Pradhan MantriAwasYojanaGramin

Pradhan MatriAwasYojana-Gramin (PMAY-G) or Pradhan MantriGraminAwaasYojana

(PMGAY) is a communal welfare program initiated by the government of India with the
intention to provide low cost housing to the people residing in the rural areas of the nation.

Eligibility Criteria for PMAY Gramin

1. Scheduled Tribes / Scheduled Castes
2. Freed bonded labourers
3. Minorities and non - SC/ST rural households in the BPL category
4. Widows and next-of-kin to defence personnel/paramilitary forces killed in action
(irrespective of their income criteria), ex-servicemen and retire Scheme
5. The family applying for a loan under this scheme must include a husband, wife and
child/children that are unmarried
6. The family must not own a pucca house
7. The applicant and his family must fulfil the income criteria mandated by this scheme and
has to belong to either the EWS (Economically Weaker Section), LIG (Lower Income
Group), or BPL (Below Poverty Line) category
8. The income of the applicant’s family should be between Rs.3 lakh and Rs.6 lakh p.a.
9. Any loan amount above Rs.6 lakh, the interest rate on the additional amount will be as
per market rate
10. A beneficiary must be residing in a particular state for a certain time period, depending on
the state

(Point number 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10 are mandatory in order to become a beneficiary for PMAY-G)

How to apply for the Pradhan MantriAwasYojanaGramin (PMAY-G)

 Beneficiaries must first visit the Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana official website at
https://pmaymis.gov.in/ and fill out an online form.
 Aadhar details and other personal records has to be filled.
 Take a print out of the filled application form and submit it at the GP office.
 Also forms can be collected from the GP office manually and then filled and submitted.

Documents Required for Pradhan MantriAwasYojanaGramin (PMAY-G)

 PMAY-G application form that is duly filed
 Ethnic group certificate
 Income proof
 ID proof such as aadhaar card, PAN, Driving licence, Voter ID, etc.
 Income certificate in case income is below taxable limit
 Address proof
 Salary certificate
 6 months bank account statement
 IT returns
 Form 16
 I.T assessment order
 Letter on nature if business if applicant is involved in business
 Financial statement in case of business
 Plan of construction
 Certificate claiming the cost of construction
 Official valuer’s certificate
 An affidavit stating the neither the applicant nor his family members own a pucca house
 Receipt of any advance payment made to the builder
 Construction contract with developer or builder
 NOC from a housing society
 Letter pointing out the allocation of property
 Indira Gandhi National Old Age Pension Scheme

Overview
The Indira Gandhi National Old Age Pension Scheme or IGNOAPS is a remarkable initiative
taken by the government. A sum of Rs 200 to Rs 500 will be granted by the government,
depending on the fulfilment of the eligibility criteria.

 Eligibility

For complete central assistance, beneficiaries will have to meet the desired criteria. The
following points will talk about eligibility clauses:

 Applicants (either female or male) shall be 60 years or higher (excluding BPL widows
and BPL persons with severe or multiple disabilities in the age group of 60-79 years)
 Financial benefits for those belonging to 60-79 is decided at Rs 200/- per beneficiary per
month
 Assistance of Rs 500/- per beneficiary per month for those who are aged 80 years or
above
 The beneficiary has to be a BPL card holder

Documents Required

 Aadhaar Card or Aadhaar Enrolment ID slip or Copy of his request made for Aadhaar
enrolment; and,
 Any of the following documents, namely:
o Voters’ ID Card issued by Election Commission of India
o Ration Card
o Bank Passbook with Photo (Kisan Photo Passbook also valid)
o PAN Card issued by Income Tax Department
o Passport
o Driving Licence
o MGNREGA Card
o BPL Status Certificate (verifiable through Ration card)

How to Apply?
Application Forms can be obtained free of cost (also in the local languages) from the designated
officer appointed by the respective state governments. At the district level the implementation of
the scheme has been entrusted to Zilla Parishad or its equivalent. At the local level, the Gram
Panchayat /Municipality would implement the scheme. If sanctioned, beneficiary shall be issued
a Pension Passbook.

Indira Gandhi National Old Age Pension Application Procedure

The eligible persons can apply for Indira Gandhi National Old Age Pension by following below
mentioned steps.

To apply immediately in rural areas visit your Social Welfare Department and in urban areas,
visit your District Social Welfare Officer

 Step 1: Get an application form from Social Welfare Department in the concerned area.

 Step 2: Fill all information in the Application form.

 State, District and Block details

 Name of the village Panchayat
 Name of Society, Beneficiary and Heirs
 House number
 Gender (Male / Female)
 Age and Date of Birth
 Birth certificate details
 Annual income and domicile certificate details.
 EPIC number (Voter ID number)

 Step 3: Submit the application form along with all documents to the concerned Tehsil
Social Welfare Officers. An applicant from urban area can directly submit the application
to concern District Social Welfare Officer.
 Step 4: Application will be scrutinized or verified by officers
 Step 5: Social Welfare department will recommend the beneficiaries to District Social
Welfare Officer.
 Step 6: The final sanction will be made by District Level Sanctioning Committee
(DLSC).

Mode of Payment of Pension Amount

The old age pension amount will be credited to the beneficiary bank account or post office
account as per the information furnished by Applicant.
 Indira Gandhi National Disability Pension Scheme
The Indira Gandhi National Disability Scheme was launched on February 2009 by the Ministry
of Rural Development headed by the Central Government to support the disabled people in our
country. This scheme introduced under National Social Assistance Program provides monthly
pension to disabled people for the prosperity of their lives. Any disabled person whose age is
more than 18 years, and with 40% disability belonging to the poverty line can apply for this
scheme. A sum of Rs. 300 is paid as pension for people up to the age of 79 and a sum of Rs. 500
is applicable for people above 79 years.

Benefits of the Scheme

The enrolled people can avail the following benefits:

 The people will be supported financially by the Central Government.

 With the funds provided by the Government, the people can be on their own despite their
disability.
 A sum of Rs. 300 is provided to people whose age ranges between 18-79 years, whereas a
sum of Rs.500 is provided for people who are above 79 years.

Eligibility
 The age of the applicant should range between 18-79 years.
 The applicant should be a resident of India.
 The applicant should be a physically or mentally disabled person.
 The applicant’s disability should be more than 40%.
 Dwarfs are also eligible for this scheme.
 The applicant should belong to Below Poverty Line.
How to Apply
The applicant has to visit the local government bodies like Gram Panchayat, Municipalities to
collect the application form. After duly filling the form, it has to be submitted to the same office.
The application form is obtained for free of cost.

Documents Required

 Aadhar Card
 Certificate of Disability
 Residence Proof of the applicant
 Account Details
 Age Proof
 Below Poverty Line Ration Car
 ADHAR CARD
An Aadhaar is a unique 12-digit number which is issued to every resident living in India based
on their demographic and biometric data. The Unique Identification Authority of India (UIDAI)
collects essential data and stores it in their secured database for further processing.

Aadhaar Services And Benefits:-

The UIDAI provides a platform for Aadhaar that helps authorities to electronically validate the
identity of residents safely and quickly. The online Aadhaar portal also makes service delivery
more economical and effective. The Aadhar services provided online are mentioned here –
 A resident who wants to register for Aadhar can locate various bank/post office Aadharcentres
- for enrolment or updation in Aadhar.
 After the registration is complete, the resident can check the status of Aadhar application
online.
 To verify if the Aadhaar number is valid and is not deactivated, an Aadhaar cardholder can
avail the UIDAI service.
 UIDAI also allows a resident to verify email ID and mobile number by accessing the online
service.
 Aadhar authentication is safe because the cardholder can use UIDAI service to lock and
unlock their biometrics.
 A resident can check if an Aadhaar card is linked to the bank account through the service that
fetches the linking status from NPCI Server.
 The facility to check Aadhaar Authentication history lets a cardholder view the details of
authentication done with his/her Aadhar card.

Eligibility for Aadhar Card:-

 Any resident of India including newborns and minors. Read about Aadhaar card for child now
to know more about Baal Aadhaar card.

Process to Apply Aadhar Card:-

The very first step in applying for an Aadhar card, assuming that you have all the document
you’ll need, will be to book the appointment and then visiting the enrolment centre. You can
book an appointment by visiting the official website of UIDAI.
 Submit the Aadhaar enrolment form along with the identity proof documents (proof of age,
proof of address, proof of identity).
 The submitted documents will be verified against the information entered in the application
form, after which the individual’s biometrics will be taken.
 The biometric process includes taking an iris scan and all ten fingerprints. This is not done for
applicants below the age of 5 years.
 An acknowledgement slip will then be generated which will contain the applicant’s Aadhaar
enrolment ID.
 The applicant will receive their Aadhaar card by post at the address mentioned on the
application form.
 The UIDAI (Unique Identification Authority of India) has made the process of entering and
updating the “Aadhaar correction form” simple. An Aadhaar correction form can be used when
an Indian resident wants to update any of the details in his or her Aadhaar card. This form can be
downloaded from the official UIDAI website for free. The form is then filled with correct
information along with supporting documents and sent via post.
There might be times when the Aadhaar details are entered incorrectly in the government’s
system. However, wrong information on the Aadhaar card causes unwanted hassles and hence, it
needs to be fixed as early as possible.
There are two ways to update the Aadhaar details:-
 Offline – Filling the form and sending it via post
 Online – Filling and updating the details online via UIDAI portal

1. Offline – Sending Aadhaar Correction Details Via Post:-

The details of Aadhaar card can be corrected as well as updated offline. This usually involves
requesting the UIDAI through the post. The steps involved in this process are as follows:
 Step 1: Go to the official UIDAI website.
 Step 2: From the menu, choose Resources > Enrolment Docs > Download Forms.
 Step 3: Download the Aadhaar Correction Form.
 Step 4: Fill the required details that need to be modified and updated.
 Step 5: Whatever changes have been made, will require a proper proof to be attached. This
validates the modification that has been requested through the form.
 Step 6: The updated form along with the attached documents have to be sent to this address:
UIDAI, Post Box No - 99, Banjara Hills, Hyderabad - 500034, India.

2. Online - Filing and Updating Aadhaar Correction Details via UIDA

Website:-
Whether one wants to change his/her name, gender, date of birth, address, email ID, etc. online is
certainly one of the fastest and easiest ways to accomplish. The steps involved in this process are
as follows:
 Step 1: Go to the official UIDAI website or just navigate to this link -
https://ssup.uidai.gov.in/web/guest/update
 Step 2: Enter the 12 digit Aadhaar number followed by a captcha code.
 Step 3: Click the option that says “OTP.” A One Time Password (OTP) is then sent to the
registered number.
 Step 4: Enter the OTP and click the submit button.
 Step 5: Select the fields that require modifications. Correct and update them.
 Step 6: Keep a scanned copy of the supporting documents. Upload them to the website.
 Step 7: Once the above step completes, a URN (Update Request Number) is generated. This is
required for the further process.
 Step 8: Once the Aadhaar is updated with the new information, a printout can be taken.
 INDIRA GANDHI NATIONAL WIDOW PENSION SHEME
Indira Gandhi National Widow Pension Scheme (IGNWPS) was launched by the Central
Government in 1995 as a part of the National Social Assistance programme. This scheme is
implemented in Madhya Pradesh for the welfare of the widows of the state. The scheme provides
widows living below the poverty linea pension of Rs. 300 every month until their death. The
contribution to this scheme is made by the Central Government, in association with the State
Government.

Objectives:-
 To improve the livelihood of the widows residing in rural areas.
 To ensure the widows living below the poverty line gets financial allowances and
benefits from the government.
Benefits of the Scheme:-
The widows could avail the following benefits from this scheme.

 They will be provided financial assistance by the Government of India.

 The pension will be directly transferred to the recipients’ account.
 The recipient will be funded with Rs. 300 every month from the date of her husband’s
death.
 Recipients whose age is above 80 years would receive a pension of Rs. 500 every month.
Eligibility of the Scheme:-

Only widows who meet the following eligibility criteria are applicable for the benefits of the
scheme.

 The recipient should be a resident of Madhya Pradesh.

 The recipient should belong to the below poverty line of the community.
 The age of the recipient should range between 40-79 years.
Documents Required:-
The documents that are required to apply for this scheme are as follows.
 Age proof.
 Aadhar card.
 Below Poverty Line ration card.
 Husband’s Death Certificate.
 3 Passport size photographs of the applicant.
 Residence proof.
 Account details of the applicant.
How to Apply:-

The applicant can either apply online or visit the Corporation office.

