Ict Jhs 1-3 Notes

Information and Communications Technology Page 1
UNIT 1 INTRODUCTION TO ICT

INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATIONS TECHNOLOGY (ICT)
Definition
ICTs are information handling tools, that is, they are varied set of goods, applications and
services that are used to produce, store, process, distribute and exchange information. They
include ‘old’ ICTs of radio, television and telephone, and the ‘new’ ICT of computers, satellite
and wireless technology and the Internet with their attendant tools.
The ICTs include hardware, processes and systems that are used for storing, managing,
communicating and sharing information.
INFORMATION
Information means knowledge or fact about someone or something.
Source of Information
Information can be obtained from:
• People • Announcement
• News • Bulletins
• Letters • Music
• Films • News paper
• Teaching • Books
Tool for Sending and Receiving Information and Their Uses

1. Radio – for listening to news, announcement, debates, music etc
2. Television (TV) – for watching and listening to news, announcements and events
such as football, independent day celebration etc
- For watching films and drama
3. Calculator – It gives information on calculation
4. Telephone (including mobile phones)- for sending receiving massages.
Some mobile phone for watching/listen to films/music
5. Camera – for taking photograph
6. Microphone – For talking to large audience
7. Talking drum – For sending messages
8. Computer – for processing information / sending and receiving messages
COMMUNICATION
Communication is the process giving or exchange information and ideas.
Tools for Communication and Their Uses
• Telephone for conversation
• Radio for listening to news and announcements
• Television for watching and listen to news and announcement
• Talking drum for announcement
• Gongon (Dawuro) for announcement
• Computer – for processing information / sending and receiving messages
TECHNOLOGY
Technology is the practical application of science to commerce or industry. It is also a
subject/discipline dealing with the art or science of applying scientific knowledge to practical
problems. The technological tools are telephone, radio, television, computer etc that have
similar functions as already discussed above.
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UNIT 2 INFORMATION PROCESSING

What is a Computer?
Today, it is fashionable to have a Computer. Governments, NGO’s, Businesses and
Members of the public all want computers. It is widely accepted that a computer is a very
useful tool and they really can help us to carry out our jobs faster and more effectively.
Computers are electronic devices that can follows instructions to accept input, process data
input, and produce information.
Computer can also be defined as an electronic device that processes raw data to produce
refined data or information.
WHAT DOES COMPUTER DO?

FUNCTIONS: Computer accepts Input. Processes It and Stores It / Output It.
INFORMATION PROCESSING
Information processing is the use of computers to process raw data into useful and
meaningful information.
Data
Data is made up of letters, numbers and symbols, which can be organized to become a
piece of information. Data consist of letters, numbers, symbols, shapes, colours, sound, or
whatever raw material that needs processing.
It also consist of the raw facts and figures that are processed into information, for example,
the votes of political parties being elected to the Republic of Ghana. Processed data is
therefore called information.
Information
This is the data that has been summarized for use in decision making,
for example, the total votes for each candidate, which are used to decide who won the
general election.
The Information Processing Cycle

The four process perform in the information process is called information process cycle.
These include Input, Process, Output and Storage. These four stages are represented by
I-P-O-S. Regardless of the type and size, all computers follow the same four basic
operations: Input, processing, output and storage.
Input Operation: This is putting data into the computer. In some cycles, it is referred to as
data or raw data waiting processing. Input can be any kind of data. When you type anything
on the keyboard (words or numbers), they are considered input data.
Processing Operation: This is the manipulation the computer does to transform data into
information. The processing is done by the central processing unit (CPU). CPU is a device
consisting of electronic circuitry that executes instructions to process data. When the
computer changes your normal text to bold style it is processing.
Output Operation: This is the results obtained from the computer system after it has
processed the data inputted. Output is called information. Examples of outputs are numbers
or pictures displayed on a screen (softcopy), words printed out on paper (hardcopy), or
music from speakers.
Storage Operation: This means computer electronically stores data on an external device
for future use. There are two types of storage and these are temporary storage (primary or
main storage) and permanent storage (secondary storage).
Primary storage or memory temporarily holds data while it is being processed.

Secondary storage is the area in the computer where data or information is held
permanently. These materials are referred to as storage media. The principal storage media
for microcomputers are diskette (floppy disk), hard disk, magnetic tape and CD-ROM (optical
disk).
CHARACTERISTICS OF A COMPUTER
Computers are not the only devices for data processing. It is therefore important to bring out
the features that differentiate them from other data processing devices.
1. A Computer has storage facilities (memory and hard disk)
2. A Computer has a very high speed of operation
3. A Computer requires special environment.
4. A Computer is digital machine.
5. A Computer can serve many people at the same time.
6. A computer works accurately
7. A computer is reliable.
8. It is an automatic machine.
DISADVANTAGES OF COMPUTERS
1. Computer breakdown: when a computer system breaks down or when there is
power failure, the computer cannot be used and that highly hinders the work of an
organization.
3. Computer fraud: It refers to the illegal use of the computer system or the
manipulation of computer programs for personal gains.
4. Invisible processing: Data being operated or processed by the computer is invisible
by the human who is using the system or machine. Therefore, he or she cannot
appreciate the work of the computer.
5. Initial cost: The initial cost of a large installation is very high. Therefore, it may scare
many people and organizations from computerizing their operations.
6. Dislocation of employees: Since computers can combine the work of several
employees into software, such employees may be redundant.
CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTERS
Computers are classified into different types in three main ways as follows:
COMPUTER
PURPOSE CAPACITY/SIZE TYPE
SPECIAL COMPUTERS MICRO COMPUTERS ANALOG COMPUTERS
GENERAL COMPUTERS MINI COMPUTERS

DIGITAL COMPUTERS
MAINFRAME COMPUTERS
HYBRID COMPUTERS
SUPER COMPUTERS
CLASSIFICATION BY TYPE/NATURE
Basically there are three types of computers under this classification, and these are, Analog,
Digital and Hybrid. This classification is done using the manner in which data are computed.
Analog computers
Analog computers calculate by measuring the continuous variation in some physical quantity
such as pressure, temperature and speed. Speedometer, thermometer, and voltmeters are
example of analog computers.
Digital computers
Digital computers are basically counting devices. The digital computer solves problems by
counting precisely, adding, subtracting, multiplying, dividing and comparing. It is the most
common computer used in data processing environments.
Hybrid computers
Hybrid computers combine analog and digital capabilities in the same computer system.
These types of computer are usually used in the industries.
CLASSIFICATION BY PURPOSE
Depending on the flexibility of operations or ease of adaptability, computers are divided into
special or general purpose.
Special Purpose Computers or Dedicated Computers

These are often designed to perform a task or restricted number of tasks. That is to say that
the computer may have been designed to solve a problem or do a job or so. In this case a
set of instructions that the computer follows to solve a problems may be built into the
hardware. Many of these computers are used in the following areas:
• For military operations
• Many home appliances such as refrigerators, TVs, heaters and microwave ovens
contain small computers to control the appliance.
• Regulating city traffic control operations
• Directing operations of spacecraft, airplanes, tankers, ship submarines.
• Managing manufacturing machinery.
• Operating hospital procedures such as CT Scanners.
General–Purpose Computers
These are designed to solve a wide range of problems. This makes it possible to use such a
computer for task such as banking, accounting, and scientific analysis. For instance, a
desktop computer can be used to play games, write letters, draw pictures, or solve
mathematical problems.
CLASSIFICATION BY CAPACITY
Capacity is expressed in terms of the volume of work that the computer can handle, the
speed of processing it and functional units of the CPU. Price and size are also considered.
However rapid changes in technology make firm definitions of these categories very difficult.
Computers under capacity are classified in five ways as:
1. Microcomputers/Personal Computers (PCs)/ Micros
2. Servers
3. Minicomputers/ Mini-frames
4. Mainframe/Maxi computers and
5. Supercomputers
Microcomputers (Small Computers)

It is the smallest and cheapest systems. The part of a microcomputer that does the actual
computing is the tiny silicon chip, the symbol of ‘H-Tech’. The economy and small size of the
microcomputer have made it possible for the spread of individual owned and operated
personal computers.
Types of microcomputer include handheld, palmtop, notebook, sub notebook, Laptop, Pen
inputs (e.g. Personal Digital Assistants, PDA), Desktops, Towers, and Workstations. Apart
from the last three, the rest are considered to be portable computers
PDAs Desktop Laptop

A range of personal computers
1. Personal Digital Assistants (PDAs) or Packet PCs: These are also known as
handheld computers or Palmtops. They are used as notepads, scheduling systems,
and address books. Hand-held game devices are also examples of small computers.
2. Sub notebooks are smaller versions of notebooks, Weigh less than four pounds and
may or may not have a disk drive but have special purpose memory cards for
storage.
3. Laptops: These are small portable microcomputers also known as Notebook

computers. They are lightweight portable computers with build in monitor, keyboard,
and hard disk drive and has AC adapter. They can be operated on their own power
supply unit (battery Unit). Their advantage is that they can be used anywhere
4. Desktops: sit on top or alongside a desk yet are too big and heavy to carry around.
They have separate display screens.
5. Towers are personal computers in an upright case. They are the most powerful and
can be full-size, which have more room for expanding the system and adding more
optional equipment or mini-tower case, half the size of full-size, with less expansion
room than desktop but takes up less room.
6. Workstations are expensive high-end personal computers that have powerful

calculating and graphics capabilities. Frequently used by engineers. A personal
computer or terminal connected to a network can also be called a workstation.
7. Server computers are designed to support a computer network that allows users to
share files, applications software, and hardware such as printers. Server actually
describes how a computer is used if it can support a network. Of late, however
servers have been specifically designed for network use.
Minicomputers (Medium Computer)
Minicomputers make up the middle class of computer size and power.. They are mostly
special–purpose Computers. They also require a high–speed line printer and can support
about 20 terminals.
Minicomputer systems are usually larger and more powerful than microcomputer systems. It
is smaller and less powerful than mainframes. However, this is not always the case. There
are some micros that are more powerful than the smallest minis and large minis that are
more powerful than smaller mainframes.
Mainframes (large Computers)
The mainframe computer is used principally by large organizations such as Universities,
large businesses, airlines, hospitals, government agencies and manufacturing companies
and by computer service organizations such as service bureaus. These are large, powerful
and expensive general-purpose computers with a range of powerful input/output, processing
and storage facilities. They support 100 or more terminals and need a very high–speed
printer.
Supercomputers
The largest and most powerful of the mainframes, used primarily by government and by
scientists are called supercomputers. They are used when organizations require
extraordinary amounts of computing power like the weather services, airline reservations. In
these organizations, vast amount of information must be processed in short time to provide
fast response to users. It can process great quantities of data extremely quickly and can do
in several hours, the work that normally takes weeks on conventional large mainframes.
COMPUTER BRANDS/MODELS/SPECIFICATION
• BRAND: MACINTOSH, DELL, IBM, COMPAQ, TOSHIBA, HP,
• SPECIFICATION: P1,P2,P3,PENTIUM M, PENTIUM D. (PENTIUM BY INTEL
MANUFACTURING COMP. CALLED THEIR PRODUCTS PENTIUMS) AMD
CELERON CYRIX .
Importance of computer literacy in education

1. Computers are for writing papers
2. They are use for searching for information from the internet.
3. Computer skills are taught in schools as a subject
4. They are useful part of the education system in terms of teaching and learning (it has
created a revolution in education).
5. It enhances communication.
Why are computer so powerful?

Computers are powerful because of the following reasons:
• Speed: Data processing using the computer is not only easy but fast too. Imagine
arranging manually a total population of one thousand students in an alphabetical
order. This same operation can be dome within few seconds on the computer.
• Reliability: Computers are not like human beings who may decide to tell the truth or
lies. What matters is to input the right data and give the appropriate instruction is.
E.g. If you enter 2 * 2 the computer will definitely give “4” as the answer.
• Accuracy: A computer will give wrong results when wrong data is entered or wrong
instruction is given. It means that computers always give accurate results. Sometimes
the computer will even alert the user about mistakes concerning data.
• Storage: Computers store volumes of data and for a longer period until needed.
• Communication: Computers are used for communication. With a modem and a
telephone line one is able to access varied form of information on the internet and
communicate with others elsewhere through the email.
USES OF COMPUTERS
The main uses of computers are as follows
Uses of computers in medicine and 6. For editing and production of music
health sectors and videos.
1. For diagnosing diseases Uses of computers in the home
2. For keeping health records 1. Used for word processing and
3. For handling money writing reports.
4. For issuing receipts 2. Used to play games.
5. For mixing accurate quantities of 3. Used for communication by e-mail.
substances to produce drugs. 4. Used to play music
6. For carrying out surgical operations 5. Used to watch films and television.
7. For medical research 6. Used to listen to radio.
Uses of computers in the office 7. Used to plan meals in the home.
1. For keeping records /storing 8. Used to keep personal records.
information. 9. Uses to access one’s account at
2. For generating reports. the bank.
3. Used to process information 10. Used to write down programs.
4. Used to write letters or word
processing.
5. Used to send information / Areas of work where the use of
communicate by e-mail. computers increases productivity
6. Used to manage or keep company • Education
finances. • Industries
7. For database management • Agricultures
• Medicine (hospitals, clinics,
Uses of computers in Education
pharmacies, etc) and health
1. For keeping records.
delivery.
2. Used to prepare time table.
• Science and technology
3. Used to prepare academic records
of students. development
4. Used to issue receipts. • Architecture, building and
5. Used to keep financial records. construction
6. Help children to read and write. • Engineering
7. Used by student to do research. • Accounting
8. Used in teaching as teaching aid. • Business
Use of computers in industries

1. For making of designs
2. For Forecasting
3. For Communications
4. For research
5. Production of goods
UNIT 3 PARTS OF PERSONAL COMPUTER (PC)
PERSONAL COMPUTER
A personal computer is designed to meet an individual's computing needs.
PARTS OF PERSONAL COMPUTER (MAIN COMPONENTS OF PC)

There are basically two components of a computer namely hardware and software.
The diagram below gives a summary of hardware and software before the detail explanation
The Computer
System
Hardware Software
Peripheral System System Software Application

Unit E.g. DOS, OS. Software e.g.
Word, Excel
Output Devices Input Devices Storage Devices

E.g. monitor, E.g. Mouse, E.g. diskette,
Keyboard Central Processing
Printer CD-ROM
Unit (CPU)
Control Unit Arithmetic &

Memory
Logic Unit
Hardware
Hardware is the term used to define all the physical component of the computer system. That
is the part of the computer that can be seen or touched. Examples are the Input devices
such as keyboard, mouse, scanner, digitizer, a light pen, a joystick and modem, and Output
devices such as monitor, printer, and modem, System Unit (memory and CPU and other
components), and Storage devices. Note modem is both input and output device.
The input, output and backing storage units are referred to as peripheral devices or
peripheral. Peripherals are attachment to the system unit that forms the computer. All
peripheral devices must be installed. In other words, the device’s driver must be used to tell
the computer what kind of device is attached to the system. A driver is a software
programme that links a peripheral device to the computer’s operating system.
THE MAIN HARDWARE COMPONENTS OF A PC

The main hardware components of a PC includes:
1. System Unit
2. Monitor Monitor
System unit
3. Keyboard
4. Mouse
Speake
r
Keyboar
d Mouse
A Computer System
IDENTIFICATION AND FUNCTIONS
SYSTEM UNIT
System Unit: The system unit, also known as the system cabinet or chassis, is a container
that houses most of the electronic components that make up a computer system.
The important components of the unit are the microprocessor or Central Processing Unit
(CPU) or brain of the computer and memory. Microprocessor controls and manipulates data
to produce information. Memory also known as primary storage hold data program
instructions for procession the data.
Desktop Desktop/Tower
Tower
A Selection of System Units
MONITOR
Monitor - This looks like a television screen. It is simple called Screen or Visual Display Unit
(VDU). The monitor and the printer are the main output devices
A Monitor
Function of a Monitor: Is an Output Device, which displays or presents visual images of

text and graphics. The output from monitor is called soft copy.
KEYBOARD
Keyboard – is a device converts letters, numbers, and other characters into electronic
signals that are machine-readable by the computer’s processor. It is usually connected to a
port on the system unit by means of a coiled expansion cable, which looks similar to a
telephone cord.
Function of a Keyboard: It is used to instruct the computer on what to do.
The most common English-language key pattern for typewriters and keyboards is called
QWERTY. Computer keyboards copied the QWERTY key layout. The QWERTY is the
arrangement of letters on the keyboard as q, w, e, r, t and y.
A Keyboard
MOUSE
The Mouse is a device that we use to move around the screen of our computer and basically
controls a pointer that is displayed on your monitor. We can then use it to click an item we
wish to choose on the screen to perform an action. A mouse is an input device/peripheral as
we use it to input data. A mouse typically has two buttons: a primary button (usually the left
button) and a secondary button (usually the right button). The primary button is the one you
will use most often. Most mice also include a scroll wheel between the buttons to help you
scroll through documents and web pages more easily. On some mice, the scroll wheel can
be pressed to act as a third button. Advanced mice might have additional buttons that can
perform other functions.
A Mouse
Functions of a Mouse
1. It is used for selecting text for editing.
2. It is used for selecting files or folders or issuing commands.
3. It directs the position or movement of cursor on the screen.
4. It used for drawing graphics.
5. It used for play computer games.
6. It for moving image on the screen.
PORTS
The back of the computer case contains ports, power supply connector and cooling fan vent.
A port is a socket for external devices to connect to the system unit.
Some standard ports are as follows:
1. Serial ports – they are often used to connect a mouse, keyboard, modem etc
A special type of serial connectors is PS/2, which has pins that fit into a small round
ports in your computer.
2. Parallel ports – these are mostly used to connect printers to the system unit.
3. Universal serial bus ports (USB ports) – they are gradually replacing serial and
parallel ports. They are faster, and are used to connect multiple USB devices (up to
127) using a single USB port on your computer. Some of these devices include
modems, keyboards mouse, scanners, printers, hard disks, and many other devices.
4. Firewire port – is where you connect a Firewire devices and you can connect up to
63 devices using a single port. Firewire is used mostly for digital camcorders and
high-capacity music players like the iPod.
Back of Computer Case
CABLES
Cables are used to connect exterior devices to the system via the ports. One of the cable
attached to device and the other has a connector that is attached to a matching connector on
the port.
SOFTWARE
Software: They are the programs or list of instructions that makes the computer run. On the
other hand, it is the step-by-step instructions that tell the computer how to do it work. They
are therefore, the parts of the computer that cannot be seen or touched; they are not
physical. Without the software the computer will not work. Software is an name for a
program. The purpose of software is to convert data (unprocessed facts) into information
(processed facts).
Types of Software
There are two types of software. They are:
1. System software 2. Application software
System software: First, system software must be installed. System software helps the
computer perform essential operating task and enables the application software to run. The
system software consist of operating system, utility software and the most important is the
operating system.
The operating system is the master, which control program that runs the computer.
Examples of operating system are software for the PC are various Microsoft programs such
as Windows 95, 98,2000, Me, XP and NT. Unix, Linux and Macintosh are also examples of
operating system. Operating system also controls the basic input and output devices.
System software comes most often on CDs that needs installation. Installation is the process
of copying software programs from secondary storage media e.g. CDs onto your system’s
hard disk.
Application Software: Application software enables you to perform specific tasks such as
solve problem, perform work, or entertain yourself.
Application software can be classified in many ways such as for entertainment, personal,
education/reference, productivity and specialized uses. Our main concern now is productive
software such as word processing programs, spreadsheets whose purpose is to make users
more productive at a particular tasks.
Word processing software allows users to user computers to create, edit, format, print and
store text material, among other things.
Spreadsheet allows the users to create tables and financial schedules by entering data and
formulas into rows and columns arranges as grid on a display screen.
Other types of productive software are as follows:
• Database software – is a program that sets up and control the structure of a

database and access to the data.
• Presentation graphics software – This uses graphics, animation, sound and data or
information to make visual presentations. E.g. Microsoft PowerPoint, Corel
Presentation etc.
• Financial software – is a growing category that ranges from personal-finance

managers to entry-level accounting program to business financial-management
packages.
• Video/Audio Editing Software – allows you import video footage to your PC and
edit it. E.g. Adobe Premiere, Pinnacle Studio DV and VideoStudio.
• Computer-Aided Design (CAD) programs are intended for the design of products,
structures, civil engineering drawings and maps.
• Web Page Design/Authoring Software is used to create web pages.

