Sequences and Series

Sequences and Series
Compiled by: Nyasha P. Tarakino (Trockers)
+263772978155/+263717267175
ntarakino@gmail.com
04 FEBRUARY 2021
Tarakino N.P. (Trockers) ~ 0772978155/ 0717267175

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SYLLABUS (6042) REQUIREMENTS
➢ define a sequence and a series

➢ use sequence definitions such as 𝑈𝑛 = 𝑛2 and
𝑈𝑛+1 = 2𝑈𝑛 to calculate successive terms
➢ distinguish among periodic, oscillating,
converging, and diverging sequences
➢ define arithmetic and geometric progressions
➢ find the general terms and other terms of
arithmetic and geometric progressions
➢ solve problems involving sequences
➢ find the sum of given arithmetic and geometric
terms
➢ use ∑ notation
➢ solve problems involving series

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SEQUENCES
Definition
A sequence is a set of numbers occurring in a certain order, or simply an ordered list 𝑈1 , 𝑈2 ,

𝑈3 , …, 𝑈𝑛 , of numbers (or terms).
Notes
o 𝑈1 , 𝑈2 , 𝑈3 , …, 𝑈𝑛 is normally abbreviated to {𝑈𝑛 }.
o The “outputs” of a sequence are the terms of the sequence
o 𝑈𝑛 is normally given/described/defined in one of the two ways:
(i) As a function of the preceding term(s) [Recurrence relation/ Recursive
definition] e.g. 𝑈𝑛−1 = 3𝑈𝑛 + 1. A sequence can be generated by the repeated
use of an instruction. The later outputs in terms of previous outputs. We start by
defining the first few terms of the sequence, and then describe how later terms
are computed in terms of previous terms. Term 𝑛 is represented by 𝑈𝑛 ; the next
term after this one is represented by 𝑈𝑛+1 , while the term before 𝑈𝑛 is 𝑈𝑛−1 . For
these sequences, the first term must be stated.
(ii) As a function of its position in the sequence [Functional definition] e.g.
𝑈𝑛 = 2𝑛 + 3. Using this definition the 𝑛𝑡ℎ term can be readily calculated. This is
also called a formula for the general term
o Sequences can be either finite or infinite
(i) Finite sequence: It is a sequence with finite terms e.g. 2, 4, 6 and 8,
(ii) Infinite sequence: It is a sequence with infinite (unending list) terms e.g.
2, 4, 6 , 8, …. We usually use… to denote that the sequence continues without
bound. The dots at the end indicate that the sequence goes on forever.

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Behaviour of a Sequence as 𝑛 → ∞
Like human beings, sequences portray certain behaviour as 𝑛 becomes very large.
(a) Convergent Sequence

A sequence which tends to a finite limit, say ‘l’ is called a Convergent Sequence. We
1 1 1 1
say that the sequence converges to ‘l’ e.g. 1 2 , 1 3 , 1 4 , 1 5 , … ,1.
1
NB: (i) This sequence is generated using the formula 𝑈𝑛−1 = 1 𝑛 , 𝑛 ≥ 2.
1
(ii) Always remember that 𝑛 → 0 when 𝑛 → ∞.
(b) Divergent Sequence
A sequence which tends to ±∞ is said to be Divergent (or is said to diverge). e.g.

2, 4, 6 , 8, ….
NB: This sequence is generated using the formula𝑈𝑛 = 2𝑛
(c) Oscillatory Sequence

A sequence which neither converges nor diverges is called an Oscillatory/ Oscillating
Sequence, or it is simply a sequence which alternates from negative to positive
indefinitely. e.g. −1, 3, −5 , 7, ….
NB: This sequence is generated using the formula𝑈𝑛 = (−1)𝑛 (2𝑛 − 1)
(d) Periodic Sequence

A sequence which repeats itself after a certain period .e.g. 0, 1, 0, −1, 0, 1, 0, −1 ….
𝜋 3𝜋
NB: This sequence is generated using the formula 𝑈𝑛 = 𝑆𝑖𝑛(𝑛), 𝑛 = 0; 2 ; 𝜋; 𝑒𝑡𝑐
2

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Examples: Recurrence Relation
Question 1
Consider the recurrence 𝑎1 = 2 and 𝑎𝑛 = (𝑎𝑛−1 ) + 1 for 𝑛 ≥ 2. Write down the first five
terms of this sequence.
Suggested Solution
𝑎1 = 2
𝑎2 = (𝑎2−1 ) + 1 = 𝑎1 + 1 = 2 + 1 = 3
𝑎3 = (𝑎3−1 ) + 1 = 𝑎2 + 1 = 3 + 1 = 4
𝑎4 = (𝑎4−1 ) + 1 = 𝑎3 + 1 = 4 + 1 = 5
𝑎5 = (𝑎5−1 ) + 1 = 𝑎4 + 1 = 5 + 1 = 6
𝑎6 = (𝑎6−1 ) + 1 = 𝑎5 + 1 = 6 + 1 = 7
Question 2
The sequence 𝑇1 , 𝑇2 , 𝑇3 , …, 𝑇𝑛 is such that 𝑇𝑟+1 = 2𝑇𝑟 − 𝑇𝑟−1 for 𝑟 ≥ 1. Write down the
first five terms of this sequence and state the behaviour of this sequence as 𝑛 tends to infinity.
𝑇1 = 2 and 𝑇2 = 3.
Suggested Solution
𝑇1 = 2 and 𝑇2 = 3.
𝑇3 = 𝑇2+1 = 2𝑇2 − 𝑇2−1 = 2𝑇2 − 𝑇1 = 2(3) − 2 = 6 − 2 = 4
𝑇4 = 𝑇3+1 = 2𝑇3 − 𝑇3−1 = 2𝑇3 − 𝑇2 = 2(4) − 3 = 8 − 3 = 5
𝑇5 = 𝑇4+1 = 2𝑇4 − 𝑇4−1 = 2𝑇4 − 𝑇3 = 2(5) − 4 = 10 − 4 = 6
𝑇6 = 𝑇5+1 = 2𝑇5 − 𝑇5−1 = 2𝑇5 − 𝑇4 = 2(6) − 5 = 12 − 5 = 7
𝑇7 = 𝑇6+1 = 2𝑇6 − 𝑇6−1 = 2𝑇6 − 𝑇5 = 2(7) − 6 = 14 − 6 = 8
∴ The sequence is diverging.

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Question 3
ZIMSEC November 2003 Paper 1

27
The sequence 𝑈1 , 𝑈2 , 𝑈3 , …, 𝑈𝑛 is such that 𝑈𝑟+1 = for 𝑟 ≥ 1.
𝑈𝑟
Given also that 𝑈1 + 𝑈2 = 12, find possible values of 𝑈1 . [3]
For each value of 𝑈1 , describe the behaviour of the sequence as 𝑛 tends to infinity. [2]
Suggested Solution
𝑈1 + 𝑈2 = 12 (i)
27
Using 𝑈𝑟+1 =
𝑈𝑟
27
𝑈2 = 𝑈1+1 =
𝑈1
27
∴ 𝑈2 = (ii)
𝑈1
Substituting (ii) into (i)
𝑈1 + 𝑈2 = 12
27
𝑈1 + 𝑈 = 12
1
𝑈1 2 + 27 = 12𝑈1
𝑈1 2 − 12𝑈1 = −27
𝑈1 2 − 12𝑈1 + (−6)2 = −27 + (−6)2
(𝑈1 − 6)2 = 9
𝑈1 = 6 ± √9
𝑈1 = 6 ± 3
∴ 𝑈1 = 3 or 9
Finding the behaviour
When 𝑈1 = 9
27 27
𝑈2 = 𝑈1+1 = = = 3
𝑈1 9

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27 27
𝑈3 = 𝑈2+1 = = = 9
𝑈2 3
27 27
𝑈4 = 𝑈3+1 = = = 3
𝑈3 9
∴ It is a Periodic sequence.
When 𝑈1 = 3
27 27
𝑈2 = 𝑈1+1 = = = 9
𝑈1 3
27 27
𝑈3 = 𝑈2+1 = = = 3
𝑈2 9
27 27
𝑈4 = 𝑈3+1 = = = 9
𝑈3 3
∴ It is a Periodic sequence.
Examples: General/Nth Terms
Question 1
Find the general terms of the sequence 2,4,6, 8, . .. (even numbers)
Suggested Solution
𝑇1 = 2 × 1 = 2
𝑇2 = 2 × 2 = 4
𝑇3 = 2 × 3 = 6
𝑇4 = 2 × 4 = 8
NB: The numbers in purple 1, 2, 3, 4 𝑒𝑡𝑐 indicates the positions.
∴ 𝑇𝑛 = 2 × 𝑛 = 2𝑛.