To apply online:-

 Step 1: Log on to the website

 The applicant has to log on to the official website https://goo.gl/EMgUZF.
 Step 2: Click on ‘Click to Download Form’
 After logging on the website, the applicant has to click on ‘Click on Download Form’.
 Step 3: Enter the details
 The applicant has to enter the details in the respective areas.
 Step 4: Submit the form
 Once all the details are entered, the applicant has to submit the form to the Commissioner
Municipal Corporation or Janpad Panchayat Officer.

To apply offline:-

To apply offline, the applicant has to visit the Commissioner Municipal Corporation or Janpad
Panchayat Officer. The application forms can be obtained without any cost.
 Biju Pucca Ghar Yojana
Biju Pucca Ghar Yojana is a rural housing scheme being run by the Odisha Government to
provide pucca houses in rural areas. The basic approach behind the scheme is that Housing is a
fundamental human need and is a basic requirement for human survival as well as for a decent
life.
Objective:
 To convert all Kutcha houses to Pucca Houses in rural areas of Odisha.
Key Features:
 A “Kutcha” house is a one made up of materials that are not durable due to inappropriate
application of techniques and are not able to withstand normal wear and tear. Materials
used to convert these kutcha houses to pucca houses should be approved by PR & DW
Department, hence leading to a life expectancy of a minimum of 30 years.
 The dwelling unit under BPGY will be sanctioned preferably in the name of women head
of the household.
 No contractors shall be involved in this yojana.
 Fund shall be credited to the beneficiary’s account from the bank account maintained at
State level through Public Financial Management System (PFMS).
 Minimum carpet are should be 25 sq. metres including a hygienic cooking space,
excluding a toilet.
Unit Cost:
- The unit cost under Biju Pucca Ghar (Special) for construction of new Pucca house is INR
1,20,000 (for non-IAP districts) and INR 1,30,000 (for IAP districts).
- Additional 90 person days from MGNREGA source for plan area and 95 days for hilly area

The following categories of beneficiaries will be sanctioned housing units

under Biju Pucca Ghar Yojana (Special):
i. Rehabilitation / relocation of the HH whose houses has been fully / severely damaged by
natural/manmade calamities like fire, flood, cyclone, earthquake, elephant hazards,
communal violence, LWE violence, major law and order problem etc.
ii. Victims of flooding.
iii. Households relocated/ rehabilitated due to govt. projects.
iv. Beneficiary of the Schedule Tribe and other Traditional Forest Dwellers Act, 2006.
v. People affected by Occupational diseases like silicosis, asbestos and overuse of
pesticides.
 vi. In spite of previous allotment of houses under BPGY/ IAY / PMAY (G) / any other Govt.
schemes, the households mentioned at i, ii, and iii will be eligible to avail BPGY
(Special).
vii. Extremely poor, vulnerable and deserving households needing pucca house on
compassionate ground.
viii. Households either totally left out or wrongly not registered in kutcha household category
of SECC list.
Selection Procedure of Biju Pucca Ghar Beneficiaries:
 District wise Physical target for a financial year will be fixed by the P.R and D.W.
Department.
 The selection of beneficiaries for BPG (Special) will be done by a District Level
Committee (DLC) consisting of the following members –
a. District Collector – Chairman
b. Hon’ble MPs (Lok Sabha) of District – Member
c. Hon’ble MLAs of the District – Member
d. President Zilla Parishad – Member
e. PD, DRDA-cum-EO, ZP – Member Convener
 The DLC will approve the list and pass it on to the BDOs by the District Collector.
 If DLC fails to approve the list by time, the District Collector will approve it and pass it
on to the BDOs.
 The final list will be published at the concerned GP/Block HQs and will be made
available at DRDA website and State Rural housing portal information of public.

Madhu Babu Disabled Pension (MBDP)

The Madhu Babu Disable Pension under the Madhu Babu Pension Yojana (MBPY) is a
beneficial scheme initiated under the Department of Social Security and Empowerment of
Persons with Disabilities for the disabled, old age persons in the state of Odisha, India. The
Madhu Babu Pension Yojana was launched by Chief Minister of Odisha, w.e.f. 01.01.2008 by
merging the two pension schemes i.e. namely, Revised Old Age Pension Rules, 1989 and
Disability Pension Rules, 1985.
Objective:
 To provide financial assistance to the destitute differently abled persons in the state.
Eligibility Criteria:

 If the person is a leprosy patient with visible signs of deformity (irrespective of age)
(PLP)
 If the person is a person of 5 years of age or above and unable to do normal work due to
his/her deformity or disability being blind or orthopedically handicapped or hearing and
speech impaired or mentally retarded or with Cerebral Palsy or with Autism or with
mental illness or with multiple disabilities (DP).
 She/he must be a permanent resident/domicile of Odisha.
 Has family income from all sources not exceeding Rs. 24,000- per annum or included on
the BPL list (Tahsildar concerned to certify)
 She/he must not been convicted of any criminal offence involving moral turpitude.
 She/he must not in receipt of any other pension from the Union Government or the State
Government or any organisation aided by either Government.
 The amount of pension payable to each pensioner under the scheme shall be of such
amount as may be decided by Government from time to time. The pension amount
normally gets transferred on 15th of every month to the bank account of the beneficiary.
However, beneficiary can also choose to disburse the pension amount on the Jan
SevaDiwas at the Gram Panchayat Office or Block Development Office.

How to apply for the Madhu Babu Disabled Pension (MBDP)?

A fresh application can be availed from the elected personnel of GP/ULB in Jana Seva Divas on
15th of every month. The forms can also be received on SamrthyaSibir, Gram Sabha or other
days allocated by the camps that are conducted by departments for block-level activities or
camps organized for this purpose.
For an applicant to apply for this scheme, it is mandatory to possess the following documents:

 Below Poverty Ration Card

 Birth Certificate
 Voter ID
 Residential Proof
 Domicile Certificate
 Disability Certificate
 BijuSwasthyaKalyanYojana (BSKY)
1. It is a health assistance scheme and entire cost of the health care will be provided by the
government
2. Health assistance of Rs. 5 lakh per family and Rs. 7 lakh for the women members of the
family
3. Five members of the family are covered
4. The scheme will be applicable to all the government hospitals across Odisha

Who is eligible?
1. BPL Household – only those people who belong from below poverty line category will be
able to apply
2. Income related criteria – people living in villages don’t have yearly income of more than Rs.
40000 and Rs. 60000 in cities
3. Not for Tax payers – people settled in the cities or farmers, living in rural areas, fall under the
tax slab, will not be able to receive the benefits
4. Not for salaried individual – any individual who is getting a monthly salary, due to any
professional engagement, will not be able to receive
5. All beneficiaries of BijuKrusakaKalayanaYojana - the existing applicants of
bijukrusakakalayanayojana will be automatically assimilated
6. Compulsion regarding Aadhar card – if people don’t possess their aadhar card, people will
get benefit. But they will have to get their aadhar cards before the completion of one year of
this project, they will no longer enjoy the perks

How to apply for the Pradhan Mantri Ujjala Yojana (PMUY)

As of now any information regarding the application form or the procedure by which people will be
enrol under this health scheme has not released
Documents necessary for the scheme
1. Residential paper
2. Aadhar card
3. BPL Certificate
4. Income Certificate
5. Profession related papers
6. Two recent passport size photograph
 Madhubabu Old Age Pension (MBOAP)
1. The scheme is to improve the social security of old age to ensure the prosperity of the
underprivileged. 
2. Rs 300(60-79 years) and Rs.500 (80 years and above) per beneficiary per month

3. The pension amount normally gets transferred on 15th of every month to the bank
account of the beneficiary. However, beneficiary can also choose to disburse the pension
amount on the Jan SevaDiwas at the Gram Panchayat Office or Block Development
Officer

Eligibility:
1. A person will be eligible for pension if She/he is of 60 years of age and above
2. He has family income from all sources not exceeding Rs.24,000/- per annum (Tahasildar
concerned to certify)
3. He is a permanent resident / domicile of Odisha
4. He is not in receipt of any other pension from the union Government or the state
government or any organization aided by either Government.

How to apply for the Madhubabu Old Age Pension (MBOAP)

1. A fresh application can be availed from the elected personnel of GP/ULB in Jana Seva
Divas on 15th of every month. The forms can also be received on SamrthyaSibir, Gram
Sabha

2. The Application forwarded to Block after verification by PEO

3. The Application must be verified by SSEO
4. Then the Application forwarded to Sub Collector after verification by BDO
5. The Sub Collector will verify and finalise the list of beneficiaries
6. Then Beneficiaries got information about their name and list

Documents Required
For an applicant to apply for this scheme, it is mandatory to possess the following documents:

 Below Poverty Ration Card

 Birth Certificate
 Voter ID
 Residential Proof
 Domicile Certificate
  Two recent passport size photograph

BANK HOLDER
A bank account is a financial account maintained by a bank for a customer. A bank account can
be a deposit account, a credit card account, a current account, or any other type of account
offered by a financial institution, and represents the funds that a customer has entrusted to the
financial institution and from which the customer can make withdrawals. Alternatively, accounts
may be loan accounts in which case the customer owes money to the financial institution.

Steps to Opening the account:-

 Open an account online. Many banks will allow you to open a bank account online. ...
 Visit a branch of the bank. ...
 Apply for the account and provide your information. ...
 Familiarize yourself with the terms of the account agreement. ...
 Make your first deposit. ...
 Wait for your checks and debit card.
 National Family Benefit Scheme
Overview

The National Family Benefit Scheme (NFBS) is an integral part of the National Social
Assistance Programme (NSAP). Families living below the poverty line are entitled to get
financial benefits after the death of the sole breadwinner under this scheme. This scheme was
launched to assure some financial help in the event of the death of an earning member. This
scheme ensures a one-time payable sum of Rs 20,000/- to the bereaved family. Any kind of
death (Natural or Accidental) will make the family eligible for this assistance.

Eligibility
Financial assistance under the National Family Benefit or NFBS is available upon the
fulfillment of the following criteria:

 The main breadwinner has to be a family member whose income constituted a major
share of the family’s total earnings.
 The death of such a bread-earner should have occurred whilst she/he is above 18
years of age and below 60 years of age.
 A woman in the family, who is a home maker, is also considered as a ‘bread-winner’
under this scheme The deceased’s family shall qualify as a family living under the
poverty line.

