CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

A jet boat is a boat propelled by a jet of water ejected from the back of
the craft. Unlike a powerboat or motorboat that uses an external propeller in the
water below or behind the boat, a jetboat draws the water from under the boat
through an intake and into a pump-jet inside the boat, before expelling it through
a nozzle at the stern.

The modern jetboat was developed by New Zealand engineer Sir

William Hamilton in the mid-1950s. His goal was a boat to run up the fast-flowing
rivers of New Zealand that were too shallow for propellers.

The proposed waterjet boat is a novel type of boat that can move in
shallow and raging waters; therefore, it can be used where high speed movements
are needed, such as relief application. Ever made boats are not able to move in
shallow water because of the immersion of their impeller and body in water. This
type of boat has the ability of getting the perfect surface movement, so it can reach
to high speeds and move in shallow waters. Reduction of water drag force is another
advantage of surface movement of the boat that makes boat reach to high speeds and
increases its maneuvering ability.

Water jet propulsion is an advanced propulsion technology that has been

rapidly developing and progressing since the 1980s. Compared with traditional
propulsion, water jet propulsion is more efficient, stealthier, and exhibits a better
anti-cavitation performance in high-speed conditions.

1
 The startup acceleration characteristics of water jet propulsion ships are
directly related to their comprehensive performance under mooring conditions.
Thus, it is meaningful to numerically predict water jet propulsion performance and
analyze the changes in the flow field characteristics under mooring conditions.

By developing accurate water jet propulsion models under non-design

conditions, methods for predicting the performance of water jet propulsion could be
enriched and designs for enhancing the performance of water jet propulsion ships
could be developed.

2
 The continuous development of new propulsion systems has resulted
in both new challenges and new capabilities for navies and defence analysts. Use of
high speed vessels for hostile activities necessitates the development of new types
of vessels to counter the offensive. Consequently, the need for fast response craft
will play an important role in future navy and coastguard fleets. They must be
capable of quick deployment, rapid acceleration and above all capable of achieving
top speeds of 40+ kts.

Until recently the conventional means of achieving such a vessel speed

is to use fixed pitch propellers driven by high speed engines but the suitability of
such is limited by the propeller efficiency at speeds above 30 kts coupled with
inflexibility for manoeuvring at loitering and patrolling speeds.

Increasingly, the deployment of waterjets in substitution of fixed pitch

propellers is happening more and more, because they offer higher top efficiencies,
improved control at manoeuvring speeds as well as improved loading on the engine
throughout its torque map. The available thrust at lower speeds is used to overcome
the thrust at the hump-speed, which is common for planning vessels.

However, the remainder of the available thrust can be utilised to

increase the acceleration and manoeuvring performance of the vessel. For optimum
operability of for example a patrol vessel, both the top speed design condition as
well as the performance at manoeuvring speed should be addressed. The
performance breakdown due to cavitation (denoted in figure 1 as cavitation limit) is
governed by the allowable power-density (P/D2) of a waterjet installation. As a
consequence, the minimum required pump diameter is settled for given installed
power, based on this criterion.

3
 The designed waterjet boat possesses five main parts: motor pump,
hull, control valves, water reservoirs, and fiber slices. Horizontal component of
waterjet force results in boot thrust and its vertical component results in upward and
surface movement of boat. In this article, the design and the analysis of applied
forces on a novel kind of waterjet boat have been investigated.

To calculate the thrust force and pump power; the equations of

continuity, momentum and energy conservation are used for the considered control
volume. Using Bernoulli's and static equilibrium equations; the relations between
reservoirs pressure, pump hydraulic head, boat velocity, mass flow rate, nozzles exit
velocity, and inlet and outlet areas are determined.

Consequently, pressure and mass flow rate of needed pump have been
introduced in terms of boat weight. A 3-D model of boat is generated in CATIA
software and appropriate type of pump and other accessories have been determined
using the obtained results.

4
 CHAPTER 2

HISTORY

Hamilton Jet Waterjet History

In the early 1950s, when Sir William Hamilton began experimenting

with marine jets, he followed the lead of the most successful invention to date, the
American Hanley Hydro jet. Using a round centrifugal water pump that drew in the
water and expelled it through a steer able nozzle under the boat, he was able to
achieve an encouraging but unspectacular speed of 11 mile per hour.