Application software also comes on CDs or floppy disk package in boxes that include
instructions.
UNIT 4 KEYBOARD AND MOUSE SKILLS
Overview
This unit or topic deals with practical oriented skills. Thus, students should used typing
software such as typing tutor or Mavis Beacon to improve their typing speed. Students
Practice the use of mouse to perform four basic operations such as clicking, double clicking,
right click, drag and drop.
KEYBOARD FUNCTIONS
The Standard Keyboard
• A standard computer keyboard has about 100 keys.
• Most keyboards use the QWERTY layout, named for the first six keys in the top row of
letters.
The Keyboard - Standard Keyboard Layout
The keys on your keyboard can be divided into several groups based on function:
• Typing (alphanumeric) keys: These keys include the same letter, number,
punctuation, and symbol keys found on a traditional typewriter.
• Control (Modifier) keys: These keys are used alone or in combination with other
keys to perform certain actions. The most frequently used control keys are CTRL,
ALT, the Windows logo key, and ESC.
• Function keys: The function keys are used to perform specific tasks. They are
labeled as F1, F2, F3, and so on, up to F12. The functionality of these keys differs
from program to program.
• Navigation keys/Cursor-movement keys: These keys are used for moving around
in documents or webpages and editing text. They include the arrow keys, HOME,
END, PAGE UP, PAGE DOWN, DELETE, and INSERT.
• Numeric keypad: The numeric keypad is handy for entering numbers quickly. The
keys are grouped together in a block like a conventional calculator or adding
machine.
SOME IMPORTANT APPLICATIONS ON THE KEYBOARD

Backspace key - when pressed once clears the character just before the insertion point.
Cursor control keys: also known as directional keys, Screen control keys or Navigational
keys are used to move the cursor around the screen.
Home - Moves the cursor to the beginning of the current line
End - Moves the cursor to the end of the current line
PgUp - Moves one screen up at a time within a large document that extends over several
screens.
PgDn - Moves one screen down at a time within a large document that extends over several
screens.
Escape - Esc is used to back out of situations. When you find yourself in a place where you
don't want to be, try the Esc key. The keyboard combination Ctrl + Esc will open the Start
menu.
Print Screen - Don't look at your printer after pressing this key. This sends a copy of
whatever is on the screen to the clipboard. Thus, it is used to capture image on screen or
desktop to clipboard.
Tab - This key can be used to move forward through options in a dialog box.
Caps Lock - It used to turn on/off letters into all capitals or all small letter.
Shift - The obvious use of this key is to allow selection of capital letters when depressing the
alphabet characters, or selecting the characters above the keys on the row just below the F
keys.
Ctrl (Control) - Depressing the Ctrl key while clicking allows multiple selections. Holding the
Ctrl key down and pressing another key will initiate quite a few actions. Some of the more
common are listed in the table below:
Summary of Cursor control keys
KEY FUNCTION
Moves the cursor left one character at a time
Moves the cursor right one character at a time
Moves the cursor down one line at a time

Moves the cursor up one line at a time
MOUSE FUNCTIONS
Mouse Techniques (Basic Mouse Actions)
Click - A click often select an Right-click – A right-click often

item on the screen. To click, displays a list of commands on
press and release the left mouse the screen. To right-click, Press
button and release the right mouse
button.
Double-click: A double often Drag and Drop – Dragging and dropping

opens a document or starts a makes it easy to move an item on the screen.
program. To double-click, Position the pointer over an item on the screen
quickly press and release the and then press and hold down the left mouse
left mouse button twice. button. Still holding down the button, move the
pointer to where you want to place the item and
the release the button.
Other mouse action is Pointing: Pointing to an item on the screen means moving your
mouse so the pointer appears to be touching the item.
UNIT 5 TURNING ON AND OFF OF THE COMPUTER

Booting
This means to switch the computer on or load an operating system into the computer's
random access memory (RAM) a Windows computer. When you turn on a computer, it goes
through several steps to prepare itself for use. The first step is called the power-on self test
(POST). The computer checks the function of memory. Next, the computer looks for an
operating system, which is usually stored on the hard disk. The operating system tells the
computer how to interact with the user and how to use devices such as the disk drives,
keyboard, and monitor.
Types of Booting
Cold Booting Is to switch on the computer by pressing the power switch.
Warm Booting Is to restart the computer without turning the power off but by pressing the
reset button in front of the system or by pressing some combination of keys to restart the
computer (Ctrl +Alt+Del).
How to Boot Up
Different computer makers put the "on" button in different places and they are often different
shapes (round, square, rectangular). However, for the most part, you can identify the "on"
button by looking for one of the symbols below. The symbol will be located on or below the
button.
Two symbols that indicate power buttons.

Pushing the power button initiates the loading of the operating system into RAM. After the
operating system is loaded, the computer performs a check to make sure
that all peripheral devices (input, output and storage devices) are properly
or attached to the computer. As soon as all devices are verified, the
computer is ready to accept input from the user.
How to Shut Down

Shutting down the computer turns the system off completely.
To safely shut down a Windows computer:
1. Click on the Start Menu
2. Move the mouse pointer up to select "Shut Down”
or
Note: If you are running the Windows XP Home user version you will see "Turn off
computer" rather than Shut down.
3. The "Shut Down Windows" dialog window will appear. From this window you can
choose to Restart or turn off your computer.
Step 3
SUMMARY
HOW TO BOOT COMPUTER

• Make sure all the needed components have been connected;
• Switch on the socket;
• Switch on the UPS, if any;
• Switch on the System Unit;
• Switch on the Monitor;
• Wait till you see start on the screen.
HOW TO SHUT DOWN A COMPUTER WITH WINDOWS 98/2000

• Close the program in use;
• Click on start and select shut down or turn off;
• Click on Yes and wait till you see;
• Its now safe to turn off you computer or
You may now switch the computer off;
• Switch off the System Unit;
• Switch off Monitor and the socket.
HOW TO TURN OFF COMPUTER WITH WIN’ XP

• Close the program in use;
• Click on start and Click on turn off computer;
• Click on Click turn off and wait till you see;
• Its now safe to turn off you computer or
You may now switch the computer off;
• Switch off the System Unit;
• Switch off Monitor and the socket.
NOTE
• Some computers turn off automatically without the in safe turn off. In that case, you
will only turn off the monitor and the socket.
UNIT 6 BASIC STORAGE DEVICES

STORAGE DEVICES
What are storage devices? Storage devices are any physical device in or on which
computer information can be kept. Alternatively, storage device is any apparatus for
recording computer data in permanent or temporary form. Examples include hard disk, pen
drive, floppy disk, compact disk and DVD.
There are two types of storage in computers:
• Central memory (Primary or main memory) is used to hold programs and data
temporarily while they are being used. This central memory is referred to as Random
Access Memory (RAM). Hence the bigger this memory is, the more programs you can
run at the same time. However, when the computer is switched off the contents of RAM
are lost. This is why you must save your work before finishing a computer session. The
primary memory is often referred to as, “working storage”.
• The second type of memory is known as secondary storage. It is used to store data
permanently until we need to use them. The best example of this is the hard disk drive. In
addition to hard disk drives, other secondary storage devices include floppy disks, CD-
ROMs, DVDs, zip disk, pen drive and magnetic tape. These storage devices are also
termed as storage media.
Difference between Primary Memory and Secondary Storage
The Primary memory: The secondary storage:
i) it is small in capacity. i) stores volumes of data too large to fit into
memory (i.e. it has a large capacity).
ii) It is very expensive. ii) It is not expensive.
iii) It holds data/programs that are being iv) it stores programs and data permanently
used by the computer (i.e. it stores data and retrieved into memory as and when
temporally) required
iv) It is volatile. iii) it is not volatile.
DISKS AND STORAGE

A disk is a place to store data. The process of retrieving information from a storage device is
referred to as reading. When information is read from a secondary storage, it is copied from
the storage device to primary storage (RAM). The process of copying information to a
storage device is referred to as writing. The action of saving a file or installing a program
involves writing to a storage device. In the context of computer storage, the mechanism that
makes reading and writing possible is generally referred to as a drive.
MAGNETIC DISK
This is the most popular and important secondary storage medium. It permits direct and
immediate access to data.
There are two types of magnetic disk: hard disk and floppy disk.
The speed at which data can be located on the magnetic disk and loaded
into memory or written on the disk itself is called the disk access time
HARD DRIVE [Local Disk (C :)] / Fixed Disk

The hard drive is the primary device that a computer uses to store information. The hard
drive stores programs, data files, saves files, and organizes files. The hard drive is located
inside the computer case. The hard drive, magnetically stores data on stacks of rotating
disks called platters.
The hard drive serves as a storage space for all of your documents, old email, and all
applications (including the operating system). Hard drives are measured in terms of
megabytes and gigabytes. The head flies over the spinning desks and read and write on
the concentric circle called tracks.
Hard drive
Hard Drive - A hard drive is the primary device that a computer uses to store information
FLOPPY DISK (Diskette / A drive or A:/)

The floppy disk is an ideal medium for storing data programs that are not in constant use or
for transporting data and programs. A floppy disk is a removable device used to transfer
smaller amounts of data. They are called floppy because data is stored on a very thin flexible,
or floppy, plastic disk. They are available in many different sizes: (8 inches, 5 ¼ inches, and
3 ½ inches. The 8” and 5 ¼ “ are not popular anymore. The floppy disk use sector method.
(Sectors are the basic unit for diskette storage). The disk surface is divided into sectors.
However, floppy disks have limited storage capacity -- generally 1.44 MB. One CD is
approximately 464 floppy disks.
Floppy drive
Floppy Drive - A floppy drive stores
and retrieves information on
floppy disks (A drive or A:/)
A zip disk
A Floppy disk
Advantages of floppy Disk Disadvantages of floppy Disk

i. High data density; i. Not human readable;
ii. It is potable, inexpensive and easy ii. It can be erased by a magnetic field;
to handle; and
iii. It is reusable; iii. They are sensitive to dust, extreme
iv. It is direct access medium temperature and humidity.
ZIP DISK
ZIP disks are high capacity, removable, magnetic disks, which can be read or written by ZIP
drives from Iomega Corporation. ZIP disks are similar to floppy disks, except that they are
much faster, and have a much greater capacity. While floppy disks typically hold 1.44
megabytes, ZIP disks are available in many sizes, most commonly 100 me and 250
megabytes.
OPTICAL DISKS
This uses a laser beam to create permanent changes on the surface of card or disk. A
LASER (Light Amplification by the Stimulated Emission of Radiation) beam alters the surface
of a plastic disk to represent data. They have several advantages over magnetic storage:
• Optical disks have a much bigger storage capacity – 10 to 100 times greater the
floppy disks.
• Optical stored data is hard to erase.
• Optical disks are easy to copy.
• Magnetic signals get weaker with age, optical ones don’t.
The disadvantages are that:

• Most optical disks are still what are called worm disks. This means that “write once
read many”: - in other words, once the information has been ‘burnt’ on to the disk you
can’t write anything else on and reuse it. Reusable optical disks are now available.
• There can be more errors made in reading an optical disk, so the error checking has
to better.
• They are relatively expensive.
Types / formats of Optical Storage Media:

1. CD ROM 2. DVD ROM
CD ROM – Compact Disc Read Only Memory.

This has very high storage capacities, which in turn has enable the production of multi-media
software which depends on high access speeds and high storage capacities. It is used to for
storing large amount of data. There are three basic types of CDs: CD-ROM, CD-R, and CD-
RW.
CD- ROM
This stands for Compact Disc Read Only Memory. Read only means it cannot be written on
or erased by the user. Therefore, the user has access only to the data copied into it by the
creator of the content. CD-ROMs are used to distribute large database and reference. They
are also used to distribute large software application packages.
CD-R: This stands for CD–Recordable / Recordable compact disc (R- CD)
The CD drive can only reads data on R-CD. This type of CD is “Worm disk” because once
data has been recorded on it; it cannot be changed, altered or erased. It has capacity of
700MB.
Compact disc re-writable (CD-RW)
This format allows users to erase data so that the disk surface of CD-RW is not permanently
altered when data is recorded. Because they can be changed, CD-RWs are often used to
create and edit multimedia presentations. That is a CD-RW allows you to read, write, erase
and write again. A CD-RW drive can write 650MB of data to C-RW media unlimited number
of times. In other words, data can be copied to the CD on more than one occasion and can
be erased.
CD Drive read information stored on the compact discs.
CD Burner makes copies of data on compact discs.

DVD - Digital Video Disc/ Digital Versatile Disc: A type of optical disc storage technology.
A digital video disc (DVD) looks like a CD-ROM disc, but it can store greater amounts of
data, studio-quality, video images, and quality sound. DVDs’ are often used to store full-
length movies and other multimedia content that requires large amounts of storage space.
It can hold from 4.7 up to 17 gigabytes (GB) of information. GB is 1024 megabytes.
The home entertainment version is called DVD whiles the computer version is called DVD-
ROM disk.
Again while CD can record data only one side in one layer, DVD disks can put data on both
sides with each side having one or two layers.
The DVD also has three types: Read only – DVD ROM, Write once – DVD-R and DVD+R
both stand for DVD recordable and rewritable – DVD-RW and DVD+RW stand for DVD
rewriteable which function the same as CDs.
DVD Drive read information stored on the compact discs and DVDs.
DVD Burner makes copies of data on compact discs and DVDs.
Difference between CD-ROM and DVD-ROM

Digital Video Disc or Digital Versatile Disc (DVD), an optical storage device that looks the
same as a compact disc but is able to hold about 15 times as much information and transfer
it to the computer about 20 times as fast as a CD-ROM. A DVD, also called a Super Density
disc (SD), can hold 8.5 gigabytes of data. DVDs come in two formats: the DVD-Video format
and the DVD-ROM (DVD-Read Only Memory) format. The DVD-Video format is used for
home movie entertainment through a DVD player. The DVD-ROM stores computer data.
CD/DVD DRIVE CDs/DVDs
SOLID-STATE STORAGE DEVICES

These are devices, which have no moving parts. Data and information are stored and
retrieved electronically directly from these devices much as they would be from conventional
computer memory. While this type of storage is more expensive than the others, it is more
reliable and requires less power.
Examples of solid-state devices are Flash memory card, Smart card and Key chain hard
drives (Pen drives).
Flash Memory Cards

These are solid-state storage devices widely used in notebook computers. It is also used in a
variety of specialized input devices to capture and transfer data to desktop computers. For
example, flash memory card is used to store images captured from digital cameras and then
transfer the images to desktop and other computers. It can also record MP3, MP4 and other
video files to transfer those files to computers and other devices. Some PDAs also used
these cards to expand its storage capacity.
Smart Cards
They are plastic cards with the size of a regular credit cards that have an embedded chip.
Smart cards hold more information than standard credit cards – above 8–40 megabytes of
data
Flash Memory Drives (Key chain hard drives / Pen drives) for Desktop and Notebook
Computers
A flash memory drive is a flash memory storage device for a computer that is small enough
to fit in your pocket and usually plugs directly into your USB port.
Types of Pen Drives

1. Data Pen drives: They store data.
2. MP3 Pen drives: They store data, play music, record voice and with or without radio.
3. MP4 Pen drives: They store data, play music and video, record voice or take video
and with or without radio.
Smart memory cards

Pen drives
SOME CHARACTERISTICS OF STORAGE DEVICE

1. Media or medium is the actual physical material that holds that data and program.
2. Capacity measures how much a particular storage medium can hold.
3. Access time or access speed measures the amount of time required by the storage
device to retrieve data and program
4. Storage devices are hardware that reads data and programs from storage media.
IMPORTANCE OF STORAGE DEVICE

1. For storing information
2. For transferring information
3. Used as backups
Backups means to keep a copy of information store in PC to restore it back in case of

emergence
PROTECTIVE DEVICES
These are devices that protect computer from getting damage due to power failure or used to
protect user. For example, UPS, Stabilizer, Screen Filter etc.
Uninterrupted Power Supply (UPS)

This is electronic device that stores power to ensure you keep on using the computer even if
the source of power fails. It helps to save your work and shut down your computer properly.
Stabilizer
This is a device that maintains the voltage of the power supply. Thus ensure that the
required voltage is supply to your PC.
Screen Filter
This is a plastic transparent material used to protect the radiation of lights from the monitor
into the eye.
COMMUNICATION DEVICES
A communication device sends and receives data and programs from one computer or
secondary storage to another. For example, modem, telephone etc.
Modem
This is device that let you communicates with computers through telephone line. A modem
can be found inside or outside the computer case.
UNIT 7 BASIC INPUT AND OUTPUT DEVICES

INPUT DEVICES
To enter information into the computer, we use input devices. The most common input device is a
keyboard and mouse. Below you can see a range of input devices.
An input device also let you communicate with computer. You can use input device to enter
information and issue commands. A keyboard, mouse, joystick are some input devices.
Mouse Keyboard Scanner
Microphone Camera Joystick

A number of input devices
Keyboard:
A keyboard is used to input text and commands. There are normally a 102 Keys on a
keyboard, but the layout of this depends on the country we are using the computer in. For
example, a British keyboard differs from a French one as both countries use different letters
and symbols in their alphabet. Of course, a Chinese keyboard differs completely from the
other two as they use a different alphabet completely.
Types of keyboard
There are two types of keyboard. a) The standard Keyboard b) Ergonomic Keyboards
Ergonomic keyboard Standard keyboard