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Question 2
Find the general terms of the sequence 1,4,9, 16, . .. (squares)
Suggested Solution
𝑇1 = (1)2 = 1
𝑇2 = (2)2 = 4
𝑇3 = (3)2 = 9
𝑇4 = (4)2 = 16
∴ 𝑇𝑛 = (𝑛)2 = 𝑛2 .
Question 3
Find the general terms of the sequence 1,3,5, 7, . .. (odd numbers)
Suggested Solution
𝑇1 = (2 × 1) − 1 = 1
𝑇2 = (2 × 2) − 1 = 3
𝑇3 = (2 × 3) − 1 = 5
𝑇4 = (2 × 4) − 1 = 7
∴ 𝑇𝑛 = (2 × 𝑛) − 1 = 2𝑛 − 1.
Question 4
Find the general terms of the sequence −1,3, −5, 7, −9, . .. (odd numbers)
Suggested Solution
NB: (−1)1 = −1 (−1)2 = +1 (−1)3 = −1 (−1)4 = +1
Thus (−1)𝑛 = −1 when 𝑛 is odd and (−1)𝑛 = +1 when 𝑛 is even.

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𝑇1 = (−1)𝟏 [(2 × 1) − 1] = −1
𝑇2 = (−1)𝟐 [(2 × 2) − 1] = 3
𝑇3 = (−1)𝟑 [(2 × 3) − 1] = −5
𝑇4 = (−1)𝟒 [(2 × 4) − 1] = 7
∴ 𝑇𝑛 = (−1)𝒏 [(2 × 𝑛) − 1] = (−1)𝒏 [2𝑛 − 1].
Question 5
Find the general terms of the sequence 1, −3, 5, −7, 9, . .. (odd numbers)
Suggested Solution
NB: (−1)1 = −1 (−1)2 = +1 (−1)3 = −1 (−1)4 = +1 and
(a) (−1)1 × (−1) = +1

(b) (−1)2 × (−1) = −1
(c) (−1)3 × (−1) = +1
(d) (−1)4 × (−1) = −1
Thus (−1)𝑛 × (−1) = +1 when 𝑛 is odd and (−1)𝑛 × (−1) = −1 when 𝑛 is even.
⇒ (−1)𝑛 × (−1) = (−1)𝑛 × (−1)1 = (−1)𝑛+1 .
𝑇1 = (−1)𝟏+𝟏 [(2 × 1) − 1] = +1
𝑇2 = (−1)𝟐+𝟏 [(2 × 2) − 1] = −3
𝑇3 = (−1)𝟑+𝟏 [(2 × 3) − 1] = +5
𝑇4 = (−1)𝟒+𝟏 [(2 × 4) − 1] = −7
∴ 𝑇𝑛 = (−1)𝒏+𝟏 [(2 × 𝑛) − 1] = (−1)𝒏+𝟏 [2𝑛 − 1].

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Series
Definition
The addition/sum of the terms/elements of a sequence
Notes
o 1 + 3 + 5 + 7 is an example of a series.
o Series can be either finite or infinite
(i) Finite series: It’s a series with finite terms e.g. 2 + 4 + 6 + 8,
(ii) Infinite sequence: It’s a series with infinite (unending list) terms e.g. 2 + 4 +
6 + 8 + …. The dots at the end indicate that the sum goes on forever.
o The sum of terms is often represented by Greek letter sigma (∑ )
The ∑ notation
o ∑ simply means add up terms

o ∑ has the minimum(lower limit) and the maximum(upper limit).
𝑈𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡
∑ 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝐿𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡
For example:
(a) The Finite series 2 + 4 + 6 + 8 can be written in sigma notation as follows:
4
∑ 2𝑟
𝑟=1
In this case the lower limit is 1 since 2 × 1 = 2 and the maximum or upper limit is 4
since 2 × 4 = 8
(b) The Infinite series −1 + 3 − 5 + 7 + ⋯ can be written in sigma notation as follows:
∞
∑(−1)𝑛 (2𝑛 − 1)
𝑟=1
In this case the lower limit is 1 since (−1)1 (2 × 1 − 1) = −1 and since the series is
never ending the maximum value is represented by infinity (∞).

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Rules for operating Summations
𝑛
1) ∑ 𝑎 = 𝑎 × 𝑛 = 𝑎𝑛
𝑟=1
𝑛 𝑛
2) ∑ 𝑎𝑟 = 𝑎 ∑ 𝑟
𝑟=1 𝑟=1
𝑛 𝑛 𝑛
3) ∑(𝑎𝑟 ± 𝑏𝑟) = 𝑎 ∑ 𝑟 ± 𝑏 ∑ 𝑟
𝑟=1 𝑟=1 𝑟=1
Standard results of Summations

𝑛
1
1) ∑ 𝑟 = 𝑛(𝑛 + 1)
2
𝑟=1
𝑛
1
2) ∑ 𝑟 2 = 𝑛(𝑛 + 1)(2𝑛 + 1)
6
𝑟=1
𝑛
1 2
3) ∑ 𝑟 3 = 𝑛 (𝑛 + 1)2
4
𝑟=1

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An important property of Summations
𝑀 𝑀 𝑁
∑ 𝑓(𝑟) = ∑ 𝑓(𝑟) − ∑ 𝑓(𝑟)

𝑟=𝑁+1 𝑟=1 𝑟=1
The result is proven using a simple example: Suppose

5
(1) ∑ 𝑟 = 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 = 15
𝑟=1
(2) ∑ 𝑟 = 1 + 2 = 3
𝑟=1
(3) ∑ 𝑟 = 3 + 4 + 5 = 12
𝑟=3
Now:
5 5 2
∑ 𝑟 = (∑ 𝑟 = 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 = 15) − (∑ 𝑟 = 1 + 2 = 3) = 12
𝑟=3 𝑟=1 𝑟=1
5 5 2
∑ 𝑟 = (∑ 𝑟) − (∑ 𝑟)
𝑟=3 𝑟=1 𝑟=1
Let 𝑀 = 5 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (𝑁 + 1) = 3 ⟹ 𝑁 = 2 since 𝑁 + 1 and 𝑁 are consecutive terms,

so as 3 𝑎𝑛𝑑 2.
𝑀 𝑀 𝑁
⇒ ∑ 𝑟 = (∑ 𝑟) − (∑ 𝑟)
𝑟=𝑁+1 𝑟=1 𝑟=1
Therefore:
𝑀 𝑀 𝑁
∑ 𝑓(𝑟) = ∑ 𝑓(𝑟) − ∑ 𝑓(𝑟)

𝑟=𝑁+1 𝑟=1 𝑟=1

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Solved Problems: Summation Series
Question 1
Find:
20
∑ 3𝑟 − 2.
𝑟=1
Suggested Solution
20 20 20
∑ 3𝑟 − 2 = 3 ∑ 𝑟 − ∑ 2
𝑟=1 𝑟=1 𝑟=1
𝑛
1
We use ∑ 𝑟 = 𝑛(𝑛 + 1)
2
𝑟=1
1
= 3 [ (20)(20 + 1)] − 2(20)
2
= 630 − 40
= 590
Question 2
Find the value of 𝑎 and 𝑐 if:

𝑛
∑ 𝑎𝑟 − 3𝑐 ≡ 𝑛2 + 2𝑛
𝑟=1
Suggested Solution
𝑛
∑ 𝑎𝑟 − 3𝑐 ≡ 𝑛2 + 2𝑛
𝑟=1
LHS
𝑛 𝑛 𝑛
∑ 𝑎𝑟 − 3𝑐 = ∑ 𝑎𝑟 − ∑ 3𝑐
𝑟=1 𝑟=1 𝑟=1

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𝑛 𝑛
= 𝑎∑𝑟 −3∑𝑐
𝑟=1 𝑟=1
1
= 𝑎 [ 𝑛(𝑛 + 1)] − 3𝑐(𝑛)
2
𝑎
= [ 𝑛(𝑛 + 1)] − 3𝑐𝑛
2
𝑎 2 𝑎
= 𝑛 + 𝑛 − 3𝑐𝑛
2 2
𝑎 2 𝑎
= 𝑛 + ( − 3𝑐) 𝑛
2 2
Comparing the LHS and the RHS
Coefficients of 𝑛2
𝑎
=1⇒𝑎=2
2
Coefficients of 𝑛
𝑎
− 3𝑐 = 2
2
2
⇒ − 3𝑐 = 2
2
⇒ 1 − 3𝑐 = 2
⇒ 1 − 2 = 3𝑐
⇒ −1 = 3𝑐
1
∴𝑐=− .
3
Question 3
Given that
𝑛 𝑛
1 1
∑ 𝑟 = 𝑛(𝑛 + 1) and ∑ 𝑟 2 = 𝑛(𝑛 + 1)(2𝑛 + 1),
2 6
𝑟=1 𝑟=1
a) Find in terms of 𝑛,

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𝑛
∑(𝑟 2 − 2𝑟),
𝑟=1
b) Hence evaluate
20
∑(𝑟 2 − 2𝑟).
𝑟=5
Suggested Solution
𝑛 𝑛 𝑛
(a) 2 2
∑(𝑟 − 2𝑟) = ∑ 𝑟 − 2 ∑ 𝑟
𝑟=1 𝑟=1 𝑟=1
1 1
= 𝑛(𝑛 + 1)(2𝑛 + 1) − 2 [ 𝑛(𝑛 + 1)]
6 2
1
= 𝑛(𝑛 + 1)(2𝑛 + 1) − 𝑛(𝑛 + 1)
6
1
= 𝑛(𝑛 + 1) [ (2𝑛 + 1) − 1]
6
𝑛(𝑛 + 1)(2𝑛 − 5)
=
6
1
∴ 𝑛(𝑛 + 1)(2𝑛 − 5)
6
20 20 4
(b) ∑(𝑟 − 2𝑟) = ∑(𝑟 − 2𝑟) − ∑(𝑟 2 − 2𝑟)

2 2
𝑟=5 𝑟=1 𝑟=1
Aside
20
1 1
∑(𝑟 2 − 2𝑟) = (20)(21)(40 − 5) = (20)(21)(35) = 2 450 and
6 6
𝑟=1
4
1 1
∑(𝑟 2 − 2𝑟) = (4)(5)(8 − 5) = (4)(5)(3) = 10.
6 6
𝑟=1
Now

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20 20 4
∑(𝑟 2 − 2𝑟) = ∑(𝑟 2 − 2𝑟) − ∑(𝑟 2 − 2𝑟) = 2 450 − 10 = 2 440.