1954

A slight modification to expel the jet stream above the waterline proved the
turning point in marine jet propulsion, increasing speed to 17mph and eliminating
all underwater appendages. This first type of unit was named "Quinnat" and
consisted of a vertical shaft centrifugal unit, driven through a right angle gearbox.

QUINNAT

5
1956

The first batch of "Rainbow" jet units were produced. A small direct drive
centrifugal type of unit, the Rainbow gave a good performance in a suitable light
craft, without the noise of a gearbox. About 100 were manufactured and marketed
in New Zealand.

Rainbow Jet
1957
This year saw the birth of the "Chinook" unit. A twin impeller axial-flow
turbine, the Chinook was far more efficient with its straight-through flow and two-
stage pressure build up. Following this came the three-stage Chinook unit which
increased performance further.

6
 Chinook
1963

The "Colorado" series of jet units was a completely new, greatly simplified
design which halved the cost of the unit. This series was developed into a full range
of one, two and three stage units driving a wide range of boats from river-runabouts
to off-shorecing craft.

Colorado

7
1970

This year saw the introduction of the "Work Jets" - larger, heavy duty units
designed for diesel commercial vessels, large launches etc. The Work Jets were the
forerunners to today's Hamilton HM Series of larger waterjets.

Work Jet
1975
First 'commercial' waterjet, Model 1031, introduced. Large diameter, single
stage unit.

Model 1031

8
1990
HM Series waterjets, for craft up to 60 metres, is introduced.
1991
HS Series waterjets, for 50-65 knot craft, is introduced. These were multi-
stage waterjet units designed for high-speed light commercial craft with power
inputs up to 1,600kW.

HS Series
1993-98

New jet models introduced to fill holes in Hamilton's waterjet range - HJ241,
HJ321,HM461.
Existing models further developed with more efficient intake and screen designs, 0
and 5 degree intake block options, and improved anti-fouling/anti-corrosion
protection.

9
Largest Hamilton Jet model waterjets developed - HM651, HM721, HM811.

HM651
1994
Turbo impeller developed along with HJ212 model to replace the multi-stage
773 unit in trailerable boats. The Turbo impeller improves jet performance in aerated
water conditions.

1996

Control Monitoring Unit (CMU) developed as a fully electronic jet and

engine control system for larger waterjets.

10
2005

Introduction of the blue ARROW control system sees a new era in waterjet
control. More compact and reliable, and easier to install and maintain, than MECS,
blue ARROW brings electronic controls to smaller waterjet models HJ292,
HJ322,HJ364 and HJ403.

Blue Arrow

2006

Enter the Mouse Boat - the first installment of next generation waterjet control
devices from Hamilton Jet. Incredibly intuitive and simple to use, the Mouse Boat
ensure anyone can harness the full manoeuvring capabilities of waterjets.

Mouse Boat

11
 CHAPTER 3
RECENT TREND
1. Yamaha 275SD
The Yamaha 275SD is one of our most versatile jet boats. The boat
measures 27 feet in length and has wide beams that provide lots of space. It also
features many innovative features you would not expect from a day boat of this size.

Because of its width, it might not be suitable for daily trailering. This boat is perfect
for those who already live on the water.

Two 1.8 liter Yamaha SVHO supercharged 1.8 liter Yamaha SVHO engines power
the 275SD. They also incorporate Yamaha jet drives. This watercraft has one unique
feature: it has a flat sole that doesn't move from the cockpit to the fore.

Because it has a broad beam, each Yamaha engine can be placed at its opposite ends
in separate hatches. This allows for easy access to the walkway and plenty of social
space. It is great for entertaining.

The boat also features a spacious galley and the Yamaha Drive low speed control
system. This exclusive feature is only available on this model. It can be activated by
touching a button on the Connext touchscreen display. It's controlled by two paddles
located behind the steering wheel. They look a lot like those found in supercars.

Drive mode is a setting that allows you to move the twin engines forward and
backward. The paddle on the left side propels them in reverse. The one on the right
propels them forward. This is useful when docking.

Connext's touchscreen displays all controls for the Wet Sounds audio system. It
includes six speakers and a subwoofer. It displays all information and boat data,
including the mapping function controls.

12
You can also mount dinette tables on aluminum pedestals on the watercraft. These
can be positioned either forward or backwards against the platform wall. The 275SD
also has integrated drink holders, seat cushions that can be flipped forward, and bow
filler inserts. These allow for multiple seating configurations.

