Lesson1 07092022

DCS 1303
DATABASE DESIGN
AND DEVELOPMENT
DCS 1303 Database Design and Development
 3 credit hours
 2022 September semester
 Teo Choon Yeh
Assessment & Weighting %
Assessment Weighting
Quiz 5%
Assignment 15%
Projects 20%
Mid-Term Exam 10%
Final Examination 50%
TOTAL 100%
Learning Outcomes:
 Explain relational databases and data management systems

 Create documents for database given design specifications
 Manipulate query tools
Course outline:
1. DATABASES AND DATA MANAGEMENT
2. DATABASE DESIGN TECHNIQUES
3. DESIGN, CREATE AND DOCUMENT DATABASES
4. DATA MODELS AND DATABASE TECHNOLOGIES
5. DESIGN AND IMPLEMENT RELATIONAL DATABASE SYSTEMS
6. USE MANIPULATION AND QUERYING TOOLS
7. TEST AND DOCUMENT RELATIONAL DATABASE SYSTEMS
Fundamentals
Fundamentals
What is data?
What is data?
 Data is a collection of a distinct small unit of information.
 It can be used in a variety of forms like text, numbers, media,
bytes, etc. it can be stored in pieces of paper or electronic
memory, etc.
 This “data” is used in a variety of forms of text, numbers, media
and many more. Example: Name, age, weight, height, etc.
 A database is an organized collection of data, so that it can be
easily accessed and managed.
What is data?
What is data?
Brainstorming Session
What kind of data
can you find in a college?
What is data?
Data
vs.
Information
Fundamentals
What is database?
What is database?
 A database is an organized collection of structured
information, or data, typically stored electronically in a
computer system and can be accessed, updated, and
managed.
 Databases are used for storing, maintaining and accessing any
sort of data.
 Database helps people keep track of things.
What is database?
 Database are organized by fields, records and files.

A field is a single piece of information;
A record is on complete set of fields;
A file is a collection of records.
What is database?
 For example:
Field : name, phone number, home, address
Record : Teo, 012-1234567, 07-1234567, Taman Desa
File : Phone contact list
What is database?
 For example:
Field
Record
File
Database architectures
What is Database Architecture?

Database Architecture helps to design, develop, implement,
and maintain the database management system.
It is a representation of DBMS design.
The architecture of a DBMS can be seen as either single tier
or multi-tier.
1-Tier Architecture
 A “tier” can also be referred to as a “layer”.

 Presentation Layer
 Application Layer
 Data Layer
Database architectures - Presentation Layer

 It is also known as the Client layer.
 The top most layer of an application.
 We see this layer when we use the software.
 The main function of this layer is to communicate with the
Application layer.
 This layer passes the information which is given by the user in terms
of keyboard actions, mouse clicks to the Application Layer.
Database architectures - Presentation Layer
Example: The login page of Gmail where an end-user could see text boxes and
buttons to enter user id, password, and to click on sign-in.
Database architectures - Application Layer

 It is also known as Business Logic Layer which is also known as the
logical layer.
 Example : Gmail login page, once the user clicks on the login
button, the Application layer interacts with the Database layer and
sends required information to the Presentation layer.
 This layer acts as a mediator between the Presentation and the
Database layer.
Database architectures - Data Layer

 The data is stored in this layer.
 The application layer communicates with the Database layer to
retrieve the data.
 It contains methods that connect the database and performs
required action such as insert, update and delete.
Database architectures - 1-Tier Architecture
 1 Tier Architecture is the simplest architecture of Database.
 One Tier application also known as Standalone application.
 The client, server and the Database all present on the same
machine.
 In this architecture, the database is directly available to the user. It means
the user can directly sit on the DBMS and uses it.
 The data is stored in the local system or a shared drive.
 The 1-Tier architecture is used for development of the local application,
where programmers can directly communicate with the database for the
quick response.
 Example 1-Tier Architecture :

 MP3 player
 MS Office
 The two-tier architecture is similar to a basic client-

server model.
 In the two-tier architecture, applications on the client
end can directly communicate with the database at the
server side.
 Database architecture where the presentation layer runs
on a client and data is stored on a server called the
second tier.
 The Two-tier architecture is divided into two parts:

1. Client Application (Client Tier)
2. Database (Data Tier)
 The client system handles both Presentation and
Application layers and the Server system handles the
Database layer.
 The communication takes place between the Client and
the Server.

 A Contact Management System created
using MS- Access.
 Games
 Three Tier application also known as Web Based application.

 In this type, there is another layer between the client and the
server. The client does not directly communicate with the
server.
 The application on the client-end interacts with an application
server which further communicates with the database system.
 Three Tier architecture contains a presentation layer, an
application layer, and a database server.
 The Three-tier architecture is divided into three parts:

1. Presentation layer (Client Tier)
2. Application layer (Business Tier)
3. Database layer (Data Tier)
 The client system handles the Presentation layer
 The Application server handles the Application layer
 The Server system handles the Database layer.

 Any large website on the internet.
Files and record structures

 A file is a collection of records.
 A record is a collection of fields (unique to one
individual or item.)
 A field is a category description.
Physical and logical views of data

 Physical view refers to the way data are physically
stored and processed in a database.
 Logical view is designed to suit the need of different
users by representing data in a meaningful format.
Physical and logical views of data

Advantages of using databases

 Data Abstraction
 Controlling data redundancy
 Minimized data inconsistency
 Data manipulation easily
 Data can be shared

 Data security
 Support multi-users views
 Concurrent access
 Restriction of unauthorized access

 Data Abstraction - Data Abstraction is a process of hiding
unwanted or irrelevant details from the end user.
 Controlling data redundancy – Control the practice of the

duplicate data exists in multiple places in the database.

 Minimized data inconsistency – Reduce the duplicate data
exists in different formats in multiple tables.
 Data manipulation easily – The modification of

information to make it easier to read or more structured.

 Data can be shared – Making the same data resource
accessible to numerous users or applications.
 Data security – Protect digital information from

unauthorized access, corruption, or theft throughout its entire
lifecycle.

 Support multi-users views – Different perspective or view
of the database, contains sets of different features extracted
from the same raw data.
 Concurrent access – Allow more than one user to use a

computer system at the same time.

 Restriction of unauthorized access – Block a person to
gain entry to a computer network, system, application
software, data, or other resources without permission.

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DCS 1303

Assessment & Weighting %

 Explain relational databases and data management systems

 Database are organized by fields, records and files.

What is Database Architecture?

 A “tier” can also be referred to as a “layer”.

Database architectures - Presentation Layer

Database architectures - Application Layer

Database architectures - Data Layer

 Example 1-Tier Architecture :

 The two-tier architecture is similar to a basic client-

 The Two-tier architecture is divided into two parts:

 Example 2-Tier Architecture :

 Three Tier application also known as Web Based application.

 The Three-tier architecture is divided into three parts:

 Example 3-Tier Architecture :

Files and record structures

Physical and logical views of data

Physical and logical views of data

Advantages of using databases

Advantages of using databases

Advantages of using databases

 Controlling data redundancy – Control the practice of the

Advantages of using databases

 Data manipulation easily – The modification of

Advantages of using databases

 Data security – Protect digital information from

Advantages of using databases

 Concurrent access – Allow more than one user to use a

Advantages of using databases

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