Paul Et Al. 2021

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Primacy of ecological engineering tools for combating

eutrophication: An ecohydrological assessment pathway
Bishal Paul, Satya Sundar Bhattacharya, Nayanmoni Gogoi
PII: S0048-9697(20)36701-2
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143171
Reference: STOTEN 143171
To appear in: Science of the Total Environment
Received date: 5 September 2020

Revised date: 14 October 2020
Accepted date: 14 October 2020
Please cite this article as: B. Paul, SS Bhattacharya and N. Gogoi, Primacy of ecological
engineering tools for combating eutrophication: An ecohydrological assessment pathway,
Science of the Total Environment (2020), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143171
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Primacy of ecological engineering tools for combating eutrophication: An ecohydrological
assessment pathway
bishal paul1 , Satya Sundar Bhattacharya1* , Nayanmoni Gogoi one*
1Department of Environmental Science,
Tezpur University, Napaam, Tezpur-784028, Assam, India
Addresses for correspondence:
Dr. Nayanmoni Gogoi and Dr. Satya Sundar Bhattacharya Department of Environmental Science,
Tezpur University,
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Tezpur-784028, Assam, India
Phone: +91-3712 -275614/10
Emails: nayanmoni@tezu.ernet.in; satya72@tezu.ernet.in
Abstract
Eutrophication of freshwater bodies causes loss of earth's biological resources and aggravates
climate change, thus assuming major environmental concern. Both endogenous and exogenous
nutrient enrichment are responsible for eutrophication. Numerous monitoring and management
studies conducted worldwide have resulted in high-level technological innovations. These studies
cumulatively uphold the significance of ecohydrological and ecological engineering approaches.
However, holistic, and insightful reviews with feasible recommendations of such huge academic
outputs are rather scanty. Therefore, our main objective was to introduce a new perspective of
eutrophication as an ecohydrological component; to discover all possibilities of monitoring and
restoration of eutrophic water bodies. Furthermore, the present study critically analyzes various
methods of treatment of eutrophication (physical, biological, chemical, and eco-engineering).
Comprehensive volume of literature has been surveyed using search engines like Scopus, Google
Scholar, PubMed, ScienceDirect etc. Meaningful keywords were used to obtain reliable
information on methods of ecohydrological assessment in relation to eutrophication of
freshwater bodies. According to our survey, ecohydrological research is diversified into
conceptual knowledge (37.2%), assessment (32.6%), climate change (9.3%), algae/cyanotoxins
(7%), engineering and restoration (7%), modeling (4.6%) and biodiversity (2.3%), in the
instant decade (2010-2020). We have identified a clear trend of transition of restoration methods
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from traditional towards modern techniques over time. Moreover, this review recognizes a pool
of biophysicochemical and ecological engineering techniques, which are very effective in regard
to time, cost, and labor and have immense scopes of modification for improved results. Este
work focuses on the importance of ecohydrology and eco-engineering tools for restoration of
eutrophic water bodies for the first time. We have highlighted how these approaches have
emerged as one of the best suitable and sustainable water resource conservation routes in the
present was.
Keywords : ecohydrology, eutrophication, biophysicochemical, eco-engineering
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Table of Contents
1. Introduction
2. Methodological Approach
3. Eutrophication of water bodies: monitoring and assessment of contaminants
4. Significance of ecohydrological interventions
5. In-situ and ex-situ ecohydrological restoration of eutrophic water bodies
5.1. In-situ restoration
5.1.1. Biological method(s) vis-à-vis bioremediation
5.1.1.1. Artificial floating islands (AFI)
5.1.1.2. Phytoremediation
5.1.2. Chemical method(s)
5.1.2.1. Direct treatment with chemicals
5.1.2.2. Treatment with nutrient binding agents
5.2. Ex-situ restoration
5.2.1. Physical method(s)
5.2.1.1. harvesting
5.2.1.2. Dredging
5.2.2. Biological method(s)
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5.2.2.1. composting
