jack
are also used where their higher strength are needed. Cold-rolled steel is more often used for
small-diameter shaft (less than about 3-inch or 76 mm in diameter) band hot-rolled used for large
size [16]
Functional requirement for Shaft
The main function of shaft is to transmit power. Since the shaft is subjected to high torque, it
may be bent, so the shaft should have properties that resist bending moment and torsion.
Material requirement for shaft
To achieve the required functional requirement of the Shaft, it should possess the following
properties those were evaluated: -
➢ Yield strength
➢ Tensile strength
➢ Wear resistance
➢ Corrosion resistance
Modulus of elasticity Therefore, the number of decision /N/
n(n−1) 5(5−1)
N= = = 10. ------------------------------------------ (4.2)
2 2
For n = N of properties to be evaluated using the digital logic method, different decisions,
material requirement with its weight factor and normalized value, performance index, etc. of the
shaft must be shown. Thus, its Weight factors (Wf) was shown below:
𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑑𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛
Weight factors (Wf) = . --------------------- (4.3)
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑜𝑓𝑑𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛
functional requirement of material and for the remaining number, cross multiplication was used
to obtain similar results, but for lower requirements of material (for example specific gravity)
100 gives to the smallest number and for the rest numbers, the smaller number multiplying by
100 and divide the number to obtain the required result.
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Farming jack
Performance index (μ) = ε (normalized value) x (weight factor) ------------------------ (4.4)
Table 4. 1 Performance index (value out comes)
N Materials Y T W Co M P R
o ield ensile ear rrosion odule of erforma a
strengt strength resistan resistance elasticity nce n
h X 0.2 x 0.3 ce x0.1 x0.2 x0.2 index k
1 AISI No 1 2 7 10. 27.6 8 2
1010 hot rolled 7.30 5.59 .5 00 9 8.08
2 AISI No 2 2 1 15 18.4 9 1
1020 hot rolled 0.00 9.91 0.00 6 3.37
3 ASTM No 1 2 5 5.0 20.0 7 4
A570-A 6.43 4.48 .00 0 0 0.91
4 ASTM No 1 3 7 10. 20.0 8 3
A675 Grade-45 4.98 0.00 .50 00 0 1.98
From the above results of material requirement for shaft shown in table 4.1 – 4.4, the
steel AISI No.1020 hot rolled was identified as the suitable material for the required shafts
and thus almost all shafts within the design had been made from this steel which was a low -
to- medium carbon steel that commonly known as mild-steel. The composition of steel AISI
1020 is Carbon (0.17-0.23%), Manganese (0.30-0.60%), Phosphorous (max. 0.35%), Sulfur
(max. 0.04%).
4.4.4 Material selection for bearing
Functional requirement for bearing
A bearing is a machine element which supports other moving machine components (known as
Journal, i.e., the portion of the shaft resting on the sleeve). It permits a relative and smooth
motion between the contact surfaces of the members, while carrying the load. Since there is a
relative motion between the bearing and the moving element, a certain amount of power must be
absorbed in overcoming friction, because if the surface actually touches, there will be a rapid
wear on that surface of the bearing.
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Farming jack
Material Requirements for bearing
The various considerations in selection of bearings to satisfy the functional requirements, thus
the bearing should have:
• Direction of load relative to bearing axis;

• Intensity of loads, ball bearings can sustain considerable loads;
• Speed of rotation;
• Thermal stability;
• Shaft stiffness. Rigid bearings are used for stiff well designed shafts;
• Class of accuracy of the machine.
4.5 Assembling procedure, maintenance
4.5.1 The need for maintenance
Maintenance is “the work of keeping something in proper condition; upkeep.” This would imply
that maintenance should be actions taken to prevent a device or component from failing or to
repair normal equipment degradation experienced with the operation of the device to keep it in
proper working order.
The need for maintenance is predicated on actual or impending failure – ideally, maintenance is
performed to keep equipment and systems running efficiently for at least design life of the
component(s). As such, the practical operation of a component is time-based function.
4.5.2 Types of maintenance
There are four main types to maintain for this machine.
1. Reactive Maintenance: - This is also referred as breakdown or run-to-failure maintenance.

