Q1. Describe the structure of proteins.

(5)

Proteins are polymers of amino acidsJoined together by peptide bonds. Formed by

condensation.Primary structure is order of amino acids Secondary structure is folding of
polypeptide chain due to hydrogen bonding Tertiary structure is 3-D folding due to hydrogen
bonding and ionic, disulfide bonds.Quaternary structure is two or more polypeptide chains

Q2.    In humans, the enzyme maltase breaks down maltose to glucose.

This takes place at normal body temperature.

Explain why maltase:

•        only breaks down maltose
•        allows this reaction to take place at normal body temperature.
(5)

Tertiary structure 3D shape of enzyme is why Active site complementary to maltose,

the substrate maltose fits into active site. Induced fit shows that
enzyme maltase moulds itself around maltose.Maltase Enzyme is a
catalyst that lowers activation energy by forming many enzyme-
substrate complexes between enzyme and substrate.

Q3    Scientists have investigated the effects of competitive and non-competitive

inhibitors of the enzyme maltase.

Describe competitive and non-competitive inhibition of an enzyme.

(5)

Many Inhibitors reduce binding of enzyme to substrate and prevent formation of ES

complexes.

Competitive inhibition states that the  Inhibitor has a similar shape idea to
substrate and Binds in to active site of enzyme.However, this can be overcome
by more substrateNon-competitive inhibition involves  Inhibitor binding to site on
enzyme other than active site alloisteric site.This changes the shape of active
siteSo active site and substrate no longer complementary so less substrate can
fit and bind.Cannot be overcome by adding more substrate

Q4    Explain how the structure of DNA is related to its functions.

.  Physically strong Sugar-phosphate backbone which is double stranded helix
therefore provides strength and protects hydrogen bonds.DNA is a
large molecule so can store lots of information. DNA is helical and
coiled so compact.DNA is Double stranded so replication can occur
semi-conservatively complementary base pairing A-T and G-C so
accurate replication .Weak hydrogen bonds for replication,
collectively provide high stability.
6

(6)

Q1 Explain how oxygen is loaded, transported and unloaded in the blood. (6)

Oxygen combines with haemoglobin to produce oxyhaemoglobin. In red blood cells.  Loading and
association takes place in the lungs at at high p.O 2   dissociates and releases o2 into to
respiring cells and tissues at low p.O  presence of carbon dioxide displaces curve further to
right allows more O2 to be unloaded . Unloading linked to higher carbon dioxide
(concentration) low pO2 and increase CO2 in vicinity of respiring tissue.

Q2.          Describe the role of the enzymes of the digestive system in the complete
breakdown of starch.

Amylase enzyme hydrolyses the glycosidic bonds in starch to maltose

And the glycosidic bonds in maltose is hydrolysed by maltase to glucose.

(5)

Q3      Describe the processes involved in the absorption of the products of starch
digestion.

Sodium ions removed from epithelial cell by active transport via sodium-
potassium pump, using energy from hydrolysis of ATP

, transported into the blood.Maintaining lower concentration of sodium ions in

epithelial cell than the lumen maintaining sodium concentration gradient between
lumen
and epithelial cell. Na+ ions enter the epithelial cell down their concentration gradient
Glucose moves in with sodium into epithelial cell against its concentration gradient,
Via co-transport proteins. Finally, Glucose moves into blood by facilitated diffusion.
Q4   Describe the difference in the composition of gases in inhaled and exhaled air.
Explain how these differences are caused.

  inhaled air contains more oxygen than exhaled air. inhaled air contains less carbon
dioxide than exhaled air. inhaled air contains less water as a gas. respiration results in
lower blood oxygen higher blood carbon dioxide.oxygen enters blood carbon dioxide
leaves blood in alveoli by diffusion

. (6)

Q5     Kwashiorkor is a disease caused by a lack of protein in the blood. This leads to

a swollen abdomen due to a build up of tissue fluid.

Explain why a lack of protein in the blood causes a build up of tissue fluid.
Water potential in capillary and water
        potential gradient is reduced Less water removed into capillary. By osmosis into
capillary

(3)

Q1.     Describe the roles of calcium ions and ATP in the contraction of a myofibril.
(5)

Calcium ions diffuse into myofibrils from sarcoplasmic reticulum

Calcium ions cause movement of tropomyosin on actin
This movement causes exposure of the binding sites on the actin
Myosin heads attach to binding sites on actin, forming an actinomyosin cross bridge
Loss of ADP on myosin heads causes myosin heads to bend. Bending pulling actin
molecules, allows sliding of the actin and myosin filaments. Attachment of a new ATP
molecule to each myosin head causes myosin heads to detach from actin sites.
hydrolysis of ATP releases energy.which changes the configuration cocking of the myosin
head.

Q2.     Explain how the heart muscle and the heart valves maintain a one-way
flow of blood from the left atrium to the aorta.
(5)

    Atrium has higher pressure than ventricle due to filling contraction causing
atrioventricular valves to open. Ventricle has higher pressure than
atrium due to filling contraction causing atrioventricular valves to
close. Ventricle has higher pressure than aorta causing semilunar
valve to open. Higher pressure in aorta than ventricle as heart
 relaxes causing semilunar valve to close ventricle contraction causes
increase in pressure

Q3.         The cardiac cycle is controlled by the sinoatrial node (SAN) and the
atrioventricular node (AVN).

Describe how.
(Total 5 marks)

.          SAN initiates heartbeat acts as a pacemaker.SAN sends wave of electrical
activity impulses across atria causing atrial contraction. AVN delays
electrical activity impulses. Allowing atria to empty before ventricles
contract ventricles to fill before they contract AVN sends wave of electrical
activity down Bundle of hiss Purkyne fibres. Causing ventricles to contract
from base up ventricular systole.