MINI

PROJECT
ACTIVITY 3; GROUP 4
GROUP MEMBER
GROUP 4

MIOR MUHAMMAD NUR IZZATUL AFIFAH AMIRSHAH BIN

MUIZ BIN MIOR BINTI AZMAN MOHD AZPURI
ABDUL RAHMAN 55225222017 55225222054
55225122133
 ACTIVITY 3 INTRODUCTION
The results of precision study of lead content (µg/L) in various
types of water determined by ICPMS as as follows in Table 1.
DETERMINATION OF LEAD CONTENT IN VARIOUS
TYPES OF WATER FROM DIFFERENT SOURCES.

Batch Sample A Sample B Sample C Sample D

1 4.11 5.28 12.77 22.41

2 4.08 5.39 13.01 23.09

3 4.20 5.36 12.95 23.01

4 4.28 5.20 13.11 22.97

5 4.10 5.47 13.21

6 4.15 5.29

7 5.41

8 5.37
Q: 1, 2, 3
SAMPLE A SAMPLE B SAMPLE C SAMPLE D

MEAN: MEAN: MEAN: MEAN:

4.15 5.35 13.01 22.87

STD DEV: STD DEV: STD DEV: STD DEV:

0.0754 0.0854 0.1667 0.3107

RSD: RSD: RSD: RSD:

1.8146 1.5981 1.2816 1.3585
 WHICH DATA IS MORE
Q: 4 PRECISE? WHY DO YOU
SAY THIS?

PRECISION

According to the calculated standard deviation of the data,

sample A shows the data are clustered closer around the
mean, hence showing a high degree of precision. On the
other hand the RSD value showed otherwise where sample C
showed the most accuracy

JUSTIFICATION

Although sample B did not show the most accuracy when

comparing its standard deviation values and the RSD values,
sample B has the most number of values in its data set. A
larger and more diverse data set can provide more
information and potentially improve accuracy.
 WHICH METHOD IS MORE
Q: 5 PRECISE? WHY DO YOU
SAY THIS?

To determine the accuracy of data, you generally need to

consider both the mean and the standard deviation (or RSD)
together. Accuracy refers to how close the data points are to
the true or expected value. A low standard deviation (or RSD)
suggests that the data points are clustered closely around
the mean, indicating higher accuracy.

However, increasing the amount of data in a sample set can

generally improve accuracy. Having a larger sample size
tends to provide more representative and reliable information
about the population from which the data is drawn. This is
known as the law of large numbers in statistics. This can be
shown in sample B which has the most value in a data set.
Q: 6
Do the data above tell you anything
about the specificity of the method?
Describe what “specificity” of the
method means as you explain your
answer.
The data presented above does not
provide information on the method's
specificity. Specificity refers to a
method's ability to measure only the
desired sample without interfering
with other substances in the sample.
Q: 7
From the analysis, the concentration of
Lead content are acceptable in water
according to the FDA and give solid
conclusion from these comparison
data?
According to the FDA standards, the
maximum allowable level of lead in
drinking water is 15 parts per billion
(ppb). Based on the data provided, all
batch samples have lead
concentrations below this limit,
therefore, the concentration of lead
content in the water samples is
considered acceptable
 THANK YOU
For Your Attention !