Documents required
While applying for this particular scheme, the applicants should present the following
documents:

 Medical Certificate
 Two recent photos duly signed by the candidate with attestations from a Gazette-rank
officer
 Income certificate: Where the income is displayed in DC/SDC/SDO formats, as
prescribed by the Government. Certificate from the employer in case of employed
beneficiaries
 Application form
MODEL APPLICATION FORM FOR BENEFIT UNDER NFBS
Details of Deceased
Name : __________ S/o __________________________

Gender (Male/Female) :_________

Age at the Time of Death: _________
Address::______________________________________
Village: ____________________________________________________
Gram Panchayat:/Ward/locality :_______________________________________
Sub District/Block :__________________________________________
District :__________________________________
State :______________________ PIN ________________

BPL Details
Year:_________Location:___________Family ID No.:_____________

Member ID No.:_____________
Details of the Family Member to be provided Assistance
Name : __________ S/o __________________________ Gender (Male/Female) :_________
Date of Birth(with proof): _________ Address::______________________________________
Village: ____________________________________________________
Gram Panchayat:/Ward/locality :_______________________________________
Sub District/Block :__________________________________________
District :__________________________________ State :______________________
PIN ________________
BPL Details
Year:_________Location:___________Family ID No.:_____________
Member ID No.:_____________
Signature of the Applicant/Thumb Impression
Counter Signature Of Verification Officer
Name_____________________Designation_________________
 LPG Gas under UjallaYojana
- Free LPG connections will be provided to women who belong to BPL (below-
poverty-line
- According to the scheme, each beneficiary will receive monetary support of Rs.1, 600
to get a cooking gas connection
Who is eligible?
- The women applicant must be minimum 18 years old as on 1st may 2016
- Should be belongs to BPL Family
- Should not have LPG connection.
How to apply for the Pradhan MantriUjjalaYojana (PMUY)
-  Will have to go to the nearest LPG outlet or distribution center and ask for the
prescribed application form.
- The application form can also be downloaded online.
- The applicants need to fill in their Aadhar number, contact details, savings
account number, and the declaration form on the last page. The applicants can opt
either for a five kilogram or 14.2 kg cylinder.
- Key documents that need to be submitted with the completely filled out form
include
 Adhar Card or Voter ID
 Saving Account pass book Number
 Residential Proof
 BPL Ration card / BPL certificate by the Panchayat
 A recent passport size protograph
- Application to be submitted at the LPG Office
- It will be verified against SECC data
 MGNREGA

MANDATE
The mandate of the Act is to provide at least 100 days of guaranteed wage employment in a financial
year to every rural household whose adult members volunteer to do unskilled manual work.
GOALS
i) Social protection for the most vulnerable people living in rural India by providing employment
opportunities
ii) Livelihood security for the poor through creation of durable assets, improved water security, soil
conservation and higher land productivity
iii) Drought-proofing and flood management in rural India
iv) Empowerment of the socially disadvantaged, especially women, Scheduled Castes (SCs) and
Schedules Tribes (STs), through the processes of a rights-based legislation
v) Strengthening decentralised, participatory planning through convergence of various anti-poverty and
livelihoods initiatives
vi) Deepening democracy at the grass-roots by strengthening Panchayati Raj Institutions
vii) Effecting greater transparency and accountability in governance Thus, MGNREGA is a powerful
instrument for ensuring inclusive growth in rural India through its impact on social protection, livelihood
security and democratic empowerment.
The rights of the wage seekers are:
i) Application for registration
ii) Obtaining a Job Card (JC)
iii) Application for work and to obtain a dated receipt for the application made
iv) Choice of time and duration of the work applied for
v) Getting work within fifteen days of application or from the date when work is sought in the case
of an advance application, whichever is later
vi) Facilities of crèche, drinking water, first aid etc. on the work site.
vii) Right to get 10% extra wage in case of employment provided beyond 5 km of radius.
viii) Right to check their Muster Rolls (MRs) and to get all the information regarding their
employment entered in their JCs
ix) Disbursement of wages will be made on a weekly basis or in any case not later than a fortnight
after the date on which such work was done.
x) Right to get unemployment allowance; in case employment is not provided within fifteen days
of submitting the application or from the date when work is sought in the case of an advance
application, whichever is later.
xi) Medical treatment in case of injury in the course of employment including cost of
hospitalization if required and ex gratia payment in case of disability or death in the course of
employment.
 ANNEXURE –3
MAHATMA GANDHI NATIONAL RURAL EMPLOYMENT GUARANTEE ACT DETAIL
FORMAT FOR APPLICATION FOR REGISTRATION UNDER MGNREGS
Registration No. (To be assigned by Gram Panchayat)
1 Details of the Applicants

Sl. No Name Age Sex Specimen Signature/ Photograph of Adult

Thumb impression of members willing to work
adult Member willing
to work

2 House No.
: 3 Name of Village:
4 Name of Gram Panchayat:
5 Name of Block:
6 Name of Head of Household:
7 Relation with head of household:
8 Name of Father/ Husband:
9 Whether physically disabled:
10 Category (SC/ ST/OBC/Others):
11 Whether the Household belongs to Minority community:
12 Whether IAY beneficiary:
13 Whether land reform beneficiary:
14 Whether Small Farmer or Marginal Farmer:
15 Whether beneficiaries under the Scheduled Tribes and other Traditional Forest Dwellers:
16 Whether BPL Family:
17 Whether RSBY beneficiary:
18 Whether AamadmiBimaYojana (AABY) beneficiary:
19 Date of registration:
20 Elector’s Photo Identification Card No.:
21 Family ID as per Household Survey BPL/ Socio-Economic Caste Census (SECC):
22 Bank/Post Office account number (if s/he has opened one):
23 AADHAR No (if any):
24 Mobile number on which the household would like to be informed through SMS alerts (optional):

I/We certify that the particulars given above are correct ----------------------------------
Note: The Application for registration will be available at free of cost at the Gram Panchayat to workers
willing to work under MGNREGA

ANNEXURE – 6

APPLICATION FORM FOR WORK

(See Section 3(1) and Paragraph 9 of Schedule II of MGNREG Act, 2005),
To,
TheSarpanch
Gram Panchayat:………….
District:………….………...

Date: ........................................ Application Code:

…………………………

(To be filled by Office)

SUBJECT: APPLICATION FOR WORK

Sir/Madam,

I hereby submit my application for work under Section 3(1) and Paragraph 9 of Schedule-II of Mahatma
Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act. The details of my request and the period for which
work is required are:

Sl. No Name of the Address Job Card Period(s) from which Requirement of
Applicant Number employment Creche (Yes/No)

From To

I am willing to work for at least 14 continuous days in the work allotted to me.
 Signature/ LTI Thumb Impression of the Applicant
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT RECEIPT (for office use only)
Received application for work from Sri ............................................................. s/o /
w/o .................................................... ......... of village ........................................... whose Job Card No
is............................................... On date............................. ......... (Dd/mm/yy).

Date :Signature of Sarapanch / Programme Officer

Note: 1. Application for work to be submitted to Gram Panchayat/Programme Officer.

2. A worker having a job card may apply for work on work-site
 Pradhan MantriJeevanJyotiBimaYojana
Highlights of the Pradhan MantriJeevanJyotiBimaYojana (PMJJBY – Scheme 2 – for Life
Insurance) are:

 Eligibility:  Savings Bank (SB) Account holders between 18 years (completed) and 50 years
(age nearer birthday) who have given the consent to join the scheme / enable auto-debit, as per
the modality, will be enrolled into the scheme.
 Policy period: The cover shall be for one year starting from June 1 to May 31 of next year.
 Premium:Rs 330 for a period of 1 year starting from June 1 to May 31 With effect from
September 1, 2018, Ministry of Finance has revised the premium payment structure on quarterly
basis depending on the request date of the Account holder into the scheme.

The revised structure is as follows:

 June, July and August – Annual Premium of Rs 330 is payable

 September, October and November – Premium of Rs 258 is payable
 December, January and February – Premium of Rs 172 is payable
 March, April and May – Premium of Rs 86 is payable.

 Payment Mode: The premium will be directly auto-debited by the bank from the Account
holder’s Savings Account held with the Bank. This is the only mode available currently. For
renewal of the policy, it will be auto debited between May 25 and May 31, unless the customer
has given the cancellation request to the bank for the policy.
 Risk Coverage: Sum assured of Rs 2 lakh on death of the Insured member for any reason is
payable to the Nominee..

Termination of assurance:

 Account holder attains age of 55 years

 Closure of account with the bank or insufficiency of balance for debiting premium.
 In case of multiple coverage under the scheme, the cover will be restricted to Rs 2 lakh and other
insurance covers are terminated and premium shall be forfeited.

 
 
Pradhan Mantri Suraksha BimaYojana
Highlights of the Pradhan Mantri Suraksha BimaYojana (PMSBY – Scheme 1 – for Accidental
Death Insurance) are:
 Eligibility: Savings Bank (SB) Account holders between 18 years (completed) and 70 years (age
nearer birthday) who give their consent to join / enable auto-debit, as per the modality, will be
enrolled into the scheme.
 Policy period: The cover shall be for one year starting from June 1 to May 31 of next year. For
the Saving Account holder joining on or after June 1, the cover shall commence from the date of
premium debit and end on May 31 of next year.
 Premium: Rs. 12 per annum.
 Payment Mode: The premium will be directly auto-debited by the Bank from the subscribers
savings account held with the Bank. This is the only mode available. For renewal of the policy, it
will be auto debited between May 25 and May 31, unless the customer has given a cancellation
request to the Bank for the policy.
 Risk Coverage: Total coverage (sum-insured) under the scheme is Rs. 2 Lakh

https://meet.google.com/wcq-jhpz-mjf

There is increasing concern over whether the Odisha government’s

decision to create 200 million person days of work under the Mahatma
Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (MGNREGS) in
2020-2021 will help provide jobs to workers on the ground.

Several workers who migrated out of the state have returned home fearing

long-term unemployment across the country’s urban areas and megapolises
due to the nationwide lockdown to curb the spread of the novel
coronavirus disease (COVID-19).

As many as 600,000 workers were reported to have come back to Odisha

from different parts of the country from the beginning of May, when the
lockdown process was eased.
The Naveen Patnaik government, thus, faces an uphill task to create jobs
not just for the returned workers, but those who were already in the state as
well.

The government’s step to increase person days of work has brought

immediate relief to a large number of workers in rural areas struggling for
their livelihood.

At the same time, it seems to be a daunting task to meet the target as

activities are not picking up as expected. There were reports of delayed
payments at some areas as well.

The pace of MGNREGS work slowed down because of increasing rainfall

in the state and Rajo, a festival celebrated across coastal Odisha but will
pick up soon, Rajesh Patil, Director of special projects at the Panchayati
Raj and Drinking Water department, told Down To Earth.

Activists and non-profits, however, remain concerned over the gaps

between the decisions at the top level and implementation on the ground.

Strategies during monsoon

The state government directed collectors in all 30 districts to engage

people in work under MGNREGS at the same time as it began the process
of bringing back migrants in May.

The government plans to create 130,000 water structures of different sizes

and other natural resource assets through MGNREGS, according to
officials. It also aims to plant 150 million seedlings in a huge afforestation
drive before August.

Realising that the arrival of the monsoon slows MGNREGS

work considerably in a normal year, the government devised works
specifically for the rainy season.

A field manual for strategies to accelerate person days of work under

MGNREGS in the rainy season was outlined by DK Singh, secretary of the
Panchayati Raj department.

“It is proposed to provide an impetus in certain defined activities of

MGNREGS and secure the livelihoods by promoting natural resource
management during the rainy season,” Singh said.

The government proposed to take up six construction activities on a large

scale: Trench-cum-bunds (TCBs), staggered / contoured trenching, stop
dam, loose boulder check dam, fodder cultivation and nutri-gardens.

Several activists have called for more avenues for skilled and semi-skilled
workers under MGNREGS Photo: Priya Ranjan Sahu

TCBs are labour intensive structures that help in soil and water
conservation and have the potential to enhance land productivity by 20-30
per cent.
With an estimated cost of Rs 72,000 per hectare, such projects are being
implemented in 294 of the state’s 314 blocks. In the remaining 20
migration-prone blocks, the cost of the project was estimated at Rs 99,000.

A hectare of TCB is expected to generate 302 person days of work.

On the other hand, staggered / contoured trench projects — supposed to

check the flow of runoff water — are being implemented during the rainy
season in community land. With a unit cost of Rs 1.22 lakh per ha, it is
meant to arrest soil erosion and protect its top layer.

Over 50 million person days of work were generated in the state since
April, according to MGNREGS data.

The average per day person days of work in the month of May was pegged
at around 400,000 while it was 700,000 in June.

This is an improvement considering the average per day person days of

work in 2017-18, 2018-19 and 2019-20 were 252,000, 227,000 and
306,000 respectively.

Experts and activists, however, said the average job generation per person
was around 30 days between April 1 and June end, lower than the
mandated 100 days.

Slowdown

Reports on the ground show that after the first several weeks of
acceleration, progress in MGNREGS work slowed down.
“MGNREGS is the easiest scheme to provide jobs amid lockdown, but the
truth is that the overall implementation of the scheme in the state is slow,”
said Anjan Pradhan, convener of Odisha Shramajeebee Mancha that takes
up issues relating to workers.

“If this pace continues, it will be tough for the Odisha government to
accomplish its given target,” he added.

Several reasons seem to be in the way of proper implementation of

MGNREGS in the state.

Though most migrant workers took up work under MGNREGS following

their return, a sizable number are reluctant to continue working under the
scheme as they earned more in their previous jobs.

Delay in getting wages

The daily wage fixed by the Union government for MGNREGS work per
person is Rs 207. The Odisha government, however, pays Rs 298 per day
in 20 migration-prone districts. In the remaining 10 districts, workers were
paid Rs 207.