𝑟=5 𝑟=1 𝑟=1
Question 4
Given that
∑(2𝑟 − 5) = 285,
𝑟=1
find the value of 𝑛.
Suggested Solution
20
∑ 2𝑟 − 5 = 285
𝑟=1
𝑛 𝑛
2 ∑ 𝑟 − ∑ 5 = 285
𝑟=1 𝑟=1
1
⇒ 2 [ (𝑛)(𝑛 + 1)] − 5(𝑛) = 285
2
⇒ 𝑛(𝑛 + 1) − 5(𝑛) = 285
⇒ 𝑛2 + 𝑛 − 5𝑛 = 285
⇒ 𝑛2 − 4𝑛 = 285
⇒ 𝑛2 − 4𝑛 + (−2)2 = 285 + (−2)2
⇒ (𝑛 − 2)2 = 285 + 4
⇒ (𝑛 − 2)2 = 289
⇒ 𝑛 − 2 = ±√289
⇒ 𝑛 = 2 ± 17
⇒ 𝑛 = 2 + 17 or 2 − 17
⇒ 𝑛 = 19 or − 15
∴ 𝑛 = 19.

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Question 4
Write the following series in sigma notation:
(a) 1 + 4 + 9 + 16 + ⋯
(b) −1 + 3 − 5 + 7 − 9
1 1 1 1
(c) 1 − 2 + 4 − 8 + 16 − ⋯
Suggested Solution
(a) 1 + 4 + 9 + 16 + ⋯ = (1)2 + (2)2 + (3)2 + (4)2 + ⋯ + (𝑛)2

∞
∴ The answer is ∑ 𝑟 2
𝑟=1
(b) −1 + 3 − 5 + 7 − 9
5
∴ The answer is ∑(−1)𝒏 [2𝑛 − 1]

𝑟=1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
(c) 1 − 2 + 4 − 8 + 16 − ⋯ = 0 − 1 + 2 − 3 + 4 − ⋯ + 𝑛 − ⋯
(2) (2) (2) (2) (2) 2
( )
∞
1
∴ The answer is ∑(−1)𝒏+𝟏 [ ].
2𝑛
𝑟=0
Practice Question
ZIMSEC Nov 2008 Paper 2 #4
a) Show that
𝑛
1
∑(𝑟 3 − 𝑟) = 𝑛(𝑛 − 1)(𝑛 + 1)(𝑛 + 2)
4
𝑟=1
b) Hence Evaluate
𝟓𝟎
∑ (𝒓𝟑 − 𝒓)
𝒓=𝟑𝟏

Page 17
ARITHMETIC & GEOMETRIC PROGRESSION
Progression
o If a sequence of number is such that each term can be obtained from the preceding one by
the operation of some law, the sequence is called a progression or simply sequences
following certain patterns are more often called progressions.
o In progressions, we note that each term except the first progresses in a definite manner.
NB: - Each progression is a sequence but each sequence may or may not be a progression
Arithmetic Progression
Definition
A sequence in which each term after the first term is obtained from the preceding term by
adding a fixed number
Common Difference
o The fixed number which is added to the preceding term of an arithmetic sequence is
called a common difference.
o It is denoted by 𝑑.
o It is obtained by subtracting the preceding terms from the next term i.e. 𝑇𝑛 – 𝑇𝑛−1 .
For example:
Consider the following sequence:
5, 10, 15, 20, 25, − − − − −
𝑑 = Common difference = 𝑇𝑛 – 𝑇𝑛−1 = 𝑇5 – 𝑇4 = 25 − 20 = 5, or
𝑑 = Common difference = 𝑇𝑛 – 𝑇𝑛−1 = 𝑇2 – 𝑇1 = 10 − 5 = 5.
The General Form of an Arithmetic Progression

If the first term of the sequence is ‘𝑎’ then the arithmetic progression is

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𝑎, 𝑎 + 𝑑, 𝑎 + 2𝑑, − − −
Nth term or General term (or, last term) of an Arithmetic Progression
If ‘𝑎’ be the first term and ‘𝑑’ be the common difference then:
𝑇1 = 𝑓𝑖𝑟𝑠𝑡 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚 = 𝑎 = 𝑎 + (1 – 1)𝑑

𝑇2 = 2𝑛𝑑 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚 = 𝑎 + 𝑑 = 𝑎 + (2 – 1)𝑑
𝑇3 = 3𝑟𝑑 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚 = 𝑎 + 2𝑑 = 𝑎 + (3 – 1)𝑑
𝑇4 = 4𝑡ℎ 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚 = 𝑎 + 3𝑑 = 𝑎 + (4 – 1)𝑑
⋮
⋮
⋮
𝑇𝑛 = 𝑛𝑡ℎ 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚 = 𝑎 + (𝑛 – 1)𝑑
Therefore, the nth term of an AP is given by:

𝑇𝑛 = 𝑎 + (𝑛 – 1)𝑑
in which a = 1st term 𝑑 = 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑚𝑜𝑛 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 and 𝑛 = 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑠.
Arithmetic Means (A.Ms)
The arithmetic mean of two numbers is equal to one half the sum of the two numbers.
If 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 are three consecutive terms in an Arithmetic Progression, then 𝑏 is called the

Arithmetic Mean (A.M) of 𝑎 and 𝑐.
NB: 𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑚𝑜𝑛 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 𝑇𝑛 – 𝑇𝑛−1

⇒ If 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 are in A.P. then
𝑏– 𝑎 = 𝑐– 𝑏
𝑏 + 𝑏 = 𝑎 + 𝑐

Page 19
2𝑏 = 𝑎 + 𝑐
𝑎 + 𝑐
∴𝑏 =
2
Example 1
Suppose 2, 5 and 8 are three consecutive terms of an A.P. Show that 5 is the arithmetic mean
of 2 and 8.
Solution
Let 𝑎 = 2, 𝑏 = 5 and 𝑐 = 8.
𝑎 + 𝑏
𝑏 =
2
2+ 8
𝑏 =
2
10
𝑏 =
2
∴ 𝑏 = 5 [As required].
Example 2
ZIMSEC JUNE 2019 PAPER 1
Suppose 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃, 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 and 5𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 − 3 are consecutive terms of an arithmetic progression.
Find the value of
(i) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃,
(ii) the common difference. [4]
Solution
Let 𝑎 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃, 𝑏 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 and 𝑐 = 5𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 − 3.

𝑎 + 𝑐
𝑏 =
2
2
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 + 5𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 − 1
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 =
2
1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 + 5𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 − 1
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 =
2

Page 20
2
4𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 − 2
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 =
2
4𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝜃 − 2 = 2𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝜃
4𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝜃 − 2𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝜃 = 2
2𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝜃 = 2
∴ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 = 1
Arithmetic Series
The sum of the terms of an Arithmetic sequence is called as Arithmetic series.