Ergonomically keyboards are designed to help the user's hands stay positioned correctly,
reducing bending and strain .
Mouse
The Mouse is a device that we use to move around the screen of our computer and basically
controls a pointer that is displayed on your monitor. We can then use it to click an item we wish
to choose on the screen and the computer will then carry out the action that we asked it to do.
A mouse is an input device/peripheral as we use it to input data.
OTHER KINDS OF MOUSE
OUTPUT DEVICES
An Wireless
output device
Opticallet a computer
Mouse communicate
Logitech with you.
Trackball Finger A monitor, printer, speaker are
Mouse
Trackballs
common output devices. These are devices which will allow you to see or hear your work.
Examples are monitor, printer, speakers etc.
Monitor / Visual Display Unit
This looks like a TV. It is an output device that displays texts and image generated by the
computer on its screen. It can display two colours: Monochrome Monitor (Black and White)
and Colour Monitor (It display multiple colours)
The output from display screen or monitor is called soft copy.
The image / picture quality is measured in term of the resolution of the screen. The
resolution is defined in term of pixels.
A pixel is the smallest picture element that a device can display on screen, and out of which
the displayed image is constructed. The greater the number of pixels, the greater the
resolution and the better the quality of the picture.
Types of monitor
CRT Monitor Flat Screen Monitor LCD Projector Dual-scan LCD (liquid crystal display)
A Selection of Monitor
Disadvantages of CRT Monitor

• Because they are big, they take up desktop space and can be difficult to move.
• CRT monitors require a lot of power. They are not practical for notebook computers,
which must be small and need a battery built into the computer to run.
Disadvantages of Flat-Penal Monitor

• It does not emit light, so there is not enough contrast between the images and the
background to make them legible under all conditions. The problem is solved by
backlighting the screen.
• They have a limited viewing angle--that is, the angle from which the display's image
can be viewed clearly. In LCD monitors, the viewing angle shrinks; as you increase
your angle to the screen. Technological improvements have extended the viewing
angles of flat-panel monitors but have also caused their prices to increase.
Printers
It is an input device that produces a paper copy of documents you created on the computer.
Printer can print colour or black. Output from printer is called hard copy.
Types of printers:
Printers can be categorized in several ways. The most common distinction is impact and
non-impact printers.
Impact printers physically strike the paper and smash an inky ribbon against the paper. E.g.
are dot-matrix printers and daisy-wheel printers. Usually they make lots of noise when
printing.
Non-impact printers include every other type of print mechanism, including LaserJet, Ink-
jet, DeskJet and thermal printers. They do not make noise when printing.
Dot Matrix Printer InkJet Printer Laser Printer

Printers
▪ LaserJet Printers (Non-impact) - Produces high quality images with resolutions of 600
– 2400 dots per inch (dpi) and produce images at a speed of 4 – 27 pages per minute
(PPM). These work like a photocopier. Laser printer compared with other types of
printers, they are more expensive, but they are more suitable for large-scale, fast and
good-quality printing.
▪ Inkjet Printers (Non-impact) - have a print head that sprays ink through small nozzles
onto a page. They produce high quality images (360-2400dpi) at a relatively lower price.
These printers produce images at a speed of 2-10 pages per minute (PPM).
▪ Dot matrix printers (Impact) - The characters produced by these printers are formed
from a number of dots. They produced better-quality output much more slowly.
▪ Daisywheel printers (Impact) - These produce the same quality of print as an electric
typewriter. Each of the spokes of a rapidly rotating wheel carries a single character at its
tip, and these are made to strike the paper through the ribbon. They are used where a
better quality of print required- for business letters, for example.
UNIT 8 HEALTH AND SAFETY IN USING ICT TOOLS

HEALTH HAZARD ASSOCIATED WITH LONG-TERM EXPOSURE TO ICT TOOLS
Working with ICT tools for a long time affect the health of the user which includes:
1. Television - Watching television affects vision or sight of the user because of
emission of light rays from the screen.
2. Mobile phone
• The radiation from mobile phone can cause the user to be affected with
cancer.
• Loud ring tones damages hearing of the user.
3. Radio - The high volume damages hearing of the listeners.
4. Public address system - The high volume damages hearing of the listeners.
5. Computer
• The rays of lights from monitor affect the vision of the user.
• The user may have back ache as a result of sitting by the computer.
• The user may have wrist pain as a result of tying or using the mouse.
• The user may have neck pain as a result of sitting by the computer.
SAFETY PRECAUTIONS FOR THE USE OF ICT TOOLS
1. Do not answer or receive calls when charging mobile phone
2. Avoid plugging ICT tools in damaged sockets
3. Do not overload socket
4. Position your body correctly when using the computer
5. Observe ergonomics break when using computer (Ergonomic break are instructions
appeared on the screen that assist the user to rest with exercise to avoid vision
infection, back ache etc)
CARING OF ICT TOOLS

1. Daily cleaning of ICT tools
2. Occasional blowing off dust from ICT tools such computer
3. Disconnect power from main socket when not in use
4. Do not tamper with any form of electrical cable
5. Occasional servicing / maintenance servicing should be carried out
6. Covering the tools when not in use e.g. computer may cover with dust cover
7. Cleaning of software on CDs with soft clothe
MAINTAINING A CLEAN ENVIRONMENT / COMPUTER LABORATORY (LAB)

1. Do not bring food to the lab
2. Do not bring drinks to lab
3. Do not litter the lab
4. Keep the lab clean and tidy
CARING FOR A COMPUTER

Computers should be kept away from;
- Excessive heat environment
- Moisture or dust
- Children and unskilled persons
- Diskette infected with virus
ENSURING LONG LIFE OF YOUR COMPUTER
1. Ensure that the computer is away from direct sunlight. Allow enough room around
fans if they are in use for air to circulate freely. The system will stop running if it gets
too hot.
2. Dust and other environmental contaminants can filter their way inside the computer.
Therefore, make your work area/room/office as clean as possible.
3. Ensure your system is turn off before you connect or disconnect from it. If you just
turned your machine off and want to turn it back on, wait for at least 15 seconds. The
power supply needs some minutes to reset itself.
4. Avoid sudden bumps and shocks.
PROTECTING THE HARD DRIVE
• Never move a computer while it is on. The hard drive is spinning and movement
could cause the magnetic disks to become scratched.
• Shut down your computer properly.
• Regularly perform diagnostic tests of your hard drive using ScanDisk.
PROTECTING YOUR FLOPPY DISK AND ZIP DISK

• Be careful not to touch the magnetic film on a floppy disk. Oil or dirt can damage
floppy disks.
• When labelling a new floppy disk, write on the label prior to attaching the sticker to
the new disk.
• Keep floppy disks out of extreme cold or hot temperatures. Disks become brittle in
the cold and may warp in hot weather.
• To prevent disks from being erased or permanently damaged, avoid placing disks too
close to magnetic objects (such as computer speakers).
• Store floppy disks in boxes or trays to protect them from scratches and dust.
• Do use the ‘write protect’ on any disks which have software stored on them, so that
you don’t accidentally use the disk for something else.
• Do not bend or fold the diskettes.
• Do not put heavy object on diskettes
PROTECTING YOUR COMPACT DISC

• Be careful not to touch the flat surface of a CD. If the flat surface has smudges or
scratches on it, the laser that reads the metallic surface will be unable to penetrate
the damaged area.
• Avoid extreme hot or cold temperatures. In cold temperatures, CDs may become
brittle, in extreme heat, they become warped.
• Store CDs in trays or boxes to protect them from dust or scratches.
• Transport CDs in a protective jewel case or plastic sleeve to keep dust or scratches
from damaging the flat surface.
The recommended sitting behind the computer system

UNIT 9 INTRODUCTION TO DESKTOP

USER INTERFACE
This is the user-controllable part of the operation system that allows you to
communicate or interact with the computer. E.g., the icons or pictures that greet you
when you boot a computer.
Graphical User Interface (GUI):- This allows you to use graphics (images) and
menus as well as keystrokes to choose commands, start programs, and see list of
files and other options. Some of the images take a form of icons. Examples of program
that uses graphic user interface are Windows 98, Windows 2000, Windows XP and MacOS
DESKTOP
Desktop is the screen that is displayed on the monitor when the computer starts up. That is
the screen you’ll see when windows 98 / 2000 / XP start. It is a place where you go to
organize your material and get your work done. All items and icons on the screen are
considered to be on your desktop and are used to interact with the computer.
Features of Desktop
The desktop contains two important parts namely icons and taskbar.
Icons
An icon is a symbol or graphic object on the desktop used to represent program, folder and
other files.
On the desktop, you will see several icons. These icons open programs, folders and files
from the desktop and it varies from computer to computer.
The types of icons and their respective functions

There are five categories of icons in the Windows OS: program icons, file icons, folder
icons, shortcut icons, and special icons. Examples of a program icon, a document icon, a
file icon, and a shortcut icon are shown below.
Program Icons
Programs allow you to accomplish tasks on your computer. The image below depicts the
following program icons: Microsoft Word, Microsoft Access, and Microsoft Excel.
File Icons
Files are typically created by programs. For the most part, file icons look like the program
that created them. The key to looking for file icons is the folded over upper-right corner of the
icon. Below are examples of file icons: a document created in Microsoft Word and a
spreadsheet created in Microsoft Excel.
Folder Icons
Folders represent the containers where files and applications are stored. You may also store
folders within other folders. Within each drawer there are different types of folders. Within
each folder, you may also store other folders as well as files .
Shortcut Icons
A shortcut is a pointer to an item. The shortcut icon can be anywhere in the Windows OS.
When you want to open the item, double click on the shortcut icon instead of searching My
Computer or accessing it through the Start Menu. Below is an image of a program shortcut
icon. The key to looking for shortcut items is the arrow in the bottom left-hand corner of the
icon.
Special Icons
Some of the special icons include the my computer icon, my network places icon, the recycle
bin icon, the hard drive icon, the floppy disk drive icon, and a few others. Some of the special
icons are shown below.
My Computer Icon
The My Computer icon defaults in the Start menu but can be moved to a different location. It
is the doorway to all of your disk drives, including your hard drive, floppy drive, CD ROM
drive, and the printer folders. By opening this icon (with a double click) you can see the hard
drive and any other disk drives you have installed.
Recycle Bin Icon

The Recycle Bin is the trash can for Windows OS. Here you drag items you no longer want.
This receptacle is not a permanent disposal. It is a container (like a folder) holding all of your
trash until you are ready to dispose of it permanently or until it consumes 10 percent of your
hard drive. To completely delete the items in the recycle bin, you must empty the recycle bin.
When your recycle bin has items in it, it will change from an empty recycle bin to one with
paper in it.
Empty Recycle Full Recycle
Bin Bin
Hard Drive Icon

The next icon you see when you open My Computer is the hard drive icon. The hard drive is
the primary storage location on the computer. Hard drives are generally measured in terms
of gigabytes. Like all other icons, double clicking on it opens the hard drive icon.
Floppy Disk Icon

A floppy disk and a zip disk are both removable portable storage allowing you to move data
from one computer to another. To access information on them simply double-click their
respective icon.
TASK BAR
This bar that contains the Start button and Clock. It appears by default at the bottom of the
desktop.
This bar also keeps track of all your open windows. Any program you have opened will be
represented by a button on the taskbar. The buttons on the taskbar provide an easy way for
you to switch between open windows. Having several programs open at once and switching
between them is called Multi-tasking. Multi-tasking can increase the productivity by allowing
you immediate access to any of program opened.
Clicking the program button will cause the window to come to the front of all other windows,
ready for you to use.
Another way to switch between open windows is by pressing ALT + TAB.
Taskbar
To move taskbar to another location on the desktop

1. To move taskbar, point to empty space on the taskbar
2. Hold down your mouse button and drag from one side of the screen to another.
3. Release the mouse button when you reach the area you want the taskbar to occupy.
Using taskbar to Close Program

Taskbar can be used as quick way to close programs.
• Right-click the program’s button on the taskbar and click close.
Taskbar Shortcuts
Right-clicking the empty space of taskbar brings up shortcut menus. These include
cascading and tiling window on the desktop, monitoring your screen resource, adjusting your
date and time, and more.
START MENU
Clicking Start displays a menu that lets you easily access the most useful items on
your computer. It is used to open program and view all program installed.
CUSTOMIZING START MENU

To display a program at the top of the Start menu
1. You can right-click a program icon on the Start menu, or in Windows Explorer, or in
My Computer, or on the desktop.
2. Click Pin to Start menu

The program is displayed in the pinned items list in the area above the separator line
on the Start menu.
Notes
• You can remove the program from the pinned items list by right-clicking the program
and then clicking Unpin from Start menu.
To clear my recent documents
1. Right-click the Start button, and then click Properties.
2. On the Start Menu tab, click Start menu, and then click Customize.
3. On the Advanced tab, click Clear List to empty the My Recent Documents folder.
This does not delete the documents from the computer.
To change the Start menu style
1. Right-click the Start button, and then click Properties.
2. Click Classic Start menu and then click OK.
The next time you click Start, the Start menu displays the new style.
CLOCK
Clock is another item or feature found on the taskbar. It shows time and date.
To change time or date
1. Double click the clock area on the taskbar to open Date and Time Properties
2. A dialog box will open as show below
3. Type the require time or select the date
4. Click OK to effect changes.
Alternatively can open Date and Time Properties by right-click the clock area on the taskbar
and click on Adjust Date/Time.
UNIT 10 LAUNCHING APPLICATION

LAUNCHING APPLICATION
An application is a program for performing a specific task. E.g. word processing application,
coral draw etc. Launching application means opening a program.
A program may be opened using start menu and program icon on the desktop.
Launching / opening application using start menu

1. Click start menu
2. Point to All programs
3. Point to program you wants to open and click on it.
The demonstration below shows how to open WordPad:

WordPad window
Launching Application using Desktop Icons

There are two main ways of using desktop icon:
• Double click the program icon to open. (Double click method)
• Point to a program and right click. Click opens the pop-up menus. (Right click
method)
Right-click method
CLOSING A PROGRAM OR WINDOW

There are several ways to close program depending on the program you running. These two
ways are common to most application programs.
• Click on the close button bar on the windows title.
• Press ALT + F4
Another way:
Right click the program button on the taskbar if available and the click close.
UNIT 11 WINDOWS MANAGEMENT

WINDOWS
windows (which start with small letter) are rectangular area in which an application is run,
work is performed, or a document is displayed. (They are rectangular area that can contain
documents, programs and messages)
Note: The widows which start with capital letter is an operation system e.g. Widows 98 etc.
DIALOG BOX
A dialog box is special type of window. Dialog boxes include tabs, buttons, check boxes, list
box and text boxes. It provides additional information or request user input.
PART OF WINDOWS
• Title bar (Window title and Control box)
• Menu Bar
• Toolbars (e.g. Standard toolbar)
• Border
TITLE BAR
The title bar contains the title of the document you are currently working on or viewing. It also
contains the name of the application you have open.
The title bar is also the move bar. To move a window, place your mouse pointer in the title
bar, click with the left mouse button, hold the button down and move the mouse. The window
moves to a new place on the screen.
Window Title – it is a place where application name or document title is displayed.
Control Box – It consist of Minimize, Maximize/Restore and Close button.
Minimize Button
This button shrinks a window to a button on a taskbar.
Maximize Button and Restored Button

This button enlarges a window to fill the entire desktop. Once a window is maximized, the
Maximum Button becomes Restored Button, which will restore the window to its previous
size when clicked.
Close Button – It closes an opened application window.
Window Title – It displays the name of Application and the title name.
MENU BAR
This contains a list menu items, which displays a list option when you click on it.
A Menu is a list of options from which you can execute commands. It presents commands
listed on the menu bar.
Menu items may be dimmed or grey. This means the item can not be selected at this time.
The menu pictured below is an example of a pull down menu. Most menus in the Windows OS
are pull down menus.
Dimmed items
Some menu items have an arrow to their right. Floating over these opens sub-menus.
Some menu items show a keyboard shortcut after them. Indicating this menu item can be
executed by pressing the corresponding characters on the keyboard. (In this case, pressing
Ctrl+A).
Shortcut Menus
Shortcut menus are special menus which provide quick access to common commands.
To display a shortcut menu, move the mouse pointer over the item whose shortcut menu you
want to view and right-click. If the item you are pointing to support shortcut menus, a pop-
up menu will appear as shown below.
TOOLBARS – they contain buttons and menu: standard toolbar common to most
application. The detail will be discussed in the Word Application.
UNIT 12 FILE AND FOLDER MANAGEMENT

File
A file is the basic unit of storage that enables a computer to distinguish one set of information
from another. It is a collection of data that a user can retrieve, change, delete, save, or send
to an output device, such as a printer or e-mail program.
Folder
This is a container for programs and files in graphical user interfaces, symbolized on the
screen by a graphical image (icon) of a file folder. A folder is a means of organizing
programs and documents on a disk. It contains both files and additional folders.
Creating Folders
One way to enhance your file structure is to add folders. To create a folder:
1. Open My Documents.
2. Under File and Folder Tasks, click Make a new folder.
A new folder is displayed with the default name, New Folder, selected.
3. Type a name for the new folder, and then press ENTER.
Notes
• To open My Documents, click Start, and then click My Documents. Or Double click
My Document icon on the desktop
• You can also choose New from the File Menu and then Folder from the new sub-
menu. A new folder titled New Folder will appear.
Alternative method to create a new folder

• You can also create a new folder by right-clicking a blank area in a folder window or
on the desktop or My Document folder, pointing to New, and then click Folder. Type
the name of the folder and press enter. As shown below:
Create a folder using right click method
Copying Files or Folders (Move folder/file from one location to another)
Copying is the action performed when you want a copy of a file or folder. When a file or
folder is copied the original one remained in it location and another one of same kind is
created in different location you specified.
There are several methods to copy and paste an item but for our discuss will consider only
three methods:
Method 1:
1. Open My Documents or location of the file or folder.
2. Select 'Copy this file' from the File and Folder Task menu.
3. First select the file or folder you want to move then click Copy this file. This process
works very similar to moving the file.
You will know the copy process has started because the Copying status box will appear on the
screen.
Copying status
The Copying status box will automatically disappear once the file has been completely
copied, and the item will be visible in the new location as well as the old location with the
same name.’
Method 2: (Copy and Paste)
2. Click the file or folder you want to copy (select the file or folder).
3. Under Edit Menu, click Copy.
4. Select the drive or folder you want to copy to, and then click paste on the Edit.
5. The copying process will begin
Copying a folder
Paste to new location
Note: Paste means placing the copied file/folder to new location.