Banabas Bag, from Sialijudungi village in Kalahandi district, returned

from Kerala. He said he was a skilled worker at a manufacturing unit on a
daily wage of Rs 700. After returning, he took up MGNREGS works,
which was a matter of compulsion, according to him.
Late payment was another reason for workers to lose interest. Gopinath
Bhoi, a worker from Tapria village in Sundargarh district, returned home
and took up work under MGNREGS. He completed his work three days
early, but received payment 23 days after he completed his MGNREGS
work.

In the case of several workers, their MGNREGS job cards are with local
contractors who carry out MGNREGS works and moneylenders from
whom they take loans with heavy interest before migrating. Such workers
do not want to work out of the fear that contractors or moneylenders will
take their payment.

Activists said though MGNREGS can provide jobs to those seeking work
in rural areas, it should not be the only scheme to offer jobs to migrants
returning home.

“It is time for the government to create avenues for skilled and semi-
skilled workers in MGNREGS,” said Shanti Bhoi, an activist working on
women workers’ issues.

Similarly, there was an urgent need for immediate implementation of a

concrete programme to cover migrant workers, according to the activists.

The urban poor — daily-wage labourers, domestic workers and

construction workers — in the unorganised sector do not have income or
social security.
Some non-profits sent petitions to the state government demanding
uniform increase in minimum daily wage for MGNREGS in all districts to
Rs 600 and a minimum guarantee of employment to 200 days from a 100
days a year because of the COVID-19 pandemic.

What is Good Governance?

 ‘Governance’ is the process of decision-making and the process by
which decisions are implemented (or not implemented).

o Governance can be used in several contexts such as corporate

governance, international governance, national governance and
local governance.
 In the 1992 report entitled “Governance and Development”, the World
Bank set out its definition of Good Governance. It defined Good
Governance as “the manner in which power is exercised in the
management of a country’s economic and social resources for
development”.

o Good governance has 8 major characteristics.‘It is participatory,

consensus-oriented, accountable, transparent, responsive,
effective and efficient, equitable and inclusive and follows the
rule of law.
o It assures that corruption is minimized, the views of minorities are
taken into account and that the voices of the most vulnerable in
society are heard in decision-making.
o It is also responsive to the present and future needs of society.
8 Principles of Good Governance By United Nations

 Participation:

o People should be able to voice their own opinions through legitimate

immediate organizations or representatives.
o This includes men and women, vulnerable sections of society,
backward classes, minorities, etc.
o Participation also implies freedom of association and expression.
 Rule of Law:

o Legal framework should be enforced impartially, especially on

human rights laws.
o Without rule of law, politics will follow the principle of matsya nyaya
ie law of fish which means the strong will prevail over the weak.
 Consensus Oriented:

o Consensus oriented decision-making ensures that even if everyone

does not achieve what they want to the fullest, a common minimum
can be achieved by everyone which will not be detrimental to
anyone.
o It mediates differing interests to meet the broad consensus on the
best interests of a community.
 Equity and Inclusiveness:
 o Good governance assures an equitable society.
o People should have opportunities to improve or maintain their well-
being.
 Effectiveness and Efficiency:

o Processes and institutions should be able to produce results that

meet the needs of their community.
o Resources of the community should be used effectively for the
maximum output.
 Accountability:

o Good governance aims towards betterment of people, and this can

not take place without the government being accountable to the
people.
o Governmental institutions, private sectors, and civil society
organizations should be held accountable to the public and
institutional stakeholders.
 Transparency:

o Information should be accessible to the public and should be

understandable and monitored.
o It also means free media and access of information to them.
 Responsiveness:

o Institutions and processes should serve all stakeholders in a

reasonable period of time.
References of Good Governance

 Bhagavad Gita provides numerous cues for good governance,

leadership, dutifulness and self-realization which are re-interpreted in the
modern context.
 In Kautilya’s Arthashastra (2nd-3rd century BC), the welfare of people was
considered paramount in the role of King. Mahatma Gandhi emphasized
“su-raj'' which essentially means good governance.
 Importance of governance is clearly inscribed in Indian Constitution
which is built on-premise of Sovereign, Socialist, Secular and Democratic
Republic committing itself to democracy, rule of law and welfare of
people.
 Under Sustainable Development Goals, Goal 16 can be considered to be
directly linked as it is dedicated to improvement in governance, inclusion,
participation, rights, and security.
 According to former United Nations Secretary-General Kofi Annan,
"Good governance is ensuring respect for human rights and the rule of
law; strengthening democracy; promoting transparency and capacity in
public administration." He also said that “Good Governance is perhaps
the single most important factor in eradicating poverty and promoting
development”.

Initiatives for Good Governance in India

Right to Information

 As a party to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights

(ICCPR), India is under an international obligation to effectively
guarantee citizens the Right to Information as per Article 19 of the
ICCPR.
 RTI Act, 2005 marks a significant shift in Indian democracy. It gives
greater access of the citizen to the information which in turn improves the
responsiveness of the government to community needs.
 The right to information, promotes openness, transparency and
accountability in administration by making the government more open to
public scrutiny.
E-Governance

 The National e-Governance Plan envisions to make all government

services accessible to the common man in his locality, through common
service delivery outlets and ensure efficiency, transparency & reliability of
such services at affordable costs.
 E-Governance effectively delivers better programming and services in
the era of newly emerging information and communication technologies
(ICTs), which herald new opportunities for rapid social and economic
transformation worldwide.
 E-Governance has a direct impact on its citizens who derive benefits
through direct transactions with the services offered by the government.

o Programs launched under e-Governance: Pro-Active Governance

and Timely Implementation (PRAGATI), Digital India Program,
MCA21 (to improve the speed and certainty in the delivery of the
services of Ministry of Company Affairs), Passport Seva Kendra
(PSK), online Income tax return, etc.
 Focus on 'Minimum Government, Maximum Governance’.
Legal Reforms

 The Central Government has scrapped nearly 1,500 obsolete rules and
laws with an aim to bring about transparency and improve efficiency.
 Reform criminal justice and procedural laws with focus on pre-institution
mediation.
Ease of Doing Business

 Steps were taken by the government to improve business conditions

including legislation meant to improve the country’s business
environment and policy ecosystems (such as the Bankruptcy Code, the
Goods and Services Tax or GST, and the anti-money-laundering law).
 Government has launched the ‘Make in India’ initiative.
Decentralization

 Centralised Planning Commission was abolished, replacing it with the

think tank called the National Institution for Transforming India (NITI
Aayog), which would usher in an era of “cooperative federalism”.
 14th Finance Commission increased the tax devolution of the divisible
pool to states from 32% to 42% for years 2015 to 2020. It provides more
freedom to states to initiate schemes based on local factors.
Police Reforms

 Modernizing police forces and implementing the Model Police Act of

2015.
 Reform of the First Information Report (FIR) lodging mechanism,
including introducing filing e-FIRs for minor offences.
 Launch a common nation-wide emergency number to attend to
emergency security needs of citizens.
Aspirational Districts Programme

 The Aspirational Districts Programme (ADP) was launched in January

2018 to transform the lives of people in the under-developed areas of the
county in a time bound manner.
 Anchored in NITI Aayog, the programme is aimed at transforming 115
most backward districts with focused interventions in the field of health
and nutrition, education, agriculture and water management, financial
inclusion and skill development.
Good Governance Index

 The Good Governance Index Was launched on the occasion of Good

Governance Day on 25 December 2019.
 The Good Governance Index is a uniform tool across States to assess
the Status of Governance and impact of various interventions taken up
by the State Government and Union Territories.
 The objectives of Good Governance Index are to provide quantifiable
data to compare the state of governance in all states and Union
Territories, enable states and Union Territories to formulate and
implement suitable strategies for improving governance and shift to result
oriented approaches and administration.

Challenges to Good Governance

Criminalization of Politics

 According to the Association of Democratic Reforms, 43% of Members of

Parliaments of Lok Sabha 2019 are facing criminal charges. It is a 26%
increase as compared to 2014.
 The criminalisation of the political process and the unholy nexus between
politicians, civil servants, and business houses are having a baneful
influence on public policy formulation and governance.
 The political class as such is losing respect. Therefore, it is necessary to
amend Section 8 of the Representation of the People’s Act 1951 to
 disqualify a person against whom the criminal charges that relate to
grave and heinous offenses and corruption are pending.
Corruption

 Corruption is a major obstacle in improving the quality of governance.

While human greed is obviously a driver of corruption, it is the structural
incentives and poor enforcement system to punish the corrupt that have
contributed to the rising curve of graft in India.
 According to the Corruption Perception Index - 2019 (released by
Transparency International, India's ranking has slipped from 78 to 80.
Gender Disparity

 According to Swami Vivekananda, “it is impossible to think about the

welfare of the world unless the condition of women is improved. It is
impossible for a bird to fly on only one wing”.
 One way to assess the state of the nation is to study the status of its
women. As women comprise almost 50% of the population it is unfair that
they are not adequately represented in government institutions and other
allied sectors.
 Therefore, in order to ensure good governance it is essential to ensure
the empowerment of women.
Growing incidence of violence

 Resorting to illegal force is considered to be a law and order problem.

But when one looks at it from the point of view of the principles of Good
Governance, it becomes clear that peace and order is the first step to
development.
Delay in Justice

 A citizen has the right to avail timely justice, but there are several factors,
because of that a common man doesn't get timely justice.
Centralisation of Administrative System

 Governments at lower levels can only function efficiently if they are

empowered to do so. This is particularly relevant for the Panchayati Raj
Institutions (PRIs), which currently suffer from inadequate devolution of
 funds as well as functionaries to carry out the functions constitutionally
assigned to them.
Marginalization of Socially and Economically Backward People

 The socially and economically backward sections of the society have

always been marginalised in the process of development. Although there
are constitutional provisions for their upliftment but in practice, they are
lagging behind in so many areas like education, economic well being etc.

Conclusion
 The effective functioning of governance is the prime concern of every
citizen of the country. The citizens are ready to pay the price for good
services offered by the state, but what is required is a transparent,
accountable and intelligible governance system absolutely free from bias
and prejudices.
 There is a need to reformulate our national strategy to accord primacy to
the Gandhian principle of ‘Antyodaya” to restore good governance in the
country.
 India should also focus on developing probity in governance, which will
make the governance more ethical.
 The government should continue to work on the ideals of Sabka Saath,
Sabka Vikas and Sabka Vishwas which will lead to inclusive and
sustainable development.
Probity in Governance

 Probity is a quality of having strong moral principles. It includes having

integrity, uprightness, and honesty. It is not just being incorruptible and
honest but also includes strict adherence to a code of ethics. For an
effective system of governance and for socio-economic development,
probity is essential.
 Philosophical basis of governance and probity:

o The ethical concern of governance has been given in both eastern

and western literature like Bhagavad Gita, Arthashastra, by
Confucius, Plato, Mill, etc.
 o Administrators are the guardians of the Administrative State so they
should honor public trust.
o Max Weber: He said that it rationality that members of
administrative staff should not own means of production.
 Objective of probity in governance:

o To ensure accountability in governance

o To maintain integrity in Public Service
o To ensure compliance with the process
o To preserve public confidence in Govt process
o To avoid the potential for misconduct, fraud, and corruption
 hubaneswar:  Fisheries and Animal Resources Department, Government of
Odisha has brought out a new scheme for promoting Intensive Aquaculture
through Bio-floc Technology in Fisheries. This is an advanced fish farming
technology introduced in the State to provide livelihood support to entrepreneurs,
unemployed youth and interested progressive fish farmers of the state, aimed
atincreasingfish productivityand make the state self-sufficient in fish production.
 Bio-floc based farming system is a new technology for promotion of intensive
fish/ shrimp production in a limited area without significantly increasing the
usage of the basic natural resources of water and land. A Person having small
land holding (as small as 150-200 square meter of land) and having either
municipal piped water supply or bore well water supply can establish this
business with small investment. This programme aims to support fish farmers
and young entrepreneurs for generation of income and livelihood support.
 Bioofloc system is suitable for growing freshwater fish species such as GIFT
Tilapia, Magur, Pangasius, Anabas, Common Carp etc depending on local market
demands. In Biofloc technology, the waste organic matter in the tank such as
feed waste, are digested using probiotics (helpful bacteria) and carbon source
such as molasesand  gets converted to fish feed.In normal pond based farming
system, one acre of earthen tank (4000 square meter area) produces about 2,000
kg of fish in 6 months; while in bioflocfish farming system, the same 2000 kg fish
can be produced only from 4 small tanks of each 4 meter diameter and 1.2 meter
depth installed in a floor area of about 100-150 square meter.
 Each biofloc tank is stocked with about 1000-1500 numbers of quality fish fry (2-
3 cm) or fingerlings (8-10 cm) with a target of 500 kg fish production over 6
months period. Fish grows to about 200 grams within 3 months and 700-800
 grams within 6 months. Therefore, depending on the local market demand, fish
can be partially harvested on daily basis to generate daily income for
farmers.Bio-floc farming system is also suitable for urban and peri-urban areas. It
can be set up even on terraces   building terrace and backyard. It offers live or
fresh fish to surrounding customers thus fetching higher market prices for the 
producer.
 The unit cost for installation of a Bio-floc unit of 2 tanks  is Rs.1.50 lakh, while a
biflock unit of 6 tanks costs approximately Rs.4.00 lakh. Introducing the scheme,
the State Government provides a subsidy of 40% subsidy while 60% subsidy is
provided to SC& STbeneficiaries. This new and emerging technology will provide
an accelerated boost to the fish production of the state and encourage small
land holders and entrepreneurs to take up fish farming in the state.

