Matrices Notes by Trockers

MATRICES
Compiled by: Nyasha P. Tarakino (Trockers)
+263772978155/+263717267175
ntarakino@gmail.com
04 SEPTEMBER 2020
Tarakino N.P. (Trockers) ~ 0772978155/ 0717267175

Page 1
!!!TROCKERS @32!!!
04 SEPTEMBER 2020
ACCEPT THIS DOCUMENT AS A GIFT FROM TROCKERS.
I TRULLY THANK GOD FOR TAKING ME THIS FAR (32 years) &
FOR HIS GOODNESS AND BLESSINGS ON ME.
PROVERBS 16vs3

Page 2
SYLLABUS (6042) REQUIREMENTS
 carry out basic operations of matrices
 calculate determinant of a square matrix (up to
3 x 3)
 identify null matrix, identity matrix, singular and
non-singular matrix
 find inverse of a 3 x 3 non- singular matrix
 apply the result for non-singular
matrices to solve problems
 solve simultaneous equations in 2 or 3 unknowns
by reducing them to the matrix equation form

Page 3
MATRICES
Definition: A matrix is a rectangular array of numbers.
 Each entry in the matrix is called an element.

 Matrices are classified by the number of rows and columns that they have.
 Let be the matrix with rows and columns then called an matrix said
 is called the order of matrix .

 If then the matrix is called a square matrix.
 The element of can be denoted by .
 is the row in which the element is found and represent the column in which the
element is found
Example
Question
Given that
a) State the order of

b) List the elements and .
Suggested Solution
a) Since has and 3 thus it is of order

b) and .

Page 4
ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION
 Addition and subtraction of matrices is defined if and only if the matrices are of the same
order.
 The sum/difference of matrices and is the matrix obtained by adding/subtracting the
elements in corresponding positions of matrices and
 If you multiply the matrix by a scalar then every element of is multiplied by
Note: If are matrices then the following results are true
o
o but
Example
Question
Given that and
(i) Prove that
(ii) Find
Suggested Solution
(i)
Since and
Now

Page 5
but (Proven)
(ii)
MULTIPLICATION
 Let be matrices. Then the multiplication of is possible if and only if

then number of of is equal to the number of of .
 If is an matrix and is an matrix, then the product exist if
and only if .
 will be an matrix.
Note: The product

Page 6
Example
Question
Given that and
(i) Prove that

(ii) Find
Suggested Solution
(i)
(Proven)

Page 7
(ii)
SPECIAL MATRICES
 An Identity Matrix is a special matrix in which if you pre-multiply or post-multiply any
matrix by it, remains unchanged. i.e.
 The identity matrix of an matrix is represented by where is the number of
rows or columns since it is a square matrix
 It has ones on the leading diagonal and all other elements are zeroes
 The general matrix of an identity matrix is given by:
 For example: is an identity matrix for a matrix and
is an identity matrix for a matrix.
 The Zero Matrix is a matrix whose elements are all Zeroes.

 The Zero Matrix is represented by e.g. a matrix is given by
 Adding to any matrix, say leaves unchanged and pre-multiplying or post-

multiplying with leaves unchanged
 i.e. and

Page 8
MATRIX TRANSPOSITION
 The transpose of a matrix is found by inter-changing rows and columns of matrix .

 The transpose of matrix is represented as
 If then .
 The elements in the diagonal column does not change i.e.

 If we transpose a matrix and it remains the same it is called a Symmetric Matrix i.e.
Example
Question
Given that .
Suggested Solution
DETERMINANTS
 Determinants play a major role in finding the inverse of the matrix and also in solving a
system of linear equations.
2 2 MATRICES
 Suppose is any Matrix such that then the determinant of can be
written as or det or
 .

Page 9
Example
Question
It is given that and .
Find the
(i) determinant of ,
(ii) determinant of .
Suggested Solution
(i)
(ii)
3 3 MATRICES
 Suppose is any Matrix such that then the determinant of
can be written as or det or
 Several techniques can be employed to find the determinants for Matrices i.e.
(i) The Basket weave formula/ Sarrus Rule Method
(ii) The method of cofactors
(iii)Multiplying by its Adjoint Matrix.