• A file/folder can be pasted to same location but the file/folder is automatically rename.
E.g. Botchwey can renamed as “copy of Botchwey”
• A copied file/folder can be paste as may as can.
Method 3:
1. Right click the file or folder you to copy
2. Click copy
3. Right the destination and then click paste
Moving file/folder into different location (Cut and Paste)
Cut command remove the file from it original location.
2. Click the file or folder you want to cut (select the file or folder).
3. Under Edit Menu, click cut.
4. Select the drive or folder you want to cut to, and then click paste on the Edit.
5. The cut process will begin
Naming (Rename) Files or Folders

When naming files or folders remember the following rules:
The name cannot be longer than 255 characters, including spaces. The name can not
contain \ / : * ? " < > |. When renaming files keep the file name extension the same.
Not all icons in the Windows OS environment can be renamed. If you single click twice on an
icon and no edit box appears around the name, the icon cannot be renamed.
The Three main ways to rename a file or folder are:

1. Click on the name to select the item and then click on the name again. After a brief
pause, the name will become highlighted and an edit box appears around the name.
Type the new name, and the press ENTER.
2. Right-click over the file or folder and choose Rename. Type the new name, and the
press ENTER.
3. Choose Rename this file from the File and Folder Tasks menu. Type the new name,
and the press ENTER.
Type the new name in the highlighted field. When you finish typing, press Enter on the
keyboard or click anywhere else on the desktop to accept the changes.
Note
The copy and paste or cut and paste principle is applied in most application programmes
such MS Word, MS Excel, Corel Draw etc.
Deleting Files or Folders

To free up space on your storage devices, unwanted files or folders can be deleted. One way
you have learned is to drag an item to the recycle bin. You can also select the file or folder
and press the delete key on the keyboard. Also, you can click Delete the File from the File
and Folder Tasks menu. A dialog box will appear asking you if you are sure about sending
the item to the Recycle Bin.
Click yes to confirm or no to reject.
View the Content of Recycle Bin

You can view the contents of the Recycle Bin before emptying it permanently (remember
emptying the recycle bin deletes the files forever), by double-click on the Recycle Bin icon
and a window will appear displaying its contents.
Restoring Recycle Bin
Restore all items moves the selected items to the places they were before they were put in
the Recycle Bin. To restore, select the items to be restored and then click on the Restore all
item in the Recycle Bin.
Emptying Recycle Bin (Throw away item(s) in the Recycle Bin)

Emptying the Recycle Bin means permanently removes all items in the Recycle Bin and free
up disk space.
To Empty the Recycle Bin, open the icon (double click on it) and select "Empty Recycle Bin"
from the Recycle Bin Tasks menu. A warning box will appear confirm you are sure about
deleting the files.
Click yes to confirm or no to reject
Different between files and folders
NO. Files Folders
1. It is a collection of data It is a container for programs and files
2. Files have extension name Folder do not have extension name
3. File cannot contain another file Folder contain another folder
To copy a file or folder to a floppy disk / pen drive

1. Insert the floppy disk into the disk drive./ insert the Pen drive into the USB port.
2. Open My Document.
3. Click the file or folder you want to copy.
4. Under File and Folder Tasks, click Copy this file or Copy this folder.
5. In Copy Items, click 3 1/2 Floppy (A:) or click Removable drive (E:), and then click
Copy.
Notes
• You can also copy a file or folder to a floppy disk by right-clicking the file or folder,
pointing to Send To, and then clicking 3 1/2 Floppy (A) /Removable drive (E).
UNIT 13 ETHICS OF USING ICT’S

COMPUTER VIRUS
VIRUS
It is a computer software program developed with the intent to replicate and pass itself
undetected to multiple computers. Alternatively, it is a self-duplicating computer program that
interferes with a computer's hardware or operating system.
HOW INFECTIONS OCCUR
Computer viruses activate when the instructions—or executable code—that run programs
are opened. For example, it may copy parts of itself to floppy disks, to the computer’s hard
drive, into legitimate computer programs, or it may attach itself to e-mail messages and
spread across computer networks by infecting other shared drives.
LIMITATIONS OF A COMPUTER VIRUS
Viruses are programs that infect other programs, or files containing macros such as
Microsoft Word files, Microsoft Excel files and executable files.
Computer viruses cannot and will not infect plain text files, such as e-mail messages and Web
pages, nor can they infect pictures or chat groups.
TYPES OF VIRUS
1. Boot-sector virus – The boot-sector is that part of the system software containing most
of the instructions for booting, or powering up, the system. The boot-sector virus replaces
these boot instructions with some of its own. Once the system is turned on, the virus is
loaded into main memory before the operating system. From there it is in a position to
infect files. E.g. of boot-sector virus are AntCMOS, AntiEXE, Form.A, etc.
2. Parasitic or file viruses – This virus attaches itself to executable files- those that begin
with programs. When the program is run, the virus starts working, trying to get into main
memory and infecting other files.
3. Multi-partite virus- This is a combination of the boot-sector virus and the file virus. It
affects both files and boot sectors, which makes it better at spreading and more difficult
to detect. Eg are Junkie and Parity Boot.
4. Macro virus - In computer applications, a set of keystrokes and instructions recorded
and saved under a short key code. They take advantage of macros created in documents
such as word, Excel and emails and infect files
5. Logic bomb – This differs from other viruses in that they are set to go off at a certain
date and time.
6. Trojan horse- This is usually found in computer programs, especially computer games.
As the program is in use, the virus goes on with its destruction unnoticed. E.g. is
FormatC.
SOURCES OF COMPUTER VIRUS

Viruses are spread in two major ways:
• Through infected diskette or pen drive, especially from friends.
• Through the network, especially email.
• Information from music and videos
Worm- This is virus that copy itself repeatedly into the computer memory or into a disk drive
until no more space is left thereby causing the computer to crash.
SIGNS OF VIRUS
❖ The system run slowly and behaves strangely
❖ Sudden increase in executable programs.
❖ Change in creation date of files.
❖ Programs take longer time to load.
❖ Commands take longer than normal to execute
EFFECTS OF VIRUSES ON COMPUTERS

Damages virus can cause to your pc are as follows:
▪ They can erase files
▪ They can corrupt files
▪ They can cause damage system components
▪ They can cause memory conflict in the computer.
▪ They can cause damage to the hard disk by destroying all the files in it
▪ They can shut you computer down
▪ They can damage compact flash memory in your digital camera.
▪ They cause lost to saved file
VIRUS DETECTION
Several types of antiviral software (vaccine) can be used to detect the presence of a virus
and sometimes destroy them, by scanning the computer hard disk, floppy disk and main
memory.
VIRUS PROTECTION/REMOVAL
The following steps could be to prevent virus infecting your computer.
2. Install and use antivirus software.
3. Constantly update your antivirus software.
4. Scan all Foreign diskettes/floppy disk before use
5. Make regular backups
6. Download from trusted web sites.
7. Beware of email attachment – scan them first
8. Delete Junk emails.
9. If your computer does contract a virus, be prepared to reformat and start all over again!
10. Scan all information / data daily.
Antivirus – It is software that detect/remove and prevent infection of virus. E.g. Norton
Antivirus. Macfee, Rising Antivirus etc.
ETHICS
Ethics is the set of principles and standards we use in deciding what to do in situations that
affect other people. Sometimes these principles are so strongly and widely held that they
have become laws.
COPYRIGHT
A copyright is a type of legal protection accorded to intellectual property.
A copyright protects an expression of an idea. People who write music usually copyright their
compositions.
Copyright is a branch of law granting authors the exclusive privilege to reproduce, distribute,
perform, or display their creative works.
Not every work of authorship is eligible for copyright. To qualify for copyright protection, a
work must be both fixed and original.
The law considers a work to be fixed if it is recorded in some permanent format.

Acceptable ways of fixing a work include writing it down, storing it on a computer floppy disk
or compact disc (CD), recording it on videotape, or sculpting it in marble.
To be original, the work must not be copied from previously existing material and must display
at least a reasonable amount of creativity.
A copyright means that although other people may of course use the same musical notes or
even phrases in their creations, no one else can sell music that is too similar to the
copyrighted tune or song.
Furthermore, you can’t just borrow tape copyrighted material for your own use. It’s illegal to
copy a copyrighted video games or other software, a picture, text, video or anything else,
without permission, whether it’s on the Internet or not.
To copy software and give it to a friend in violation of the copyright statement would be
copyright infringement and the copy is pirated software.
Pirated software is copyrighted software that is copied and distributed without permission of
the owner.
Not all software is copyrighted, however, Software can also be shareware, freeware or public
domain.
Shareware is software that you can ‘test drive’ or ‘try before you buy’. This gives you the
right to use the software for a trial period. The license will state that after the trial period is
over you must pay a fee for continued use.
Freeware, which is public domain software – meaning that you can use it any way wish free
of charge.
Software piracy is the unauthorized and illegal duplication of copyrighted software. Software
piracy is a violation of copyright law and is a federal crime. A software license is an agreement
that provides specific conditions for use of the software, which users must accept before using
the software.
Reasons of Copyright Protection

1. To protect the work of people such software, music, books, films etc.
2. It encourages author to invest effort in creating new works of art and literature.
3. It gives creators incentives in the form of recognition and fair economic rewards.
4. Under this system of rights, creators are assured that their works can be
disseminated without fear of unauthorized copying or piracy.
5. It helps increase access to and enhances the enjoyment of culture, knowledge, and
entertainment all over the world.
Copyright laws in Ghana (Copyright, 1985, PNDCL, NO. 110)
Notification States:
"This Law provides protection to authors for the list of protected works under section 2 of the
Law for a period of the life of the author and 50 years after his death.
The Law also provides for the protection of sound recordings and folklore and the
establishment of a system of collective administration of authors rights.
The Law also establishes a Copyright Office and provides criminal sanctions for the
infringement of copyright.
Effect of Copyright
1. It leads to sanctions 2. It leads to imprisonment 3. It leads to fines
UNIT 14 WORD PROCESSING APPLICATION I & II

INTRODUCTION
Word lets you efficiently produce professional-looking documents, such as letters, reports,
essays and newsletters.
This is a software that allows you to use computers to format, create, edit, print, and store
text materials or documents which are communication-related such as letters, reports,
memos, proposals, Newsletters, brochures, etc. This software allows users to maneuver
through a document and delete, insert, and replace text, the principal correction activities.
Word processing software has virtually replaced the manual typewriter today.
Starting word
1. Click on start on the task bar.
2. Point to programs /all programs
3. Click Microsoft Word
Practical view:
To open Word,
a) Click on your Start Button
Figure 1 - The Start Button
b) Choose the All Program Link on the Start Menu
Figure 2 - All Programs
c) Locate Microsoft Office from the Menu that pops up, then place your
mouse pointer over the Microsoft Office link
Figure 3 - The Program Menu
d) A further menu will now appear, from this choose Microsoft Word and click
once
Figure 4 - The Program
e) Word will now open
THE WORD SCREEN - The Word screen displays several items to help you perform tasks
efficiently. The main screen looks like what is below:
Workspace/Text area
Word screen
When you start a word program, Word displays specific screen elements as default. These
include:
1. Title Bar
The Title Bar contain the name of the program and the current document.
2. Menu Bar
The Menu Bar contain a list of menus. You open a menu and select the desired
command. The most common menus used are File, Edit and Format.
3. Toolbars
a) Standard toolbar
b) Formatting toolbar
The Tool Bar is used with the mouse to provide instant access to frequently used Word
commands. The most common toolbars include the Standard Toolbar (contains buttons that
help you select common commands such as Save and Print) and the Formatting Toolbar
(quickly helps you change the appearance of text).
A very nice feature of MSWord is the Tool Tips. When you position your pointer over a
button on the tool bar, a description of the button is displayed.
c) Ruler
The rest are workspace/text area, Insertion point, Scroll bars, status bar, task bar, Mouse
pointer and office Assistant.
The workspace consists of a blank white page within which you enter or edit text, place
pictures and graphics and work with your document. The insertion point, also called the
cursor, shows you where the text, picture and graphic will be placed.
Standard Toolbar: Contains buttons to help you select common commands; such as Save,
Copy, Paste and Print.
Formatting Toolbar: Contains buttons to help you select common formatting commands,
such as Bold, Underline, Centre, Font and font style.
Insertion Point: The flashing line on the screen that indicates where the text you type will
appear.
The Ruler: The ruler is generally found below the main toolbars. The ruler is used to change
the format of your document quickly. The ruler can be displayed from the Menu bar. It also
allows you to change margin and tab settings for the document.
FEATURES (STEPS USED IN PRODUCING A DOCUMENT)

Producing a document using word processing consists of four steps.
1. Creating
2. Editing
3. Formatting
4. Printing
A fifth step saving a document should be performed frequently throughout the process so
work will not be lost. All examples under the four steps are all features of the word processor
• Creating Documents means entering text using the keyboard.

• Editing Document means make correction or changes to a document.
• Formatting Document means enhancing the appearance of a document.
• Print Document means producing a paper copy of a document you create.
CREATING A WORD PROCESSING DOCUMENT
Creating Documents
Creating a document means entering text using the keyboard. Word processing software has
three features that affect this process – Moving the cursor, Scrolling, and Word wrap.
Moving the cursor: The cursor is the movable symbol on the display screen that shows you
where you may enter data or commands next. The cursor is moved by using the mouse or
keyboard. Cursor control keys on keyboard move cursor one character or line at a time. If the
keys are held down, the movement is repeated until the key is released.
Word wrap provides can automatic line return when the text reaches a certain position on the
document such as the right-hand margin.
Scrolling is the process of moving the document so that the user can view any potion. It can
be scrolled (moved) up and down. For large documents it can be scrolled left and right, as
well.
The Page Up and Page Down keys are used to move a page (screen) at a time. Home and
end keys are used to move to the beginning or end of a line. Other key combinations can be
used to move to the beginning of word, paragraphs or start or end of the document.
Creating a new document

a) Immediately after opening Word: When you have just opened Word, a new document
will have already been created for your use.
b) To create a new document using the Standard Toolbar: We may create a new blank
document by using the NEW button on the Standard Toolbar, this is usually placed in
the top left hand corner of your screen as shows a picture of this:
Create A New Document Create a New Document
ent Button
PRACTICAL 1
Tip on How to Use the Practical: Fellow the instructions and type the information as
you see in the book. Please type as you see.
Creating a document
1. Type the sentences below:
This store sell tennis rickts and footballs. My school will acquire thes items soon.
2. Click File Menu
3. Click Save As command
4. Type the name Sport items
5. Click Save
6. Click Close button to exit the word.
EDITING WORD DOCUMENT
Edit Documents - Word offers many features that help you edit text in a document. You can
add, delete and rearrange text. You can also check your document for spelling and grammar
errors and use Word’s built – in thesaurus to find more suitable words.
To open existing document

The existing document means the document you have already created and save it. There
you are going to open Sport items document.
a) Using the Standard Toolbar to open documents:
We may use the Standard Toolbar to open documents, to do this we click on the picture of
an open folder, which is shown below
Open a Document using the Standard Toolbar

Open a document
b) Using the File Menu to open documents:
To open a document using the File Menu, we must point our mouse to the File Menu and
then Select Open from the list that appears, this is shown below
Opening a document from the File Menu
If either of the methods described above are used you will be presented with the Window
shown in figure below. Using this Window locate the document that you seek, select it and
then press the Open button. The Document will now load.
Open a document Window
PRACTICAL 2
You have learnt how to create document and save it. In this practical, you are going to learn
about how to open an existing Word document.
1. Click Open button on the Standard toolbar.

2. On the Open dialog box select Sport items
3. Click open
The document will displayed with title Sport Items – Microsoft Word and working will also
display the sentence you type in the Practical 1.
PRACTICAL 3
Having opened the document you created, you will now learn how to check of spelling and
grammar, insert word, delete, undelete, replace word with different word (Thesaurus), use
Undo and Redo.
a) Check for Grammar
The computer will suggest grammar for and wrong grammar base on it settings.
(Every wrong grammar will be underline will green colour.)
1. Right-click “This store sell”
2. Click “ This store sells”
Note that “this store sell” will be replaced by This store sells.
b) Check of Spelling
The computer will suggest some word for a word which are not in it dictionary.
1. Right-click “rickts”
2. Click “rickets”
The “rickts” will be replaced by “rickets”.
Use the same step to correct “thes” to these.
c) Inserting a mission word (Insert “acquire” between “will” and “these”)

1. Click the empty space between “will and “these”.
2. Type acquire
The sentence will look like “My school will acquire these items soon”
d) Delete a word or sentence
Using delete key

(Before deleting make sure the word/sentence is selected)
1. Select the word “soon”
2. Press the delete key on the keyboard.
Using Backspace
1. Place the insertion point after the word “soon”.
2. Press the Backspace four times (The number of times depends on the letters in word)
The sentence will now look, as “My school will acquire these items”
Note for a sentence is better to used delete key by selection the whole sentence and
press delete key.
UNDO AND REDO

When documents are being created, we may make a mistake or change something that we
decide to put back as it was. To help us recover from our errors or return information to a
previous format we use the Undo and Redo commands.
Undo
The Undo command allows us to undo changes that we have made to a document.
Using the Standard toolbar

We may also use the Standard toolbar to access the Undo command this can be quite useful
as it can be used to display a list of changes that you have made to the document.
To undo the last change press the Undo button (figure 1), to get a list of the past changes
that have been made, click on the arrow which is to the right of the Undo button (figure 2).
Figure 1 - The Undo button
Figure 2 – The Undo history

Redo
If you have undone something you may wish to redo the change that you had made, this
maybe due to the fact you wanted to see the difference between the change and the original
or because of an honest mistake.
Using the Standard toolbar

We may also use the Standard toolbar to access the Redo command this can be quite useful
as it can be used to display a list of changes that you have made to the document.
To redo the last change press the Redo button (figure 2), to get a list of the past changes
that have been made, click on the arrow which is to the right of the Redo button (figure 4).
Figure 3 - The Redo button
Figure 4 – The Redo history
PRACTICAL 4
a) Undo and Redo

Undo
Click on Undo button on the Standard toolbar
The sentence will now look, as “My school will acquire these items soon”
Redo
Click on Redo button on the Standard toolbar
The sentence will now look, as “My school will acquire these items”
b) Replace word with different (Thesaurus/Synonyms)

If you want replace a word with word the same meaning, then you use thesaurus
command.
1. Right the word “acquire”
2. Point to Synonyms
3. Click on the suggested word buy.
The sentence will now look, as “My school will buy these items”
SAVE A SAVED DOCUMENT (RE-SAVED EDITED FILE)

Any edit document needs to be saved to save changes for future use. This can be done by
using:
Save a document using the Standard Toolbar:
Saving using the Standard Toolbar

Save a document
To Save a document you can use the Standard Toolbar. Click on save button on the
Standard toolbar.
PRACTICAL 5
Re-Saved a document /file
• Click the save button on toolbar
• This will save changes to edited document you created.
FORMATTING TEXT IN WORD PROCESSING DOCUMENT