It is basically the “run it till it breaks” maintenance mode. No actions or efforts are taken to
maintain the equipment as the designer originally intended to ensure design life is reached.
2. Preventive Maintenance (Time-Based Maintenance):- can be defined as actions performed

on a time- or machine-run-based schedule that detect, prevent, or alleviate degradation of a
component or system with the aim of sustaining or extending its useful life through
controlling degradation to an acceptable level.
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Farming jack
3. Predictive Maintenance (Condition-Based Maintenance):-Can be defined as measurements
that detect the onset of system degradation (lower functional state), thereby allowing causal
stressors to be eliminated or controlled prior to any significant deterioration in the
component physical state. Basically, predictive maintenance differs from preventive
maintenance by basing maintenance need on the actual condition of the machine rather than
on some preset schedule. “Scientific application of proven predictive techniques increases
equipment reliability and decreases the costs of unexpected failures.” You will recall that
preventive maintenance is time-based. Activities such as changing lubricant are based on
time, like calendar time or equipment run time.
4. The proactive maintenance:-Monitoring and correcting of failing root cause. This

department does not wait for the breakdown, but goes out onto the plant floor looking for
future problems. Understood in proactive approach is the will to take equipment out of
service for repair before the breakdown. The reactive approach says, “don’t fix it if it isn’t
broke.” The proactive approach says, “don’t let it break down-period!” Examples of
proactively include inspection, cleaning, tightening, lubrication (all PM activity), complete
testing of new equipment, operator certification programs, continuous training programs,
reviewing designs before construction for maintainability, etc.
4.5.3 Maintenance and their functions
Some of the important functions of the maintenance programs are as follows:-
1. Inspection or check-ups.
2. Lubrication.
3. Planning and Scheduling.
4. Records and analysis.
5. Storage of Spare Parts
➢ Inspection or Check-ups.
Inspection is an essential function of the maintenance program. There are external and internal
inspections. External inspection means to watch for, and detect defects form abnormal sound,
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Farming jack
Vibration, heat, smoke etc. When machine is in operation; internal inspection means inspection
of internal parts, such as bearings, bearing house, pulley, tolerances in the parts etc.,
Frequency of inspection should be decided very carefully, as too less inspection may cause break
down, as defects could not be traced out and rectified immediately; while too much inspection,
wastage of machine time and labor productivity. Hence frequency inspection should be decided
on the basis of past experiences and scheduled program for inspection.
➢ Lubrication
We use systematic way of lubrication which is applying the right type of lubricant at the right
time, at right place and in right quantity. For lubrication, we should be prepared and that should
be followed a lubrication schedule strictly.
➢ Planning and Scheduling.
Every preventive maintenance work should be pre-planned in detail on the basis of the analysis
done on the past records. Thus programmed should be in detail specifying the point requiring
daily, weekly, monthly, and half yearly or yearly attention.
➢ Records and Analysis.
Good record keeping is essential for good maintenance. With the help of records possible cause
for major repetitive failures can be examined and rectified so as not to repeat so early.
➢ Storage of Spare Parts
Sometimes machine remains idle for want of spare parts for considerable time and thus it, affects
considerable loss of production. Hence it is essential to keep the spare parts so as to avoid loss of
production.
4.5.4 The expecting problems in rolling machine
The main expected problems in the operations of the rolling machine and the elements that will
require maintenance activities are:-
• Bolt and nuts are loosen or easily damaged or broken.
• Bearing parts can be easily worn-out.
• The sliding hinge may not be operating correctly.
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Farming jack
• During the operation, sliding of metal might be observed.
• Most parts of the machine might be corroded easily.
• Improper alignment of rollers and bearing
• Hydraulic oil leakage and hydraulic jack may failed.
Due to the above problems operator must not work on a rolling machines without first receiving
sufficient training and without being informed of the risks, the precautions required and
operating instructions for the guards and compulsory safety devices.
4.5.5 Maintenance and repairs for rolling machines
1. Lubrication
• The machine should be cleaned twice a week or after intensive use.
• Always examine bearings for proper alignment and lubrication.
2. Hydraulic
• Hydraulic oil must be fill within 3 months.
• Leakage must be fixed
• Gasket of hydraulic should be check every time.
• Exchange them immediately in such a case.
4.5.6 Periodical or routine maintenance
Due to the continuous period of operation, it is necessary to clean and lubricate the equipment
daily after the work finish. Routine maintenance, like cleaning or lubrication, is required to
ensure the saw, the drilling and its safe guards operate properly.
The first maintenance activities for every workshop are cleaning. Cleaning is a prime important
activity in maintenance because cleaning removes the source of contaminations; dust, and dirty
mixed with oil and grease forming abrasive materials. They can clog into machine parts and this
accelerates wear and tear on the machine components and cause breakdowns, precision from
close tolerance is compromised.
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Farming jack
And also cleaning remove unnecessary things which conceal machine problems or abnormalities.
It is difficult to detect missing cracks or troubles when the machine components aren’t cleaned
properly. So we recommend that for some of the daily, weekly, monthly, quarterly and yearly
schedules in preventive maintenance.
➢ Daily:-
• Cleaning dusts and dirty from the machine.
• Clean off any grease or oil that may have been spilled onto the guard.
➢ Weekly:-
• Check the functionality of the whole equipment once at the time.
• Make sure the bolt tension is correct.
• Check the condition of the switch
• Checking for cracks, frayed spots, cuts or unusual wear patterns.
➢ Twice per year:-
• Clean the equipment from oil and dirt especially inside parts like bearing and bearing
houses.
• Check that the adjusting all the equipment’s are working properly.
• Perform.
➢ Yearly:-
• At least once per year maintain all the tool, equipment’s and inventory control for each
material and equipment or spare parts.
What are the common tasks associated with preventive maintenance of rolling machine?
In the series of tasks that either extend the life of a machine components or detect that an asset
has had critical problems and is going to fail or break down the parts. We simply check and
maintain the common tasks associated with Preventive Maintenance.
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Farming jack
Types of Task Examples
• Inspection..................... Detect defects form abnormal sound, Vibration, heat, smoke
• Cleaning....................... Cleaning chips, dusts from the machine.
• Tightening..................... Check bolts nuts firmly tightening
• Lubrication.................... Proper lubricant needed for bearing, bearing houses....
• Adjustment.................... Adjust tension on drive belt
• Interview operators....... Ask operator how the machine is operating.
4.6 Assembling Procedure
The process of bringing a new product to market can seem long and daunting, and might be
enough to put you off getting started. By breaking it down into 12 steps we can see that it could
be easier than we think to turn our idea into a final Product.
There are 11 steps from Product concept to Manufacturing
Step 1: Product Concept
Step 2: Research
Step 3: Product Design Development
Step 4: Research and development of the final design
Step 5: CAD
Step 6: Prototype Testing
Step 7: Manufacturing
Step 8: Assembly
Step 9: Feedback and Testing
Step 10: Product Development
Step 11: Final Product
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Farming jack
Equipment used to assemble the Frame
1. Shielded Metal Arc Welding Machine