You will also find docking lights, courtesy deck lighting and docking lights. There
are also padded cushioned seats, backrests, wet storage at the stern, freshwater
shower, and swim-up seating. The 275SD is a great day-cruising jet boat.

Yamaha 275SD

2. Vortex 2430 VRX

The Vortex 2430VRX is a high-performance, performance-driven jet boat
that combines state of the art construction with next-generation innovation. The
Vortex 2430 VRX is engineered to provide the ultimate boating experience. It has a

13
twin Rotax jet power plant that provides fast acceleration and smooth riding on the
water.

The hull design provides agile handling that you won't find in other jet boats. The
large and spacious bow is a favorite feature. The exquisite tri-tone upholstery and
wraparound bolsters complement each other very well. The forward cushion can be
removed to expose a non-skid floor underneath. This makes it easier to re-board after
returning from the water.

For added comfort, the bow seating features flip-up armrests. It is also surrounded
by large, functionally oversized grab rails. There are also several stainless steel drink
holders.

A telescopic boarding ladder and an anchor are located under a fiberglass hatch. A
navigation light is cleverly hidden under the deck to reduce trip hazards. Dual
captain's chairs are also available on the boat.

You can choose from twin 200hp or twin 220hp VRX engines. This is currently the
best rating in the class. This boat is equipped with an Intelligent Neutral and Reverse
system (INR), which is a game-changer. Here's why.

Even in Neutral, jet boats always have water coming out of their rear outlets. They
might be able to move forward because of this. They never stop moving.

The INR system can be used to adjust the neutral position electronically or to
compensate by a constant stream of water in the other direction in order to keep the
boat in its place. This feature is unique to the Jet Boat.

14
 Vortex 2430 VRX

3. Yamaha SX190

The Yamaha SX190 is an ideal jet boat for beginners. This particular boat
is a great value at around $30,000 Yamaha's signature sport boat maneuverability is
achieved by the single 1.8L high output drive. This is in contrast to larger boats that
have dual engines.

These engines have enough power to enable wakeboarding. This is something that
you won't see often with smaller boats. Yamaha's people knew exactly what they
were doing.

This boat's bow seating features two loungers, and an underneath pad that is an
anchor locker with brackets. These anchors can be held in place by the Danforth
anchor.

15
Because this boat is smaller, there is not enough space between the bow cushions for
passengers to be able to face each other and not fall over. They would need to be
seated in the lounging position.

These cushions provide ample storage space for all your gear so you don't have to
worry about it getting lost on your boating adventures.

The SX190 features a view through windshield and port console. There is also a
storage compartment beneath that extends to the bow. You can store a lot of skis and
other gear in this compartment. This compartment can also be accessed from the
bow area.

The helm is minimalistic. The digital Connext multifunctional gauge has a

touchscreen which allows you to switch between various parameters such as distance
to empty and time until empty. To add some shade, there is a small eyebrow above
it. The gauge can still be read in bright sunlight.

The stern features an integrated swim platform, marine-grade mat, a stainless-steel

telescopic reboarding ladder and luxuriously cushioned backrests. The SX190 is a
great entry-level boat for those who want to experience all of the features on the
water.

Yamaha SX190

16
4. Yamaha 210 FSH

Jet boats are not only for day cruising. Many models on the market offer a
fishing package. It shouldn't be the main reason you buy a jetboat. It's just that
you can use your jet boat for angling if you do get one.

Yamaha 210 FSH is a model of jet boat with a central console that's ideal for
fishing. The engine is powered by two high-output Yamaha TR-1 marine engines
with jet drives. Each engine produces 1,049cc and 115hp of power, which is plenty
of juice for a 21-foot boat.

The two engines are located inboard so there is plenty of space on the top of the hull
to accommodate rear-facing seats. It also allows you to tow skiers and tubers without
the need for a bridle.

This particular model, unlike other jet boats, has a central console. This allows you
to move around the deck more easily, especially if you are trying to catch a large
fish.

The 210 FSH has vertical rod racks, an integrated fish box, a 26-gallon bucket-
stowage, and a cooler. It's undoubtedly the best fishing boat on the market.