Formatting – This means determining the appearance of a document. That is to make the
document presentable by designing it in a proper format . In other words, you can format a
document to enhance the appearance of the document.
Formatting features include spacing between lines, specifying columns, setting of margins
and justifications, inserting page numbers, headers footers, font, shading, use of borders and
decorative lines, etc.
To format text in word, SELECT the text and then apply the desired format from the
Formatting Toolbar or by using certain commands.
❑ To change the FONT and SIZE of text, you can scroll on the Formatting Toolbar
or go to Format then Font and make appropriate
changes. You can change font to subscript, superscript, all caps and small caps.
❑ To BOLD text, click on or press Ctrl B. Make sure you turn of this function when
you are done.
❑ To UNDERLINE text, click on or press Ctrl U. Make sure you turn of this function
when you are done.
❑ To ITALICIZE text, click on or press Ctrl I. Make sure you turn of this function
when you are done.
To HIGHLIGHT text, select the text then select the highlight function from the formatting
toolbar.
Fonts, Text Size, Alignment & Styles
a) Fonts
A font is a style of text that we use to create our Documents, this document is created in
Tahoma, as you can see the letters used in Tahoma are easily readable and rounded. Fonts
(also called typeface) are described by the font's name (such as Times Roman, Helvetica, or
Avant Garde).
Many organisations ensure that their staff, use a particular font for their documents, but we
must still know how to use different types of Font as and when we need to.
i) Using the Formatting Toolbar

We can use the Formatting toolbar to select the type of Font that we wish to use by using the
Font Box (figure 1), this is used to change the Style of Font that we wish to use and displays
an example of the fonts style in the Menu itself. To choose the font you wish to use, locate it
and then single left click.
Figure 1 – The Font Box

ii) Using the Format Menu
The Format Menu provides us with access to the Font Window, this is accessed by going to
Format and then Clicking on Font (figure 2 shows the Font Window).
Figure 2 – The Font Window
The Font Window allows you to change the Font, text size and other Features of the text and
thus provides a useful tool when adding complex items to documents.
b) Text Size
We may wish to reduce or increase the size of our text in a document, to help us with
headings or just to increase the entire documents text size for a reader with poor eyesight.
To change the text size we can do it one of two way, the first is to access the Font Window
as described above in a) part ii) or we can use the Font Size box, which is on the formatting
toolbar (figure 3)
Figure 3 – Font Size box

PRACTICAL 6
Type the information below:
LETTER OF APPRECIATION
The book and the packet of biscuits from you as my birthday presents have been received
with sincere thank. You could imagine how I was filled with sincere joy when I saw the
contents of the parcel. My parents were very happy and handled them with appreciation. They
have asked me to thank you very much on their behalf.
a) Changing Font Size
1. Select the phrase “Letter of Appreciation”

2. Click the arrow in font size in the Standard toolbar
3. Click on 18 pt.
The phrase will now look as “ LETTER OF APPRECIATION”

-Therefore, the font size has been change to 18 points.
b) Changing Font Style:

1. Select all the paragraph
2. Click the arrow in font of font style on the Standard toolbar
3. Scroll to select Arial. The style will change as shown below:
“The book and the packet of biscuits from you as my birthday presents have been
received with sincere thank. You could imagine how I was filled with sincere joy when I
saw the contents of the parcel. My parents were very happy and handled them with
appreciation. They have asked me to thank you very much on their behalf.”
c) Bolding a Text
1. Select the phrase “LETTER OF APPRECIATION”
2. Click bold on the Standard toolbar
The phrase will now look as “ LETTER OF APPRECIATION”
d) Italic Text
1. Select the text “ my birthday presents”
2. Click italic on the Standard toolbar
The text will to change to “My birthday present”
e) Underlining Text
1. Select the text “LETTER OF APPRECIATION”
2. Click underline button on the Standard toolbar
LETTER OF APPRECIATION”
The text will change to “
RENAME FORMATTED DOCUMENT

USING SAVE AS
1. Click File Menu
2. Click Save As
3. Type the name in the File Name box
4. Click Save
PRACTICAL 7
1. Click File Menu

2. Click Save As
3. Type “Training” in the File Name Box
4. Click save
UNIT 15 WORD PROCESSING APPLICATION III

EDIT WORD PROCESS DOCUMENT 2
Selecting Text Overview
In order to make some changes to text in Microsoft Word you must select it first. Word provides
many ways to select text. The selection bar is the empty space at the left hand margin of the
text. The selection bar allows you to quickly select lines, paragraphs or the entire document
without scrolling.
SELECTING/HIGHLIGHTING TEXT
Highlighting by Using the F8 and Arrow Keys

1. Place the cursor before or after the text you wish to highlight and click the left mouse button.
2. Press the F8 key, which will serve as an "anchor" showing where text you wish to highlight
begins or ends.
3. Press the appropriate arrow key (left arrow to move to the left, or right arrow to move to
the right) until the text is highlighted. You can use the up or down arrow key to highlight
one line at a time. Press Esc to remove the anchor.
Highlighting by Using the Mouse

1. Place the cursor before or after the text you wish to highlight.
2. Hold down the left mouse button.
3. Move (drag) the mouse left, right, up, or down until the text is highlighted.
Select All
This selects all of the text that is currently within a document. This allows for big chunks
of information to be taken from one document and added to another without too much
hassle. To Select All, we can use the Edit Menu (figure 19) or use the shortcut keys
CTRL-A.
Figure 19 – Select All

When you are in the selection bar area the pointer becomes a right pointing arrow. The
following table demonstrates the actions used to select different sections of text.
To select the following Do the following

A Word Double-click mouse on word
A line Click in selection bar beside the line
A paragraph Double-click in selection bar
Click at beginning of text block, hold down the
A block of text
<Shift>key and click at the end of text block
Entire document Ctrl while clicking in selection bar or Press Ctrl A
Deselect a block of text Click anywhere on white background
CUT/COPY AND PASTE
When moving things around in your document, it will be very convenient to get to know Cut
or Crtl X, Copy or Ctrl C and Paste or Ctrl V. You have to first select the text
then you can apply these functions. Cut removes selected text and graphics and puts it on
the Clipboard. Copy places a duplicate of selected text and graphics on the Clipboard.
Paste inserts a copy of the Clipboard contents at the insertion point, replacing the selection
(if any) the text on the Clipboard.
You can also use the right mouse button to cut, copy and paste once you have selected text.
It must also be noted that Cutting, Copying and Pasted is a universal part of your Windows
system and therefore you can Cut or Copy an Item from one program and Paste it into
another.
Cutting
We can now cut the item, this can be done by using one of methods shown below.
a) Using the Edit Menu:

Select the text and then by pointing your pointer to the Edit Menu and then Cut, a single
left click will now cut the text (see Figure 1).
Figure 1 – Cut using the Edit Menu
b) Using the Standard toolbar:

Select the text or item that you require and then click on the picture of the scissors
highlighted in Figure 2
Figure 2 – Cut text using the Standard toolbar
c) Using the Cut shortcuts keys:

Select the text/item you wish to use and then press the keys CTRL and X together. The
text will have now been cut.
Copy
Copying is carried out in much the same way as Cutting, except when we use whichever
method we need to carry out the copy, the text does not disappear, but a Copy of it is
made, below are the Methods that we can use to Copy text:
a) Using the Edit Menu: The same method is used except that you will use copy instead of
cut.
b) Using the Standard toolbar: The same method is used except that you will use copy
instead of cut
c) Using the Copy shortcuts keys:
Select the text/item you wish to use and then press the keys CTRL and C together. The
text will have now been copied.
Paste
Once we have copied or cut our text/object, we need to be able to Paste this information,
wherever we wish. This can be done in a number of ways and is carried out as follows.
a) Using the Edit Menu:
Select the location where you wish to place the text, then by pointing to the Edit menu
and by single clicking on Paste as shown in Figure 4 below.
Figure 4 – Paste using the Edit Menu

b) Using the Standard toolbar:
Select the location where you wish to place the text/object and then press the Paste
button, which is highlighted in Figure 5 this looks like a Clipboard and a piece of paper.
Figure 5 – Paste text using the Standard toolbar
c) Using the Paste shortcuts keys:

Select the location where you wish to use place the item(s) and then press the keys
CTRL and V together. The text will have now been pasted.
SUMMARY
Cut and Paste You can cut (delete) text from one area of the document and paste it
elsewhere in the document.
Cut - Using the Menu

4. Highlight the word or text.
5. Click on Edit.
6. Highlight Cut. Press Enter.
Paste - Using the Menu

1. Place the cursor at the point where you want to insert the cut text.
2. Press the Spacebar to leave a space.
3. Click on Edit.
4. Highlight Paste. Press Enter.
Cut by Using the Icon

1. Highlight the word or text
2. Click on the Cut icon .
Paste by Using the Icon

1. Place the cursor at the point where you want to insert the cut text.
1. Press the Spacebar to leave a space.
2. Click on the Paste icon .
Copy and Paste The same procedure for Cut and Paste above are used but this time the icon
for Copy is used.

NOTE: You paste items/texts/graphs on the clipboard as many as can.
PRACTICAL 8
1. Open a New document

2. Type this paragraph of sentences “To most young people, friends are very important or
even indispensable. They believe strongly that friends play a big role in shaping who they
are because not only do friends introduce them to new things but also they share their
dreams and try to help plans out their future. This probable explains why they prefer
friends to family at times.”
PRACTICAL 9
Cut and Paste

1. Select the text “This probable explains why they prefer friends to family at times.”, the
last sentence.
2. Click on Cut on the Standard toolbar.
3. Place the cursor at the point after the full stop of “indispensable” or between
“indispensable, and They”
4. Click on the Paste icon on the Standard toolbar.
The paragraph will appear as follows: “To most young people, friends are very important or
even indispensable. This probable explains why they prefer friends to family at times. They
believe strongly that friends play a big role in shaping who they are because not only do
friends introduce them to new things but also share their dreams and try to help plans out their
future.”
PRACTICAL 10
Copy and Paste

1. Select the text “friends” in first sentence in the paragraph.
2. Click on Copy on the Standard toolbar.

3. Place the cursor at the point between “also and share” in the last sentence.
4. Click on the Paste icon on the Standard toolbar.
The paragraph will appear as follows: “To most young people, friends are very important or
even indispensable. This probable explains why they prefer friends to family at times. They
believe strongly that friends play a big role in shaping who they are because not only do
friends introduce them to new things but also friends share their dreams and try to help plans
out their future.”
FORMATTING TEXT IN WORD PROCESSING II

The lesson covers using bullets and numbering, and aligns text appropriately.
Bullets and Numbering - Bullets and numbers are used to represent points or lists. These
are very useful and much used by many.
Bullets and Numbering

1. Highlight the words.
2. Click on Format.
3. Highlight Bullets and Numbering. Press Enter.
4. Click on the format you desire (i.e. whether bullets or numbering), if it is not in the front.
5. Several styles are available to you. Click on the style you want to use.
6. Click on OK.
7. Your list should now be numbered.
To remove the bullet/numbering:

1. Highlight the list again.
2. Click on Format.
3. Highlight Bullets and Numbering. Press Enter.
4. Click on None.
5. Click on OK.
Bullet/Numbering using the Icon:

1. Highlight the list you typed.
2. Click on the Bullet or Numbering icon on the Formatting toolbar.
3. Your list should now be bulleted or numbered.
To remove the numbering:

1. Highlight the list again.
2. Click again on the Bullet or Numbering icon .
We can also change the type of bullets or numbering being shown, this is done by use of the
bullets and numbering window (Figure 6), which is accessed via the Format menu.
Figure 6 – The Bullets and Numbering Window
To choose the bullet style that you wish to use, you can select the type you want, then press
ok. This is much the same for the type of numbering (figure 7).
Figure 7 – Options available for numbered lists

Finally, we can use outline numbering. This allows us mix numbers with bullets, or use
different representations of numbers or bullets depending how far the paragraphs have been
indented.
ALIGNMENT/POSITION
• Left-Justified text is aligned on the left.
• Right-Justified text is flush on the right.
• Justified text is flush on both sides.
The text below in Italics is justified.
The definition of Justification is; To adjust horizontal spacing so that text is aligned evenly
along both the left and right margins. Justifying text creates a smooth edge on both sides.
By default, Word uses left-aligned text. To change the alignment of text, select the text to be
changed and use the following buttons or key combinations:
Align left or use CTRL+L
Centre or use CTRL+E
Align right or use CTRL+R
Justify or use CTRL+J
To align text.
1. Highlight or place your cursor in the paragraph.
2. Click on Format.
3. Highlight Paragraph. Press Enter.
4. Click on the Indents and Spacing tab, if that tab is not in the front.
5. Click to open the Alignment pull-down menu.
6. Click on Right, Left, Centre or Justify.
7. Click on OK.
To Align by Using the Icon

1. Highlight or place your cursor in the text.
2. Click on the Align Right , Align Left , Centre or Justify icon.
Line Spacing
Line spacing (also called leading) refers to the amount of space between lines. You can
choose single-line spacing or double-line spacing, or specify the amount of space in points.
As documents are created, it is sometimes essential to increase the spacing between lines
on a page. This is usually to help the end reader. Many Universities ask their students to
double space their essays so that their tutors can easily understand the documents.
To change the spacing between lines we use the line spacing tool, which is placed on the
formatting toolbar and shown in Figure 9. To extend the tool, click on the small black arrow to
the right of the picture.
Figure 9 – Line Spacing

UNIT 16 WORD PROCESSING APPLICATION IV

THE USE OF DRAWING TOOLBAR IN WORD PROCESSING
By default, Word will displays drawing toolbar, therefore, you need to customize your setting
to show drawing toolbar. To show drawing toolbar, you can do any of the following:
➢ Using Standard toolbar: By clicking on the Drawing button on the Standard

toolbar
➢ Using Empty Space on the Toolbar

1. By right-click an empty place on the default toolbar either standard or
formatting toolbar. As shown below
2. Click drawing on the pull down menu. As indicated below:
3. The drawing toolbar will be displayed at the bottom of horizontal scrollbar. As

shown below
Basic Features of Drawing toolbar

Line Colour
Font Colour
Fill Colour
Insert Picture Line Style

Insert Clip Art
Insert WordArt Dash Style
Arrow Style
Text Box
Select Objects Line Oval
Arrow Rectangle
Functions or Uses of Drawing Buttons

1. Select Objects - It enables you select object created or inserted so that it can be
grouped or worked with.
2. Line - It is used to create a line
3. Arrow - It is used to create arrows e.g. when drawing number line.
4. Rectangle - It is used to create rectangular and square shapes
5. Oval - It is used to create oval and circle
6. Text Box - A movable, resizable container for text or graphics.
7. Insert WordArt - It enables you to create shadowed, skewed, rotated, and stretched
text, as well as text that has been fitted to predefine shapes.
8. Insert Clip Art - It enables you to insert clip art (drawings, photographs, sounds,
videos, and other media files)
9. Insert Picture - It is used to insert a picture to a document.
10. Fill Colour - It is used to apply a solid colour to an object you have created.
11. Line Colour - It is used to apply colour to a line of an object.
12. Font Colour - It is used to apply colour to a selected font in a document
13. Line Style - It provides different line styles you can use to create an object.
14. Dash Style - It provides different dash styles you want to create e.g. hidden line
15. Arrow Style - It provides different arrow styles you can apply to an object.
To Create a drawing
When you create a drawing in Microsoft Word, by default, a drawing canvas is placed around
it. The drawing canvas helps you arrange and resize the objects in your drawing.
1. Click in your document where you want to create the drawing.
2. On the Insert menu, point to Picture, and then click New Drawing.
A drawing canvas is inserted into your document.
3. Use the Drawing toolbar to add any shapes or pictures that you want.
Drawing canvas: is an area on which you can draw multiple shapes. Because the shapes
are contained within the drawing canvas, they can be moved and resized as a unit.
The drawing canvas is created by default when you click on a button on a drawing toolbar.
To Draw a line
Using AutoShapes:
1. On the Drawing toolbar, click AutoShapes, point to Lines, and then click the line
style you want.
2. Drag to draw the line.
3. Do one or both of the following:
• To constrain the line to draw at 15-degree angles from its starting point,
hold down SHIFT as you drag.
• To lengthen the line in opposite directions from the first end point, hold
down CTRL as you drag.
Using toolbar:
If you just want to draw a straight line, click Line on the Drawing toolbar, and then drag to
draw the line.
To Draw a Square or Rectangle

Using AutoShapes:
1. On the Drawing toolbar, click AutoShapes, point to Basic Shapes, and then click the
rectangle style you want.
2. Drag to draw the rectangle.
3. To draw a square, hold down SHIFT as you drag.
Using toolbar:
Click Rectangle on the Drawing toolbar, and then drag to draw the rectangle or square
(while holding down SHIFT as you drag).
To Draw an Oval or a Circle

Using AutoShapes:
1. On the Drawing toolbar, click AutoShapes, point to Basic Shapes, and then click the
Oval style you want.
2. Drag to draw the oval.
3. To draw a Circle, hold down SHIFT as you drag.
Using toolbar:
Click Oval on the Drawing toolbar, and then drag to draw the oval or circle (while holding
down SHIFT as you drag).
To Draw an Arrow
Using AutoShapes:
1. On the Drawing toolbar, click AutoShapes, point to Lines, and then click the arrow
style you want.
2. Drag to draw the arrow.
Using toolbar:
Click Arrow on the Drawing toolbar, and then drag to draw the arrow.
To Draw a curve
1. On the Drawing toolbar, click AutoShapes, point to Lines, and then click Curve.
2. Click where you want the curve to start, and then continue to move the mouse and
click wherever you want to add a curve.
3. To end the curve, double-click at any time.
To close the curve and make a shape, click near its starting point.
To Draw a freeform shape

1. On the Drawing toolbar, click AutoShapes and then point to Lines.
2. Do one of the following:
• Click Freeform to draw an object with both curved and straight line segments.
Drag to draw freehand shapes; click and move the mouse to draw straight lines.
Do one of the following:
o To end a shape and leave it open, double-click at any time.
o To close a shape, click near its starting point.
• Click Scribble and drag to draw a shape that looks more like it was drawn with a
pen or to create smooth curves.
INSERT PICTURES IN WORD PROCESSING DOCUMENT
Insert Picture from file

a) Using the drawing toolbar:
1. If the drawing toolbar is switched on, click on Insert Picture button, to access
the Insert Picture dialog box
2. Select the picture you want
3. Click insert
b) Using Insert Menu:

1. Click Insert Menu, point to Picture and click From File
2. Select the picture you want
3. Click insert
ClipArt
Clipart is a Gallery of pictures, photographs, movies and sounds that can be used to help us
to create interesting and colourful documents. We can access the Clipart Task Pane by
using two methods.
a) Using the drawing toolbar:
If the drawing toolbar is switched on, we can use the Clipart button , to access the
Clipart task pane.
b) Using the Insert Menu