2. Electrode E6010 with Diameter of 3 mm
3. Tape rule for measuring
4. Try-square for checking the square ness of the weld
5. Water Split level to check the straight ness of the frame
6. Wrench
4.7 Cost analysis
This chapter explains types of costs, detail calculation for material cost. Labor cost, machine
depreciation cost and power consumption cost. Costing may be defined as a system of
account flow for every systematically and accurate recorded expenditure, in order to
determine the cost of product. The cost, which should be considered to manufacture this
machine are material, labor and overhead cost.
4.7.1 Raw materials cost
The basic cost considerations for producing this machine are
• Blank materials cost and

• Standard items cost
4.7.2 Blank materials cost
Material cost is an important factor in cost estimation of any component. While

computing the cost of material both direct and in direct material should be taken into
account. For this purpose the calculation of the quantity of raw material, allowance for
scrap, spoilage and wastage during cutting, punching, turning etc should make. The cost of
the material is estimated from the rate of the material usage. The basic cost considerations
for producing this machine are:-
4.7.3 Standard items cost
The standard item costs are those costs which are purchased from local
markets/they are a finished product such as bearing, bolt & nut....etc.
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Farming jack
Table 4. 1 the costs of raw material
Total
Amount Unit
cost
No Item Specification price
(birr)
Unit Quantity (birr)
1. Squire pipe 300mm x 500mm pcs 1 2400 280
(RHS)
2. Electrode arc E6030 2.5dia &3dia Pack 1 1/8 350 43
welding
3. Drill bit ɸ 10mm Pcs 1 ½ 80 40
5. Drill bit ɸ 14mm Pcs 1 1/2 80 40
7. Bolt and Nut M12x1.5 Pcs 1 20 20
8. Grinding disc 180x22x6 Pcs 1 80 80
9.
Cutting disc 180x22x6 Pcs 1 80 80
10. Sand paper 80m/s meter 3 15 45
11. Antirust Nefas silk gallon 1 1kg 350 90
12. Kerosene litters Lt 1 1kg 50 50
Total 2275
The above-mentioned materials are selected and purchased based on their availability, cost,
manufacturability and desired mechanical property from local market in Yirgalem city.
4.7.4 Labor cost
To find the labor cost the estimator must have the knowledge of the operation which will be
performed, tools to be used, machine that will be employed and the department in which the
product is to be manufactured and the wage rate paid to the operators. Due to this we also
considered labor cost.
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Farming jack
Direct labor cost
If someone has a monthly salary of 12,000 birr, then labor rate is
L.R =12,000birr /40 day =300 birr/day
1day =8hr
=300birr/day
1x300 =300 birr/hr.
So, labor cost =labor rate x machine time
Table 4. 2 Estimated cost for a machine operator
No Description Operation cost of a machine in birr
Birr Cents
Labor cost per person 37 05