Page 10
The Basket Weave Formula/ Sarrus Rule
We add the first and the second columns of as follows:
 -
We may also add the first and the second rows of as follows:
 -
The Method of Cofactors
 This method can be applied to all matrices.
 Suppose is any Matrix such that then to find the determinant
you choose a row or column to work with; for instance we are going to choose the row
containing the elements .
 When choosing the row or column to work with, if possible choose the one with or
more zeroes because it is easy to simplify.

Page 11
 We multiply each element in the chosen row/column by the determinant of a
matrix which remains when the row and the column containing are deleted from
This is illustrated as follows:
 represent the row in which the element from the chosen row/column is found
represent the column in which the element from the chosen row/column is found
 If is even then is even and if is odd then is odd. For example:
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
 .
Example
Question
Given that .
Find the determinant of using all methods discussed above
Suggested Solution
a. The Method of Cofactors
(i)
OR

Page 12
Using column
(ii)
b. The Basket Weave Formula/ Sarrus Rule

We can add the 1st and 2nd rows as follows:
1.
st nd
OR we can add the and columns as follows:
2.

Page 13
INVERSES
2 2 MATRICES
 If , then ; where is the determinant.
 where is the identity matrix.
 If then , which is not defined and in this case, does not exist
and the matrix is described as singular or non-invertible.

 If exist, then the matrix is described as being non-singular or invertible.
 If we have two matrices then
 The inverse of an inverse of a given matrix gives the original matrix i.e.
Examples
Question 1
Find the inverse of
Suggested Solution
Now:

Page 14
Question 2
Find the inverse of
Suggested Solution
Now:
Question 3
It is given that and .
(i) Find
(a)
(b)
(ii) Hence, using example and example and part (i)(b) above, show that

Page 15
Suggested Solution
(i) (a)
(b)
(ii) Showing that :
RHS
LHS
Since :

Page 16
3 3 MATRICES
 For any matrix the Adjoint and determinant are defined and satisfy:
 If is said to be invertible and exist i.e.
 If is said to be non-invertible and does not exist.
Example
Question
Find the inverse of
Suggested Solution
Steps
We find the following in sequential order:
(i) Minors of matrix

(ii) Cofactors of matrix
(iii) Adjoint
(iv)
The Matrix of Minors
 For each of every element of matrix , ,we define the minor, of to be the
determinant of the matrix which remains when the row and the column containing
is deleted from

Page 17
 represent the row in which the element is found and represent the column in
which the element is found
The Matrix of Cofactors
 We define the cofactors of as follows:

a. if is even.
b. if is odd.

Page 18
 Hence the following pattern of signs is produced:
 Now is the matrix of cofactors of matrix and it differs from matrix by the above
pattern of signs
The Adjoint
 The Adjoint of is or , which is the transpose of the matrix of cofactors of .
The Inverse
 We now compute to get the determinant of matrix .

 This is the best method to get the determinant of any matrix because it verifies
whether or not the conjugate is correct

Page 19
NB:
Hence,
Now:
THE SHORTCUT METHOD – DURAWALL METHOD
Steps
o Transpose the original matrix

o Copy over the two columns on the right
o Copy over the two rows below
o Draw a box around all but eliminate the first row and column
o Find the determinants between blocks of entries
o Copy out these determinants to produce the Adjoint matrix
o Use any method to find the determinant
o Write down the Inverse matrix

Page 20
Examples
Question 1
Find the inverse of
Suggested Solution
NB:

Page 21
Hence,
Now:
Question 2
Given that matrix .
Find
(i) the matrix given that
(ii) the matrix given that
Suggested Solution
(i)

Page 22
(ii)

Page 23
Solving Systems of Linear Equations
o Several methods are used to solve a system of linear equations.

o The method to be employed is the matrix inversion method i.e. converting the equations
to matrices of the form:
2 2 MATRICES
 In general if:
 Then the equations can be re-written as follows:
 Now we find the inverse of a matrix and pre-multiply both sides of the equations by
it, i.e.
Example
Question
Use the matrix method to solve the following system of linear equations:

Page 24
Suggested Solution
The equations can be written in matrix form as follows:
Let .
Now
Pre-multiplying both sides by the inverse yields:

Page 25
3 3 MATRICES
 In general if:
 Then the equations can be re-written as follows:
 Now we find the inverse of a matrix and pre-multiply both sides of the equations by
it, i.e.