For example:
5, 10, 15, 20, 25, − − − − − − − − − is an A.P.
5 + 10 + 15 + 20 + 25 + − − − − is Arithmetic series.
The sum of 𝑛 terms of an Arithmetic Sequence

The general form of an arithmetic sequence is: 𝑎, 𝑎 + 𝑑, 𝑎 + 2𝑑, − − − 𝑎 + (𝑛 – 1)𝑑.
Let 𝑆𝑛 denoted the sum of 𝑛 terms of an Arithmetic sequence.
Then:
𝑆𝑛 = 𝑎 + (𝑎 + 𝑑) + (𝑎 + 2𝑑) + − − − − + [𝑎 + (𝑛 – 1)𝑑]
Derivation of the formula

Let 𝑛th term [𝑎 + (𝑛 – 1)𝑑] = 𝑙
The above series can be written
𝑆𝑛 = 𝑎 + (𝑎 + 𝑑) + (𝑎 + 2𝑑) + − − − − + 𝑙
Now, writing the series forwards and backwards, we have
𝑆𝑛 = 𝑎 + (𝑎 + 𝑑) + (𝑎 + 2𝑑) + . . . + (𝑙 − 2𝑑) + (𝑙 − 𝑑) + 𝑙.
𝑆𝑛 = 𝑙 + (𝑙 − 𝑑) + (𝑙 − 2𝑑) + . . . + (𝑎 + 2𝑑) + (𝑎 + 𝑑) + 𝑎.
Adding in pairs gives

Page 21
2𝑆𝑛 = (𝑎 + 𝑙) + (𝑎 + 𝑙) + (𝑎 + 𝑙) + . . . + (𝑎 + 𝑙) + (𝑎 + 𝑙) + (𝑎 + 𝑙),
⇒ 2𝑆𝑛 = 𝑛(𝑎 + 𝑙)
Hence
𝑛
𝑆𝑛 = (𝑎 + 𝑙)
2
Since 𝑙 = 𝑎 + (𝑛 – 1)𝑑
Then
𝑛 𝑛 𝑛
𝑆𝑛 = (𝑎 + 𝑙) = [𝑎 + 𝑎 + (𝑛 – 1)𝑑] = [2𝑎 + (𝑛 – 1)𝑑]
2 2 2
𝑛
∴ 𝑆𝑛 = [2𝑎 + (𝑛 – 1)𝑑]
2
Example
The second term of an 𝐴𝑃 is 3 and the 7th term is 13, find the
(i) value of the first term 𝑎 and the common difference 𝑑.
(ii) sum of the first 17 terms.
(i) 𝑇2 = 𝑎 + 𝑑 = 3
⇒𝑎+𝑑 =3 (i)
𝑇7 = 𝑎 + 6𝑑 = 13
⇒ 𝑎 + 6𝑑 = 13 (ii)
Solving (i) and (ii) simulataneously:
(ii) − (i): 5𝑑 = 10
∴𝑑=2
𝑎+𝑑 = 3 (i)
𝑎+2 =3
∴𝑎=1
𝑛
(ii) 𝑇𝑛 = [2𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑]
2

Page 22
17
𝑇17 = [2𝑎 + (17 − 1)𝑑]
2
17
𝑇17 = (2𝑎 + 16𝑑)
2
17
𝑇17 = [2(1) + 16(2)]
2
17
= (34)
2
= 289
Geometric Progression
Definition
A Geometric progression (G.P.) is a sequence in which each term except the first is obtained
by multiplying the previous term by a non-zero constant called the common ratio
Common Ratio
o In geometric progression, the ratio between any two consecutive terms remains constant
o It is denoted by 𝑟.
o It is obtained by dividing the next term with the preceding term i.e. 𝑇𝑛 ÷ 𝑇𝑛−1 .
For example:
Consider the following sequence:

2, 4, 8, 16, 32, − − − − −
𝑑 = Common ratio = 𝑇𝑛 ÷ 𝑇𝑛−1 = 𝑇5 ÷ 𝑇4 = 32 ÷ 16 = 2, or
𝑑 = Common ratio = 𝑇𝑛 ÷ 𝑇𝑛−1 = 𝑇2 ÷ 𝑇1 = 4 ÷ 2 = 2.
The General Form of a Geometric Progression
If the first term of the sequence is ‘𝑎’ then the arithmetic progression is

Page 23
𝑎, 𝑎 𝑟, 𝑎 𝑟 2 , − − −
Nth term or General term (or last term) of a Geometric Progression (G.P)
If ‘𝑎’ is the first term and ‘𝑟’ is the common ratio then the general form of G.P is
𝑎, 𝑎𝑟, 𝑎𝑟 2 , 𝑎𝑟 3 , …
𝑇1 = 𝑓𝑖𝑟𝑠𝑡 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚 = 𝑎 = 𝑎𝑟 (1−1)

𝑇2 = 2𝑛𝑑 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚 = 𝑎𝑟 = 𝑎𝑟 (2−1)
𝑇3 = 3𝑟𝑑 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚 = 𝑎𝑟 2 = 𝑎𝑟 (3−1)
𝑇4 = 4𝑡ℎ 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚 = 𝑎𝑟 3 = 𝑎𝑟 (4−1)
⋮
⋮
⋮
𝑇𝑛 = 𝑛𝑡ℎ 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚 = 𝑎𝑟 𝑛−1
Therefore, the 𝑛th term of an GP is given by:

𝑇𝑛 = 𝑎 𝑟 𝑛−1
Geometric Mean (G.M.)
The Geometric Mean between two quantities is equal to the square root of their product
When three quantities are in G.P., the middle one is called the Geometric Mean (G.M.)
between the other two. If 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 are three consecutive terms in an Geometric Progression,
then 𝑏 is called the Geometric Mean (G.M) of 𝑎 and 𝑐.
NB: 𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑚𝑜𝑛 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝑇𝑛 ÷ 𝑇𝑛−1

⇒ If 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 are in G.P. then
𝑏 𝑐
=
𝑎 𝑏

Page 24
𝑏 2 = 𝑎𝑐
∴ 𝑏 = √𝑎 𝑐
Example
Suppose 2, 4 and 8 are three consecutive terms of a G.P. Show that 4 is the geometric mean
of 2 and 8.
Solution
Let 𝑎 = 2, 𝑏 = 4 and 𝑐 = 8.
𝑏 = √𝑎 𝑐
𝑏 = √2 × 8
𝑏 = √16
∴ 𝑏 = 4 [as required].
Question 2
Given that 𝑥 − 1, 𝑥 and 𝑥 + 7 are consecutive terms of a 𝐺𝑃, find the value of 𝑥.
Suggested Solution
If 𝑥 − 1, 𝑥 and 𝑥 + 7 are consecutive terms of a 𝐺𝑃 then:
𝑥 𝑥+7
=
𝑥−1 𝑥
𝑥 2 = (𝑥 + 7)(𝑥 − 1)
𝑥 2 = 𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 − 7
6𝑥 = 7
7
𝑥=
6

Page 25
Geometric Series
o A geometric series is the sum of the terms of a geometric sequence.
o If 𝑎, 𝑎𝑟, 𝑎𝑟 2 , … , 𝑎𝑟 𝑛−1 is a geometric sequence,
o Then geometric series is 𝑎 + 𝑎𝑟 + 𝑎𝑟 2 + … … + 𝑎𝑟 𝑛−1 .
Sum of 𝑛 Terms of a Geometric Series
Derivation of the formula

Let 𝑆𝑛 be the sum of geometric series
i.e.
𝑆𝑛 = 𝑎 + 𝑎𝑟 + 𝑎𝑟 2 + … … + 𝑎𝑟 𝑛−1 (1)
Multiplying by r on both sides

𝑟𝑆𝑛 = 𝑎𝑟 + 𝑎𝑟 2 + 𝑎𝑟 3 + ⋯ … + 𝑎𝑟 𝑛−1 + 𝑎𝑟 𝑛 (2)
Now, subtracting (2) from (1), we get
𝑆𝑛 − 𝑟𝑆𝑛 = 𝑎 − 𝑎𝑟 𝑛
so that
𝑆𝑛 (1 − 𝑟) = 𝑎(1 − 𝑟 𝑛 )
Now divide by 1 − 𝑟 (as long as 𝑟 ≠ 1) to give
𝑎(1 − 𝑟 𝑛 )
𝑆𝑛 = , 𝑟 ≠ 1
(1 − 𝑟)
The above formula is used when |𝑟| < 1.
If |𝑟| > 1 then we use the following formula:
𝑎(𝑟 𝑛 − 1 )
𝑆𝑛 = , 𝑟 ≠ 1
( 𝑟 − 1)

Page 26
Sum to infinity of a Geometric Series
We want to examine this formula
𝑎(1 − 𝑟 𝑛 )
(1 − 𝑟)
1
Let’s consider 𝑟 = 4 since |𝑟| < 1.
Now the formula contains the term 𝑟 𝑛 and, as |𝑟| < 1 i.e. −1 < 𝑟 < 1, this term will
get closer and closer to zero as 𝑛 gets larger and larger.
1 1 𝑛
NB: ≈ 0 . Thus, 𝑟 𝑛 i. e (4) ⟹ 0 as 𝑛 → ∞.
∞
1
𝑎(1 – 𝑟 𝑛 ) 𝑎 (1 – ∞)
⇒ 𝐿𝑖𝑚𝑛→∞ [ ]=[ ]
(1 − 𝑟) (1 − 𝑟)
𝑎(1 – 0)
=[ ]
(1 − 𝑟)
𝑎
=
1−𝑟
Now, if −1 < 𝑟 < 1, we can say that the ‘sum to infinity’ of a geometric series is
𝑎
𝑆∞ =
1 − 𝑟
Example
A runner who is training for a long-distance race plans to run increasing distances each day
for 21 𝑑𝑎𝑦𝑠. She will run 𝑥 𝑘𝑚 on day 1, and on each subsequent day she will increase the
distance by 10% of the previous day’s distance. On day 21 she will run 20 𝑘𝑚.
a) Find the distance she must run on day 1 in order to achieve this. Give your answer in
𝑘𝑚 correct to 1 decimal place.
b) Find the total distance she runs over the 21 days.
Suggested Solution
a) 𝐷1 = 𝑥
10 110
𝐷2 = 𝑥 + 𝑥 = 𝑥( ) = 𝑥(1.1)
100 100
110 10 110 110 110
𝐷3 = 𝑥 ( )+ [𝑥 ( )] = 𝑥 ( )( ) = 𝑥(1.1)2
100 100 100 100 100