1
Table 7. 3 The working hours of the working activity
No Types of work Total time
1 Layout work 2hrs
2 Machine work 1hrs
3 Bench work 3hrs
4 Assemblies 2hrs
5 Miscellaneous 3hrs
Total labor hours 11hrs
Total Labor cost is /TLC/ = working hours* cost for a machine operator
CTlc=11 X 37.5birr
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Farming jack
= 412.5 birr
Total direct Labor cost = 412.5 birr
Machine hour rate
Table 7. 4 Machine cost per hours
No. Types of machine Cost of a machine per hour in
Birr
Birr Cent
1 Power hack saw 10 60
2 Lathe machine 15 50
3 Column drilling machine 12 00
4 Arc welding machine 26 50
5 Sheet metal shear 5 40

\
6 Portable grinder 3 00
1 .Power hack saw/Phs/-------------------------- working hours-2hrs
Cphs= 2hrs x 10.60 birr = 21.20 birr
2. Lathe machine /Lmc/--------------------------- working hours-5hrs
CLmc= 5 X 15.50birr = 77.5birr
3. Column drilling machine/Cdm/------------------- working hours-2hrs
CCdm= 2X 12 birr =24birr
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Farming jack
4. Arc welding machine/Awm/--------- working hours-7hrs
CAwm= 7hrs X 6.5 birr =45.5 birr
5. Sheet metal shear/Sms/---------------------------------------- working hours-3hrs
CSms = 3hrs X 5.40 birr = 16.2birr
6. Portable grinder/------------------------------------------------ working hours-5hrs
Pg = 5x 3 birr = 15 birr
Total machine cost =199.4birr
4.7.5 Machine depreciation cost
Depreciation is defined as the reduction in value of the machine over time as it is working at a
Specific task (Sessions, 1992). Depreciation occurs due to wear that gradually declines the
capacity of the piece of equipment to perform its function. The objective of the depreciation 86
schedule is to recover the initial investment cost of equipment each year over its economic life
(Miyata, 1980).Straight-line method assumes that the value of the equipment reduces at a
constant rate for each year over its economic life. The straight-line method is the simplest way
for estimating depreciation costs and may be most preferable method to calculate equipment
cost per unit of time (Miyata, 1980). The mathematical formula for the yearly depreciation
charge using the straight-line method is
𝑃−𝑆
𝐷=
𝑁
Where, D = Depreciation charge
P = Initial purchase price (actual price)
S = Salvage value (take average 30% initial price P)
N = Economic life (in year or scheduled machine hours)
Example: For our project the depreciation cost Drill machine is calculated as follows
And the same is done for other machines
Where
38
Farming jack
D = Depreciation charge
P = 50,000 Birr
S = 30% of 50,000 = 15,000 Birr
If N = 10 years, then
D=50,000-150,000/10 = 3500 birr per year
In one year we have 12 months, and the depreciation cost for a month,
3500/12 = 291.6Birr/month since there are 4 weeks in a month, the depreciation cost for a Week
=291/4 = 72.9 Birr /week.
In a week we have 6 working days the depreciation cost/day =72.9/6 = 12.15Birr/day.
Further we have 8 working hours in a day so the
Depreciation cost per hour = 12.15/8= 1.51 Birr/hr.
Therefore the time period over which hourly depreciation of the machine that we have used to
manufacture our product is already calculated. Therefore, we can take the depreciation of
Those machines from the university scheduled data.
Table 7. 5 Life span of machine
No. Machine type Life Machine Price Depreciation Usage Total

span values /h time depreciation
(year Value
Birr cent birr Cent
Birr cent
1 Power hack saw 10 40,000 0 1 46 10:20 1.4 60
2 Arc welding 5 30,000 00 2 19 19:10 1.1 30
3 Portable grinder 3 5,000 00 0 0.70 15:00 1.0 50
4 Lathe machine 10 90,000 00 11 71 5:00 5.8 50
5 Drill machine 10 50,000 00 1 51 10:00 1.5 10
6 Milling machine 12 100.000 00 3 65 2:00 7 30
Total 11 70
39
Farming jack
4.7.6 Power consumption cost
This is cost of electrical power that will be consumed in the production process of the machine.
Since welding is more widely employed than other operations in this project work, more
electrical power consumption was consumed in the project work.
Table 7. 6 Power consumption cost
Power Duration Total Cost