Page 26
Example
Question
Solve the following system of linear equations.
Suggested Solution
Let
Now:
NB: The inverse was computed under the inverse for 3 3 matrices
Pre-multiplying both sides by this inverse:

Page 27
Page 28
SOLVED PAST EXAMINATION QUESTIONS
Question 1
ZIMSEC NOVEMBER 2016 PAPER 2
It is given that matrix and that and
(i) Find . [3]

(ii) Hence or otherwise, solve the following systems of equations:
[3]
Suggested Solution
(i)

Page 29
(ii)
Question 2
It is given that matrix and that .
(i) Find . [2]

(ii) Hence or otherwise write down . [2]
(iii) Hence or otherwise, solve the following systems of equations:
[4]
Suggested Solution
(i)

Page 30
(ii)
(iii)
Question 3
ZIMSEC JUNE 2020 PAPER 2
Given the matrix ,

Page 31
(i) find the inverse of , [6]
(ii) hence or otherwise, solve the simultaneous equations
[4]
(iii) give a geometrical interpretation of your answer in (ii) above. [1]
Suggested Solution
Method 1
Method 2
The Matrix of Minors

Page 32
The Matrix of Cofactors
The Adjoint
 The Adjoint of is or , which is the transpose of the matrix of cofactors of .
Finding the determinant:

Page 33
NB:
Hence,
Now:
ii)
Pre-multiplying both sides by this inverse:

Page 34
iii) It is a point (consistent and independent)
NB: The three equations represent three different planes and they are meeting at a
single point

Page 35
PRACTICE PROBLEMS
Question 1
It is given that matrix . Find .
Answer:
Question 2
Answer:
Question 3
Answer:
Question 4
Answer:

Page 36
Question 5
Answer:
Question 6
Answer:
Question 7
Answer:
Question 8
Answer:

Page 37
Question 9
Answer:
Question 10
Answer:
Question 11
Answer:
Question 12
Answer:

Page 38
Question 13
Answer:
Question 14
It is given that matrix .
(i) Find .
Answer: ; .
Question 15
(i) Find .
Answer: ; .

Page 39
Question 16
(i) Find .
Answer: ; .
Question 17
(i) Find .
Answer: ; .
Question 18
(i) Find .

Page 40
Answer: ; .
Question 19
(i) Find .
Answer: ; .
Question 20
(i) Find .
Answer: ; .

Page 41
PAST EXAMINATION QUESTIONS
Question 1
(i) Evaluate . [3]

(ii) Find , the inverse of [6]
(iii) Hence or otherwise, solve the simultaneous equations:
[4]
Answer: ; .
Question 2
Given the matrix , find the inverse of matrix . [6]
Answer:

Page 42
Question 3
(a) If matrix , find , the inverse of matrix . [5]
(b) Hence or otherwise, solve the simultaneous equations:
[4]
Answer: ; .
Question 4
(a) Find the

(i) determinant of matrix , [2]
(ii) inverse of . [5]
(b) Hence or otherwise, solve the simultaneous equations:
[3]
Answer: ; .

Page 43
Question 5
(i) Matrix . Find the inverse of matrix . [7]
(ii) Hence or otherwise, solve the following simultaneous equations:
[3]
(iii)Given also that , find matrix N.
Answer: ; ;
Question 6
The matrix .
(i) Given that is singular, find the exact values of . [3]

(ii) (1) Given that , find the inverse of .
(2) Hence or otherwise, solve the following simultaneous equations:
[9]
Answer: ; .

Page 44
Question 7
Given that matrix and matrix .
Calculate
(i) , [5]
(ii) . [2]
Answer: ; ;
Question 8
(i) Find the inverse of ,

(ii) Hence find the point of intersections of the three planes with equations
[9]
Answer: ; .

