Good Afternoon

Dear students

Pl mute your Audio and Video

Mukund N N_2021
MISSION VISION CORE VALUES
CHRIST is a nurturing ground for an individual’s Excellence and Service Faith in God | Moral Uprightness
holistic development to make effective contribution to Love of Fellow Beings
the society in a dynamic environment Social Responsibility | Pursuit of Excellence
 ELE 331 : Communication Electronics

Online Session 4

Mukund N Naragund
Associate Professor
Dept. of Physics and Electronics
6 Aug 2021 CHRIST (Deemed to be University)
Bengaluru-29
Mukund N N_2021
MISSION VISION CORE VALUES
CHRIST is a nurturing ground for an individual’s Excellence and Service Faith in God | Moral Uprightness
holistic development to make effective contribution to Love of Fellow Beings
the society in a dynamic environment Social Responsibility | Pursuit of Excellence
 CHRIST
Deemed to be University

Session Outline

▪ Sampling theorem - Recap

▪ Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM)
▪ Description, waveforms
▪ Types of PAM
▪ Advantages and disadvantages

Mukund N N_2021

Excellence and Service

 CHRIST
Deemed to be University

Sampling Theorem

The sampling theorem states that, “a signal can be exactly reproduced if it is

sampled at a rate fs which is greater than or equal to twice the maximum
frequency fmax.” Mathematically it is written as,
fs ≥ 2 fmax
Where, fs = the sampling frequency
fmax is the highest frequency component in the baseband signal

In other words, for an effective reconstruction of the original signal, the sampling
rate should be twice the highest frequency.
The minimum rate of sampling fs = 2 fmax is called as Nyquist rate.

Mukund N N_2021

Excellence and Service

 CHRIST
Deemed to be University

Example:
Determine the sampling frequency needed in a communication system which has
a baseband with following frequency components; 1500Hz, 2500Hz, 550Hz and
1000Hz
Answer:
Given: The signal has 1500Hz, 2500Hz, 550Hz and 1000Hz frequency components
As per the sampling theorem we know that in order to achieve faithful reconstruction of the
signal, the sampling rate must be at least twice the maximum frequency component of the
baseband signal.

In the given signal, highest frequency is 2500Hz.

The minimum sampling frequency needed for faithful reconstruction is, fs= 2 fm
i,e. fs = 2 x 2500Hz = 5kHz

Mukund N N_2021

Excellence and Service

 CHRIST
Deemed to be University

Pulse modulation Methods

If the amplitude of the carrier waveform
is changed according to the modulating
signal amplitude, then Pulse Amplitude
Modulated (PAM) waveform is
produced.

If pulse width is made proportional to the

signal amplitude, then Pulse Width
Modulated (PWM) wave is produced

If the pulse position is varied in

accordance with the signal
amplitude, then Pulse Position
Modulated wave (PPM) is produced

Mukund N N_2021

6
Excellence and Service
 CHRIST
Deemed to be University

1. Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM)

This is a pulse modulation method used in electronic communication. It uses an
analog information signal as the modulating signal and carrier waveform is a high
frequency pulse waveform (train of pulses).
In this method, the amplitude of the carrier pulse is varied in accordance with the
instantaneous value of the (analog) modulating signal. The other parameters of
the pulses like width and position remain unchanged. The resulting waveform is
called as, “pulse amplitude modulated waveform” or PAM signal.

Mukund N N_2021

7
Excellence and Service
 CHRIST
Deemed to be University

Mukund N N_2021

Excellence and Service

 CHRIST
Deemed to be University

Types of PAM
Single polarity PAM: The modulated wave will have only positive values for the pulse amplitudes

Double polarity PAM: The modulated waveform will have both positive as well as negative values for the
pulse amplitudes

Mukund N N_2021

9
Excellence and Service
 CHRIST
Deemed to be University

Disadvantages Advantages Applications

Mukund N N_2021

10
Excellence and Service
 CHRIST
Deemed to be University

Q&A

Mukund N N_2021

Excellence and Service

 CHRIST
Deemed to be University

Thank you

Mukund N N_2021

Excellence and Service