Managing high pH in freshwater

ponds
This factsheet by the Southern Regional Aquaculture Center (SRAC) gives information on
managing high pH in freshwater ponds.

EDUCATION & ACADEMIAWATER QUALITYENVIRONMENTHUSBANDRY

by Banrie

30 September 2013, at 1:00am

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The term “pH” is a mathematical transformation of the hydrogen ion

(H+) concentration; it conveniently expresses the acidity or basicity of
water. The lowercase letter “p” refers to “power” or exponent and pH
is defined as the negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion
concentration. Each change of one pH unit represents a ten-fold
change in hydrogen ion concentration. The pH scale is usually
represented as ranging from 0 to 14, but pH can extend beyond
those values. At 25 °C, pH 7.0 describes the neutral point of water at
which the concentrations of hydrogen and hydroxyl ions (OH-) are
equal (each at 10-7 moles/L). Conditions become more acidic as pH
decreases and more basic as pH increases.

This article suggests a number of ways for fish farmers to

reduce the pH levels of their ponds

The pH of freshwater ecosystems can fluctuate considerably within

daily and seasonal timeframes, and most freshwater animals have
evolved to tolerate a relatively wide environmental pH range. Animals
can, however, become stressed or die when exposed to pH extremes
or when pH changes rapidly, even if the change occurs within a pH
range that is normally tolerated. In addition to the direct effects of pH
on aquatic animals, the hydrogen ion concentration affects aqueous
equilibria involving ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, chlorine and
dissolved metals. The interactions of pH with these variables are
often more important than the direct effects of pH on aquatic animals.
Direct “pH toxicity” is relatively rare in aquaculture ponds because
farm sites and water supplies are selected to provide a desirable
environment for culture, which should include a pH of approximately 6
to 9. However, certain conditions may cause pH to rise or fall outside
the tolerable range, killing the animals being cultured. This publication
addresses the most common of these situations—when excessive
underwater photosynthesis causes pH to rise to high, basic levels.
There are no precise guidelines for high pH tolerance, but pH values
above 9.5 or 10 are generally considered undesirable in aquaculture
ponds.

pH of natural waters

Pure water exposed to air has an acidic pH of about 5.6 because

carbon dioxide hydrates in water to form carbonic acid, which
dissociates to hydrogen ion and bicarbonate (HCO3-):

CO2 + H2O = H2CO3 = H+ + HCO3

Natural waters are never pure, though, because water is a powerful
solvent. Water dissolves some of every gas or solid it contacts, and
some of these dissolved substances affect the water’s pH.
Bicarbonate and carbonate (CO32-) are negatively charged ions
(anions) common in most waters. These basic anions are derived
from the dissolution of limestone and they increase the pH of water.
Bicarbonate and carbonate are also the anions primarily responsible
for the property of water called “alkalinity,” which is the capacity of
water to neutralise acid.

Chemical interactions among carbon dioxide, hydrogen ions, and the

anions that produce alkalinity buffer the pH of most natural waters in
a range of about 6 to 8.5. In the absence of processes that add or
remove carbon dioxide, the initial pH of water in contact with air
depends on its alkalinity. Waters with low alkalinities have an initial
pH at the low end of that range, while waters of higher alkalinities
have higher pH.

Although alkalinity establishes the initial pH of water, adding or

removing carbon dioxide causes pH to rise or fall from that initial
value. Adding carbon dioxide “pushes” the previously defined
chemical reaction toward the right-hand side, forming carbonic acid
and hydrogen ions and causing pH to decrease. Removing carbon
dioxide “pulls” the reaction to the left, thereby removing hydrogen
ions and causing pH to increase. The magnitude of variation from the
initial pH depends on 1) the amount of carbon dioxide added or
removed and 2) alkalinity, which tends to buffer, or reduce, the effect
of changes in carbon dioxide concentrations.

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High pH problems in ponds

Underwater biological activity controls carbon dioxide concentrations

in most surface waters, including aquaculture ponds. All living
organisms continuously produce carbon dioxide as a product of
respiration. During daylight, algae and underwater plants remove
carbon dioxide from the water as part of the sunlight-driven process
of photosynthesis. The relative rates of respiration and
photosynthesis within the pond determine whether there is a net
addition or removal of carbon dioxide, and therefore whether pH falls
or rises. Respiration rates are affected by water temperature and the
biomass of plants, animals and microorganisms in the water and
bottom sediment. Rates of photosynthesis are controlled primarily by
sunlight intensity, plant biomass and water temperature.

During the day, underwater photosynthesis usually exceeds

respiration, so pH rises as carbon dioxide is extracted from the water.
As the sun begins to set in late afternoon, photosynthesis decreases
and eventually stops, so pH falls throughout the night as respiring
organisms add carbon dioxide to the water. When the sun rises,
plants resume photosynthesis and remove carbon dioxide from
water, causing pH to rise again. The daily interplay of respiration and
photosynthesis causes pH to cycle up and down during a 24-hour
period.
In most aquatic environments, daily photosynthesis is about equal to
respiration and pH will usually remain within a range tolerated by
most animals. However, when plants or algae are growing rapidly,
more carbon dioxide is removed each day by photosynthesis than is
added each night by respiration. As a result, pH may rise to
abnormally high levels during the afternoon and may even remain
high through the night (Fig 1). This condition may last for many days,
until photosynthesis decreases or respiration increases.

Problems with high pH are common in fry nursery ponds and in

ponds used to grow freshwater prawns (Macrobrachium
rosenbergii) because fertilisation practices used to prepare ponds for
stocking are designed to promote fast-growing phytoplankton blooms
that rapidly take up carbon dioxide. Unfortunately, the early life
stages of fish and crustaceans are particularly susceptible to pH
toxicity and juveniles are less able than older animals to
“enviroregulate” by moving to areas of lower pH in the pond (such as
deeper waters).

Although high pH is most common in recently filled and fertilised

ponds, ponds with established phytoplankton blooms are also
susceptible. Phytoplankton in fertile aquaculture ponds often cycles
through periods of bloom and collapse. When large numbers of algal
cells die, the nutrients released during decomposition stimulate the
growth of a new bloom. When plants are growing quickly, their rapid
carbon dioxide uptake may cause high pH until the phytoplankton
community comes to a new equilibrium.

Extended episodes of high pH are particularly common in ponds

where filamentous algae dominate the plant community. Ponds with
filamentous algae usually have clear water, allowing sunlight to
penetrate deep into the water column and promote intense
photosynthesis by underwater or floating mats of algae.

High pH in aquaculture ponds appears to occur more frequently and

with greater severity in waters with low total hardness and moderate
to high total alkalinity. The reason for this is not completely
understood.

Idealised depiction of pH cycling during a 3-day period in two

ponds.

In both ponds, pH rises during the day as carbon dioxide is removed

through photosynthesis and falls at night (shaded vertical bars) as
carbon dioxide is added to the water through respiration. The solid
line represents pH changes in a pond where carbon dioxide taken up
in photosynthesis is offset by carbon dioxide respired at night. The
dashed line represents pH changes in a pond where more carbon
dioxide is fixed in photosynthesis than is produced at night, and pH
values increase from day to day.

Managing problems with high pH

Managing high pH in aquaculture ponds is difficult and no specific

management practice is always successful. Difficulties arise because
the term “high pH” describes not only a chemical property, but also
the outcome of many interacting chemical and biological processes.
As a measure of water’s hydrogen ion concentration, high pH can be
corrected simply by adding an acid to increase that concentration.
However, “high pH” also describes the net result of many individual
processes that add or remove carbon dioxide. Reducing pH with an
acid does not alter these processes and, therefore, cannot address
the underlying causes of high pH. So while adding an acid may
temporarily reduce pH, high pH will probably occur again unless other
environmental conditions also change.

The long-term solution to high pH problems in ponds is to alter pond

biology so that the net daily carbon dioxide uptake is near zero. This
can be done by reducing photosynthesis or increasing respiration.
But changing the metabolism of the pond community is difficult
because biological processes have considerable “ecological
momentum.” This momentum is based upon a given set of
environmental conditions that strongly favour a particular ecological
outcome. For example, when a newly filled pond contains lots of
nutrients, receives bright sunshine and has warm water
temperatures, conditions strongly favour the development of a
biological community that produces a high afternoon pH. Altering
those conditions to change the outcome is difficult. In
general, preventing or managing around pH problems will be more
effective than trying to correct problems after they occur.

Fill and prepare ponds early

Problems with high afternoon pH commonly arise in the first few

weeks after aquaculture ponds are filled. At that time, plant nutrients
derived from feeds or fertilisers promote fast-growing algal blooms
and the biomass of respiring organisms is comparatively low. After
this first flush of rapid plant growth, high afternoon pH values typically
abate as the production and removal of carbon dioxide come into
balance. And, as ponds age, organic matter begins to accumulate in
the pond (particularly in the sediment). The carbon dioxide produced
as organic material decomposes helps reduce peak pH values.

Accordingly, one way to minimise problems caused by high pH is to

prepare ponds as early as possible, preferably several weeks before
stocking. This may not always be possible, because some animals
must be stocked relatively soon after ponds are filled and fertilised to
avoid losses from predatory insects or to ensure that the proper
natural foods are available. For example, hybrid striped bass fry
should be stocked when rotifers are most abundant (see SRAC
Publication #302). Rotifers are the preferred food for young bass fry,
and peak rotifer populations occur at predictable times after pond
fertilisation is begun. When possible, however, delaying stocking until
after the initial flush of plant growth can help prevent losses caused
by excessively high pH.
Balance the hardness and alkalinity

Problems with high pH seem to occur most often in ponds where total
alkalinity (the amount of bicarbonate and carbonate in the water) far
exceeds water hardness (the amount of calcium and magnesium in
the water). For example, it is common for freshwater prawn ponds at
the Mississippi State University aquaculture unit in Starkville to have
high pH in late spring. The groundwater supply for these ponds has a
hardness of about 30 mg/L as CaCO3 and an alkalinity of about 90
mg/L. An even wider disparity between hardness and alkalinity is
found in many other waters, particularly those in the southeastern
coastal plains where many groundwaters have alkalinities exceeding
150 mg/L and hardness values of less than 10 mg/L.

Deficiencies in hardness relative to alkalinity can be corrected by

adding gypsum (calcium sulfate). The effectiveness of gypsum
treatment in reducing pH is subject to debate; at best, it is a
preventive procedure rather than an emergency treatment. Hardness
deficiencies should, therefore, be corrected before stocking,
preferably as soon as the pond is filled in the spring.

The amount of gypsum needed to roughly balance hardness and

alkalinity can be calculated by subtracting hardness from alkalinity
and multiplying that value by two. For example, if hardness is 30
mg/L as CaCO3 and alkalinity is 90 mg/L as CaCO3, then 120 mg/L of
gypsum will be needed. This would require about 2,500 pounds of
gypsum in a 2-acre pond that is 4 feet deep. This is a large amount of
gypsum, but the results of treatment should be long-lasting because
calcium is lost from ponds only when waters are diluted by excessive
rainfall or by the addition of water with a low calcium content.