Page 27
⋮
𝐷21 = 20
𝐺𝑃 with 𝑎 = 𝑥 and 𝑟 = 1.1

Now:
𝐷𝑛 = 𝑎𝑟 𝑛−1
⇒ 𝐷21 = 𝑥(1.1)20 = 20
20
⇒𝑥=
(1.1)20
20
⇒𝑥=
6.727499949
𝑥 = 2.97287256
∴ 𝑥 = 3.0 (𝑡𝑜 2𝑑. 𝑝. )
𝑎(𝑟 𝑛 − 1)
b) 𝑆𝑛 =
𝑟−1
3.0[(1.1)21 − 1]
⇒ 𝑆21 =
1.1 − 1
⇒ 𝑆21 = 192.0074983𝑘𝑚
∴The total distance she runs over the 21 days is 192 𝑘𝑚 (𝑡𝑜 2𝑠. 𝑓).
Recurring Decimals
Definition
It is non-terminating decimal fraction in which some digits are repeated again and again in
the same order in its decimal parts
Notes
3 4
o When we attempt to express a common fraction such as or as a decimal fraction, the
4 11
decimal always either terminates or ultimately repeats. Thus:
3 4
= 0. 75 (Decimal terminate) and = 0.363636 (Decimal repeats)
4 11
o We can express the recurring decimal fraction 0. 3̇6̇ (or 0. 36
̅̅̅̅ ) as a common fraction.

Page 28
̅̅̅̅) means that the numbers appearing under it are repeated endlessly. i.e.
o The bar (0. 36
̅̅̅̅ means 0.363636 ⋯
0. 36
o Thus a non-terminating decimal fraction in which some digits are repeated again and
again in the same order in its decimal parts is called a recurring decimal fraction.
Illustrations
(i) 0.12̇5̇ = 0.125252525252525
= 0.1 + 0.025 + 0.0025 + 0.000025 + ⋯
1 25 25 25
= + + + +⋯
10 1 000 10 000 1 000 000
(ii) 0.234̇1̇ = 0.234141414141414141
= 0.23 + 0.0041 + 0.000041 + 0.00000041 + ⋯
23 41 41 41
= + + + +⋯
100 10 000 1 000 000 100 000 000
(iii) 0.1524̇ = 0.1524444444444
= 0.152 + 0.0004 + 0.00004 + 0.000004 + ⋯
152 4 4 4
= + + + +⋯
1000 10 000 100 000 1 000 000
(iv) 0. 3̇3̇ = 0.33333333333333
= 0.3 + 0.03 + 0.003 + 0.0003 + ⋯
3 3 3 3
= + + + +⋯
10 100 1 000 10 000

Page 29
Solved Problems: Recurring Decimals
Example 1
Find the fraction equivalent to the recurring decimals 0. 3̇ 4̇ 5̇ .

Solution
Let 𝑆 = 0. 3̇ 4̇ 5̇
𝑆 = 0.345 345 345 − − − − − − − − − − − ∞
𝑆 = 0.345 + 0.000345 + 0.000000345 − − −
345 345 345

𝑆 = + + + − − −
1000 1 000 000 1 000 000 000
345 345 1 3453 1 1

𝑆 = + ( ) + ( )( )+ − − −
1000 1 000 1 000 1 000 1 000 1 000
2
345 345 1 345 1
𝑆 = + ( ) + ( ) + − − −
1000 1 000 1 000 1 000 1 000
345 1
Now it’s a GP with 𝑎 = 1000 and 𝑟 = 1 000 .
Therefore:
345 345
𝑎 1000 1000
𝑆∞ = = =
1– 𝑟 1– 1 999
1 000 1 000
345 1000
= ×
1000 999
345 115
= =
999 333

Page 30
Practice Questions
Question 1
ZIMSEC June 2004 Paper 1 #4
By using an infinite geometric progression show that 0.432̇1̇(i. e 0.4321212121. .. is equal

713
to 1650. [4]
Question 2
By using an infinite geometric progression, show that the recurring decimal 0.25̇3̇ ( i.e.
251
0.253535353 … ) is equal to .
990
Question 3
67
0.13535353535 … ) is equal to .
495
Question 4
83
0.251515151 … ) is equal to .
330

Page 31
Solved Problems: Arithmetic Progression
Question 1
ZIMSEC June 2018 Paper 1
The salary scale of an employee begins at $315 a month and rises to a maximum of $765 by
equal monthly increments of $25
Find the number of months it takes for the salary to reach the maximum. [3]
Suggested solution
𝑀𝑜𝑛𝑡ℎ 1 = $315
𝑀𝑜𝑛𝑡ℎ 2 = $315 + $25
𝑀𝑜𝑛𝑡ℎ 3 = $315 + $25 + $25
𝑀𝑜𝑛𝑡ℎ 4 = $315 + $25 + $25 + $25
Thus it is an AP with 𝑎 = $315 and 𝑑 = $25
𝑀𝑜𝑛𝑡ℎ 𝑛 = $765
⇒ 𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑 = $765
⇒ 315 + (𝑛 − 1)25 = 765
⇒ (𝑛 − 1)25 = 765 − 315
⇒ 𝑛 − 1 = 18
⇒ 𝑛 = 18 + 1
∴ 𝑛 = 19𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑡ℎ𝑠
Question 2
The sum of the 5th and 10th terms of an arithmetic progression is 27. The third term is – 9.
Find the
(i) first term and the common difference, [4]

(ii) smallest value of 𝑛, for which 𝑆𝑛 > 0, where 𝑆𝑛 is the sum of the first 𝑛 terms. [3]
Suggested solution
(i) 𝑇 5 + 𝑇 10 = 27 (i)

Page 32
𝑇 3 = −9 (ii)
Now 𝑇 𝑛 = 𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑
⇒ 𝑎 + 4𝑑 + 𝑎 + 9𝑑 = 27 ⇒ 2𝑎 + 13𝑑 = 27 (iii)
and 𝑎 + 2𝑑 = −9 (iv)
(iv) × 2 gives 2𝑎 + 4𝑑 = −18 (v)
Subtracting (iv) from (iii):
9𝑑 = 45
∴𝑑=5
𝑎 + 2𝑑 = −9 (iv)
⇒ 𝑎 + 2(5) = −9
⇒ 𝑎 = −9 − 10 = −19.
(ii) 𝑆𝑛 > 0
𝑛
[2𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑] > 0
2
𝑛
[2(−19) + (𝑛 − 1)5] > 0
2
𝑛
[−38 + 5𝑛 − 5] > 0
2
𝑛(5𝑛 − 43) > 0

43
The critical values are 𝑛 = 0 and 𝑛 = 5
43
0 5
43
𝑛 ∈ ℜ ∶ 𝑛 < 0 or 𝑛 >
5
Thus the smallest number of 𝑛 is 9 (since 𝑛 will never be negative)

Page 33
Question 3

3
The sum of the first 𝑛 terms of an arithmetic progression is 2 𝑛2 − 2𝑛.
Find the
(i) first 3 terms of the progression,

(ii) 𝑛th term of the progression. [5]
Suggested solution
(i) Let the sum of terms be 𝑆𝑛 and the terms be 𝑇𝑛 .
Note
𝑆1 = 𝑇1
𝑆2 = 𝑇1 + 𝑇2
𝑆3 = 𝑇1 + 𝑇2 + 𝑇3
3
𝑆𝑛 = 𝑛2 − 2𝑛
2
3 3
When 𝑛 = 1, 𝑆1 = 2 (1)2 − 2(1) = 2
3 1
⇒ 𝑇1 = −2=−
2 2
23
When 𝑛 = 2, 𝑆2 = 2 (2) − 2(2) = 2
1 1
⇒ 𝑇1 + 𝑇2 = 2 ⟹ 𝑇2 = 2 − (𝑇1 ) = 2— = 2
2 2
3 2 1
When 𝑛 = 3, 𝑆3 = 2 (3) − 2(3) = 7 2
1
⇒ 𝑇1 + 𝑇2 + 𝑇3 = 7
2
1
⇒ 𝑇 3 = 7 − (𝑇 1 + 𝑇 2 )
2
1
= 7 − (2)
2
1
=5
2
1 1 1
∴ The first three terms are − 2, 2 2 and 5 2.
1 1 1 1 1
(ii) The sequence above is in AP with 𝑎 = − 2 and 𝑑 = 5 2 − 2 2 = 3 or 2 2 — 2 = 3

