23

CELESTIAL SPHERE

DECLINATION
AH

This
heavenly bodies like Sun,

imaginary sphere is known

THE SOLAR SYSTEM &TIME

PIanetsana Stars

as CELESTIAL
SPHERE
appearto belocated on a
ACADEMY
huge
sphere
e

Heavenly bodies
IS latitudeof from234 Nto23 4's
Declinationvaries
During thevearSun's

HOUR ANGLE bodies

heavenly
longitude of meridian of body
> Is the
a particular
meridign to
measured westwards from
i t is the angle

LOCAL HOUR ANGLE(LHA local

obsenvermeridian,

When the
measurement
is made from
GREENWICH HOUR ANGLE
toGreenwich meridian
measurementis
made with respect
> When

ZENITH
observer's
sphere directly above the
The point oncelestial
CELESTIAL HORIZON
.Is
C a p tS Hcircle
A the IL Kon theCS90removed from ZENITH

AHIL D000
2400
15 MAY
135° W

18 MAY
180 W 180
2100 LMT28 MAY,
15 MAY
135
/
1800 LMT
16 MAY

N SUN 905
03&0 LMT 90°W_
MAY
500 Y
LMT
15 MAY

apt.

45 E 1200 LMT
45 W D900 LMT
16 6 MAY
o80D LM
16 MAY (0900 GMT)

0900 UTC 00
16 MAY

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 elliptiasplase.
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asd nifh hauy

na p. a analAtern
iuno
endiphtis guntks
at SPRn
y
ah azg
u b6 4 om pobo
23 pem ezahu p2dh
MAx dielinatan
dus led
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Humbaireue
Tasiw &n
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 KEPLERS LAWS OF 84

FIRST
LAW
PLANETARY MOTION
ach planet follows.an
SECOND LAW elipticalpath.with the Sun.
Sun ot one of the foci barbyan eli
The
line joining planet to the sun
sweeps out equal areas in equal times
AS Tne distance from the Sun varies the
speed of the planet along its orbit will var
DEM
Speedwill be lowest when pianet is furchest from
Sun and foster when it is clasest_

1 O N
A

AREA SQP= AREA SBA |

Fast
Radiusvector
NOL Y ANINOY
phelion
A
Porlhellon 'slow

Radius vector

Around this time (21t June)

Autumn NH of the earth wil be tited
towards SUN (Dec23 "N)
Winte Eqúinax
Solsticax eRt . PMidSummerin NH
eg
Mid wintefin SH
ualobyN

oas Raa
Sn 023%8 gelion tany
2erild Jul3
J

Adind taks time (22d Dec)

e SN o thergarth url be
pueheadezuake
Sun&
a p
3N
Md Summern SN
Surmme
R d winter in NH Solstice
Spring June 21
Equinox
March 22

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 DAY&NIGIL
Formed slnce earthrotates on ts aNls from West
to Eostdlrectlan.

Earth.completes one rotatlon in 24 hours CADEMY

SEASONS _are formed
DEM
Earth revoves inits orbitaround SunIn 365 days Noumahla
tarth axis isinclinedatan angle of66%"to ecllotic and 29% to theGaxls
Atan)
SIDERIALDAY (Maatunnd froma diamncs
partlcular.merkdgai.
The perlodsbetween successlve transits of starovera
It Is Appox 23 hours 56minutes
related to Day and Nigh
Nopractlcal applicatlon slnce not
AT
kea!sue
APPARENTSOLARDAY /Heaanolkom
the speed ofeantharound the ecllatlc varles.as
ths.dlstance
Due to keplers second law,
from the Sun varies
Apparent Solar Day will not bea constant value
minutesMavol. 16 mdng hnan
meadina hom 24hpuuu
Length varlesfrom 23 hours a4minutesto.24.hours.14
n Nov 1
MEAN SOLAR DAY appen
ha e b u n a y knswn a

Speed oftrue Suniares EpiuakonHe

Mean Sunis apimaginary Sun which revolves grondtheearth at unlform speed whlch ls
pin theaveragespeedoftrue Sun na Cituaapibl
$oMeanSolar Day Is intervalbetween twosuccessive.transits.ofmean sun over a
Particular MeridianJ
t has exact 24hours
pt. APPARENT SOLAR DAY IS SMALLER OR LONGER THAN MEAN SOLAR DAY

EQUATIONof TIME
True Sun will be sometimes ahead and sometmes behind.
SebuanM
Max difference is about 16 minutesin November andysknotwn gs Eof T
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 86

YEAR
SIDERIAL YEAR
is the period between two successive transits
star

t i s equal to 365 days 6 hours 09naemm

of Eorth Sun and afixed point
ADEMY
ADEM
in space 1.e.

TROPICALYEAR the arles

successivc transits of the Earth, Sun and
s the period hetween two

Aries precesses Westward @50

26 sec/year Mar dtotaln)
yea
365days 5 hours 49 minutes(omie
Solength of TropicalYearis againsta
orbit of the'Sunmeasured
an
by the Earth to complete
the time taken
A Sidereal Yearis is 365 days 6 hrs.
distant star. tts length
Its length is 365
cyeléof the
seasons.

is the length of o n e
apparent solar year)
A TropicalYear(an 48.75.minutes.
days, 5 hrs and
day every
with thetropical year by adding a (ooGA i n
days. Itis kept in step
Lasp
A Calendar Yearis normally 365 every 400 years.(Evei
y e a bueveu Gosyearo
leap'vegr. Afine adjustment ismade on3occasions
O1& Ath year a a Leap yea
SIDERIAL DAKEY ABOUT20
MINUTES
TROPICAL YEAR IS SHORTER THA

BASED ON TROPICAL
YEAR
iS
CIVIL YEAR HAS EXACTNUMBER OF DAYSAND

Suntr1
nar Suniatar
THA)=0°
Dao"
180
4 HpuFAngl
tHAEE4

270W Suntar

Sunatar3 nwich
S A
GHA 060 Moridlan

Hour Angle
The Declination of a celestial body (in our case, the Sun) was shown to be similar (analogous)
to latitude. In the same way, Hour Angle can be shown to be analogous to longitude.