Increasing the calcium level in a pond by adding gypsum may help

reduce the occurrence of high pH and benefit animals by helping
them respond better physiologically to pH extremes and other
environmental stressors. Relatively high levels of calcium also help
crustaceans, such as freshwater prawns, to replace calcium lost
during moulting.

Add alum or an organic substance

It is difficult to reduce pH significantly by adding an acid to the water

because pond waters are usually buffered by bases of the alkalinity
system. Relatively large amounts of acid are therefore needed to
achieve a meaningful decrease in pH. Also, adding an acid to water is
only a short-term solution because it addresses the result rather than
the cause of the problem, which is rapid plant growth.

An emergency treatment that quickly reduces high pH is the

application of alum (aluminum sulfate). This is a safe, relatively
inexpensive chemical that reacts in water to form an acid. Besides
reducing pH, alum also flocculates and removes algae by
sedimentation, thus decreasing algal biomass and reducing
photosynthesis. Alum may also help to reduce pH indirectly by
removing phosphorus—an important nutrient for plant growth.

Alum does not have a permanent effect and it may need to be

applied more than once until plant or algal growth decreases. A
precise reduction of pH through the addition of alum is difficult
because response is influenced by a number of conditions in the
pond, especially the water’s total alkalinity. Overtreatment with alum
can cause a dramatic decrease in pH, possibly to levels more
dangerous than the original high pH problem.

Experience dictates a cautious approach, starting with an initial dose

of 10 mg/L alum (27 pounds of alum per acre-foot of water) followed
by additional applications in 5- to 10-mg/L increments as needed.
Alum should not be used in waters with total alkalinities of less than
20 mg/L as CaCO3 because even small amounts may reduce pH to
dangerous levels.

A safer, longer lasting way to reduce high pH is to add carbon

dioxide, which acts as an acid in water. Carbon dioxide levels can be
increased by adding organic matter such as cracked corn, soybean
meal or cottonseed meal to ponds. As organic matter decays, it
releases carbon dioxide. This method does not reduce pH
immediately, but it is a safe and relatively dependable practice that
yields results rather quickly. Generally, applying about 15 pounds per
acre daily for about 1 week should prevent pH from rising to
undesirable levels. This amount would be in addition to any daily
application of organic fertiliser already planned. The total daily
application of organic matter should not exceed 50 pounds per acre.
The decay process that releases carbon dioxide into the water also
uses dissolved oxygen, so adding too much organic matter could
reduce dissolved oxygen concentrations to dangerous levels.
Dissolved oxygen concentrations must therefore be measured
regularly and the pond aerated, if necessary, to maintain satisfactory
oxygen levels.

Reduce plant growth

The rapid removal of carbon dioxide during periods of rapid plant

growth is the basis of all high pH problems in ponds. Waiting for fast
plant growth to decrease naturally is an option, as described
previously, but if pH must be reduced quickly, the rate of plant growth
must be slowed by adding a herbicide or restricting the amount of
light penetrating the water column.

Using herbicides to kill algae and plants will eliminate high pH

problems, but the benefits are often not worth the risks and costs.
The decomposition of plants killed by herbicides causes oxygen
depletion and the accumulation of carbon dioxide and ammonia.
Some herbicides are also relatively toxic to juvenile aquatic animals.
Copper-containing products, for example, have a relatively low
margin of safety between concentrations that kill plants and those
lethal to juvenile fish or prawns. Reducing plant growth to manage
high pH also conflicts with the goal of fertilisation, which is to increase
the production of natural foods in the pond to support aquaculture
production. Thus, using herbicides to reduce high pH is usually a
poor substitute for proper pond management.

In general, herbicides should be used only to change one type of

plant community to a more desirable type. For example, mats of
filamentous algae are often responsible for excessively high pH in
recently filled ponds used for fry or prawn culture. Filamentous algae
are also undesirable because they interfere with pond management,
particularly feeding and harvest. Certain herbicides can be used
cautiously to eliminate these algae in favour of a phytoplankton
bloom. In prawn ponds, some success has been achieved
with Hydrothol 191®. Hydrothol® appears to be safe for juvenile
prawns at an application rate of not more than 0.2 ppm, but there is
still the danger of oxygen depletion. The Aquaplant website contains
more information on selecting and using aquatic herbicides.

A safer (but less effective) alternative to herbicides is to reduce the

amount of sunlight available for photosynthesis. One approach is to
add an approved aquaculture dye to the pond. These dyes are sold
as weed-control agents and tint the water blue to reduce light
penetration. The dye is usually effective for several weeks. Note,
however, that using dyes may favour the growth of mat-forming
filamentous algae that float high in the water column where there will
be adequate light even in dye-treated water. Another way to reduce
light penetration is to keep the pond water turbid (with suspended
sediment) by using aerators or other devices to stir up mud from the
pond bottom.

The fallacy of using sodium bicarbonate

Oddly, one of the most frequently recommended treatments for high

pH—sodium bicarbonate (also called bicarbonate of soda or baking
soda)—is the least effective. Sodium bicarbonate reduces high pH in
water because it neutralises either acids or bases. (Compounds with
this property are called amphoteric.) Sodium bicarbonate is, however,
a weak acid and large amounts must be added to significantly reduce
pH, especially in waters with high total alkalinities (Table 1). For
example, if water has a total alkalinity of 200 mg/L as CaCO3 and a
pH of 10.0, then adding 100 mg/L of sodium bicarbonate will reduce
the pH to only about 9.9. At this rate, a 2-acre pond that is 4 feet
deep would need about 270 pounds of chemical per acre-foot, or a
little more than 2,000 pounds. The same amount of sodium
bicarbonate (100 mg/L) added to water with an initial alkalinity of 50
ppm as calcium carbonate will reduce pH to about 9.6.

Information in Table 1 was derived from a laboratory study and the

small decreases in pH measured under controlled laboratory
conditions will probably be undetectable under field conditions. The
ineffectiveness of sodium bicarbonate treatment was verified in a
study of pH management in hybrid striped bass nursery ponds in
Arkansas. In that study, sodium bicarbonate treatments of 8, 16 and
32 mg/L had no apparent effect on afternoon pH values.

In addition to the relatively large amount of chemical needed to

reduce pH significantly, there is another drawback to using sodium
bicarbonate—its inability to prevent subsequent increases in pH. This
is true for any acid. Therefore, sodium bicarbonate is neither an
effective emergency treatment for high pH nor a long-term solution.

Sudden increases in pH

Sudden changes in pH can stress or kill aquatic animals even when

those changes occur within a pH range they normally tolerate.
Studies at the National Warmwater Aquaculture Center in Stoneville,
Mississippi, have shown that channel catfish fry are very sensitive to
sudden increases in pH. Catfish fry acclimated to waters with pH near
optimum (pH 7.5 to 8.5) can withstand sudden transfer to water with
pH values 4 units lower without being killed. However, fish will be
killed when abruptly transferred to waters with pH values more than 1
unit higher than the water to which they were acclimated. Sudden
transfer to waters 1.5 pH units higher will kill about 50 percent of the
fish, and transfer to water 2.2 pH units higher will kill almost all the
fish.

This intolerance of catfish to abrupt increases in pH has important

practical considerations. Most newly hatched catfish fry are held for
several days in hatchery tanks supplied with flow-through
groundwater with a pH near 8.0. Fry are then transferred to a
transport tank (usually filled with water from the same source used in
the hatchery) and then stocked into a nursery pond for further growth.
Nursery pond pH cycles daily, and if fish are transferred to the
nursery pond during the afternoon when pH is usually highest, many
fish may quickly die. The solution is simple: First measure the pH of
the water in both the transport tank and the pond, and then transfer
fish only when the pH of the receiving water is very near, or below,
that of the transport tank water. Pond pH is usually lowest a few
hours after dawn, so this is usually the best time to transfer fry.

The physiological basis for the insensitivity of catfish fry to rapid

increases in pH is unknown and a similar response may occur in
other fish or crustacean species. In the absence of additional
information farmers should assume that this response is common to
all species of fish and crustaceans and avoid transferring animals to
waters with higher pH.

Summary

Different management practices can be used to reduce high pH and

minimise the risk of pH toxicity to freshwater fish and crustaceans.
The choice of method should be based upon the specific need, and a
combination of approaches might be most effective. Planning ahead
can help avoid many problems. Pond water should have adequate
levels of alkalinity and hardness for the species under culture, and
those levels should not be widely disproportionate. Stocking should
be done at the right time of year and right time of day to reduce risks.
Adding small amounts of easily decomposable organic matter can be
an effective preventive measure because its decomposition produces
carbon dioxide and reduces pH for a longer period. Emergency
treatments to rapidly reduce high pH are fraught with problems and
most have only temporary benefits because the underlying cause of
the problem is not being properly addressed. The careful use of alum
is probably the safest and most dependable emergency treatment.

ntroduction
Importance of Water Quality in Aquaculture

Fish perform all their bodily functions in water. Because fish are totally
dependent upon water to breathe, feed and grow, excrete wastes, maintain a
salt balance, and reproduce, understanding the physical and chemical
qualities of water is critical to successful aquaculture. To a great extent water
determines the success or failure of an aquaculture operation.

Very high (greater than 9.5) or very low (less than 4.5) pH values are
unsuitable for most aquatic organisms. Young fish and immature stages of
aquatic insects are extremely sensitive to pH levels below 5 and may die at
these low pH values.

High pH levels (9-14) can harm fish by denaturing cellular membranes.

Changes in pH can also affect aquatic life indirectly by altering other aspects
of water chemistry. Low pH levels accelerate the release of metals from rocks
or sediments in the stream. These metals can affect a fish's metabolism and
the fish's ability to take water in.

High pH Levels Effect

At high pH (>9) most ammonium in water is converted to toxic ammonia (NH3)

which can kill fish. Moreover, cyanobacterial toxins can also significantly
influence fish populations.

NOTE: One critical parameter is pH: Not only for the health of the fish, but for
the bacteria have that cleaned up the water as well as nitrifiers that remove
excess nutrients.

pH is important in aquaculture as a measure of the acidity of the water or soil.

Fish cannot survive in waters below pH 4 and above pH 11 for long periods.
The optimum pH for fish is between 6.5 and 9. Fish will grow poorly and
reproduction will be affected at consistently higher or lower pH levels
The Effects of pH on Warm-Water Pond Fish

pH Effects on fish

4 Acid death point

4 to 5 No reproduction

4 to 6.5 Slow growth

6.5 to 9 Desireable ranges for fish reproduction

9 to 10 Slow growth

≥11 Alkaline death point

Ammonia

Fish excrete ammonia and lesser amounts of urea into the water as wastes.
Two forms of ammonia occur in aquaculture systems, ionized and un-ionized.
The un- ionized form of ammonia (NH3) is extremely toxic while the ionized
form (NH4+) is not. Both forms are grouped together as "total ammonia."
Through biological processes, toxic ammonia can be degraded to harmless
nitrates.

In natural waters, such as lakes, ammonia may never reach dangerous high
levels because of the low densities of fish, But the fish farmer must maintain
high densities of fish and, therefore, runs the risk of ammonia toxicity. Un-
ionized ammonia levels rise as temperature and pH increase (Table 1).

 Table 1 - Percentage of total ammonia that

is unionized at various temperatures and pH.

12.2 16.7 20 23.9

pH
degC degC degC degC

7.0 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5

7.4 0.5 0.7 1.0 1.3

7.8 1.4 1.8 2.5 3.2

8.2 3.3 4.5 5.9 7.7

8.6 7.9 10.6 13.7 17.3

9.0 17.8 22.9 28.5 34.4

9.2 35.2 42.7 50.0 56.9

9.6 57.7 65.2 71.5 76.8

10.0 68.4 74.8 79.9 84.0

To determine un-ionized ammonia concentration, multiply total ammonia

concentration by the percentage which is closest to the observed temperature
and pH of the water sample. For example, a total ammonia concentration of 5
ppm at pH 9 and 20 deg C would be: 5 ppm total ammonia X 28.5% = 1.43
ppm.

Toxicity levels for un-ionized ammonia depend on the individual species;

however, levels below 0.02 ppm are considered safe. Dangerously high
ammonia concentrations are usually limited to water recirculation system or
hauling tanks where water is continually recycled and in pond culture after
phytoplankton die-offs. However, the intermediate form of ammonia--nitrite--
has been known to occur at toxic levels (brown-blood disease) in fish ponds.