Page 34
1
∴ 𝑇𝑛 = 𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑 = − + (𝑛 − 1)3
2
1
= − + 3𝑛 − 3
2
𝟕
= 𝟑𝒏 −
𝟐
Question 4
A sequence 𝑈𝑟 is defined by
𝑈𝑟 = (𝑛 − 3𝑟).
(i) Write down the first 3 terms of the sequence

(ii) Find in terms of 𝑛 a formula for
2𝑛
∑ 𝑈𝑟
𝑟=𝑛
Suggested solution
(i) 𝑈𝑟 = (𝑛 − 3𝑟)
𝑈1 = (𝑛 − 3 × 1) = 𝑛 − 3
𝑈2 = (𝑛 − 3 × 2) = 𝑛 − 6
𝑈3 = (𝑛 − 3 × 3) = 𝑛 − 9
(ii) The sequence above is in AP with 𝑎 = 𝑛 − 3 and 𝑑 = (𝑛 − 6) − (𝑛 − 3) = −3 or
(𝑛 − 9) − (𝑛 − 6) = −3.
Now
2𝑛 2𝑛 𝑛−1
∑ 𝑈𝑟 = ∑ 𝑈𝑟 − ∑ 𝑈𝑟
𝑟=𝑛 𝑟=1 𝑟=1
Also
2𝑛
∑ 𝑈𝑟 = 𝑆𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 1𝑠𝑡 (2𝑛)𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑛 𝐴𝑃,

𝑟=1
and
𝑛−1
∑ 𝑈𝑟 = 𝑆𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 1𝑠𝑡 (𝑛 − 1)𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑛 𝐴𝑃.

𝑟=1
Aside
Now using the sum of ‘𝑛’ terms formula for an AP.

Page 35
𝑛
𝑛
∑ 𝑈𝑟 = [2𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑]
2
𝑟=1
2𝑛
2𝑛
∑ 𝑈𝑟 = [2(𝑛 − 3) + (2𝑛 − 1) × −3]
2
𝑟=1
= 𝑛[2𝑛 − 6 − 6𝑛 + 3]
= 𝑛[−4𝑛 − 3] = −4𝑛2 − 3𝑛.
𝑛−1
𝑛−1
∑ 𝑈𝑟 = [2(𝑛 − 3) + ({𝑛 − 1} − 1) × −3]
2
𝑟=1
𝑛−1
= [2𝑛 − 6 + (𝑛 − 2) × −3]
2
𝑛−1
= [2𝑛 − 6 − 3𝑛 + 6]
2
𝑛−1 −𝑛2 + 𝑛 𝑛2 𝑛
= (−𝑛) = =− +
2 2 2 2
2𝑛 2𝑛 𝑛−1
𝑛2 𝑛 𝟕𝒏𝟐 𝟕𝒏
∴ ∑ 𝑈𝑟 = ∑ 𝑈𝑟 − ∑ 𝑈𝑟 = (−4𝑛2 − 3𝑛) − (− + )=− − .
2 2 𝟐 𝟐
𝑟=𝑛 𝑟=1 𝑟=1

Page 36
Solved Problems: Geometric Progression
Question 1
Given that 𝑎𝑛 = 4 + (0.1)𝑛 , show that

2𝑁
(0.1)𝑁
∑ 𝑎𝑛 = 4𝑁 + [1 − (0.1)𝑁 ]
9
𝑛=𝑁+1
Suggested solution
2𝑁 2𝑁 𝑁
∑ 𝑎𝑛 = ∑ 𝑎𝑛 − ∑ 𝑎𝑛
𝑛=𝑁+1 𝑛=1 𝑛=1
Aside
2𝑁 2𝑁 2𝑁 2𝑁
∑ 𝑎𝑛 = ∑ 4 + (0.1) = ∑ 4 + ∑(0.1)𝑛
𝑛
𝑛=1 𝑛=1 𝑛=1 𝑛=1
= (4 × 2𝑁) + (0.1)1 + (0.1)2 + (0.1)3 + ⋯ . +(0.1)2𝑁
= 8𝑁 + 𝑆𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 (2𝑁)𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑎 𝐺𝑃
Using:
𝑎(1 − 𝑟 𝑛 )
𝑆𝑛 =
1−𝑟
0.1(1 − (0.1)2𝑁 )
= 8𝑁 +
1 − 0.1
0.1(1 − (0.1)2𝑁 )
= 8𝑁 +
0.9
(1 − (0.1)2𝑁 )
= 8𝑁 +
9
1 (0.1)2𝑁
= 8𝑁 + −
9 9
Also:

Page 37
𝑁 𝑁 𝑁 𝑁
∑ 𝑎𝑛 = ∑ 4 + (0.1)𝑛 = ∑ 4 + ∑(0.1)𝑛
𝑛=1 𝑛=1 𝑛=1 𝑛=1
= (4 × 𝑁) + (0.1)1 + (0.1)2 + (0.1)3 + ⋯ . +(0.1)𝑁
= 4𝑁 + 𝑆𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 (𝑁)𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑎 𝐺𝑃
Using:
𝑎(1 − 𝑟 𝑛 )
𝑆𝑛 =
1−𝑟
0.1(1 − (0.1)𝑁 )
= 4𝑁 +
1 − 0.1
0.1(1 − (0.1)𝑁 )
= 4𝑁 +
0.9
(1 − (0.1)𝑁 )
= 4𝑁 +
9
1 (0.1)𝑁
= 4𝑁 + −
9 9
Now
2𝑁 2𝑁 𝑁
1 (0.1)2𝑁 1 (0.1)𝑁
∑ 𝑎𝑛 = ∑ 𝑎𝑛 − ∑ 𝑎𝑛 = [8𝑁 + − ] − [4𝑁 + − ]
9 9 9 9
𝑛=𝑁+1 𝑛=1 𝑛=1
1 (0.1)2𝑁 1 (0.1)𝑁
= 8𝑁 + − − 4𝑁 − +
9 9 9 9
(0.1)𝑁 (0.1)2𝑁
= 4𝑁 + −
9 9
(0.1)𝑁
= 4𝑁 + [1 − (0.1)𝑁 ] (𝑎𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑)
9
Question 2
Show that

Page 38
16
𝑟
∑(√3) = 9 840 + 3 280√3.
𝑟=1
Suggested solution
16
𝑟 2 3 𝑟
∑(√3) = √3 + (√3) + (√3) + ⋯ + (√3)
𝑟=1
Thus the above sequence is a GP with 𝑎 = √3 and 𝑟 = √3.

16
𝑟
Now ∑(√3) = 𝑆𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 16 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑎 𝐺𝑃.
𝑟=1
Using:
𝑎(𝑟 𝑛 − 1)
𝑆𝑛 = since |𝑟| > 1
𝑟−1
16
√3 [(√3) − 1]
𝑆16 =
√3 − 1
√3[6 561 − 1] √3[6 560] 6 560√3

= = =
√3 − 1 √3 − 1 √3 − 1
6 560√3(√3 + 1)
=
(√3 − 1)(√3 + 1)
6 560(3) + 6 560√3
= 2
(√3) − (1)2
19 680 + 6560√3
=
2
= 𝟗 𝟖𝟒𝟎 + 𝟑 𝟐𝟖𝟎√𝟑 (𝒂𝒔 𝒓𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒅)
Question 3
A geometric series has a common ratio 𝑟 < 0, and its 4th and 6th terms are 2.56 and 1.6348,
respectively.
Find the

Page 39
(i) first terms and the common ratio, [3]
(ii) the sum to infinity of the series. [2]
Suggested solution
(i) 𝑇 4 = 2.56 (i)
𝑇 6 = 1.6348 (ii)
Now 𝑇 𝑛 = 𝑎𝑟 𝑛−1
⇒ 𝑎𝑟3 = 2.56 (iii)
⇒ 𝑎𝑟5 = 1.6348 (iv)
(iv) ÷ (iii) gives:
4087
𝑟2 =
6400
4087
⇒ 𝑟 = ±√
6400
√4087
∴𝑟=− 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑟 < 0
80
𝑎𝑟 3 = 2.56 (iii)
2.56
⇒𝑎=
𝑟3
2.56
= 3
√4087
(− 80 )
∴ 𝑎 = −5.016524871 = −5.0(to 2𝑠𝑓).