1. To access this, point your mouse pointer to the Insert Menu and then locate
Picture on the list that appears.
2. A further menu will now appear and we can choose Clipart from this list.
Once the ClipArt task pane has been loaded we can search for pictures etc, by the name of
the item in the search box, for example cars, the results of this search are shown in fig. 11.
Figure11 Search results for cars
To insert a picture place your cursor over the picture you wish to use, then hold down your
left mouse button and “drag” your picture onto the page. Your picture will have now been
inserted.
PRINTING A WORD PROCESSING DOCUMENT

Print Documents
You can produce a paper copy of a document you create. Before printing, you can preview
how the document will appear on a printed page. You can also print envelopes and mailing
labels. After you've decided to print your document, the printing process is simple. You
choose the print command. In the print dialog box, you can choose several options, including
the number of copies you want to print, the pages you want to print, and (with most printers)
the print quality.
Print preview:
It allows the user to see on the screen how the document will both like i.e. What You See Is
What You Get (WYSIWYG-pronounced whiz-e-wig).
Select the File Menu and choose Print Preview.
OR
Press the Print Preview Button on the standard toolbar.
The Magnifier Button is used to enter and edit text in Print Preview mode. By default Word
has the button selected, click on the Magnifier button to deselect it and it will turn the mouse
pointer from a magnifying glass to a cursor and then you may enter or edit text in Print
Preview mode.
Printing – To produce a hard copy of a document created using a printer. Word processing
software gives you the option to either print one copy or several copies.
The easiest way to print is to click on the Print button However, you have very little
control when you use this icon to print.
To have a little more control, you’ll want to use the File, Print options from the pull down
menu.
The print dialog box lets you select what
you want to print, as well as leads you to
other printing and printer options. You can
select specific pages you want to print, the
number of copies, number of pages to a
page and also layout and quality of
printing.
Note: to change the orientation of the
paper or size of paper, go to File, page
setup, paper size and click on portrait or
landscape.
Number of copies and pages

The capability to print individual pages and a range of pages (e.g. pages 2 though 7) is
available. The user can specify how many copies are to be printed.
Portrait and landscape

Portrait printing means the paper is taller than wider. Most letters are printed this way.
Landscape printing means that the paper is wider than it is tall. Tables with a large number of
columns are often printed this way.
HELP FACILITY
Help / The Office Assistant

It may be the case that whilst creating a document, we may wish to carry out a task that we
currently do not know how to do. Word however contains its own Help section and an Office
assistant, who helps us to create our documents.
The Office Assistant:
The Office assistant helps us to create documents; it can be used to give us tips and a
helping hand when we are in the process of creating particular types of document. The office
assistant is also one way that we can access the help section (described below).
Opening the Office Assistant

To turn on the Office Assistant, place your mouse pointer over the Help menu and then
select the menu item, Show the Office Assistant (Figure 1)
Figure 1 – Show the office assistant

The office assistant will now open, it will appear either at the bottom right hand side of the
screen if you have not used it before, or in the location where you turned it off last. Figure 2
shows an example of the office assistant.
Figure 2 – The Paperclip (clipit) Office Assistant
Using the Office Assistant for help & using the help task pane
a) Using the Office Assistance to get help

The office assistant can also be used to access the help library, to do this double click on
your assistant, and a small speech bubble will appear (figure 3).
Figure 3 – Ask the Office Assistant a question part one
In the space provided type in the question that you want to ask your assistant, and then
press the search button (figure 4)
Fig. 4 - Ask the office assistant a question part two
Your search results will appear in the Search Results task pane, as can be seen in figure 5
Fig.5 - The Search Results
Click on the item that you wish to read from the Search results and the help text for this entry
will now appear, for example I have clicked on Apply Bold Formatting, which was the first
result from my search (figure 6).
Fig. 6 - How to apply Bold formatting
b) Using the Help Text Box for help

We can also access the help section by the use of the help text box, which is placed
at the top right hand corner of your screen. By typing in a question here the same
results can be retrieved as if we had used the office assistant. See figure 7
Fig. 7 - Make text bold
UNIT 17 FINDING FILES AND FOLDERS

FINDING FILES AND FOLDERS USING THE SEARCH TOOL
Finding/Searching a File or Folder

If you forgot where you saved a file and can not locate it using the Explore tool, you can use
the Search tool under the Start Menu. To activate the Search window, click on the Start
Menu and select Search.
Search procedure to locate missing and misplaced files/folders

1. click Start Menu
2. click on Search icon
3. in the search dialogue box click all
4. files and folders
5. type filename or word or phrase in the file
6. select location
7. click on search
PRACTICAL VIEW
1. Click on the Start Menu and Click on the Search button.
You will be asked what you want to search for
2. Select the type of object (pictures, documents, computers, help, etc.) you are
searching for from the list provided.
If you had selected , you will now be able to enter

your search criteria:
• Click on When was it modified to narrow the search to only those files saved on a
specific date.
• Click on What size is it to narrow the search for files of a specific size.
• Click on More advanced options to include system, hidden and sub-folders in your
search, to make the search case sensitive, and to search a tape backup if one is
available.
3. Type filename or word or phrase in a word or phrase in the file box.
4. When done, click on to begin the search.

If the search was successful, the right window pane will display the
files and/or folders matching your search criteria.
The left pane will display the following information:
UNIT 18 INTERNET
CONCEPT OF THE INTERNET AND WORLD WIDE WEB (WWW)
THE INTERNET
INTRODUCTION
When you talk about computers and their uses, one of the thoughts that often come into our
minds is the Internet. Some of you know or have heard of what the Internet is and perhaps
what could be done on the Internet but may not know how it got started. The Internet started
as a United States Defence Department project. It was intended to protect Americans during
the Cuban Missile Crisis. Computer Scientists were to find a way to get messages from one
office of the military to another. It was obvious that using computers to communicate would be
much faster and also provide a new form of security for the Defence Department.
The Computer Scientists eventually developed a software programme that worked by using
telephone cables. Once they did this they were able to connect all their computers and their
success with the project became the standard for the Internet.
Today, the Internet is a network of networks. It connects millions of computers all over the
world to exchange information. If you hear someone say “World Wide Web” the one is talking
about the Internet. It gives the idea of the area and form of the network. It is so wide that it
covers the whole world and its network is as unlimited as a spider's web which does not seem
to have a beginning or an end. It could also be referred to as the “Super Information Highway”.
Computers and the World Wide Web

Since 1985 this computer technology has become the fastest growing industry in the world.
Do you know that there are over one hundred and twenty million web sites you can visit? The
Internet is similar to going to the biggest library or departmental store.
INTERNET – Is defined as the universal network that allows Computers to talk to other
Computers in words, text, graphics and sound anywhere in the world.
UNIVERSAL NETWORK – Is a global collection of computers, linked together by means of
telephone and microwave lines.
WORLD WIDE WEB (WWW) – The World Wide Web is that part of the Internet that makes
use of graphical software known as web browsers, and of files stores as HTML. It displayed
graphical pages as a combination of text, graphics, and in some cases audio and video.
USES OF THE INTERNET
The Internet could be used for the following:
1. Send and receive messages from 10. Do your Banking Online
friends and relations using the 11. Buy and Sell
Electronic Mail (E-Mail). 12. Visit Children’s Site
2. Search for jobs 13. Earn a Diploma or Degree Online
3. Plan a career 14. Register for University courses.
4. Apply for jobs on-line. 15. Visit Libraries to make references
5. Apply for Grants (or money) for and even print particular pages of a
research. required material.
6. Read National and International 16. Chat with Friends or hold
Newspapers and Magazines. conferences with others in different
7. Listen to Radio Broadcasts parts of the world.
8. Learn how to write good curriculum 17. Look for pen pals
vitae (information about oneself). 18. Advertisement
9. Send Pictures to others using a
Digital Camera.
NOTE: This is only a little bit of what the Internet could be used for and this explains why so
many people use it or seek to use it. It is however necessary to caution that not all the things
on the Internet are good for everybody. This is because almost everything you can imagine
whether good or bad, in your estimation, could be found on the Internet. Remember, how it
has often been reported that some people, particularly ladies, pose for naked pictures and
films on the Internet. Such things may be morally unhealthy.
FEATURE OF WEB BROWSER
The software program you need to access the Web is called a Web browser and they
available for most computers. Browser let you move from one Web page to another using
links on the World Wide Web.
The two most popular browsers are called Netscape Navigator and Microsoft Internet.
Browsers are usually come pre-installed on your computer, or your Internet Service Provider
may supply them.
The Common Features/Parts of Browser are as follows:

• Address bar, Forward, Back , Stop, Reload/refresh, Print etc
• Stop
Refresh
Back Forward Home History Print
Address bar Search Favourites Mail

Function of Features of Web Browsers
• Address bar - Is the place to enter internet address (URL or Uniform Resource
Lacier or Locator) or it displays the address of current opened Web site.
• Forward button - It returns you to the page you were viewing before you pressed the
back button.
• Back button - It takes you to the last page you were viewing.
• Stop button - It stops the current pages from loading.
• Reload/refresh button - This button loads the page again.
• Home button - It takes you to your default home page.
• Mail button - This button opens your e-mail software,
• Print button - This button prints the current page.
• Search button - It opens a link for searching the Internet.
• Favorites button - It allows you to view and add a Web page to your list of favorite
pages (a handful of sites or pages that you visit often).
• History button - It allows you to find Web sites and pages you've viewed in the last
few days.
Launching a Web page
1. Double click browser icon e.g. Internet Explorer
2. The Internet web page will be opened
3. To go to different Web sites type URL or Web address in the Address bar and press
enter or click on GO.
Note: If the icon is not found on the desktop, you can use Start Menu process.
Exit a Web page
Once all search have been made, you just click close button.
Advantages of the Internet:
• in teaching and learning e.g. access to more information
• to the individual e.g. communication
• to the Community e.g. shopping
• to Ghana or the nation e.g. International Relations
Disadvantages of the Internet:

• computer fraud (419)
• virus infect computers through Internet
• expensive – connectivity and subscription
• no barriers – confidential information can be tapped
GETTING CONNECTED
So, what does it take to get connected to the Internet from your home or your dorm? You
need four things. They are a computer, an ISP, a modem and communication software.
1. Computer such as a tablet PC or Smart phone.
2. ISP (Internet Service provides) – is a company that provides individuals,
organizations and businesses access to the Internet.
3. Modem – is a device that allows you to connect you computers to another computer
or to a network of other computer. E.g. telephone modem, DSL (Digital Subscriber
line) modem, cable modem and satellite modem.
4. Connectivity software – allows you to use your computer to connect to another
computer or network.
TECHNOLOGIES USED TO ACCESS INTERNET

Technologies (tools) used to access internet are as follows:
• Computers , Mobile devices such smart phones, Satellite , Telephones, Modem and
GPRS.
Each site on the Internet has a unique address commonly known as the Internet address
(and less commonly known by the official name of URL or Uniform Resource Lacier/ Locator).
Telephone modem – is a device telecommunications devices that connects your computer

through a phone line to a network of other computers.
Satellite This type of communication uses satellites orbiting about 22,000 miles above the
earth as microwave relay stations.
Satellite modem Telecommunications device that allows you to get Internet access using
a satellite dish.
GPRS (General Packet Radio Service) is a data bearer that enables wireless access to
data network such as the Internet. The applications that may use GPRS are MMS, browsing
and Java application download. It is usually found on mobile phones.
UNIT 19 USING INTERNET TO COMMUNICATE

INTERNET ETIQUETTE
This refers to the rules and regulations in using the Internet. The rules are drawn to check
spam and blogging.
Definitions
Blogging Writing a blog. A blog (short for weblog) is a personal online journal that is
frequently updated and intended for general public consumption.
Spam Unauthorized and/or unsolicited electronic mass mailings.
Hacker – someone who attempts to gain access to computer systems illegally
Cracker – someone who uses the computer to engage in illegal activity
Computer Crime
Most commonly reported categories
◼ Credit card fraud
◼ Data communications fraud
◼ Unauthorized access to computer files.
◼ Unlawful copying of copyrighted software.
Preventing Spam
Many ways you can minimize junk e-mail
◼ Be careful how you give out your e-mail address.
◼ Filtering software allows you to block messages or send them to designated
folders.
◼ Don’t register at Web sites without a promise that the Web site will not sell
your information.
◼ NEVER respond to spam.
System and Network Activities

The following activities are strictly prohibited, with no exceptions:
1. Browsing of pornographic sites is strictly prohibited.
2. Food, drinks etc must not be taken in a computer lab, or users sitting behind any
computer.
3. Introduction of malicious programs into the network system or server (e.g., viruses,
worms, Trojan horses, e-mail bombs, etc.).
4. The internet must not be used for any illegal activities such as hacking, port
scanning slander, obscenity, profanity etc.
5. Activities like network game playing must not be done on the computer systems.
6. Downloading software and programmes must not be down without the permission of
the teacher in-charge.
7. Caution should be taken when opening email from unknown sources.
8. Email attachment should not be larger than 10 megabytes.
RULES AND REGULATIONS FOR USING THE COMPUTER LABORATORY

1. Do not send food or drink into the computer lab.
2. Clean your hands before using the computer.
3. Do not touch the computer screen.
4. Ask permission before leaving class.
5. Do not run or push in the computer lab.
6. Do not turn on the computer without asking permission.
7. Always follow the Computer Teacher’s instructions.
8. Be prompt. Do not be late for class.
9. Do not sit on the computer tables.
10. Do not load games or executable programs on computer without asking the
Computer teacher.
11. Respect the computers and be respectful of other users of the computer lab.
12. Do not touch the computer keyboards on your way out of lab.
13. Always keep the computer lab CLEAN!
CREATING E-MAIL ACCOUNT
Concept of Electronic Mail (E-Mail)
Electronic mail (or e-mail) is the Internet’s version of the postal service. Instead of putting a
letter in a postbox you send a message from your computer down a telephone line. You can
send e-mail to anyone who has an e-mail address.
E-mail is a message you send from your computer to one or more other computers. I
To use e-mail you need a software program. You may have an e-mail program as part of
your Internet Service Provider’s software, or you may want to use dedicated e-mail software
such as Eudora, Quick Mail and Outlook Express.
There are also websites on the Internets that will give you an e-mail address and a mail box
where you send and collect your messages. This is called Web-based e-mail and it’s free.
The popular sites for web-based e-mail are Hotmail and Yahoo. They will give you an e-
mail address and a mail box where you send and collect your messages.
One advantage of Web-based e-mail is that you don’t need an account with an Internet
Service Provider. All you need is to be able to access the site that runs your e-mail
account. You can do this from any computer, anywhere in the world, perhaps a computer
at work or by paying to use one at a cyber café.
The disadvantage is that very popular Web-based e-mail sites can be a victim to their
own success. Because they attract so many user, they can be a target for junk e-mail.
This means you may get a lot of rubbish in you mail box, although this can happen with
any e-mail address.
You may find dedicated e-mal programs quicker and easier to use, especially when you
want to attach pictures or document to your message.
Importance of E-mail
• for sending and receiving information faster from one computer to another over the
internet
• for Communication
• for sending Job Application
• for sending Official information
E-mail Address
To be able to send and receive e-mail you need to set up an e-mail account. You are then
given e-mail address.
An e-mail address has two main parts. It starts with your name, which could be your full
name or a nickname. This is followed by the @ sign, and then the domain name of the
organization that is giving you your electronic mail box. The domain name is the unique
name a company registers on the Internet so no two people end up with the same address.
Examples are as follows:
Domain names are followed by a dot and a suffix that indicates what sort of organization the
domain name belong to. If it is a company, the suffix is usually .com for business in the US
or .co for companies elsewhere. Governments uses the suffix .gov. In the UK, universities
use .ac and school use .sch. Non-profit organizations use. org.
For e-mail address outside the US, there can be another dot followed by a suffix. This tells
you which country the computer that host the mail box is in. .uk means the computer is in
UK while .gh tells you it is in Ghana.
• Isaac.bot@bbc.co.uk
• mark@fulcrum.com
• info@education.gov.gh
Mark means user name, fulcrum is a domain name, .com means it belongs to a company.
CREATING E-MAIL ACCOUNT (HOW TO GET AN E-MAIL ADDRESS)
To get an E-Mail address, you need to open an E-Mail account and pay for the service. It is
possible however to get a free E-Mail address. You can have access to mails in your
address as no other person has the same address. That is you need to have unique user-
name or identification (User ID), thus a name no one else is using as his/her address and
a Password which serves as your secret key to open your mail box.
GETTING A FREE E-MAIL ADDRESS

If you go to an Internet Café to open an E-mail account the owner of the Internet Café may
charge a fee for using his or her facilities but that has nothing to do with the opening of the E-
Mail account. Generating the address itself is free. How do you get the E-Mail address free?
Free Web-Based E-mail

• Microsoft Hotmail http://www.hotmail.com/
• Yahoo! http://www.yahoo.com/
• Doctors.net.uk http://www.doctors.net.uk
Take note of the following steps and let us follow them through systematically.
Steps:
Open Microsoft Internet Explorer / Nescape Navigator Browser
Go to Hotmail - How to do it.

1. Go to the top of the screen. If you are using Internet Explorer Browser , look for the
Word ….Address If you are using the Nescape Navigator Browser, look for the word
Location
2. Click the Mouse in the Address or Location Box and type in the website Address of
hotmail as follows: www.hotmail.com if it is Yahoo, type as follows: www.yahoo.com.
3. Find and press the Enter key on the keyboard and patiently wait for the Hotmail/Yahoo
website. A picture of the Hotmail website is as shown as Fig 1
Registration for a free E-mail Address

4. Double click any part of the statement in blue “Sign Up for a free Email Account”
5. Follow through with then instructions on the screen and to register your name.
Specifically you will provide the following information:
6. Type in you name in the appropriate box or boxes
Registering for a free E-Mail Address

7. Select the Language (This is generally English if that is what you often use for official
communication)
8. Select the Country where you are doing the registration from a long list. Ghana is in
the list.
9. Skip the box for “State” as you are not in the US
10. We have no Postal Zip Code so move on to the next box.
11. Select the Time Zone; Universal Time – GMT
12. Click to select your gender - Male or Female
13. Fill in/Select you date of birth and occupation in the boxes that follow
14. Choose a user-name or sign-in-name for your E-Mail Address. Your name must not be
less than eight letters.
15. Type in a password, which has a minimum of 6 characters. It must not have any spaces
Your password is your key to enter your own web-page in hotmail. If you forget it you
may have unnecessary headache. It must also not be too simple for anyone to easily
guess and enter your mailbox to read your mails.
16. The password will have to be retyped in a second box to confirm it.
Continuation of the Registration Form

17. You
need to provide a secret question that will help you remember your password in case
you forget it. The answer to the secret question must not be easily known by your
friends nor be an answer that can change with time. For example “In which class are
you now?”
Concluding the Registration with your agreement to the terms.

