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Biomechanics
By:
Tewodros Belay Alemneh (MSc)
Year III, Sem. II
Course code: 3122
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What is biomechanics?
Application of mechanical
principles in the study of living
organisms.
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Other definitions
• The mechanical bases of biological
systems.
• The application of mechanical laws to living
structures.
• The study of the structure and function of
biological systems by means of the methods
of mechanics.
• The science concerned with the internal and
external forces acting on the human body
and the effects produced by these forces.
• The study of motion and its causes in living
things
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Biomechanics
Mechanics: study of physical actions of forces.
The internal forces: produced by muscles.
The external forces: that act on the body.
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Biomechanics
Mechanics is divided into:
• Statics
• Dynamics
Statics: Study of systems that are in a constant state of motion, (at rest
with no motion or at a constant velocity without acceleration).
• Statics involves all forces acting on the body being in balance resulting in the body
being in equilibrium.
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Biomechanics
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Biomechanics
Kinematics & kinetics
• Kinematics: Description of motion and includes consideration of
time, displacement, velocity, acceleration, and space factors of a
system‘s motion.
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Human Body facts
• Human bone is 5 times stronger than steel by weight. Yet it is flexible,
self-healing, and it provides many useful functions in addition to
structural support.
• Tendons are up to 500 times stronger than the skeletal muscles they
connect to the bones. They protect their muscles from ripping.
• Cardiac muscles work autonomously and rest only in between beats.
They pump an average of 3,027,456,000 times during an 80-year
lifespan, assuming 72 bpm. The heart provides life-giving oxygen and
fuel to all cells, none of which are more than a few microns from a blood
vessel.
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Human Body facts
Synovial fluid in our joints has very low friction. Engineers are
trying to duplicate it synthetically for lubricating machines.
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Body Planes
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Body Planes
The sagittal plane (lateral or Y-Z plane):
o divides the body into sinister and dexter (left and
right) sides.
The coronal plane (frontal or Y-X plane):
o divides the body into dorsal and ventral (back and
front) portions. It also separates the anterior and
posterior portions
The transverse plane (axial or X-Z plane):
o divides the body into superior and inferior (head
and tail) portions. It is typically a horizontal plane
through the center of the body and is parallel to the
ground.
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Directional Terms
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Definitions
Distal -farther from trunk / Proximal -closer to trunk
Lateral -away from midline / Medial -closer to midline
Anterior -front side in / Posterior -back side in
anatomical position (ventral) anatomical position (dorsal)
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Anatomical position Fundamental position
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Anatomical Reference Position
Erect standing position
Feet slightly separated
and pointed forward
Arms hanging relaxed at the sides
Palms of hands facing forward
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Motion of Objects
Linear motion (Translation): motion in which a straight line drawn
between 2 or more points on the body maintain the same direction
during the movement (show the same trajectory (motion along a line))
All points along the line will move along the parallel paths.
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Motion of Objects
Straight paths rectilinear motion
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Motion of Objects
Curved paths curvilinear motion
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Motion of Objects
• Angular motion (Rotation):rotation around a fixed axis has all points
on a rigid segment moving in parallel planes along circular paths about
the axis.
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Motion of Objects
General Motion: combination of linear motion + angular motion
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JOINT MOVEMENT TERMINOLOGY
• When the human body is in anatomical reference position, all body
segments are considered to be positioned at zero degrees.
• Body/joint movement is measured as the angle between the body
segment’s position and anatomical position.
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JOINT MOVEMENT TERMINOLOGY
• Sagittal Plane Movements: (Flexion, Extension, Hyperextension)
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JOINT MOVEMENT TERMINOLOGY
• Transverse Plane Movements:
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Components of a Lever System
• Lever: Rigid bar
• Fulcrum: Axis of rotation/fixed point
• Force:
• Applied force (F), effort
• Resistance force (R), load
• Moment arm: d
• Applied force
• Resistance
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More Concepts
1. Change F
2. Change d
3. Change direction of F
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Function of Levers
Two functions:
1. Force
2. Speed/ROM
Mechanical advantage
• Levers designed for force
• Small effort moves big resistance
Mechanical disadvantage
• Levers designed for speed/ROM
• Big movement required to move
resistance a small distance
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Function of Levers
Force
• Examples?
Common traits?
• Rigid bar
• Fixed point
• Lever movement vs. resistance movement
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Function of Levers
Speed/ROM
• Examples?
Common traits?
• Rigid bar
• Fixed point
• Lever movement vs. resistance
movement
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Human Application?
Lever:
Bones (Not always a bar)
Fulcrum:
Joints
Applied force:
Muscles
Resistance force:
Weight of limb, external resistance
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Classification of Levers
Lever classification based on the relative location of:
1. Axis of rotation/fulcrum (A)
2. Resistance force (R)
3. Applied force (F)
ARF
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First Class Lever
• Center: (A) –Axis of rotation/fulcrum
• Mechanical advantage
• Mechanical disadvantage
• Examples
Crow bar
Seesaw
RAF/RPE
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Advantage or disadvantage?
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Second Class Lever
• Center: (R) –Resistance force
• Mechanical advantage
• Always
• Mechanical disadvantage
• Never
• Examples
Wheelbarrow
Nutcracker
ARF/PRE
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Advantage or disadvantage?
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Third Class Lever
• Center: (F) –Applied force
• Mechanical advantage
• Never
• Mechanical disadvantage
• Always
• Examples
Rowing AFR/PER
Shovelling
Bat, tennis racket
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Advantage or disadvantage?
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3rd class lever Anatomical example
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Human Application
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Human Application
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Human Application
• Third class lever
• Elbow flexion
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Class 1 Levers
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Class 2 Levers
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Class 3 Levers
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Examples
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Examples
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Examples
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Examples
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THE END
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