Types of machine Total cost
(kw) (hr) kw/hr kw/hr
`1 Arc welding 3.5 10 35 0.75 2.625
2 Grinding machine 1.7 8 13.6 0.75 1.02
3 Pedestal drilling machine 2 3 6 0.75 4.5
4 Portable drilling machine 1.85 3 5.55 0.75 4.125
5 Cut off machine 3.2 4 12.8 0.75 9.6
6 Lathe machine 3.6 18 64.8 0.75 4.86
7 Milling machine 3.6 4 14.4 0.75 1.08
Sub total 11.4
Total power consumption cost = 11.4Birr
4.7.7 Operation cost
These costs include setting-up cost, tooling cost (i.e. tool changing cost and tool regrinding cost),
and other similar costs that will be incurred in the production process of the components and the
whole assemblies until the finished machine is obtained. More than 15 distinct operations will be
carried out in this project work such as Measuring, Cutting ,Pattern development, Shearing,
Welding, Grinding, Turning, Milling, Bending, Drilling, Boring ,Rolling, grooving ,Threading,
Pressing , and so on. Hence, operation cost is also assumed in general as 1% of the raw materials
cost.
Total operation cost =50535 x 0.001 = 505.35 Birr.
40
Farming jack
4.8 Total cost
The total cost therefore the sum of all the above various types of costs plus Contingency cost.
This will be given as:
Sub-total cost = Raw materials cost + Direct labor cost + Machine cost per hours+ power
consumption cost + Machine depreciation cost + Operational cost
= 275 + 412.5 birr + 199.4birr +11.4 + 11.70+ 50.35 Birr = 957.35 Birr
Contingency cost - it is compensation due to some errors and unexpected
failure of time in our project it is usually taken as 5% of the manufacturing cost.
Contingency cost (5%) = 957.35 x 0.05 = 48 birr
Therefore, Grand total cost = 957.35 + 48 = 1005.35 Birr
Profit = 10% of Total mfg cost=0.1x 1005.35 Birr = 105.35 birr
Selling price = mfg cost + profit = 1005.35 Birr + 105.35 = 1110.35 birr
≈ 2,220 birr
41
Farming jack
CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION AND FUTURE RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1 Conclusion
Nowadays, agricultural machine and equipment lifting is a common occurrence. Various

automatic and semi-automatic heavy lifting systems are used in mass manufacturing. However,
automated and semi-automatic lifting jack machines are expensive for limited manufacturing.
They still cannot be used in areas where electricity is scarce and expensive. Manual farm jack, on
the other hand, is less costly and simple to build and run. The plans, development, and
performance tests are all depicted in this article. Also, below is a summary of the successful test
results:
5.2 Future Recommendations

By adjusting the farm jack guides on the lifting unit, we can lift agricultural machines and
equipment’s. By incorporating various parts, the hydraulic jack system can be substitute.
42
Farming jack
YIRGALEME INDUSTRIAL AND