Page 45
Question 9
Given that matrix and .
a) Find
(i) ,
(ii) [8]
b) Hence find the value of , and for which . [3]
Answer: ;
Question 10
Given that .
Find
(i) the determinant of , [2]

(ii) the inverse of . [5]
Hence or otherwise, solve the following systems of equations:
[3]
Answer: ; .

Page 46
ASANTE SANA

Page 47
*******THERE IS A LIGHT AT THE END OF EVERY TUNNEL *******
CONSTRUCTIVE COMMENTS ON THE FORM

OF THE PRESENTATION, INCLUDING ANY
OMISSIONS OR ERRORS, ARE WELCOME.
***ENJOY***
Nyasha P. Tarakino (Trockers)
+263772978155/+263717267175
ntarakino@gmail.com

Page 48

Matrices Notes by Trockers

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Matrices Notes by Trockers

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

MATRICES

Compiled by: Nyasha P. Tarakino (Trockers)

Tarakino N.P. (Trockers) ~ 0772978155/ 0717267175

ACCEPT THIS DOCUMENT AS A GIFT FROM TROCKERS.

Tarakino N.P. (Trockers) ~ 0772978155/ 0717267175

Tarakino N.P. (Trockers) ~ 0772978155/ 0717267175

Definition: A matrix is a rectangular array of numbers.

 Each entry in the matrix is called an element.

 is called the order of matrix .

a) State the order of

a) Since has and 3 thus it is of order

Tarakino N.P. (Trockers) ~ 0772978155/ 0717267175

Note: If are matrices then the following results are true

Given that and

(i) Prove that

Tarakino N.P. (Trockers) ~ 0772978155/ 0717267175

 Let be matrices. Then the multiplication of is possible if and only if

Note: The product

Tarakino N.P. (Trockers) ~ 0772978155/ 0717267175

Given that and

(i) Prove that

Tarakino N.P. (Trockers) ~ 0772978155/ 0717267175

 The general matrix of an identity matrix is given by:

 For example: is an identity matrix for a matrix and

is an identity matrix for a matrix.

 The Zero Matrix is a matrix whose elements are all Zeroes.

 Adding to any matrix, say leaves unchanged and pre-multiplying or post-

Tarakino N.P. (Trockers) ~ 0772978155/ 0717267175

 The transpose of a matrix is found by inter-changing rows and columns of matrix .

 The elements in the diagonal column does not change i.e.

 Suppose is any Matrix such that then the determinant of can be

Tarakino N.P. (Trockers) ~ 0772978155/ 0717267175

It is given that and .

 Suppose is any Matrix such that then the determinant of

can be written as or det or

Tarakino N.P. (Trockers) ~ 0772978155/ 0717267175

We add the first and the second columns of as follows:

The Method of Cofactors

 This method can be applied to all matrices.

 Suppose is any Matrix such that then to find the determinant

Tarakino N.P. (Trockers) ~ 0772978155/ 0717267175

Find the determinant of using all methods discussed above

a. The Method of Cofactors

Tarakino N.P. (Trockers) ~ 0772978155/ 0717267175

b. The Basket Weave Formula/ Sarrus Rule

Tarakino N.P. (Trockers) ~ 0772978155/ 0717267175

 If , then ; where is the determinant.

 where is the identity matrix.

and the matrix is described as singular or non-invertible.

Find the inverse of

Tarakino N.P. (Trockers) ~ 0772978155/ 0717267175

Find the inverse of

It is given that and .

Tarakino N.P. (Trockers) ~ 0772978155/ 0717267175

(ii) Showing that :

Tarakino N.P. (Trockers) ~ 0772978155/ 0717267175

 If is said to be invertible and exist i.e.

 If is said to be non-invertible and does not exist.

Find the inverse of

We find the following in sequential order:

(i) Minors of matrix

The Matrix of Minors

Tarakino N.P. (Trockers) ~ 0772978155/ 0717267175

The Matrix of Cofactors