Yamaha 210 FSH

17
5. Scarab 285 ID

The Scarab 285 ID is the next frontier for family jet boats. It is the most
innovative and luxurious recreational jet boat currently in production. It's powered
by two Rotax 300 jet drive engines with 600hp.

It has large bow seating and a wide port chair. There is also an enclosed head that
doubles as a changing area.

Standard features include many stainless steel drink holders and anchor storage
under the bow seats, an in floor ski-locker, infloor bow storage, a convertible side
table, as well as a walkthrough stern.

The 285 ID's attention to detail is amazing. The superior custom-contoured vinyl
upholstery is a great choice. It has an elevated edging to ensure maximum
comfort. You will also find more legroom thanks to the notched seat cushions. This
boat is perfect for family trips and weekends spent with your loved ones.

Scarab 285 ID

18
 CHAPTER 4

FUNCTION
A conventional screw propeller works within the body of water below a
boat hull, effectively "screwing" through the water to drive a vessel forward by
generating a difference in pressure between the forward and rear surfaces of the
propeller blades and by accelerating a mass of water rearward. By contrast, a
waterjet unit delivers a high-pressure "push" from the stern of a vessel by
accelerating a volume of water as it passes through a specialised pump mounted
above the waterline inside the boat hull. Both methods yield thrust due
to Newton's third law— every action has an equal and opposite reaction.

In a jet boat, the waterjet draws water from beneath the hull, where it
passes through a series of impellers and stators – known as stages – which increase
the velocity of the water flow. Most modern jets are single-stage, while older
waterjets may have as many as three stages. The tail section of the waterjet unit
extends out through the transom of the hull, above the waterline. This jet stream exits
the unit through a small nozzle at high velocity to push the boat forward. Steering is
accomplished by moving this nozzle to either side, or less commonly, by small gates
on either side that deflect the jet stream. Because the jetboat relies on the flow of
water through the nozzle for control, it is not possible to steer a conventional jetboat
without the engine running.

Unlike conventional propeller systems where the rotation of the propeller

is reversed to provide astern movement, a waterjet will continue to pump normally
while a deflector is lowered into the jet stream after it leaves the outlet nozzle. This
deflector redirects thrust forces forward to provide reverse thrust. Most highly
developed reverse deflectors redirect the jet stream down and to each side to prevent
recirculation of the water through the jet again, which may cause aeration problems,

19
or increase reverse thrust. Steering is still available with the reverse deflector
lowered so the vessel will have full maneuverability. With the deflector lowered
about halfway into the jet stream, forward and reverse thrust are equal so the boat
maintains a fixed position, but steering is still available to allow the vessel to turn
on the spot – something which is impossible with a conventional single propeller.

Unlike hydrofoils, which use underwater wings or struts to lift the vessel clear
of the water, standard jetboats use a conventional planing hull to ride across the
water surface, with only the rear portion of the hull displacing any water. With the
majority of the hull clear of the water, there is reduced drag, greatly enhancing speed
and maneuverability, so jetboats are normally operated at planing speed. At slower
speeds with less water pumping through the jet unit, the jetboat will lose some
steering control and maneuverability and will quickly slow down as the hull comes
off its planing state and hull resistance is increased.

However, loss of steering control at low speeds can be overcome by lowering

the reverse deflector slightly and increasing throttle – so an operator may increase
thrust and thus control without increasing boat speed itself. A conventional river-
going jetboat will have a shallow-angled (but not flat-bottomed) hull to improve its
high-speed cornering control and stability, while also allowing it to traverse very
shallow water. At speed, jetboats can be safely operated in less than 7.5 cm
(3 inches) of water.

One of the most significant breakthroughs, in the development of the waterjet,

was to change the design so it expelled the jet stream above the water line, contrary
to many people's intuition. Hamilton discovered early on that this greatly improved
performance, compared to expelling below the waterline, while also providing a
"clean" hull bottom (i.e. nothing protruding below the hull line) to allow the boat to
skim through very shallow water. It makes no difference to the amount of thrust

20
generated whether the outlet is above or below the waterline, but having it above the
waterline reduces hull resistance and draught. Hamilton's first waterjet design had
the outlet below the hull and actually in front of the inlet. This probably meant that
disturbed water was entering the jet unit and reducing its performance, and the main
reason why the change to above the waterline made such a difference.