CONSTRUCTION COLLEGE
USER MANUAL
FOR
HIGH LIFTING FARM JACK
User manual
43
Farming jack
Thank you for using this . With proper use and care, your jack will give you years of dependable
service. You can use the Hi-Lift® Jack in many ways, including:
• Lifting stable loads.
• Winching loads.
• Clamping
• Spreading.
• Raising vehicles or other mobile loads (when properly chocked, blocked and
stabilized).
Store these instructions in the handle of your jack. Use only genuine Hi-Lift® replacement parts.
Using replacement parts not supplied by Hi-Lift® Jack Company will make the jack unsafe for
use and void the warranty.
MANUAL PREPARED
BY
INSTRUCTOR:- HAILE TEGENU BIRHANE
44
Farming jack
Get to know the components of your jack before you begin use.
Components · Running Gear
The following shows the parts associated with the running gear:
45
Farming jack
46
Farming jack
Safety
All users must read and understand the instructions and safety warnings in this
manual and the safety labels placed on the product before using the jack. Each
user must use the jack safely and maintain it properly.
If any users are not fluent in English, have someone read the instructions to
them. Manuals are also available in other languages upon request at no charge.
If you have any questions about using the jack safely or if you need a new label
or manual, see the contact information on the opposite page.
Safety Symbols
! DANGER
The DANGER! safety symbol indicates a hazard or unsafe practice that will result in serious
injury or death.
! WARNING
The WARNING! safety symbol indicates a hazard or unsafe practice that could result in serious
injury or death.
Safety Warnings
! DANGER
DO NOT USE THE JACK TO SUPPORT OR STABILIZE A LOAD. Using the jack to
support or stabilize a load may result in unexpected movement and result in
serious injury, being crushed and death. Always securely chock and block
(stabilize) the load to be lifted. Never place any part of the body under a raised
load without properly chocking and supporting the load.
Using the jack on curved or tubular vehicle bumpers will result in the vehicle
slipping off the jack and falling, causing serious injury or death. Use the Bumper
Lift or Lift-Mate to lift most vehicles with curved bumpers or plastic bumpers.
When using the jack as a winch:
47
Farming jack
Always use chains or tow straps that have a greater working load than the jack. If a chain or tow
strap breaks while winching, the load could shift or the chain or tow strap could snap back.
When used as a winch, the top clamp-clevis will support up to 5,000 lbs. (2273 kg).
Going over this limit will result in the top clamp-clevis bending or breaking,
causing the load to move or the chain or tow strap to snap back. This will result in
serious injury or death.
When using the jack for clamping, the maximum clamping force of the standard
top clamp-clevis is 750 lbs. (340 kg). If you exceed this limit, the standard top
clamp-clevis could bend or break, resulting in serious injury or death.
Unexpected movement of the jack handle may result in the user being struck
causing serious injury or death. Always keep your head away from and out of the
jack handle path of movement.
The jack handle may move rapidly when moving the reversing latch and cause serious injury or
death. Always place the handle against the steel standard bar with the handle clip spring
holding it up before moving the reversing latch. This will prevent the handle from moving up
and down rapidly. Securely hold on to the jack handle so your hands do not slip and ensure
the handle is not in the horizontal position when moving the reversing latch.
Important! During lifting and lowering, the weight of the load pushes up against
the jack’s handle. If your hands slip off the handle, or if the handle is horizontal
when you move the reversing latch, it may move up very quickly.
Raising an inflated tire more than 2” (5cm) above the ground or attempting to lift
more than one wheel at a time may result in tip over, unexpected movement and
serious injury or death. Always raise an inflated tire less than 2” (5cm) and only
one tire at a time.
! WARNING
The jack, while standing vertical and unsupported, may tip over and cause serious
injury or death. Always support the jack or lay it on it’s side when not in use.
This jack will not operate safely without proper lubrication. Using the jack without
proper lubrication will result in poor performance and damage to the jack. The jack is not self-
lubricating, inspect the jack before use and lubricate when necessary.
Safety · Warnings
48
Farming jack
General Safety
Training
• Read this manual before use. Do not allow anyone who has not read this manual, and/or
does not understand the requirements, use the jack.
Spectators
• Do not allow bystanders around the jack or under the load supported only by the jack.
Inspection
• Inspect the jack carefully before each use. Ensure the jack is not damaged, excessively
worn, or missing parts.
• Check the climbing pins to make sure that they are not worn or damaged.
• Check the steel standard bar to make sure that it is straight and that nothing is blocking
the steel standard bar holes.
• Do not use the jack unless it is in good clean working condition.
• Do not use the jack unless it is properly lubricated.
• Using a jack that is not in good clean working condition or properly lubricated may cause
serious injury (see Lubrication).
Chock and Block (Stabilize)
A chock is a wedge for steadying an object and holding it motionless, or for preventing the
movement of a wheel. Chock the wheel opposite the end being lifted.
When you block a load, you secure and support a load that is being lifted. The block(s) or
stabilizer(s) should have a weight capacity that is greater than the weight of the load which is
being lifted. Do not use the jack to support the load.
49
Farming jack
Operation · Raising a Stationary Load
1. Securely chock and stabilize the load to prevent it from rolling or shifting as you lift it
(see General Safety: Chock and Block).
2. Place the jack’s base plate securely on a firm, level, and dry surface with the steel
standard bar pointing straight up.
3. Lift the reversing latch until it locks in the up position.
4. Pull the handle away from the steel standard bar, releasing the handle clip spring.
5. Grasp the handle or the handle socket and raise the lifting mechanism until the large
runner is completely and securely under the load.
50
Farming jack
use an extension on the handle.
The load will be raised on each down stroke of the handle. Watch the load and the jack
carefully. Stop lifting if either one starts to move. Do not continue until it is safe to do so. When
safe, stabilize and block the load.
7. When the load is raised to the desired height, place the handle in the upright position
clipped to the steel standard bar.
8. Block the load securely.
9. Lower the load onto the blocks (see Lowering a Stationary Load).
10. Remove the jack from the stabilized load.
51
Farming jack
Lowering a Stationary Load
DANGER
Unexpected movement of the jack handle may result in the user being struck causing serious
injury or death. Always keep your head away from and out of the jack handle path of movement.
The jack handle may move rapidly when moving the reversing latch and cause serious injury or
