PTR2007

BIOMECHANICS AND KINESIOLOGY-I

Introduction – Principles - Terminology

Asisstant Professor Pelin PİŞİRİCİ (PT, PhD)

 What is Kinesiology?
• ki·ne·si·ol·o·gy n. [Greek kinesis, movement; -logy, science of.]

• The study of the anatomy, physiology, and mechanics of body movement, especially in humans.
-American Heritage Dictionary

• The branch of physiology that studies the mechanics and anatomy in relation to human movement
-Merriam-Webster’s Medical Dictionary

• The study of muscular movement, especially the mechanics of human motion.

- Stedman's Medical Dictionary
Kinesiology
 A sound understanding of kinesiology allows for the development of a rational
evaluation, a precise diagnosis, and an effective treatment of musculoskeletal
disorders, and allows for safe, appropriate exercise prescription.

 The study of Kinesiology borrows heavily from the sciences of anatomy,

biomechanics, and physiology
 Anatomy – the science of the shape and structure of the human body and its
parts
 Biomechanics – a discipline that uses principles of physics to quantitatively
study how forces interact with the living body
 Physiology – the biologic study of living organism
Kinesioloji
Michelangelo Buonarroti (1475-1564) Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519)
Kinesiology Terminology
• Kinematics – a branch of mechanics that describes the motion of a body (the
entire body or any of its parts or segments), without regard to the forces or torques
that may produce the motion.

• There are two general types of motions that occur within joints of the human body

• Translation – linear motion in which all parts of a rigid body move parallel to
and in the same direction as every other part of the body. Can occur in either a
straight line or a curved line.

• Rotation – motion in which an assumed rigid body moves in a circular path

about some pivot point; all points in the body simultaneously rotate in the
same angular direction.
Kinesiology Terminology (cont.)

• Movement of the human body is often described as a translation of the

body’s center of mass (COM).
• COM generally located just anterior to the sacrum.
Kinesiology Terminology (cont.)

• Rotation occurs around an “axis of

rotation” (AOR); an AOR is a non-
anatomical point around which a
rotating body moves.

• Within most joint systems, AOR is

located within or very near the
structure of the joint; however, at
times, the AOR can be located outside
of the joint.
Rotation axis
• The pivot point of the angular movement of the body or body parts is
called the axis of rotation.

• Axis: It is the point where the rotating body motion is zero.

 Kinematic
• Kinematic is a branch of mechanics that describes the motion of a
body, without regard to the forces or torques that may produce the
motion. We can be divided into two sections:

• Osteokinematics
• Arthrokinematics
Osteokinematics
• Osteokinematics describes the motion of bones relative to the three
cardinal (principal) planes of the body:

- Sagital
- Frontal
- Horizontal
Anatomic position
• All descriptions in the human body, all designed planes and axes
passed, the positions of organs and formations and their relationship to
each other, the indication of the movement of the extremities or a part
of it, are defined in terms of a person standing in a normal anatomical
position.
Anatomic position

• Standing straight,
• head up,
• eyes look ahead,
• heels close,
• arms drooping on either side of the
torso
• palms facing position.
Axis transversalis
It is the axis that runs from right to left or
left to right, parallel to the ground and
perpendicular to the sagittal plane.
Axis verticalis-longitudinalis

It is the axis extending from top to

bottom, perpendicular to the ground
and the transverse plane.
Axis sagittalis
It is the axis that runs from front
to back, parallel to the ground
and perpendicular to the frontal
plane.
Kinesiology Terminology (cont.)

 Degrees of Freedom – the number of independent movements allowed at a joint;

up to three degrees of angular freedom in the sagittal, frontal and horizontal
planes.
 Clinically, the greater the degree of freedom (greater mobility) of a joint system,
the greater degree of instability of that joint system.
 Outside movement in the three cardinal planes; translation can occur. This
movement within a joint is considered “Accessory” motion occurring at a joint.

 Clinical note: This accessory motion is often assessed when determining the amount of
instability within a joint, and when determining the extent of ligamentous damage sustained by
a joint.
Osteokinematics
• Osteokinematics – A matter of perspective

• A bone must be held stationary when examining osteokinematics in a

joint.