Queenstown, New Zealand, where jet boats are used extensively for adventure
tourism, claims to be the jet boat capital of the world, and jet boats are very common
for many coastal and riverine tourism activities in the country, such as the Excitor in
the Bay of Islands.

21
 CHAPTER 5

APPLICATON

Applications for jet boats include most activities where conventional

propellers are also used, but in particular passenger ferry services, coastguard and
police patrol, navy and military, adventure tourism, pilot boat
operations, surfrescue, farming, fishing, exploration, pleasure boating, and other
water activities where motor boats are used.

Jet boats can also be raced for sport, both on rivers (World Champion Jet Boat
Marathon held in Mexico, Canada, USA and New Zealand) and on specially
designed racecourses known as sprint tracks.

Recently there has been increasing use of jet boats in the form of rigid-hulled
inflatable boats and as luxury yacht tenders. Many jet boats are small enough to be
carried on a trailer and towed by car.

As jet boats have no external rotating parts they are safer for swimmers
and marine life, though they can be struck by the hull. The safety benefit itself can
sometimes be reason enough to use this type of propulsion.

In 1977, Sir Edmund Hillary led a jet boat expedition, titled "Ocean to Sky",
from the mouth of the Ganges River to its source. One of the jet boats was sunk by
a friend of Hillary.

22
 CHAPTER 6

ADVANTAGES

Security:

Jet boats are touted as being far safer than a prop-driven boat. The jet pump
is included. There is no rotation prop, without a bulky hardware to potentially strike
or injure a swimmer or skier. Truth be told boating is a very safe activity no matter
which type of power plant you have, but knowing that there is no propeller beneath
the waterline certainly does give people -- parents specifically -- an added feeling of
security.

Draft:

Boats with jet drives have always touted their exceptional draft edge. Unlike
a stern drive, a jet typical draft is only the depth of the hull itself. That allows them
to go in shallower waters with ease, and eliminates a lot of the worry of running
aground or undergoing drive-damage in lanky waters.

Acceleration:

Jet ships are also generally quick to plane with very little bowrise. That
provides them a superior visibility benefit, as the captain rarely loses sight of what
is ahead as the boat comes on airplane. On some propeller-driven ships, a motorist
can lose a level of forward vision for as much as three to four seconds.

Handling:

And there's a jet ship's unbeatable, sportscar-like handling experience.

Grown-up or not, jets have a ride which appeals to our inner teenager. Together with
the thrust capable to be redirected in a flash, jets are quick and nimble. Give the
wheel a fast jerk, punch the throttle, and your average jet will leave other ships in its

23
aftermath. Most jets also don't generally charge as severely, enhancing the driver's
feeling of control. It's difficult to express just how amazing jet boat handling can be,
but you are going to get a taste of this action if you see our video of the Scarab 165
Ghost, which we place into some seriously crazy turns.

Interior Space:

If you have a look at a few of the modern day jet boats, you'll find right away
that the amount of room within the cockpit is significantly larger than what you can
get in a stern drive. This is because of how the jet engines sit in the ship. They sit
lower and further back. They do not require a large sunpad over the surface and are
able to expand the cockpit area 12-18" longer than a similar sized brute force. As a
consequence, that you could potentially get a 24' stern drive at a 22' jet boat's inside
space.

Performance:

Jet boats have the capability that a stern drive could not dream of. Jet boats
unmatched turning capability and have acceleration that is quick. They can have
great top-speed based on their motor installation and horsepower rating.

Fuel Consumption:

The motors in modern day jet boats tend to operate at higher RPMs than their
stern drive counterparts. This can possibly make them efficient. We're reluctant to
label all jet boats. Many things go than just numbers into fuel market. One producer
told us in their 24' jet boat the difference was marginal, around 6-8 use. And that is
comparing a single drive jet ship that is 500hp, to a twin engine. So check with the
maker of the ship you're buying to get more info.

24
Watersports:

That is related to the safety advantage. The fact that a jet boat does not have a prop
sticking out behind the boat opens up the possibility of "wake surfing" .Wake surfing
is a fairly new trend in the watersport world, and it's currently taking over as the
most popular watersports activity over skiing and wakeboarding. This entails
utilizing the wake behind the boat to push without using a rope, a surfboard you are
standing on. It is ordinarily done quite near the back of the ship, which is why it is
not safe if the ship has outdrive & a prop. Wake surfing can only be done safely
behind a jet boat or using the Volvo FFD.