Once you agree to the terms, there will be a response to confirm and inform you that your
account has been opened. Your new E-mail address will be proudly displayed to you. If
someone else has the same sign-in-name you will be informed and some suggestions
given you. Once you are through you may write down your address and give it to your
friends. You need to get your own E-Mail address.
Summary of Creating E-mail Account

1. Double-click on the Netscape Navigator icon / Microsoft Internet Explorer.
2. Type the Internet address into the location box / Address bar
(http://www.hotmail.com/).
3. Click where it says sign up here and then follow the instructions for registration
4. Once you register, you will be responsible for all activity on your account so make
sure you read the Terms of Service before you accept them.
Logging into E-mail Account

1. Double-click on the Internet Explorer icon
2. Type the Internet address into the Address bar (http://www.yahoomail.com/)
3. Click on mail and wait for it to open
4. Type your user name (ID) and password in box provided.
5. Click “ Sign in” or press the enter key.
UNIT 20 ACCESSING INFORMATION

BROWSING THROUGH WEBPAGE USING HYPERLINKS
HYPERLINKS
Hyperlinks are clickable text or an image that allows you to move from one Web site to
another or move to a different place within the same Web site. The text Hyperlink is called
Hypertext links (is coloured and underlined text that provides further details about a subject
on another page.)
Each screen is called a page and is like a page in a book, but as well as words and pictures,
it can also include animation, sounds and music.
Links are identified when cursor moves over a link the arrow changes to a hand . Click
on link makes it changes colour or highlighted. You can point and click on links (words or
graphics) to move around.
ACCESSING INFORMATION USING WEBSITE ADDRESS
WEBSITE ADDRESS
Website addresses (or URL or Uniform Resource Locators) are quoted regularly on
television and radio, in advertising and print. They are easy to understand when you know
what all the parts of it mean.
Features of a website address

• numbers • questions mark (?0
• letters • colon (: ) etc.
• full stop • dwindle (~)
• slash (/, //)
http://www.bbc.co.uk
Meaning of each element of the address:
• http:// tells the web browser that it is making a Web connection.
• www indicates that the page you are looking for is on the World Wide Web..
• bbc is the domain name which the BBC has registered with the Internet Society
• co means the website belongs to a company.
• uk means the website is on a computer in the United Kingdom.
Things to note for:
• There are not space in URLs
• All addresses are in lower case. Even a name like the BBC is in lower case in a Web
address.
Other Web address may look like http://62.193.88.141/moodle/mood/resource/view.php?id=83
To access information using Web address

1. Open the Web browser such as Internet explorer
2. Type the Web address in the address bar
3. Press enter or click on Go button
4. The Web page of the particular address will be displayed on the screen
(The loading of page depends on the speed of connection)
UNIT 21 E-MAILING AND SHARING INFORMATION

LOCATING AND TRANSFERRING INFORMATION FROM WEBSITE TO WORD
PROCESSING DOCUMENT
Locating Information from Websites
Open the Web browser and type the URL of educational Website such
http:// www.letterchase.com a page will be opened to copy information to transfer to MS
Word.
Copy and Paste Information from Websites to MS Word

1. Open the Web page as discussed above
2. Use the cursor to highlight what you want to copy
3. Click Edit Menu and then click copy
4. Open the MS Word Processor
5. On the Edit Menu click paste
Coping from Web page

Pasting on MS Word Processing Document
Save copied information in Word Processing

1. Click File Menu
2. Click Save As on the pull down menu
3. Type the file name (Note Word usually suggest name for you)
4. Click Save
How To Save A Web Page

1. Click Save As on the file menu.
2. Type the name you want your site to be or Save As will automatically select a name
for you.
3. Select the save format web page
4. Click save.
How To Print A Web Page / Received Mail

1. Click print on the file menu.
2. Type the page number or page rage.
3. Click print.
COMPOSE AND SEND E-MAIL MESSAGES
How to Compose and Send an E-mail
Once you have logged on to your computer, you should then start Yahoo (or whatever mail
system you use). You should go to your inbox, where any new messages will be received.
Directly above this you will see a series of commands. Click on Message and then New
Message. You will then be taken to the compose screen. You should send a message to
your personal Friend. Fill in all the relevant sections of the form:
To: (The e-mail address of the person/Friend)

From: Your name & address is automatically inserted
Subject: Sending an E-mail (It is important to always have a subject)
Cc: (Carbon Copies): this allows you to copy your message to someone else
Bcc: (Blind Carbon Copies): Your message is copied but the person receiving the
message is not aware of this.
Attached: if you attach a document the full name and location of the document will appear in
this field
Fill in the gaps with the details given above, and then write, "This is a text message" in the
space set aside for the message. Then click on Send Immediately. Your message will then
be sent to its recipients. If you check in your Out Box you should receive confirmation that
the message has been sent.
On the compose screen there are various facilities you can use (eg bold, colour, alignments,
etc) to format your message. Experiment with these.
A page for composing a message
Summary on How to Compose and Send a Message

1. Log on to your search engine. (e.g. yahoo.mail.com / yahoo.co.uk)
5. Click on compose and wait for it open.
6. Type the recipient address and the subject of the massage.
7. Type your massage in the space provided under the recipient (TO) and subject box
area.
8. Click on Send button after editing message
9. A confirmation message will be sent to OutBox
10. Click on “Sign out” to close page.
To Read/Access or Check Your Mails Messages

1. Log on to your search engine. (e.g. yahoo.mail.com / yahoo.co.uk)
5. Go to your box by clicking Inbox /Checkmail.
6. Click on the massage in your box that you want to read (preferably the subject of the
mail).
7. Click on segment to close you mail.
Once you have read the message you can

(1) reply straight away to author;
(2) forward the message to someone else or
(3) delete the message.
It is also possible from the in-box to move messages in to folders (also called Mailboxes) to
keep them organized.
A page for Inbox
Reply to an E-mail
When reading your e-mail, you will notice another series of commands. Click on Reply. This
will take you to the Compose screen, where you can compose (write) your reply on top of the
message received.
Reply a Massage or E-mail

1. Click on reply button on the Compose screen and wait for it to open.
2. Types the recipient address and the subject of the passage.
3. Type your massage in the space provided under the recipient (TO) and subject box
area.
4. To send your reply click on the “send”.
5. Click on “Sign out” to close the page.
Print an E-mail
Once you have your e-mail on the screen, go to FILE, select PRINT to print the message
out.
Forward an E-mail
Another command is to forward an email. You might do this if you have received some
information you want to share with another person who did not receive the message. Click
on the Forward command. This will take the message you want to forward to the compose
screen. You can then write in the address of the person whom you wish to forward the email
to. When you forward an email, you still retain a copy for yourself.
UNIT 22 SPREADSHEET APPLICATION (EXCEL)

INTRODUCTION TO SPREADSHEET APPLICATION
Spreadsheet application is an application software that helps you work with numbers,
performing calculations and creating graphs.
It is computer-base spreadsheet based on the traditional accounting “Worksheet” that has

rows and columns used to present analyze data.
FEATURES OF SPREADSHEET APPLICATION WINDOW (EXCEL)
1. Title Bar - Across the top of the Excel window is the Title Bar which displays the name
of the application.
2. Menu Bar -The second line is referred to as the Menu Bar and contains all of the
commands required to use this application. You can access any menu item by simply
pointing to it and clicking the [LEFT] mouse button once.
3. Tool Bars -
• The Standard Toolbar is located on the left side of the third line and can be used
to quickly perform functions without having to access the menu. If you point to a
tool without clicking the mouse button, a brief description of the tool will appear.
• The Formatting Toolbar is combined with the standard tool bar and is placed
along the right side of the third line. This bar offers a variety of shortcuts for
changing the appearance of cells
4. Formula Bar - The next line is the Formula Bar which displays the current cell address
and its contents. As you move from cell to cell, Excel will keep track of the current cell
address for you.
5. Rows – Rows are the Horizontal lines of cells that make up a spreadsheet. Each row is
identified/labelled by a number (example 1,2,3,4………..). Excel has rows numbered 1
through 65536. Row goes across the screen.
Figure 4 shows Row number one selected.
Figure 4 – Row 1
6. Columns – Columns are the Vertical lines of cells that make up a spreadsheet. Each row
is identified/labelled by a letter (example A, B, C, D…………). Excel has column lettered
beginning with A and ending with the letter IV. Column goes down the screen.
Figure 4.1 shows Row B selected.
Figure 4.1 – Column B

7. Cell - A cell is the area where a row and a column intersect. Cell is the basic unit of the
spreadsheet. It is a location that can contain information and is most often defined by its
column and row address. For example in Figure 4.2, cell B2 has been selected, where B
is the Column Identifier and 2 is the Row identifier. Each cell may contain text, numbers
or dates. You can enter up to 32,000 characters in each cell.
8. Range: Two or more cells on a sheet.
Figure 4.2 – Cell B2 selected
9. Active Cell - Active cell is the selected cell in which data is entered when you begin
typing. Only one cell is active at a time. The active cell is bounded by a heavy/thick
border. In figure 4.2 B2 is selected and hence an active cell.
10. Worksheet - Worksheet is the primary document that you use in Excel to store and work
with data. It is also called a spreadsheet. A worksheet consists of cells that are
organized into columns and rows; a worksheet is always stored in a workbook
11. Workbook - This is Excel's name for a file. The workbook can have multiple sheets with
different information on each sheet. This permits you to keep related data in one file
rather than break it up into several different files. That is Entire Document that you are
creating.
12. Tab - Towards the bottom of the worksheet is a small Tab that identifies each sheet
within the workbook (file). When you begin a new workbook, the tabs default to being
labelled Sheet1, Sheet2, etc. If there are multiple sheets, you can use the tabs to easily
identify what data is stored on each sheet.
13. Status Bar - Along the bottom of the screen is another bar called the Status Bar. This
bar is used to display various information about the system and current workbook. The
left corner of this line lists the Mode Indicator which tells you what mode you are
currently working in. When Excel is ready for you to enter text, the mode indicator will
read “Ready”.
14. Task Pane - A separate window is placed to the right of the worksheet area and is
referred to as the Task Pane. This window is used to quickly access your most
commonly used tasks (such as creating a new workbook or opening an existing file)
CELL NAMES IN SPREADSHEET APPLICATION

A Letter represent column and a number representing row are combined to form a new cell.
Cells are libelled as A1, B1, C5, B20 etc. For example cell C5 means, C is the Column
Identifier and 5 is the Row identifier.
ADJUSTING COLUMN WIDTH AND ROWS HEIGHT

Sometimes cell entries are too long to fit into the standard width columns. Text will appear to
"spill" over into adjacent cells as long as those cells are empty. If the adjacent cells are not
empty, Excel will truncate the text.
When entering large numbers, however, Excel will display the number in scientific notation if
the column is not wide enough to display the entire number. You may also see a large
number (resulting from a formula) displayed as ##### - indicating that the column is not wide
enough to display the answer contained within the cell. However, if you apply formatting
(such as dollar signs), Excel will automatically adjust the column to fit the largest entry so
that the number remains visible.
Should a cell be too narrow for text or numbers that you have entered, you can widen the
column in which the entry is located by following the steps outlined below:
1. Place the mouse pointer in the column heading area to the right of the lettered
column to adjust. Make sure the mouse pointer is on the column margin line. The
pointer changes to a cross-hair indicating you are on the margin line.
2. Click and drag the column margin line either to the right (expanding it) or to the left
(shrinking it).
In the example above, column F is being stretched to the right. Notice the
"cross-hair".
CHANGING HEIGHT OF ROW
1. To change the height of a row, place the mouse pointer on the bottom line of the row
number (located on the left side of the worksheet). A thin cross-hair will appear.
2. When you see the thin cross-hair, drag the mouse up/down to adjust the row’s height.
TIP: If you double-click the column or row margin line, Excel will automatically adjust the
width of the column or row to fit the largest cell in the column/row.
NOTE: You may also change the width of multiple columns or rows at once, by selecting the
columns or rows (by clicking and dragging the mouse over each of the column letters or row
numbers) before adjusting their width/height.
ENTERING DATA TO CREATE A FILE IN SPREADSHEET APPLICATION

Excel allows you to type in words, numbers or formulas. Click in the cell you wish to store the
data in and then simply type the word(s), number or formula. If you make a mistake and want
to start over, press Esc
Notice as you type, the entry is displayed both in the cell and in the formula bar. A thin,
blinking cursor appears to the right of the entry and moves as you type.
Two symbols in little boxes also pop up to the left of the formula bar. This can be used by
mouse users instead of pressing the Enter key. The X is used like the Esc key to cancel.
When entering text, words are automatically left aligned within the cell while numbers are
placed to the right.
If text is wider than the cell it is stored in, it will appear to "spill" into the adjacent cell(s),
provided they are empty.
APPLYING AUTOSUM ICON TO ADD FIGURES

Excel can make somewhat of an intelligent decision on its own and determine which cells of
a row or column should be "summed". This is called the AutoSum feature.
To quickly add the contents of a column or row, follow the steps shown below:
1. Select the cell either to the right or below the cells that are to be totaled.
2. Double-Click on this tool (which is located on the standard tool bar).
NOTE: If you only click on the AutoSum tool once, Excel will highlight the cells it
assumes you want to include in the formula. The second click is used to confirm the
selection.
EDIT, FORMAT AND SAVE A WORKBOOK
EDITING DATA
If you type something in a cell and then decide later to change or correct it, place your
pointer on the cell to edit and reactivate it by following these steps:
1. Double-Click on the cell you wish to edit.

2. Your cursor will appear within the cell in the form of a vertical bar and you will be able
to use Backspace and Delete Keys to make corrections.
3. When done editing the cell, press Enter or click on .
FORMATTING DATA
This cover applying attributes (bold, italic and underline) , Changing Font style and size, and
aligning cell data.
APPLYING ATTRIBUTES
To emphasize headings within your spreadsheet you may use the bold, underline, or italics
attributes within Excel. Each attribute is activated/deactivated using the same steps. The first
time you select the tool, the attribute is turned on. The second time it is turned off.
1. Begin by selecting the cell or block of cells to be modified.

2. Once the cells have been selected, you can use either the mouse or the keyboard to
apply the attributes.
This tool (located on the formatting tool bar) toggles bold on/off.
This tool (located on the formatting tool bar) toggles italics on/off.
This tool (located on the formatting tool bar) toggles underline on/off.
CHANGING FONTS & POINT SIZE

To make your workbook appear more interesting, you may want to change the font or apply
different font sizes to titles or headings.
To change the font of a cell or block of selected cells, follow the steps outlined below:
1. Select the cell(s) to be changed.
2. Click on the down arrow beside the Font tool (which is

located on the formatting tool bar).
Notice that Excel displays a preview of each font directly within the list, as illustrated below:
3. Select the desired font from the pull-down list.

CHANGING THE FONT SIZE
You can also easily change the size of the font that is applied to a cell or block of cells.
To change the font size, follow the steps outlined below:

1. Select the cell(s) to be changed.
2. Click on the down arrow beside the Font Size button (which is located
on the formatting tool bar).
3. Select the desired point size from the pull-down list.
ALIGNING CELL DATA

Unless you specify otherwise, Excel left-justifies text and right justifies numbers. That is, text
fills cell space from left to right while numbers are filled from right to left so that they align
properly.
To change the cell alignment for a single cell or a group of selected cells, click one of the
following tools:
Left Justified Centred Right Justified
MERGE OR SPLIT CELLS OR DATA
Merged cell: A single cell is created by combining two or more selected cells. The cell
reference for a merged cell is the upper-left cell in the original selected range. If there is data
in other cells, the data is deleted.
1. Copy the data you want into the upper-leftmost cell within the range.
2. Select the cells you want to merge.
3. To merge cells in a row or column and centre the cell contents, click Merge and
Centre on the Formatting toolbar.
Split merged cells
1. Select the merged cell (When cells have been combined, Merge and Centre on
the Formatting toolbar is selected.
2. Click Merge and Centre on the Formatting toolbar.
CENTRING ACROSS COLUMNS

You can also centre a heading across multiple columns. For example, if you have a title in
cell A1 and you would like it centred across several adjacent columns (they must be blank),
you can have Excel automatically centre it.
Select both the cell containing the data and the empty adjacent cells in which you wish to
centre the information across. Once selected, release the mouse button.
Click on the tool once. If you select this tool a second time, Excel will remove the
centring.
SAVING YOUR WORKBOOK

After having created a spreadsheet, you will want to save it using a name that will allow you
to easily find it again. There are two menu options when saving a workbook: SAVE and
SAVE AS.
SAVE will simply update the file to include the latest changes. On the other hand, SAVE AS
saves an existing file under a new name or as a different format to be imported into another
program.
1. Click on the Save tool.

2. As dialog box appears/Type a name for the workbook./click Save.
SAVING LOCATIONS
MY DOCUMENTS: This area shows the location where Excel will store your workbook.
DESKTOP: Lets you store a workbook on the windows desktop.