• Distal (tibia) moving while proximal (femur) fixed (tibia motion on

femur)

• Distal fixed while proximal moving (femoral movement on tibia)

Kinematic Chain
• Kinematic Chain – a series of articulated segmented
links, i.e. pelvis, thigh, leg, and foot

• Open Kinematic Chain – a term used to describe a

kinematic chain in which the distal segment is not in
contact with the earth, or another relatively more stable
object

• Closed Kinematic Chain – a kinematic chain in which

the distal segment is in contact with an object that is
more stable than the body (i.e. ground)
Closed or Open Kinematic Chains?
Arthrokinematics
• Arthrokinematics – the motion that occurs between the articular
surfaces of a joint
• Arthrokinematics is largely dependent on the shape of the joint
structures (shape of the bones within a joint)

• Arthrokinematic Principles of Movement

• Convex surface on a concave – convex rolls and slides in the opposite
direction
• Concave surface on convex – concave member rolls and slides in simlar
directions
Arthrokinematics (cont.)

• There are three fundamental

movements that occur within a joint.
• Roll – multiple points along one
rotating articular surface contact
multiple points on another articular
surface

• Slide – a single point on one articular

surface contacts multiple points on
another articular surface

• Spin – a single point on one articular

surface rotates on a single point on Roll = circomdiction

another articular surface Slide translation

Spin= rotation
 Open kinematic chain of knee
extension Open similar

Internal rotation of tibia on femur

Anterior rotation on tibia

Close
opposit Anterior slide (translation ) of tibia
on femur

Close aakoanematic chain

Internal rotation during going out of tibia in extending

of squat

Anterior rotation of femur on tibia concave

Posterior slide on tibia

Closed Pack & Loose Pack Positions

• Closed Pack Position – the joint position of maximal congruency of its articular
surfaces
• Usually found near the end of a joints Range of Motion (ROM)
• In the closed pack position, the joint ligaments and capsules are usually pulled taut
• The joint complex is more stable in this position, with less accessory motion (translation)
occurring.

• Loose Pack Position – all positions other than the closed pack position of a joint
• Ligaments and joint capsules are more slack
• Greater accessory motion
Kinetics
• Kinetics – the branch of mechanics that describes the effect of forces
on the body

• Force – a push or a pull that can produce movement or modify

movement

• Muscles are the force producers within the human body.

Kinetic

• Newton's 2nd law: F=m x a (Force=mass x acceleration)

• F (Newton)
F=mxa
• When the acceleration of the mass is zero, its net force is zero.
Movement Analysis Result of the motion

• Kinematic measurement • Kinetic measurement

- position - Internal and external forces
- displacement
- speed
- acceleration
- time
Causes of the a motion

Not the forces

Kinematic measurement systems
• Electrogoniometer
• Accelerometer
• Imaging techniques
• Electromagnetic monitoring devices
Kinetic measurement systems
• Mechanical measuring systems
- Hand dynamometer,
- bathroom scaleTransducers
• Force plate (external force)
• Electromagnetic devices
• Isokinetic dynamometerEMG (internal force)
Musculoskeletal diseases
• Healthy tissues are generally able to partially resist changes in their
structure/shape.

• For example, the force that stretches a healthy ligament is countered

by the intrinsic tension produced within the stretched tissue.

• The weakened tissue due to disease, trauma, long-term disuse cannot

create this intrinsic moment.
Stress response of connective tissue
• Under slight strain, the tissue develops a small amount of tension.
• Y/X=stiffness

• Non-linear region: A non-linear strain under slight tension

• The nonlinear (non-linear) region reflects that the collagen fibers
in the tissue are initially wavy and coiled and must be taut before
significant tension can be measured. However, more stress
produces elongation in direct proportion.
Elastic Zone
• We use the elastic area during the day.
• Blue region: Elastic deformation energy
• Once the stress is gone, it will return to its original state.
• If the stress continues, the tissue passes into the plastic phase.
Plastic Zone
• Plastic deformation energy (light blue region)

• There is now microscopic deficiency in this region.

• The tissue is permanently deformed.

• Even if the stress is removed, the tissue does not return to its original
state.
Important
• Most healthy tendons fail when they exceed about 8% to
13% of their pre-tension length.
Creep Phenomenon
• Stres-gerilim eğrisi olan dokular viskoelastik olarak kabul edilir.