Noise:

This goes hand-in-hand with all the fuel consumption topic and for the identical
reason RPMs. There is not much debate that these motors are going to be nosier than
their brute force counterparts. That does not mean it is noisier for the ship
passengers. Before it can escape the engine compartment, the key is to prevent that
sound. Chaparral for example, has done some things that were substantial to reduce
noise in their jet boats and it's worked wonderfully. It is to the point that you can't
tell much difference. The distinction is in the type of sound. Motors in jet boats have
a tendency to be a pitched sound where drives are a noise. Again, don't let this one
slow down you if you're taking a look at jet ships.

25
 CHAPTER 7

DISADVANTAGES

Shifting into Reverse and Neutral:

Jets can't reverse the direction of their impeller. Reverse is accomplished by

dropping a bucket over the stream of water exiting the pump nozzle. These buckets
basically divert that flowing water, therefore it shoots forward rather than aft.
Likewise, a jet has no authentic unbiased and is always in equipment, since it's
consistently pumping water through the nozzle. The bucket may be positioned to
partially divert the atmosphere, mimicking the true neutral appreciated by other
power techniques, but often people believe they have stopped applying power yet
the boat continues to creep 1 way or another. Finding that happy medium, where the
ship doesn't move one way or another, can be hard.

Low-speed handling:

Jets also tend to suffer in low-speed maneuvering around the dock. That jet
push is an advantage occasionally, but using a prop, skeg, or rudder in the water is
frequently missed in this respect. Driving in a straight line can be difficult, with the
boat drifting off to one side or the other, especially when it's windy. Inexperienced
drivers often get fooled into over-steering as they proceed through slow pace zones
or approach the pier. The difference is not huge, but it will mean that the driver may
need to create more regular course-corrections.

Performance:

Jet boats are slightly less effective than prop-driven electricity systems. This
is because of the engine's power could be tapped with the jet drive. In fact, if you
take a look at jet outboards side-by-side using propeller-driven outboards, then you

26
are going to notice a drop in horsepower evaluation for those with jet drives. The
Honda 65 Jet, as an example, is basically a Honda BF90 powerhead with a jet drive
lower unit.

Volume Degree

In no small part because they often rev much higher than propeller-driven
boats, jet boats commonly are somewhat louder. Boat makers have mitigated this
problem somewhat in newer models, and also have been taking pains to reduce noise
levels. But jet boats still remain louder and often high in pitch.

Costs of Maintaining a Jet Boat

Jet boats are usually expensive to buy and can also be somewhat expensive to
maintain. Jet boat engines aren't like "regular" combustion engines, which means
that they need specialists to take care of them. You can keep the cost of maintenance
down if you keep your jet boat, however, the overall tune-up prices will add up also.

Changing and reverse Speeds

Jet engine ships can run at both high and low speeds, but if they run at a low
rate for some time, it can take it some time to kick it in to high gear. When it's running
in a high speed for a long time period, it can take a minute for it to have the ability
to run at a slower speed.

Inadequate Fuel Consumption

Jet boat motors operate at higher RPMs. This makes them less fuel-efficient.
However, don't get it wrong, every engine and each boat is somewhat different, so
that they aren't all horrible with fuel consumption, but they have a tendency of being
among the least fuel-efficient types of water vessels.

27
Jet Skis and Jet Boats Can Suck Up Foreign Objects in Shallow Water

When in water that is shallow, jet skis have a habit of sucking objects like
rocks, sand, algae, seaweed, and other types of foreign objects. This can damage the
impeller and can cause several kinds of damage, depending upon the object(s).

The fix would be to close your engine off until you get to the beach let the
momentum and the current put you to shallow water. When you are taking off, have
a partner push you off. The water needs to (hopefully) wash off the sand before you
begin your engine.

In case you're going to use it in 21, another fix would be to use an outboard motor
with a jet boat. This should make cleanup easier since it's easy to flush an outboard
motor.

Bilge Pump, Battery Capacity, and Less Torque

As it pertains jet skis, the bilge pump and capacity (as well as the battery
capacity) aren't great. Ships and jet skis are built to go quickly that requires a toll on
both these systems.

Many jet boats are famous for having torque that can make it tough to turn. This
makes it hard to accelerate when it's already at a high RPM degree.

28