FAVOURITES: Provides a place to store a workbook you will frequently access.
WEB FOLDERS: Can help you store a workbook on the web.
CLOSE A WORKBOOK
Save the workbook displayed on your screen before closing the workbook.
To close, click File Menu, Select close and click. or Click the close button. The workbook
disappears from your screen.
PRACTICAL
Opening and Entering Data

1. Open Excel Worksheet.
2. Select cell B1 and enter the data that follows: BUDGET FOR APRIL, 2008.
3. Select cell A2 and type TOTAL INCOME (You will see that that the Total Income will
enter into cell B2, hence, the need to change to change the column width).
4. Place the mouse pointer in the column heading area between A and B and drag to
right as you cross-hair until the Total Income fit into the column.
5. Make cell C2 active and type NEEDS.
6. Press the Tab key on the keyboard to move cell D2 and type ESTIMATED.
EXPENDITURE (Here, the estimated expenditure will fit into the column, therefore
expand the column width).
7. Select cell E5 and type SAVING.
8. We shall save worksheet before we proceed
i. Click File Menu
ii. Point and Click on Save As
iii. Type File name (Note Excel will suggest file Book1 but change to Your Index
Number or any unique name).
iv. Click save
9. Make cell A3 active and type 500,000 and press tab key to move a cell B3.
10. On the B3 type Transport and press enter (As you press enter it takes you to a cell
beneath the active cell).
11. Type Food and press enter key.
12. Type Notebooks and press enter key.
13. Type New dress and press enter key
14. Type Extra classes press enter key
15. Type Miscellaneous and press enter key
16. Make cell C3 type 50,000 and press enter
17. Type 210,000 and press enter
18. Using the same step used in 11 - 15 to these data as shown below:
Transport 50,000
Food 210,000
Notebooks 30,000
New dress 60,000
Extra classes 50,000
Miscellaneous 20,000
19. Make cell D3 active and type 80,000
Apply AutoSum function
20. Select cell C9 and click on AutoSum button on the Standard toolbar
(When you click on AutoSum a function will be displayed in the cell as =Sum(C3:C8)
meaning it is adding from cell C3 to C8)
21. Press enter key to confirm
22. Make cell A9, click on AutoSum button and press enter
23. Make cell D9, click on AutoSum button and press enter
24. Click save button the Standard toolbar to save changes.
Applying Formatting (Bold, Italic and Underline, align and change font style and size)
25. Select the cell B1 and change font type to Time New Roman
26. Change font size to 16 point
27. Click bold and underline buttons on the formatting toolbar
28. Click on centre align button

29. Click on cell A2 and drag horizontally through to cell D2 to select C2 to D2.
30. Click on bold and italic buttons

31. Select A9 to D9 and click bold button. The practical will be shown below:
BUDGET FOR , APRIL, 2008

TOTAL INCOME NEEDS ESTIMATED EXPENDITURE SAVING
500,000 Transport 50,000 80,000
Food 210,000
Notebooks 30,000
New dress 60,000
Extra classes 50,000
Miscellaneous 20,000
500,000 420,000 80,000
UNIT 23 INTEGRATION OF ICT INTO EDUCATION
WHY ICT IN EDUCATION
Why should schools and teachers work towards increasing the use of ICT in education?
There are two main reasons. Firstly, ICT has the potential to change the nature of work and
leisure over the next twenty years. Today’s learners need to develop the skills which will
enable them (and society as a whole) to benefit from new opportunities offered by ICT.
Secondly, ICT enhances the quality of teaching and learning in schools, and thus contributes
to the raising of standards of achievement in education.
INTEGRATING ICT INTO SPECIFIC LEARNING AREAS:

In Maths:
• Spreadsheet and calculator– for calculations
• Television- Brilliant Science and Maths quiz, PSI on Maths
In English:
• Word Processor – vocabulary, spelling, synonyms and antonyms
• Radio – Everyday English
In Science:
• Television- Brilliant Science and Maths quiz
Other Subjects:
• Encarta Program – for searching for information on various topics.
• Internet - is used to search for information on various topics.
BENEFITS OF USING ICT IN EDUCATION (ICT IN TEACHING AND LEARNING)

Here are some of the benefits which ICT brings to education according to recent research
findings.
Benefits for teachers

1. It makes teaching easy and interesting.
2. ICT facilitates sharing of resources, expertise and advice.
3. There is greater flexibility in carrying out their work as teachers.
4. They gain ICT literacy skills, confidence and are enthusiastic about their work.
5. Easier planning and preparation of lessons and designing materials
6. Access to up-to-date pupil and school data, any time and anywhere.
7. It enhances the professional image of teachers.
8. Computer use during lessons motivates students to continue learning outside school
hours.
9. Computers are used in writing documents.
10. Computers are used in searching the Internet for information.
Benefits for students

1. Student easily learn at their own pace
2. Students who use ICT in school are more motivated to learn
3. It encourages the student to be independent and active in his/her learning and be
self-responsible.
4. Teaching is more focused and tailored to students’ strengths and weaknesses.
5. Gains in understanding and analytical skills, including improvements in reading
Comprehension.
6. It helps students to develop writing skills and elaboration
7. Flexibility of ‘anytime, anywhere’ access.
8. ICT helps students to develop higher level of learning styles .
9. It allows the student to gain understanding.
10. It allows students to download web hosted educational multimedia resources.
11. Computers are used in writing documents
12. Computers are used in searching the Internet for information
SEARCH ENGINES
A search engine is a facility on the Web that allows you to find Web sites by providing key
words or questions. Search engines, specialized programmes, assist you in locating
information on the Web and the Internet.
.
This is very vital for students and teachers and indeed all who use the Internet.
Types of search engines

There are many types of search engines, the two most popular being directory and true
search engines.
Directory Search Engines
These provide a directory or list of categories (Web Sites) or topics such as Finance, Health,
Education and News. It is also known as index search because, you select a category or
topic that fits the information that you want. Yahoo! is the most popular director search
engine.
True Search Engines

A true search engine is one which organize Web site in such as a way that it can provide you
with a list of Web sites based on question you ask. Ask Jeeves is the most popular true
search engine.
Skills in using search engines to access information from the internet

• Topics should not be too broad
• Relevant information always appears at the top of the search results
ACCESSING INFORMATION USING SEARCH ENGINES

The Universal Resource Locator (URL) or Internet addresses of some search engines are as
follows:
http://ask.com http://www.altavista.com
http://www.google.com http://www.yahoo.com
http://www.alexa.com http://www.monash.com/spidap4.html
How To Use Search Engines To Get Information
1. Type the URL of the particular search engine in the search column tab or address
box.
2. Press the enter key.
3. Thereafter, there would be made available to you a space that requests you to type in
a clue to the information you want.
Search for information using Yahoo search engine:

1. Type in the address box www.yahoo.com and press the Enter key.
2. In the search box, type in University of Ghana, Legon and press the Enter key
3. You may have to zoom in to a subset or required department at University of Ghana.
Type “Library” and press the Enter key
4. You may find a list of Libraries including The Balme Library. Type in “History Section”
and press the Enter key
5. You may find the list of all the History books in the History Section of the Library. Now
type in “History of Kokuromoti” and press the Enter key
6. You may find several of such titles with different authors including Prof. Adu Boahen
because it may not be Prof. Adu Boahen only who has written the History of
Kokuromoti. The Search continues. Select “History of Kokuromoti. Prof Adu Boahen”
and press the Enter key.
7. Having selected the book you may now open the book online and go ahead to open
the relevant pages, may be Pages 143-159.
8. You may select the relevant portion or portions of the book and give a command to
print. The required pages may be printed for you right in your Computer Laboratory,
Office, Internet Café or Study Room.
By this method you can have access to information on Science, Mathematics, Literature,
Physical Education, Textiles, Drugs, Diseases, Holy Spirit, Salvation, Traditional Medicine,
Cookery or on How to study.
ACCESSING INFORMATION FROM EDUCATIONAL WEBSITES/ SOFTWARE

There are several of such educational resources the URL’s of which include the following:
http:// www.aspshareware.com http:// www.qwerty.com
http:// www.letterchase.com http:// www.thebigchalk.com
http:// www.edu.soft.org/library http://webopedia.internet.com
http:// www.theanswercenter.com http://www.ghana.edu.gh
Try some of these and you will be overwhelmed by the amount of information and things to
learn that have the potential of giving you a complete transformation from a mediocre to a
master in experience in whichever field of endeavour that you find yourself. Remember that
"knowledge will forever govern ignorance"
UNIT 24 MORE ABOUT WINDOWS

USING AND CUSTOMIZING THE DESKTOP
To customize your desktop go to display property dialog box. Right click an empty area of
the desktop, then click properties.
CHANGE DESKTOP BACKGROUND

• Right click the desktop
• Click on properties
• On the display dialog box, click background tab.
• Select the wallpaper from it select a background picture list.
• Click the apply button, will keep the dialog open and applied the settings.
• Clicking the OK button applies the settings and close the dialog box.
To use a picture as a desktop background

1. Open My Pictures.
2. Click the picture you want to use as a desktop background.
3. Under Picture Tasks, click Set as desktop background.
Notes
1. You can also right-click the picture, and then click Set as Desktop Background.
SCREEN SAVER
A screen saver is a moving picture or pattern that appears on your screen when you have
not used the mouse or keyboard for a specified period of time.
Screen saver can also be found on the display dialog box and it takes the same steps to
open.
To set or change a screen saver
• Right click desktop, click on property
• On the screen saver tab, under screen saver, click on screen saver in the list.
• Click preview if you want.
• Click OK.
APPEARANCE
To change the look of window elements:

• Right click desktop, click on property.
• On the appearance tab, click the element you want to change such as window, menu
or scroll bars.
• Then adjust the appearance settings such as colour, font, font size.
• Click OK or Apply to save your changes.
To change your Window fonts

• On the appearance tab, click the element you wants Open Display in Control Panel.
• On the Appearance tab, in Font size, click a new font size.
Theme
A theme is a set of visual elements that provides a unified look for your computer desktop. A
theme determines the look of the various graphic elements of your desktop, such as the
windows, icons, fonts, colours, and the background and screen saver picture. It can also
define sounds associated with events such as opening or closing program.
To select a different theme

• Open Display in Control Panel.
• On the Themes tab, under Theme, click a new theme.
Notes
• Themes affect the overall look of your desktop, including the background, screen
saver, icons, windows, mouse pointers, and sounds.
• If more than one person uses a computer, each with his or her own user account,
each person can choose a different theme.
To use the classic Windows look

• Open Display in Control Panel.
• On the Themes tab, under Theme, click Windows Classic.
Notes
• After you select Windows Classic, you can change individual Windows
elements, such as window borders, icons, and menus. Click the Appearance tab,
and then click Advanced to make your changes.
EFFECT TAB
On the effect tab, you will change the icons used for desktop programs.
1. Click on change icon button.
2. Select a new icon in the dialog box that follows.
3. Double click the new icon.
4. Click OK.
SETTING TAB
In the setting tab, the colour list box changes the numbers of colours your monitor display
(Screen Resolution). You can change the monitor settings such as screen refresh properties
etc. Use the screen area slider to change the Resolution of your computer.
The screen resolution are the setting that determines the amount of information that appear
on your screen.
To rename a desktop icon

• Right-click the desktop icon that you want to rename.
• Click Rename.
• Type the name that you want to appear under the icon.
Notes
o You can use letters, numbers, spaces, and some punctuation marks in desktop icon
names. You cannot use these characters in icon names: \: / *? " > <
o You can also rename an icon by slowly clicking the name twice and then typing the
new name.
To put a shortcut on the desktop

Open My Computer.
Double-click a drive or folder.
Click the item you want, such as a file, program, folder, printer, or computer.
On the File menu, click Create Shortcut.
Resize the window so you can see the desktop.
Drag the new shortcut to the desktop.
Notes
You can also drag an item to the desktop with the right mouse button, and then click
Create Shortcut(s) Here.
To change the shortcut's properties, right-click the shortcut, and then click Properties.
When you delete a shortcut to an item, the original item is not deleted. It still exists on
your computer in its original location.
WINDOWS ACCESSORIES – Calculator, Notepad, WordPad and paint application.
Calculator - A simple, four function calculator
Actually this calculator is not as simple as it looks. If you change the View from Standard to
Scientific many more capabilities open up.
Just click on the button to give command as ordinary calculator. Example 1 x 2, press 1
button , press asterisk *’ , press 2 and press = or Enter,
(1) Open the calculator

PRACTICAL 1
(2) Enter your age
(3) Divide by 7
(4) Remember that answer, it is your age in dog years. The person writing this page is 8.4
dog years old.
(5) Calculate the age of that person in human years.
Notepad - A simple word processor with no formatting built in.

Because there is no formatting built in, this application is very useful to people writing web
pages like this one. If you are just starting with computers, you will probably want to use
another word processor. Open Notepad the same way you opened Calculator. If you forgot
the path to use, go to the top of this page to review. The application window that opens looks
quite different from most other windows.
Notice that there are no buttons. After you produce text you can not make it red nor can you
change the size of just one word. Any document you save is saved as a text document (.txt).
PRACTICAL 2
(6) Open Notepad
(7) Type your name and press the Enter key
(8) Type "I am xx dog years old," and press the Enter Key (4) Type "It feels good to be so
young again!," and press the Enter Key
(9) Click on the file menu and choose Save.
(10) Name the document "dog" and save it on the desktop. Asking for help with step 6 is
allowed.
WordPad - A word processor with quite a few formatting options.

Open WordPad the same way you opened Notepad and Calculator. If you forgot the path to
use, go to the top of this page to review. The window that opens will look like a simple
version of Word. Hint: That is how you can keep Notepad and WordPad straight in your
mind. WordPad is the one that looks like simple Word.
WordPad is capable of much more than Notepad. For this activity you will be asked to try
only three things:
• Centre the text
• Change the text size to 24
• Change the text colour to Fuchsia
After you have made all three of those changes type "How Pretty!"
PRACTICAL 3
(1) Open WordPad

(2) Type your name and press the Enter key
(3) Type "I am xx dog years old," and press the Enter Key
(4) Type "It feels good to be so young again!," and change the word "good" to any colour
other than Black.
(5) Change the size of the word "good" to any size larger than 20.
(7) Name the document "dog2" and save it on the desktop. Asking for help with step 7 is
allowed.
Paint - A fun-to-use drawing program

Open Paint the same way you opened WordPad. Click on the Start button, move your cursor
up to Programs in the menu that pops up and click. Now slide your mouse pointer to the right
and then up to Accessories and click again. Slide your mouse pointer to the right and find
Paint and click on it once. To introduce you to Paint we will use four of the buttons below:
Square/Rectangle
To draw an object involves using drag and drop method. That is you click on
the drawing tool and drag to required size/shape and then release the mouse.
To select a colour to draw with, click on any one of the 28 colours below the
drawing area, then select the drawing tool. Try a different colour with each
tool.
Line Tool - Click once on the Line tool to select it. After you select the Line
tool, a box will appear below the oval tool. Click in the white drawing area of
Paint and your cursor changes to a crosshair. Hold the mouse button down to
draw the line. Release the mouse when the line is drawn. This tool draws
straight or diagonal lines, but no curved lines.
Oval Tool - Click once on the Oval tool to select it. Click in the white drawing
area of Paint and your cursor changes to a crosshair. Then, click and drag to
draw an oval.
If you hold down the Shift key before you click and drag, a perfect circle can
be drawn.
Square Tool – Click once on the Square tool to select it. Click in the white
drawing area of Paint and your cursor changes to a crosshair. Then, click and
drag to draw a square or rectangle. If you hold the Shift key before you click
and drag, a perfect square can be drawn.
Paint Brush -Click once on the Paint Brush tool to select it. After you select
the Paint Brush tool, a box will appear below the oval tool with 12 brush
shapes. Choose a brush shape and draw some shape. Click in the white
drawing area of Paint and your cursor changes to a crosshair. Hold the mouse
button down to paint. Release the mouse when the painting is done. To
remove a paint you have just drawn, choose Undo from the Edit menu.
Paint Bucket - Click on the Paint Bucket tool to select it. Select a colour from
the 28 colour squares at the bottom left corner of the Paint window. Next, put
the tip of the spilling paint in some area of your drawing. Gently click one time
on the left mouse button and the chosen colour will fill the space.
PRACTICAL 4
(1) Using the Oval tool, Line tool and Paint Brush draw a dogface.
(2) Use the Paint Bucket to fill in some area of the face with a colour of your choosing.
(4) Name the document "dog3" and save it on the desktop. Asking for help with step 4 is
allowed.
UNIT 25 PROJECT WORK
OVERVIEW
The teacher should assist pupils to create their portfolio (folder) on the PC. This portfolio will
serve as a place where the pupil will organize his/her work for marking. The portfolio should
bears unique of a pupil to make identification easily.
PROJECT WORK ONE

Typing, editing, formatting and printing a one-page Word Processing document using editing
and formatting tools on a given topic:
1. Editing tools e.g.

• spell check
• line spacing
• Paragraphing etc.
2. Formatting tool e.g.

• Bold
• Underline
• Italics
• font
• font size
• alignment etc
3. Saving document in a folder on Desktop.
PROJECT WORK TWO
Creating File in Paint Application
Saving and printing Paint Application file in a named folder
Use Paint Application to design a card
These factors must be considered when designed a card:

1. The size of the card
2. Font type
3. Font colour
4. Background colour
5. ClipArt or Picture to be inserted
Project Work
Students to design and print the following cards using Paint Application: e.g. Republic day,
Farmers day, Mother/Father’s Day, Birthday Card, Invitation Card Success card etc.

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Information and Communications Technology Page 1

UNIT 1 INTRODUCTION TO ICT

Tool for Sending and Receiving Information and Their Uses

UNIT 2 INFORMATION PROCESSING

WHAT DOES COMPUTER DO?

The Information Processing Cycle

Primary storage or memory temporarily holds data while it is being processed.

PURPOSE CAPACITY/SIZE TYPE

SPECIAL COMPUTERS MICRO COMPUTERS ANALOG COMPUTERS

GENERAL COMPUTERS MINI COMPUTERS

Special Purpose Computers or Dedicated Computers

Microcomputers (Small Computers)

PDAs Desktop Laptop

3. Laptops: These are small portable microcomputers also known as Notebook

6. Workstations are expensive high-end personal computers that have powerful

Importance of computer literacy in education

Why are computer so powerful?

Use of computers in industries

PARTS OF PERSONAL COMPUTER (MAIN COMPONENTS OF PC)

Peripheral System System Software Application

Output Devices Input Devices Storage Devices

Control Unit Arithmetic &

THE MAIN HARDWARE COMPONENTS OF A PC

Function of a Monitor: Is an Output Device, which displays or presents visual images of

Function of a Keyboard: It is used to instruct the computer on what to do.

Some standard ports are as follows:

Back of Computer Case

Other types of productive software are as follows:

• Database software – is a program that sets up and control the structure of a

• Financial software – is a growing category that ranges from personal-finance

• Web Page Design/Authoring Software is used to create web pages.

The Keyboard - Standard Keyboard Layout

SOME IMPORTANT APPLICATIONS ON THE KEYBOARD

Moves the cursor down one line at a time

Click - A click often select an Right-click – A right-click often

Double-click: A double often Drag and Drop – Dragging and dropping

UNIT 5 TURNING ON AND OFF OF THE COMPUTER

Two symbols that indicate power buttons.

How to Shut Down

To safely shut down a Windows computer:

1. Click on the Start Menu

2. Move the mouse pointer up to select "Shut Down”

HOW TO BOOT COMPUTER

HOW TO SHUT DOWN A COMPUTER WITH WINDOWS 98/2000

HOW TO TURN OFF COMPUTER WITH WIN’ XP

UNIT 6 BASIC STORAGE DEVICES

There are two types of storage in computers:

DISKS AND STORAGE

HARD DRIVE [Local Disk (C :)] / Fixed Disk

FLOPPY DISK (Diskette / A drive or A:/)

Advantages of floppy Disk Disadvantages of floppy Disk

The disadvantages are that:

Types / formats of Optical Storage Media:

CD ROM – Compact Disc Read Only Memory.

CD Burner makes copies of data on compact discs.

DVD Burner makes copies of data on compact discs and DVDs.

Difference between CD-ROM and DVD-ROM

CD/DVD DRIVE CDs/DVDs

SOLID-STATE STORAGE DEVICES

Flash Memory Cards

Types of Pen Drives

Smart memory cards

SOME CHARACTERISTICS OF STORAGE DEVICE