Buffering Systems

A buffering system to avoid wide swings in pH is essential in aquaculture.

Without some means of storing carbon dioxide released from plant and animal
respiration, pH levels may fluctuate in ponds from approximately 4-5 to over
10 during the day. In recirculating systems constant fish respiration can raise
carbon dioxide levels high enough to interfere with oxygen intake by fish, in
addition to lowering the pH of the water.

pH

The quantity of hydrogen ions (H+) in water will determine if it is acidic or

basic. The scale for measuring the degree of acidity is called the pH scale,
which ranges from 1 to 14. A value of 7 is considered neutral, neither acidic or
basic; values below 7 are considered acidic; above 7, basic. The acceptable
range for fish culture is normally between pH 6.5- 9.0.

Alkalinity

Alkalinity is the capacity of water to neutralize acids without an increase in pH.

This parameter is a measure of the bases, bicarbonates (HCO3-), carbonates
(CO3--) and, in rare instances, hydroxide (OH-). Total alkalinity is the sum of
the carbonate and bicarbonate alkalinities. Some waters may contain only
bicarbonate alkalinity and no carbonate alkalinity. The carbonate buffering
system is important to the fish farmer regardless of the production method
used. In pond production, where photosynthesis is the primary natural source
of oxygen, carbonates and bicarbonates are storage area for surplus carbon
dioxide. By storing carbon dioxide in the buffering system, it is never a limiting
factor that could reduce photosynthesis, and in turn, reduce oxygen

production.  Also, by storing carbon dioxide, the buffering system

prevents wide daily pH fluctuations. Without a buffering system, free carbon
dioxide will form large amounts of a weak acid (carbonic acid) that may
potentially decrease the night-time pH level to 4.5. During peak periods of
photosynthesis, most of the free carbon dioxide will be consumed by the
phytoplankton and, as a result, drive the pH levels above 10. As discussed,
fish grow within a narrow range of pH values and either of the above extremes
will be lethal to them.

In recirculating systems where photosynthesis is practically non-existent, a

good buffering capacity can prevent excessive buildups of carbon dioxide and
lethal decreases in pH. It is recommended that the fish farmer maintain total
alkalinity values of at least 20 ppm for catfish production. Higher alkalinities of
at least 80-100 ppm are suggested for hybrid striped bass. For water supplies
that have naturally low alkalinities, agriculture lime can be added to increase
the buffering capacity of the water.

Why Lime? 
Several factors contribute to lowering the pH in ponds. Rain is acidic, usually
with a pH of 5.2 to 5.6, and industrial pollution can lower it to 2.5. In areas with
coniferous forests, rain percolates through the pine needles, making it even
more acidic. Over time, this leaches all the minerals out of the soil. Also, the
clay bottom necessary to keep a pond from leaking is acidic, and decaying
plants can release additional acids.  Agricultural lime is crushed
limestone (calcium carbonate), which will neutralize these acids and act as a
buffer to keep the pH from changing rapidly. Fish can live in water with a wide
range of pH, from about 4 to 10. However, rapid changes in pH can kill fish,
even within this range. While fish can adjust their body chemistry to different
environmental pH values, this takes energy which could otherwise be used for
growth and reproduction. Maintaining a constant internal pH in an extreme
environment causes fish stress, making them susceptible to disease and
parasites. In a limed pond, the fertilizer element phosphorus is in the soluble,
orthophosphate form that is available to plankton; otherwise, it will be mostly
tied up in bottom sediments. Finally, liming can increase the amount of carbon
dioxide in water, which is used in photosynthesis. For these reasons, liming
ponds has been shown to double bluegill production in ponds, without adding
any fertilizer.

Summary
Measurement points: In tank

Typical problems: Installation of pH sensor at right measuring point

Remedies: Using immersion fitting with 2" pipe mounting accessories support

This crucial levels of pH can be measured by using Yokogawa's 4-wire/2-wire
pH Analyser with suitable immersion fitting and sensor. For cleaning one has
to take out pH sensor and then put back the cleaned sensor. The pH sensor
will be a combination electrode having double junction electrodes, which
provide long time stability and a prolonged lifetime.

Use of Lime in the Fish Pond

Satarupa Ghosh 25 September, 2019 4:25 PM IST

Introduction

Liming is considered as one of the most important steps in pond preparation and
treatment. In most of the cases, lime has a great contribution to water quality
improvement. So, its use is very frequent in aquacultural practices. Lime can be
used as a very good conditioner in the pond. After the pond is ploughed; clear
and smooth lime should be used as a conditioner in the pond. Lime also plays an
important role in the improvement of pond sanitation. Liming also increases the
productivity of the fish pond. In order to promote the healthy growth of fish in
the pond, the presence of phytoplankton is very much important. Various
nutrient components present in the pond soil, control the growth and survival of
different phytoplankton. To make these nutrient components usable, application
of lime in the fish pond is very much important.

Functions of lime in the fish pond

The main function of the lime in the fish pond is to reduce the acidity of the soil
and water. Other accessory functions of lime in the fish pond are:

 To increase the natural food in the pond, this is essential for the
better growth and survival of fish. Lime accelerates the process of
degradation of organic matter in the pond, so that amount of
usable nitrogen in the pond increased rapidly. As a result, natural
food for fish grows adequately and sufficiently in the pond.
 To increase the amount of usable phosphate in the pond. This is
necessary for the growth of phytoplankton. The amount of usable
phosphate in the fish pond largely depends upon pH of the soil. If
this pH of the soil is in the range of 6.5-7.5, then the amount of
usable phosphate in the pond is good. In the case of excessive
acidic water, especially when the pH of the soil, is lower than 6.5,
the amount of usable phosphate in the pond becomes very low. The
main reason for this phenomenon is that most of the phosphate
combines with iron and aluminum, so plant usable phosphate
becomes extremely low. Application of lime in the fish pond,
reduce the acidity of the soil of the fish pond. As a result of that,
phosphate becomes free and become usable by plants.
 Use of lime in the pond increases the amount of alkalinity in the
water which acts as a So, applications of lime in the pond maintain
the proper balance of pH of water between morning and afternoon
and create the optimum condition for fish culture.
 As lime contains calcium, so this increases the productivity of the
pond through the application of lime.
  Lime helps to cure some fish diseases through its extra alkaline
characteristics.
 Lime increases the oxygen content of the pond water by changing
physical conditions of the water.
 Lime increases the transparency of the water.
 Lime decreases the amount of toxic gases in the pond.

Preparation of lime

The optimum amount of lime used in the pond

Amount of the lime to neutralize the pond water largely depends upon the pH of
the soil and water of the pond. If the acidity of the pond bottom soil increases, the
amount of lime for neutralization also increases. If pH of the pond is neutral,
then the amount of lime required also decreases. The optimum amount of lime
used in the pond largely depends upon the nature of the soil of the pond.

 pH of the soil 40-50: amount of lime should be 2000 kg/ha/yr.

 pH of the soil 51-65: amount of lime should be 1000 kg/ha/yr.
 pH of the soil 66-75: amount of lime should be 500 kg/ha/yr.
 pH of the soil 76-85: amount of lime should be 200 kg/ha/yr.
 pH of the soil >86: amount of lime should be nil.

Application of lime

The first step of fish culture is pond preparation. So, before monsoon, we should
properly spread lime in the pond.

If we have to mix lime directly with water, then first lime should be mixed in a
separate pot before 3-4 hours of application. Then, the solution should spread in
a different part of pond water.

Proper application time of lime: Optimum time for application of lime in

the water is early morning as water PH becomes very low at this time.
Spreading of lime in fish pond

Types of lime and their effectiveness

Calcium oxide or quick lime:

 Chemical formula: CaO
 Nature: This lime produces heat when it mixes with water. This
lime very rapidly increases the PH of soil and water.
 Effectiveness: This lime is very much effective in those ponds
which are highly acidic. This lime is very much effective in the
prevention of fish diseases.

Calcium hydroxide or hydrated lime:

  Chemical formula: Ca(OH)2
 Nature: Acidity neutralizing power is less than that of quick lime.
This lime produces less heat than quick lime.
 Effectiveness: Use of this lime in the pond is very less.

Calcium carbonate:

 Chemical formula: CaCO3

 Nature: Acid neutralizing power is very much less than that of
other lime. This lime does not produce heat when it mixes with
water.
 Effectiveness: As this lime does not increase the ph of the pond
rapidly, so it is suitable to apply in the alkaline pond where pH of
the pond water varies between 8-8.5. Other benefits of the
application of lime are also extracted from the lime.

Dolomite:

 Chemical formula: CaMg(CO3)2

 Nature: Acid neutralizing power is very less. This line also
contains magnesium apart from calcium.
 Effectiveness: This lime increases the amount of magnesium in
the water, which is necessary for the nutrition of the plant. Though
its use in sweet water is very low, we can get benefit if we use it
after mixing with other lime.

Conclusion

The main objective of the liming is to increase the pH of the water of the fish
pond. As a result of that water becomes purified from suspended mud and other
particles and increase the light available to the plants. Immediately after
application of fertilizer, if liming is done, then it may reduce phosphorus from
water, which in turn prevents the development of phytoplankton bloom. But the
application of lime in the pond also has some drawbacks. Liming is one of the
oldest methods of water softening, which demands a very high level of keenness.
These processes of liming also exhibit some harmful residues for the
environment. Only wise application and careful disposal of the residue can be the
best solution to this problem. Otherwise, the toxic residuals may flow to the rivers
and soils thus, affecting its acidity and causing great harm to the society.

The pH and mineral content of water are the result of interactions

between the soil beneath a pond and the water used to fill it. Clay
soils are often acidic. Because ponds are commonly constructed on
these soils, especially in the southern and southeastern US, the
effect on water quality can be significant.

Ponds with acidic bottom soils that are filled with poorly mineralised
water characteristically have low alkalinity and hardness. When total
alkalinity and hardness are below 20 mg/L (as CaCO3) pH and
productivity are usually reduced. Alkalinity concentrations below 20
mg/L often lead to large swings in daily pH values, which stress
aquatic animals. Acidic soils contain high concentrations of hydrogen
ions and/or aluminium relative to the concentrations of calcium and
magnesium, which are important minerals for good water quality.

The acidity of pond soils can be neutralised and the productivity of

the pond improved by liming. “Liming” refers to the application of
various acid-neutralising compounds of calcium or calcium and
magnesium.

Liming ponds has three important benefits:

1. Liming may enhance the effect of fertilisation.

2. Liming helps prevent wide swings in pH.
3. Liming also adds calcium and magnesium, which are important
in animal physiology.

The difference between alkalinity and hardness

It is important to understand the difference between alkalinity and

hardness. These two aspects of water chemistry are often confused.
The misunderstanding relates to the term used to report them—ppm
as CaCO3 (mg/L).
Total alkalinity indicates the entire quantity of titratable bases present
in water, primarily bicarbonates, carbonates and hydroxides. The
most important components of alkalinity are bicarbonates and
carbonates.

Hardness is the overall concentration of divalent salts (calcium,

magnesium, iron, etc) but does not identify which of these elements
is/are the source of hardness. Calcium and magnesium are the most
common sources of water hardness. Liming increases both alkalinity
and hardness.

The effect of liming on fertilisation

Both recreational and commercial ponds are often fertilised to

improve fish production. Fertilisers containing nitrogen, phosphorus
and potassium (especially phosphorus) stimulate the growth of
microscopic plants (phytoplankton) and animals (zooplankton), which,
in turn, serve as food for animals in the aquatic food chain.

In recreational ponds, an abundance of plankton supports larger

populations of species such as largemouth bass and bluegill. In
ponds used for commercial production of juvenile fish, plankton is the
primary food source. Healthy phytoplankton blooms also absorb toxic
nitrogen wastes and raise daytime dissolved oxygen concentrations,
so they are important to water quality.

Perhaps the most common reason to lime ponds is to improve the

response to fertilisation. In ponds built on acidic soils and filled with
fresh water of low mineral content, much of the phosphorus added in
fertilisers becomes tightly bound in pond sediment where it is not
available to support phytoplankton growth. Proper liming can improve
phosphorus availability and greatly enhance pond productivity.

Liming and pH swings

In ponds with acidic soils, filled with poorly mineralised water with low
total alkalinity, liming will increase total alkalinity. This helps stabilise
pH, which can swing widely from 6 to 10 during the day if total
alkalinity is below 20 mg/L.