• Viskoelastik dokunun bir fenomeni sünmedir.

Zamani ke yek bant stres tension ra mipazirad (stiifness) be hamin tartib khasiat visxoelastiki ro bepazirad
 Frequent loading of the compression and

Frequency of loading?
• The stress-strain curve of a viscoelastic material is also sensitive to the
frequency of loading of the tissue.
• Generally, as the frequency of loading increases, the stress-strain
relationship under compression or tension within elastic limits
increases.
• Therefore, it protects the surrounding structures by increasing the
stiffness of the connective tissue.
• Example: Protecting the bone by increasing the stiffness of the
articular cartilage, which is under constant compression during
running.
Internal and external forces
• Internal forces are generated from internal body structures.
- muscles
• External forces are produced from external forces.
- Gravity, resistance, weight
Internal forces
• Active : Muscles

• Passive: All stretched periarticular tissues (Intramuscular connective

tissues, ligaments, joint capsules)
External forces
• Gravity
• free weight
• Luggage
• Resistance applied by the physiotherapist
Musculoskeletal torques
• Forces applied to the body can have two consequences:

1. The displacement as seen in Figure 1.16 (translation)

2. Rotation
Level arm
• This vertical distance between the axis of rotation of the joint and the
force is called the moment arm or lever arm.
• Internal torque = internal force x internal moment arm
• External torque = external force x external moment arm

• STATIC ROTATIONAL BALANCE if INTERNAL TORQUE=EXTERNAL

TORQUE
Manuel muscle testing
• It is aimed for the individual to generate force against the applied
external moment.

• The muscle strength of the individual is determined according to the

force that occurs.
Types of muscle activation
• Isometric

• Concentric

• Eccentric
Isometric contraction
• A contraction occurs when the length of the muscle is constant.

• Internal torque = external torque

• No shortening of the muscle or rotation of the joint occurs.

Concentric contraction
• Muscle contraction shortens the length of the muscle.

• It means to come closer to the concentric center.

• The internal torque in the muscle exceeds the external torque.

Eccentric contraction
• As the muscle contracts, it lengthens.

• Eccentric contraction means moving away from the center.

• The external torque crosses the internal.

Going in to a squat causes an eccentric contraction

Terminology related to muscle movements
• Agonist: muscles and muscle groups most directly involved in the
initiation and execution of a movement (Tibialis anterior – Foot
dorsiflexion)

• Antagonist: Muscle groups that act in the opposite direction of the

agonist (Gastrosoleus is the antagonist of the tibialis anterior.)

• Synergists: muscles that cooperate in the realization of a movement

(Flexor carpi ulnaris & radialis, muscle force pairs/couples)
Level arms
• Internal and external forces in the body produce torque through the
bone lever system.

• Lever: A simple machine consisting of a rigid arm suspended from a

support point.

• The lever's job is to convert a linear force into a rotational torque.

Lever arm : linear force ——> torque
Class 1 level
• The rotation axis is between 2 mutual forces.

• Extensor muscles = Internal moment

• Internal moment arm

• Head weight = External moment

• External moment
Class 2 level
• A class 2 lever always has 2 properties.

1. The axis of rotation is located at the end of the bone.

2. Muscle (internal force) produces more leverage than external force.

• Gastrosoleus = Internal moment

• Internal moment arm

• Body weight = External moment

• External moment
Class 3 lever
• The axis of rotation is located at the end of the bone.

• Handheld weights always have greater leverage than muscular

strength. (This is the most common type of leverage.)
Mechanical advantage

Internal moment arm

Mechanical advantage
External moment arm

Most muscles have to generate more force than the external load.

Work = force x time

Newton's Laws
• Newton determined the basic
laws and mechanical principles
that are the building blocks for
understanding human
movements.

• Inertia
• Acceleration
• Action-reaction
Inertia
• While the body is at rest or has a constant linear velocity, it remains in
its state unless an external force acts on it.

• This means that torque force is required to start, stop, slow down,
accelerate and change direction of a linear motion.

• The body is in static equilibrium when the linear & rotational velocity
is zero.
Acceleration
• F=m.a
Action-reaction
• For every action, an equal and opposite reaction occurs.