𝑎
(ii) 𝑆∞ =
1−𝑟
−5.016524871
=
√4087
1— 80
−5.016524871
=
√4087
1— 80
= −2.788320495
= −2.8(to 2𝑠𝑓)

Page 40
Question 3
(i) Write down the first 3 terms of the sequence 𝑈𝑟 , where

1 𝑟
𝑈𝑟 = 2 ( ) , 𝑟 = 1; 2; …
3
(ii) Find the value of n for which
𝑛
1 𝑟 80
∑2 ) =
(
3 81
𝑟=1
[5]
Suggested solution
1 𝑟
(i) 𝑈𝑟 = 2 (3)
1 1 1 2
𝑈1 = 2 ( ) = 2 ( ) =
3 3 3
1 2 1 1 2
𝑈𝑟 = 2 ( ) = 2 ( ) ( ) =
3 3 3 9
1 3 1 1 1 2
𝑈3 = 2 ( ) = 2 ( ) ( ) ( ) =
3 3 3 3 27
2 1
(ii) The above sequence is in GP with 𝑎 = 3 and 𝑟 = 3
𝑛
1 𝑟 80
∑2( ) =
3 81
𝑟=1
Now:
𝑛
1 𝑟
∑2( )
3
𝑟=1
is the sum of ‘𝑛’ terms of the GP.
Using
𝑎(1 − 𝑟 𝑛 )
𝑆𝑛 =
1−𝑟
𝑛 2 1 𝑛
[1 − (3) ]
𝑟
1 80 3 80
∑2( ) = ⇒ =
3 81 1 81
𝑟=1 1−3

Page 41
2 1 𝑛
[1 − ( ) ] 80
3 3
⇒ 2
=
81
3
2 1 𝑛
[1 − ( ) ] 80
3 3
⇒ 2
=
81
3
1 𝑛 80
⇒1−( ) =
3 81
80 1 𝑛
⇒1− =( )
81 3
𝑛
1 1
⇒ =( )
81 3
1 1 𝑛
⇒ 𝐼𝑛 ( ) = 𝐼𝑛 ( )
81 3
1 1
⇒ 𝐼𝑛 ( ) = 𝑛𝐼𝑛 ( )
81 3
1
𝐼𝑛 ( )
81
∴𝑛= 1
= 4.
𝐼𝑛 ( )
3

Page 42
PAST EXAMINATION QUESTIONS
ZIMSEC NOVEMBER 2017 Paper 1
In a geometric progression the first term is 𝑎 the common ratio is 𝑟 where 0 < 𝑟 < 1.
If the sum of the first 4 terms is half the sun to infinity, find
(i) the exact value of 𝑟, [3]

(ii) the 9th term when 𝑎 = 2. [2]
ZIMSEC NOVEMBER 2016 Paper1
(a) The present population of a country is 27 million. The population is projected to be

38 million in 36 years time.
Calculate the annual growth rate correct to two decimal places, if this projection is
based on a geometric sequence. [3]
(b) Find the sum, 𝑆, defined by
15
1
𝑆 = ∑ (2𝑛 + ) [𝟑]
2
𝑛=1
ZIMSEC JUNE 2015 Paper 1
(a) The 4th term of an arithmetic progression is 42 and the sum of the first 3 terms of the
series is 12.
Find the
(i) first term and the common difference,

(ii) sum of the first twenty terms. [6]
(b) The 3rd term of a geometric progression is 36 and the 5th terms of the series is 12.
Find the
(i) first term and the common ratio, 𝑟, given 𝑟 < 0,

(ii) the sum to infinity of the series. [6]

Page 43
(a) The numbers 𝑝, 10 and 𝑞 are three consecutive terms of an arithmetic progression.
The numbers 𝑝, 6 and 𝑞 are three consecutive terms of a geometric progression.
(i) By first forming two equations in 𝑝, 10 and 𝑝 and 𝑝, 6 and 𝑞 show that
𝑝2 − 20𝑝 + 36 = 0.
(ii) Hence find the values of 𝑝 and 𝑞 for which the geometric progression
converges.
[5]
(b) A woman measures the height of her child at birth and at monthly intervals
afterwards.
The child’s height increases by 5% per month. Find the number of measurements she
has made before the child’s height is twice what it was at birth. [4]
A circular plank is cut into 12 sectors whose areas are in arithmetic progression. If the area of
the largest is twice that of the smallest, find the angle in terms of 𝜋 between the straight edges
of the smallest sector. [4]
(a) The sum of the first 5 terms of a geometric series is 5 and the sum of the fifth to the ninth
is 80,
Show that the common ratio is ±2 and hence find two possible values of 𝑎. [6]
(b) (i) Express 4𝑥 3 − 6𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 in the form 𝐴𝑥(𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 + 2) + 𝐵𝑥(𝑥 + 1) + 𝐶𝑥 where

𝐴, 𝐵 and 𝐶 are constants. [3]
(iii) Given that

𝑥=𝑛 𝑥=𝑛
𝑛 𝑛
∑ 𝑥(𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 + 2) = (𝑛 + 1)(𝑛 + 2)(𝑛 + 3) and ∑ 𝑥(𝑥 + 1) = (𝑛 + 1)(𝑛 + 2),
4 3
𝑥=1 𝑥=1
show that
𝑥=𝑛
∑ 4𝑥 3 − 6𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 = 𝑛2 (𝑛2 − 1). [𝟒]

𝑥=1

Page 44
A thin string of length 220𝑐𝑚 is divided (without cutting it up), into 𝑛 parts in he ratio
1: 2: 3: … 𝑛.
440
(a) Show that the length of the longest segment is 𝑐𝑚. [3]
𝑛+1
(b) The string is made to form a circle so that the ends just touch each other.
(i) Find the radius of this circle.
(ii) Show that the angle subtended at the centre by the largest segment in part (a)
12.57
is approximately radians.
𝑛+1
𝜋
(iii)Hence find the smallest value of 𝑛 for which this angle is less than radians.
12
[6]

1 1
The 6th term of a geometric progression is 81 and the 3rd term is − 3.
Find
(a) the value of

(i) common ratio,
(ii) first term [4]
(b) the sum of the first 𝑛 terms of the progression, [2]
(c) the value of the sum to infinity of the progression. [1]
In an arithmetic progression the sum of the first term and the fifth term is zero. The thirteenth
term is 20.
Find
(i) the first term and the common difference, [4]

(ii) the ratio of the seventh term to the fifth term. [2]

Page 45
(a) It is given that

𝑛
∑ 𝑈𝑟 = 𝑛2 − 7𝑛
𝑟=1
Find
(i) 𝑢1 , 𝑢2 , 𝑢3 , [4]
(ii) an expression for 𝑢𝑟 in terms of 𝑟. [2]
(b) The diagram shows 10 oranges 𝑂1, 𝑂2, 𝑂3, … 𝑂10 placed in a straight line 6𝑚 apart with
the first orange 15𝑚 from the starting line.
𝟏𝟓𝒎 𝟔𝒎 𝟔𝒎
𝑶𝟏 𝑶𝟐 𝑶𝟑 𝑶𝟏𝟎
starting
line
In a race, each competitor runs and collect the oranges one at a time starting with 𝑂1 and
returns it to a box at a starting line. Find the total distance covered by a contestant who
manages to collect all the oranges. [4]
Two sequences are defined for 𝑛 = 1, 2, 3, … , as follows
𝑈𝑛 = 10𝑛 − 3,
1 𝑛
𝑉𝑛 [1 − (𝑛) ].
(i) Describe the behaviour of each sequence as 𝑛 → ∞. [2]

(ii) Given that
𝑁
∑ 𝑈𝑛 = 259,
𝑛=1
find 𝑁. [5]

Page 46
Question 1
1
A sequence is defined by 𝑈𝑛+1 = 1−𝑈 , with 𝑈1 = 𝑎, where 𝑎 ≠ 1.
𝑛
Show that 𝑈2 = 𝑈5 . [4]
Question 2
(a) Given that
∑(2𝑟 − 5) = 255,
𝑟=1
find the value of 𝑛.
(b) After running a 40𝑘𝑚 marathon race, an athlete ‘trains down’ by running 80% of the
distance run the previous day, starting the day after the competition.
Find the
(i) the distance run on the tenth day after the marathon race [4]
(ii) the first day on which the athlete will have run a total of more than 155𝑘𝑚 after
the marathon race. [5]
(a) The 𝑛𝑡ℎ term of an arithmetic progression is denoted by 𝑢𝑛 . Given that 𝑢10 = 82
and 𝑢20 = 172, find the sum of the first 50 terms of the progression. [6]
(b) The 𝑛𝑡ℎ term of a sequence is given by
1 𝑛−1
𝑣𝑛 = 9 − 4 ( ) , for 𝑛 ≥ 1
2
(i) Show that

𝑁
1 𝑁
∑ 𝑣𝑛 = 9𝑁 − 8 + 8 ( ) .
2
𝑛=1
[4]
(ii) Deduce that, for large 𝑁,
𝑁
∑ 𝑣𝑛 ≈ 𝑢𝑁 ,
𝑛=1

Page 47
where 𝑢𝑁 is the 𝑁𝑡ℎ term of the arithmetic progression in part (a).
(i) The first four terms 𝑢1 , 𝑢2 , 𝑢3 , 𝑢4 of an arithmetic progression are such that
𝑢4 − 𝑢2 = 15 and 4𝑢3 = 9𝑢1 .
Find the value of 𝑢1 . [3]
(ii) The four terms 𝑣1 , 𝑣2 , 𝑣3 , 𝑣4 of a geometric progression are such that
𝑣4 − 𝑣2 = 15 and 4𝑣3 = 9𝑣1 .
Find the value of 𝑣1 . [5]
(i) A sequence of positive integers 𝑢1 , 𝑢2 , 𝑢3 , … is given by
𝑢1 = 2 and 𝑢𝑛+1 = 2𝑢𝑛 for 𝑛 ≥ 1.
(a) Write down the first four terms of this sequence. [1]
(b) State what type of sequence this is, and express 𝑢𝑛 in terms of 𝑛. [2]
(ii) A sequence of positive integers 𝑣1 , 𝑣2 , 𝑣3 , … is given by
𝑣1 = 3 and 𝑣𝑛+1 = 2𝑣𝑛 − 1 for 𝑛 ≥ 1.
(a) Show that the relation between 𝑣𝑛+1 and 𝑣𝑛 may be written in the form
𝑣𝑛+1 − 1 = 2(𝑣𝑛 − 1) [1]
(b) Hence, by using the results in part (i), show that 𝑣𝑛 = 2𝑛 + 1 for 𝑛 ≥ 1. [2]
(iii) Express
𝑁
∑ 𝑣𝑛 in terms of 𝑁. [𝟒]
𝑛=1