Fluctuations in pH are the result of the interplay of photosynthesis

and respiration. Nighttime respiration increases CO2 concentrations,
creating carbonic acid and causing pH to fall. During the day
phytoplankton absorbs CO2 for photosynthesis, causing pH to rise.
Large, daily changes in pH can stress aquatic animals (Figure 1).

Most aquaculture species can live in a broad range of alkalinity

concentrations, but the desired alkalinity for many animals is 50 mg/L
or higher. Liming to raise total alkalinity to the required or preferred
ranges buffers the water and reduces swings in pH (Figure 2).

Liming and hardness

Hardness concentrations are important to aquatic animals also.

Calcium and magnesium are essential for bone and scale formation
in fish. The most critical component of total hardness, however, is the
calcium concentration or “calcium hardness.”

Environmental calcium is crucial for osmoregulation, the biological

process that maintains precise levels of internal salts for normal
heart, nerve and muscle function. In low-calcium environments,
animals can lose (leak) substantial quantities of these salts into the
water. Calcium is also important in the moulting process of shrimp
and other crustaceans, and can affect the hardening of newly formed
shells.

Most aquatic organisms can tolerate a broad range of calcium

hardness concentrations, but a desirable range is 75 to 250 mg/L with
a minimum concentration of 20 mg/L. Adding liming materials or
gypsum increases hardness.

Figure 1: Changes in pH during a 24-hour period in waters of

high and low total alkalinities
 © Wurts and Durborow, 1992

Deciding whether to lime a pond

To determine whether a pond needs to be limed, first check total

alkalinity. Collect a water sample from the first several inches below
the surface, making sure the sample contains no bottom sediment
(mud). Collect the sample in a clean quart container that has no
chemical residues. The sample can be tested for total alkalinity with a
swimming pool test kit. Or, the sample can be sent to a university
laboratory or commercial testing company. If you are in the United
States, check with your county Extension agent for information about
water testing.

If the total alkalinity of the water sample is less than 20 mg/L, the
pond may benefit from liming. The amount of lime needed depends
on the chemical characteristics of the bottom sediment. Take
samples of the pond bottom and have them analysed to determine
the soil pH and the amount of liming material to apply.

Collect the samples as you would for cropland. Take samples to a

soil depth of 6 inches from several locations in the pond (an S-
shaped pattern is usually used). In ponds less than 5 acres, collect at
least ten samples per acre. In larger ponds, collect four to eight
samples per acre.
ADVERTISEMENT
In a new pond, collect soil samples before filling. In ponds with water,
push a length of PVC pipe into the bottom and remove the mud plugs
from the pipe. Or, attach a can or small container to a long pole and
scoop soil from the pond bottom. Combine the samples, mix them
evenly, and spread the blended sample out to dry. After drying and
crushing, mark the sample “pond mud” so the appropriate analysis
can be made.

Approximately 1 pint of dried, blended soil sample is needed for lab

analysis. Contact your county Extension agent for information about
soil testing services.

In some areas, specific tests for “pond mud” are not available.
However, there is a simple and reasonably accurate way to estimate
the amount of liming material needed in a pond. Submit the sample
and request the recommendation for alfalfa production. The amount
of liming material needed to grow alfalfa will be very close to the
minimum required for producing most aquatic animals. Another
method is to apply 11/2 to 2 times the amount of liming material used
to farm row crops in the surrounding area.

Figure 2: pH scale showing recommended range—pH 7 basic

© Wurts and Durborow, 1992
Choosing liming materials

Materials such as agricultural limestone, basic slag, slaked lime,

quick lime and liquid lime have been used to lime ponds. While all
these compounds neutralise soil acidity, some are more practical or
effective than others.

It is not advisable to use quick lime (CaO) or slaked lime (Ca(OH)2).

They are more expensive and can cause pH to rise rapidly to levels
that can harm aquatic life.

Basic slag is a satisfactory liming material, but it is not commonly

available and its effectiveness may vary significantly from load to
load. A substance known as silicate slag is not an acceptable
material and should not be used to lime recreational or commercial
production ponds.

Liquid lime is popular among some farmers. This product is made by

suspending finely powdered agricultural limestone in water. The small
particles react more rapidly with the acid in soil and water and
produce quick results. However, because this mixture is half water, it
takes twice as much liquid lime as agricultural limestone to achieve
the same results. Liquid lime can cost much more than agricultural
limestone.

Finely crushed agricultural limestone is usually the best material to

use. It is cost-effective and readily available. Both pond alkalinity and
hardness can be increased by adding either CaCO3 (calcitic) or
CaMg(CO3)2 (dolomitic) limestone. It is difficult to add too much
agricultural limestone to a pond. At a pH of 8.3 or greater, calcium
combines with carbonate to form limestone and drops out of solution.
Limestone does not dissolve well in ponds where soil acidity has
been neutralised and water pH has stabilised at or above 8.3.
Neutralising value and efficiency

Commercial liming materials vary in their ability to neutralise soil

acidity—their neutralising value (NV). Pure calcium carbonate is the
standard used for assigning relative neutralising values to each of the
liming compounds.

Calcium carbonate is considered to have an acid neutralising value of

100 percent. Agricultural limestone may have NV values between 85
and 109 percent depending on its specific chemical composition.
Slaked lime has an NV of 136 percent. Neutralising values for the
liming materials previously discussed may fall between 55 and 179
percent (Table 1).

Finely crushed agricultural limestone is composed of different sizes of

particles. Small particles react faster and dissolve more rapidly and
completely than large particles. Therefore, the neutralising efficiency
(NE) of agricultural limestone depends on the fineness of the mixture.

The particle fineness and associated neutralising efficiency are

determined by passing limestone through a series of sieves. Particles
that pass through a 20-mesh sieve but that are retained by a 60-
mesh sieve have an NE of 52.2 percent. Those passing through a 60-
mesh sieve have an NE of 100 percent. The various quantities of
each particle size grouping and their associated NE values must be
averaged to arrive at an overall NE rating.

If the liming requirement, neutralising value (NV) and neutralising

efficiency (NE) are known, it is possible to calculate the precise
amount of lime needed. Divide the amount of liming material
recommended (tonnes per acre) by the product of the neutralising
value and the neutralising efficiency (NV x NE).

For example, a farmer submits a soil sample and the analysis

indicates the 3 tonnes per acre of pure calcium carbonate are
required to neutralise the pond soil acidity (or to produce alfalfa). The
agricultural limestone available at the local farm supply store has an
NV of 85 percent and an NE of 71 percent. The amount needed is
determined as follows (percent must be converted to a decimal first):

tonnes/acre CaCO3 divided by (NV multiplied by NE) = tons of

limestone needed

3.0 ÷ (0.85 x 0.71) = 4.97 tonnes of limestone needed

When only one value is available (NV or NE), divide the tonnes
recommended by that value. For example, if only the NV (85 percent)
is known:

3.0 ÷ 0.85 = 3.53 tonnes of limestone needed

Table 1: Common names, chemical names and neutralising

values (NV) of several liming materials

*Use of these materials is not recommended because their effects on

pH can be harmful to aquatic life.

Timing and application of liming materials

To be effective, liming materials should be applied evenly over the

bottom of the pond. The best, and easiest, time to lime a pond is
before it is filled with water. A liming truck or tractor-pulled liming
wagon can be driven around in the dry pond to spread the lime
evenly over the entire bottom. It is not necessary to disc the lime into
the soil, but this will accelerate its neutralising activity.

If the pond contains water, lime should be applied evenly over the
entire pond surface. Lime is loaded onto a boat or barge and then
shovelled or washed uniformly into the pond (Figure 3). Often a
sheet of plywood can be attached across the front of one or two small
boats and the lime placed on the plywood.
Lime is heavy and shovelling it is tedious. Therefore, some pond
owners hire professional companies with liming barges to spread the
lime. For small ponds of less than 1 acre, liming trucks can be backed
up to the edge of the pond and the lime distributed with the spreader
on the truck. This method works best if the truck can move around
the entire pond and broadcast the lime evenly.

Agricultural lime does not dissolve quickly in water and will sink to the
bottom. Liming a pond filled with water has an immediate effect on
water quality. It increases pH, reduces soluble phosphorus, and
reduces free carbon dioxide. Increasing the pH may cause the water
to clear of suspended particles (mud), which can help pond
productivity by increasing the light available to plants.

However, liming a pond shortly after fertilising may remove

phosphorus from the water, which could prevent a phytoplankton
bloom from developing. Recreational ponds are typically fertilised in
the spring with compounds containing phosphorus. So it is usually
best to apply lime in fall or winter when productivity is unlikely to be
affected. The pond will equilibrate within several weeks and then
fertiliser can be applied to adjust productivity.

Limestone dissolves slowly over time. Alkalinity and hardness are

washed out of the pond with overflow and drainage water. Ponds that
require lime usually need repeat treatments every 3 to 5 years.
Alternatively, annual lime applications can be made using one-fourth
the original recommendation to maintain alkalinity, hardness and pH
at acceptable levels. If a pond needs lime, it will not respond well to
fertiliser.

Figure 3: Agricultural lime being distributed evenly over a pond

from a pontoon barge
Managing calcium hardness

If the alkalinity concentration is below 50 mg/L, agricultural limestone

can be used to increase alkalinity and hardness. If total alkalinity is
above 50 mg/L, adding agricultural limestone will not be effective.
Similarly, if pond pH is stable at 8.3 or greater, limestone will not
dissolve. For several aquaculture species (eg, striped bass, red drum
and crawfish), the preferred concentration of calcium hardness is
above 50 mg/L.

Liming with agricultural limestone, using recommendations based on

soil analysis, will usually increase alkalinity and hardness to the
minimum required concentration of 20 mg/L. A low total hardness
value is a reliable indication that the calcium concentration is low.
However, a high hardness value does not necessarily mean that the
calcium concentration is high.

Where hardness is caused by CaMg(CO3)2 (dolomitic limestone), the

total hardness value reflects a mixture of calcium and magnesium.
Magnesium can represent as much as 50 percent of the hardness
produced by CaMg(CO3)2. Other magnesium-containing compounds,
such as magnesium sulfate, may be the source of hardness in high
alkalinity environments.

Therefore, agricultural limestone may not always raise calcium to the

required or minimum desired concentrations. Agricultural gypsum
(calcium sulfate) or food grade calcium chloride may be needed to
raise calcium hardness in waters with alkalinities greater than 50
mg/L and low hardness. Where alkalinity is high and hardness is
caused by magnesium, adding agricultural gypsum or calcium
chloride is also an effective way to raise the calcium concentration.

Alternative materials for raising calcium hardness

Agricultural gypsum (calcium sulfate)

Calcium hardness and total hardness can be increased about 1 mg/L

by applying 5 pounds of agricultural gypsum per acre-foot. Adding
125 pounds of agricultural gypsum per acre-foot would raise
hardness approximately 25 ppm.
Calcium chloride

Calcium hardness and total hardness can be increased about 1 mg/L

by applying 4 pounds of calcium chloride per acre-foot. Adding 100
pounds of calcium chloride per acre-foot would raise hardness
roughly 25 ppm.

It is important to note that if phosphorus is added to ponds

immediately before or shortly after applying gypsum or calcium
chloride, the phosphorus may combine with calcium. This may cause
both elements to drop out of solution as calcium phosphate.
Phosphorus-based fertilisers should not be added for several weeks
before or after the application of compounds that increase calcium
hardness.

If high volumes of water regularly flush through a pond, the

agricultural limestone, agricultural gypsum or calcium chloride that
have been added can be washed out. Often more than the
recommended amount of limestone or gypsum is added so the
materials will not have to be applied as often. These chemicals will
not cause problems in a pond if added at two or three times the
calculated amount.

Fish farmers often overlook the importance of hardness and alkalinity.

The pond environment and aquatic animals benefit from water that
has the desired levels of alkalinity and hardness. The minimum
concentration for both is 20 mg/L.

Managing these two components of pond water stabilises or buffers

pH fluctuations, improves the availability of phosphorus for
phytoplankton, increases the natural food in ponds, and provides
calcium for osmoregulation, egg hardening and other metabolic
needs.
Water should be tested periodically so that hardness and alkalinity
can be managed properly. Apply liming materials as needed and
keep good records to improve water quality and overall pond
productivity.