death. Always place the handle against the steel standard bar with the handle clip spring holding
it up before moving the reversing latch. This will prevent the handle from moving up and down
rapidly. Securely hold on to the jack handle so your hands do not slip and ensure the handle is
not in the horizontal position when moving the reversing latch.
Important! During lifting and lowering, the weight of the load pushes up against the jack’s
handle. If your hands slip off the handle, or if the handle is horizontal when you move the
reversing latch, it may move up very quickly.
The jack must have a load of 150 lbs. or more to lower step-by-step. Otherwise, the lifting
mechanism will slide down to the base plate, dropping your load. Ensure all bystanders are clear
of the load being lowered.
1. Position the jack under the raised load and raise the stationary load (see Raising a
Stationary Load).
2. Remove blocks from under the load.
3. Be sure the handle is in the upright position clipped to the steel standard bar before
lowering the load.
4. Move the reversing latch to the down position.
5. Grasp the handle firmly with both hands. Carefully pump the handle up and down to
lower the load.
6. The load will be lowered on each up stroke of the handle (refer to Binding if the jack
binds).
52
Farming jack
Clamping or Winching
DANGER
When using the jack as a winch:
Always use chains or tow straps that have a greater working load than the jack. If a chain or tow
strap breaks while winching, the load could shift or the chain or tow strap could snap back.
When used as a winch, the top clamp-clevis will support up to 5,000 lbs. (2273 kg). Going over
this limit will result in the top clamp-clevis bending or breaking, causing the load to move or the
chain or tow strap to snap back. This will result in serious injury or death.
When using the jack for clamping, the maximum clamping force of the standard top clamp-clevis
is 750 lbs. (340 kg). If you exceed this limit, the standard top clamp-clevis could bend or break,
resulting in serious injury or death.
Clamping
1. Loosen the standard top clamp-clevis bolt.
2. Turn the top clamp-clevis 90° to the steel standard bar, and re-tighten the bolt.
53
Farming jack
Note: You can connect the top clamp-clevis anywhere along the steel standard bar to use the
jack as a clamp.
3. Operate the jack as you would for raising a load (see Raising a Stationary Load).
Operation · Clamping or Winching
Winching
1. Make sure the top clamp-clevis is in line with the steel standard bar.
2. Install one end of a chain or tow strap securely to the object to be winched. Securely
attach the other end of the chain or tow strap to the top clamp-clevis of the jack.
Note: Use a shackle if the chain or tow strap will not fit through the top clamp-clevis of
the jack.
3. Take another chain or tow strap and secure one end to a fixed, stable object. Attach the
other end of the chain or tow strap to the large runner on the jack (do not attach chain or
shackle to bottom hole of the large runner on the jack). If the fixed object is a tree, follow “Tread
Lightly” principles and use a tree strap.
4. Operate the jack as you would for raising a load (See Raising a Stationary Load).
54
Farming jack
Tip: Use the Hi-Lift Off-Road Kit for items you need for winching which includes; custom
winch attachments, D-ring shackle, gloves and a tree strap.
Maintenance Instructions
If you use and maintain your Hi-Lift jack properly, it will give you many years of service.
Follow the maintenance instructions carefully to keep your jack in good working condition.
NEVER PERFORM MAINTENANCE ON THE JACK WHILE IT IS UNDER LOAD.
Cleaning
If the moving parts of the jack or the standard bar are clogged, use air pressure, water pressure,
or a stiff brush to clean. Use a non-flammable cleaning solvent or another good de-greaser to
clean the jack. Remove any existing rust, preferably with a penetrating lubricant.
Binding
If the climbing pins start to bind in the holes of the standard bar the jack will not operate
properly and safely. Rusty climbing pins, dirt, or worn bar can be causes of binding.
Clean and lubricate the lifting mechanism as indicated in the Lubrication section. Test the jack
by lifting it up without a load. If the binding continues, send it to our Factory Service for repair.
If the jack binds while under a load, use a jack with equal or larger load capacity to lower the
load safely to the ground. After unbinding the jack clean, lubricate and test as described at the
start of this paragraph.
55
Farming jack
Storing the Jack
1. Place the handle in the upright clipped position against the steel standard bar.
2. Raise the reversing latch until it locks in the up position.
3. Store in the upright clipped position in a dry location, preferably indoors.
Tip: If the jack is stored outdoors, consider using a Hi-Lift protective cover accessory.
Storing the Equipment-Agricultural Jack
1. Pivot the Equipment-Agriculture jack to a horizontal position. Rest the steel handle of the
Equipment-Agricultural jack on top of the steel standard bar.
2. Secure the jack in this position with the lock-pin through the holes in the tubular mounting
bracket.
3. Secure the lock-pin in the tubular mounting brackets with the safety cotter pin.
Inspection
You should inspect the jack for damage, wear, broken or missing parts (e.g.: climbing pins) and
functionality before each use (see General Safety: Inspection). Follow lubrication and storage
instructions for optimum jack performance.
Maintenance Instructions
Lubrication
WARNING
Using the jack without proper lubrication will result in poor performance and damage to the jack.
The jack is not self-lubricating, inspect the jack before use and lubricate when necessary. After
cleaning, lubricate the
56
Farming jack
Repair
57
Farming jack
The following are the parts for all Hi-Lift jacks. You can order parts from your dealer or directly from our
factory by calling (800) 233-2051 (or 812-384-4441 from outside the USA). For other options visit
www.hi-lift.com. 1. Top clamp-clevis
2. Top clamp-clevis bolt & nut
3. Steel standard bar
4. Reversing latch
5. Handle clip spring
6. Cap screw with washer
7. Steel handle with cotter pin
8. Handle socket
9. Pitman pin
10. Pitman
11. Hex bolt & nut
12. Large runner
13. Reversing switch spring
14. Reversing switch cam bar
15. Cross pin
16. Climbing pin
17. Climbing pin spring
18. Small runner
19. Shear bolt & nut
20. Foot piece with cotter pin
21. Complete running gear
58
Farming jack
Reference
"Different Types of Jacks | Metro Hydraulic". www.metrohydraulic.com. Archived from the
original on 2016-05-01. Retrieved 2016-02-05.
^Oxford English Dictionary Online, quoting senses II and 10a.
"9: "In Case of Emergency"". Owner's Manual Outback (2019A ed.). Camden, New Jersey:
Subaru Corporation. June 2018. pp. 9–7. Place the jack under the side sill at the front or
rear jack-up point closest to the flat tire.
"Patents for Inventions: Abridgments of Specifications : Class". 1872.
Dudgeon, Jl Ujb richard (Jan 25, 1859), Richard dudgeon, retrieved 2016-02-05
^William Cox (July 2001), "Light Talk on Heavy Jacks", Old-House Journal: 37
Brian S. Elliott (2006), "Air-Over-Hydraulic Jacks", Compressed air operations manual,
McGraw-Hill Professional, pp. 56–58, ISBN 978-0-07-147526-6
59
Farming jack
60