Page 48
(a) Show that

50
∑(3𝑟 − 2) = 3725. [𝟑]

𝑟=1
Hence write down the value of

50
∑(2 − 3𝑟) [𝟏]

𝑟=1
(b) I save $𝑐 every month, at 0.5% per month interest on the total amount saved. It is given
that the rate at end of 𝑛 months is
$(1.005𝑐 + 1.0052 𝑐 + 1.0053 𝑐 + ⋯ + 1.005𝑛 𝑐)
Find the number of months at the end of which the total exceeds $100𝑐. [4]
UCLES NOVEMBER 1997 Paper 1
(i) Evaluate
500
∑(3𝑟 + 2) [𝟑]
𝑟=1
(ii) Given that

𝑛
∑(𝑎𝑟 + 𝑏) ≡ 𝑛2 ,
𝑟=1
find the constants 𝑎 and 𝑏.
UCLES JUNE 1997 Paper 1.
Find the values of 𝜃, such that −𝜋 < 𝜃 < 𝜋, for which the geometric progression
1 + 2𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 + 4𝑐𝑜𝑠 4 𝜃 + 8𝑐𝑜𝑠 6 𝜃 + ⋯
has a sum to infinity. [5]
Show that, for this set of values of 𝜃, the sum to infinity of the progression is −𝑠𝑒𝑐2𝜃. [2]

Page 49
UCLES NOVEMBER 1996 Paper 1
When a new stretch of motorway was opened, the peak rate at which traffic flowed was to be
5000 vehicles per hour.
a) One mathematical model for future rates of flow was that the peak rate would
increase by 6% each year. Using this model,
(i) Express the peak rate of flow after n years in terms of 𝑛. [2]
(ii) Find the integer value of 𝑛 for which the peak rate of flow first exceeds 20 000
vehicles per hour. [2]
b) An alternative model stated that peak rate of flow after 𝑛 years, denoted 𝑓𝑛 vehicles
per hour, would be given by
𝑓𝑛 = 5000{6 − 5 × (0.96)𝑛
Using this model,

(i) find the predicted percentage increase in the peak rate of flow over the first
year, [2]
(ii) find the integer value of 𝑛 for which 𝑓𝑛 first exceeds 20 000. [2]
Describe how the predictions of the models in (a) and (b) differs as 𝑛 becomes large. [2]

Page 50
ASANTE SANA

Page 51
*******THERE IS A LIGHT AT THE END OF EVERY TUNNEL *******
CONSTRUCTIVE COMMENTS ON THE FORM

OF THE PRESENTATION, INCLUDING ANY
OMISSIONS OR ERRORS, ARE WELCOME.
***ENJOY***
Nyasha P. Tarakino (Trockers)
+263772978155/+263717267175
ntarakino@gmail.com

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Sequences and Series - by Trockers

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Sequences and Series - by Trockers

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Compiled by: Nyasha P. Tarakino (Trockers)

Tarakino N.P. (Trockers) ~ 0772978155/ 0717267175

➢ define a sequence and a series

Tarakino N.P. (Trockers) ~ 0772978155/ 0717267175

A sequence is a set of numbers occurring in a certain order, or simply an ordered list 𝑈1 , 𝑈2 ,

Tarakino N.P. (Trockers) ~ 0772978155/ 0717267175

(a) Convergent Sequence

(b) Divergent Sequence

A sequence which tends to ±∞ is said to be Divergent (or is said to diverge). e.g.

NB: This sequence is generated using the formula𝑈𝑛 = 2𝑛

(c) Oscillatory Sequence

(d) Periodic Sequence

Tarakino N.P. (Trockers) ~ 0772978155/ 0717267175

𝑇3 = 𝑇2+1 = 2𝑇2 − 𝑇2−1 = 2𝑇2 − 𝑇1 = 2(3) − 2 = 6 − 2 = 4

𝑇4 = 𝑇3+1 = 2𝑇3 − 𝑇3−1 = 2𝑇3 − 𝑇2 = 2(4) − 3 = 8 − 3 = 5

𝑇5 = 𝑇4+1 = 2𝑇4 − 𝑇4−1 = 2𝑇4 − 𝑇3 = 2(5) − 4 = 10 − 4 = 6

𝑇6 = 𝑇5+1 = 2𝑇5 − 𝑇5−1 = 2𝑇5 − 𝑇4 = 2(6) − 5 = 12 − 5 = 7

𝑇7 = 𝑇6+1 = 2𝑇6 − 𝑇6−1 = 2𝑇6 − 𝑇5 = 2(7) − 6 = 14 − 6 = 8

∴ The sequence is diverging.

Tarakino N.P. (Trockers) ~ 0772978155/ 0717267175

ZIMSEC November 2003 Paper 1

Given also that 𝑈1 + 𝑈2 = 12, find possible values of 𝑈1 . [3]

Substituting (ii) into (i)

𝑈1 2 − 12𝑈1 + (−6)2 = −27 + (−6)2

Finding the behaviour

Tarakino N.P. (Trockers) ~ 0772978155/ 0717267175

Examples: General/Nth Terms

Find the general terms of the sequence 2,4,6, 8, . .. (even numbers)

NB: The numbers in purple 1, 2, 3, 4 𝑒𝑡𝑐 indicates the positions.

Tarakino N.P. (Trockers) ~ 0772978155/ 0717267175

Find the general terms of the sequence 1,4,9, 16, . .. (squares)

NB: The numbers in purple 1, 2, 3, 4 𝑒𝑡𝑐 indicates the positions.

Find the general terms of the sequence 1,3,5, 7, . .. (odd numbers)

NB: The numbers in purple 1, 2, 3, 4 𝑒𝑡𝑐 indicates the positions.

NB: (−1)1 = −1 (−1)2 = +1 (−1)3 = −1 (−1)4 = +1

Thus (−1)𝑛 = −1 when 𝑛 is odd and (−1)𝑛 = +1 when 𝑛 is even.

Tarakino N.P. (Trockers) ~ 0772978155/ 0717267175

NB: The numbers in purple 1, 2, 3, 4 𝑒𝑡𝑐 indicates the positions.

∴ 𝑇𝑛 = (−1)𝒏 [(2 × 𝑛) − 1] = (−1)𝒏 [2𝑛 − 1].

NB: (−1)1 = −1 (−1)2 = +1 (−1)3 = −1 (−1)4 = +1 and

(a) (−1)1 × (−1) = +1

⇒ (−1)𝑛 × (−1) = (−1)𝑛 × (−1)1 = (−1)𝑛+1 .

NB: The numbers in purple 1, 2, 3, 4 𝑒𝑡𝑐 indicates the positions.

∴ 𝑇𝑛 = (−1)𝒏+𝟏 [(2 × 𝑛) − 1] = (−1)𝒏+𝟏 [2𝑛 − 1].

Tarakino N.P. (Trockers) ~ 0772978155/ 0717267175

The addition/sum of the terms/elements of a sequence

o ∑ simply means add up terms

Tarakino N.P. (Trockers) ~ 0772978155/ 0717267175

Standard results of Summations

Tarakino N.P. (Trockers) ~ 0772978155/ 0717267175

∑ 𝑓(𝑟) = ∑ 𝑓(𝑟) − ∑ 𝑓(𝑟)

The result is proven using a simple example: Suppose

Let 𝑀 = 5 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (𝑁 + 1) = 3 ⟹ 𝑁 = 2 since 𝑁 + 1 and 𝑁 are consecutive terms,

∑ 𝑓(𝑟) = ∑ 𝑓(𝑟) − ∑ 𝑓(𝑟)

Tarakino N.P. (Trockers) ~ 0772978155/ 0717267175

Find the value of 𝑎 and 𝑐 if:

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Tarakino N.P. (Trockers) ~ 0772978155/ 0717267175

(b) ∑(𝑟 − 2𝑟) = ∑(𝑟 − 2𝑟) − ∑(𝑟 2 − 2𝑟)

𝑟=5 𝑟=1 𝑟=1

Tarakino N.P. (Trockers) ~ 0772978155/ 0717267175

∑(𝑟 2 − 2𝑟) = ∑(𝑟 2 − 2𝑟) − ∑(𝑟 2 − 2𝑟) = 2 450 − 10 = 2 440.