T h e Earth spins in an easterly direction, 360° in every 24 hours.

SAHIL KHURANA
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 n e four Angle of a celestial body is defined as the are ot the Equator (evputnnetial)
ntercepted between the meridian of a datun and the metidian of the l y , meaaur e

westwards from 0 to 360

when a celestial bocy transits a given meridian,
transits the anti meridian, its Hour Angle is 1R0
its Nour Angle ls 000", When the hauy
PMY
Hour Angle is known as the GreenwBch.ttourAnge
the 8iven meridian is Greenwich, the A body with a GHA of os0, will be tranling
gHALwhich is directly analogous to longitude.
with GHA of 1a0* will be transiting
the 1800W merldign
the 0s0ow meridian. A body a

CAL

TWILIGHT

and after suuset nére

Is a perlod
there s a perlod when It becomes lght
Before sunrise, generall."TWILLGHT
when t remains light. These perlods are
colled
the 'SENSIBL" horlzon
ATIC
VISUAL' horizon is below

Lwtk ine n a ltilhde

unset at,knuia eady
wilsA
ATMOSPHERE
ecioot loenudsca

Civt
HUN
Tui lia
20 Naukas Tiw du

ATEquator Twilight perlod is 21mnuresf

apt.SAHIL
PWwlea VhisNeden
apt. )a

A WithIncreaseinLatitudethe Twillaht Period Increases

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 NAUTICALTs 4

Sun 6°-12 °below Horizon

ONACADEM DEN
ASTRONOMICAL T s i /

Sun 12°-18° below Horizon

N
REMEMBER
FEWPOINTS TO 'Plane of
labelled the
orbit thesup is
JIA*
around
In the plane of the Earth's
the Ecliptic'.
the Equinoctial'. (equal
is called thePlane of
The plane of the equator

day/night)
theEquator_are.inclined to
Ecliptic.and-th Plane of
The Planeof the
bf23.5
each other at an angle the
Sun is above or below the equator determines
Theangle that the
of daylight/night.
season and affectsthelength aduneal

Declination is analogous in the

DECLINATION.
The angleisknown as
skyolatitudeon the Ecrth
changes-annually.between 23.5°N(Sun overhead
The Sun 's declination Equator) to 23.5°S
overhead the
the tropic of Cancer) through 0°(Sun through 0 to
(Sun overhead the Tropic.of.Capricorn)and.thenback
apt. 23.5 N

SUN CROSSES EQUATOR TWICE INA YEAR..

a p

DGCA

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 Seguato.

noekieTepi puica

eciptit
 29

Hoadirad TIME
GMT(UTC lzULU TIME) veal tim
IONACADEMY
Wni
Localmean time at Greenwich
UTC and GMT is same for all
Meridian is GMT
practical purposes
DEMY
When flying GMI ismaintained
T t remains same all over the world at a particular time
Long East-GMT Least, Long West-GMTBest I O NA

LOCAL MEAN TIME

180W 186E
2100 LMT 2100 LMT
2400 15 MAY 1AAY

1351 1800MAY
LMT
D000 1
13 MAY

0300 LMT 90* W 90E

16MAY 1566 LMT
16 AY

( G A a d aL M T )

45° E 120C LMT

16 A 5 AY

0800 UTC. 0

All place_ on same meridian will havesame LMT

LMTchanges with change of meridian
LMT useslocalmeridian oflongitude asitsreference point
Further east to the place isfurther ahead is LMT
af
LMT isthetime keptusing the observer'slocal anti-meridion and the
mean sun
Local day commences when thesunis on anti-meridion
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 91
STANDARD TIME
a
*Every Longitude will have
Not
different LMT
practical to maintain
diferent timingsotdifferent Longitudes ina country
Each country maintains same
Standard Time time irespectiveofchange oflongitudesand iscalled
NOILLV WSaVAV A

India maintains LMT 82 30' Eass

IST) standardtime and is termed INDIANSTANDARD TIME
ADEM1Y
IST GMT+5 Hours 30 Minutes

TION
A

ZONE TIME (ZT) Ude o bi

Globe is divided in to 24 zones each 15 of longitude
IA.
East is Minus and Westis Plus

Central meridian ofeach zone is 15° or a mejtigle of 15'removedfrom Greenwich

Meridian

Zone time in each zone is LMT ofCentrài meridian so in any zone 2T and LMT can not differ
****

by more than 30 Minutes

Zone Number is the corfectiop in hours to be applied to ZT to give LMT

Zoné Number +Zone Time GMT

ZONE TIMÉ 100600 150900

78 W 115 E 153 W 52 E
LONG
250800 060630
GMT
IST

apt LMT

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AIANaIVOIV
A31ERLY IR
EAS

ASTE

N
TR
TERLY WES

vNH