Project Reporte and User Manual Haile Tegenu Brihane

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YIRGALEM INDUSTRIAL AND

PROJECT REPORT FOR DESIGNING AND MANUFACTURING OF

March 14, 2023

1.1 Background of the project

Figure 1 farm jack

Mr. Harrah was quite a character. According to sources found on www.indianahistory.org, he

1.3 Objectives of the project

1.3.2 Specific Objectives

1.4 Project question

➢ What are the preexisting farm jack designs looks?

➢ How to design a farm jack?

➢ How to build a farm jack?

1.5 Significance of the project

1.6.2 Metal workshops enterprises

1.7 Scope of project

1.8 Limitation of the project

These high lift (farming jack) machines have some limitation.

2.2.1 Scissor jack

Figure 2 jackscrew/scissor jacks

2.2.2 House jack

Figure 3 hose jack

2.3 Hydraulic jack

Figure 4 the working principle of hydraulic jack

2.3.1 Floor jack

2.3.2 Bottle jack

Figure 5 screw version of the bottle jack works

2.4.1 Air hydraulic jack

2.4.2 Inflatable jack

2.2.5 Farm jack

Figure 7 A farm jack attached to a vehicle

2.3 Parts of the hijack/ farm jack

3.2 Description of the study area

3.3. Sampling Design

3.4 Data collection methods

3.4.1. Secondary data collection

3.5. Instrument of Data Collection

Literature survey on high lifting

Application of standard component and

Predict the performance, checking the feasibility.

Final & detail of design

Fig.3. 1 Guide to accomplish the specifics parts of the project

3.6.1 Technical Feasibility

3.6.2 Economical Feasibility

3.6.3 Operational Feasibility

3.7 Tools, devices and machineries

Table 3. 1 Tools use for the project

Scriber Used for layout on the blank metals

Try Square To check square-ness of a component

Different types of file Used for different surface finishing

Center punch To punch center of a holes to be drilled

Measuring tools used to take measurement

Paint brush Used to paint assembled part

Drill bits Drill holes on component as required

9 Wire brush To clean slag from the welded components

1 Open wrench To fasten the parts when assembling the parts

Table 3. 2 Equipment use for the project

8 oxy- acetylene To cut plates

1 Sand paper To Clean films from the surface

1 Compressor For painting

1 Safety equipment Used as PPE

1 Hand Glove To protect from sharp and hot metal

CHAPTER 4: DESIGN PROCESS

Analysis and optimization

Fig. 4. 1 Steps in the Design