5.2.2.2. Sewage treatment by microbes and plankton in eutrophic water bodies
5.2.2.3. Aerobic and anaerobic biodegradation
5.2.3.1. Pyrolysis of algal biomass
6. Ecological engineering tools in ecohydrological restoration of eutrophic water bodies
7. Effectiveness of eco-engineering method(s) over conventional method(s)
8. Discussion and further arguments
9. Conclusion and future perspectives
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1. Introduction
The terms ÿhydroecology' and ÿecohydrology' are a study of interface between hydrological and
ecological (biological) sciences. The prefixes ÿeco' and ÿhydro' indicate that they are derived
from a combination of hydrology and ecology (Kundzewic, 2002). In practice, many ecologists
refer to as ÿecohydrology' (Zalewski, 2000) and hydrologists refer to as ÿhydroecology'
(Acreman, 2001). However, in French, the term ÿhydroecology; is not synonymous to
hydroecology and translates as ÿaquatic ecology' in English (ie study of freshwater, brackish
and marine ecosystems). As such the most suitable definition of ecohydrology was proposed by
Wassen and Grootjans (1996) as an application driven discipline of science and aims at a better
understanding of hydrological factors determining the natural development of wetland
ecosystems, especially in regard to their functional value for natural protection and restoration
using ecological engineering'. Practically ecohydrology incorporates a wide range of research
activities like lake monitoring, river monitoring and marine water monitoring. At this juncture,
we must understand that the longevity vis-à-vis sustainability of freshwater bodies is largely
ensured by environmental flow, or e-flows (Hirji and Davis, 2009). Recently, Kuriqi et al.
(2019) showed that pluvio-nival regimes greatly influence e-flow releases, which in turn may
have a perpetual impact on inflows to water bodies. For instance, the stream flow discharge of
large Indian rivers is strongly governed by seasonal variations (Kuriqi et al., 2020a).
Consequently, the recharge dynamics of river-fed water bodies should also vary depending on
seasonal factors. However, increase in e-flows does not indicate habitat richness of aquatic
ecosystems (Kuriqi et al., 2020b). In fact, Kuriqi et al. (2020b) opine that shallow hydrological
units, like ponds and small wetlands, suffer greatly from habitat loss due to seasonal variations in
environmental flows. However, seasonal increase or decrease in water intake strongly
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influences the inflow of eutrophication agents in such water bodies (Yang et al., 2012). it has
been observed that nutrient rich (organic and inorganic) sewage and wastes from point and non
point sources find their ways into the lakes, ponds, wetlands or any other water courses. Este
results in sharp depletion of oxygen due to excessive algal growth and weed growth leading to a
condition known as eutrophication. Eventually, eutrophication has been considered as one of the
most common global threats to safety and security of water resources (Ghadouani and Coggins,
2011).
Uncontrolled growth of algae, aquatic macrophytes and sediment deposition affect gaseous
exchange and promote accumulation of organic and inorganic pollutants (Chislock et al., 2013).
Algal growth creates harmful algal blooms (HABs) that release cyanotoxins in water. rooms
release cyanotoxins as microcystins, cylindrospermopsin, anatoxin-a, and saxitoxins, which
cause toxicity in liver and kidney, neurotoxicity, paralysis, gastrointestinal effects, dermatitis,
and respiratory illness in living beings (Sivonen and Jones, 2009). These toxins severely affect
aquatic communities and enter the ecological food chain via ecohydrology interfaces. Removal
of excessive nutrients as nutrients prevailing from water is the most effective approach to
mitigate or prevent eutrophication.
While studying enormous resource of available literature we realized that conceptual
knowledge about genesis and significance of freshwater bodies has been well scripted so far. In
addition, remove a substantial amount of scientific and policy related studies related to causes,
effects, environmental consequences, and rehabilitation/restoration technologies are widely
available. However, little effort has been given to develop an approach that promotes
convergence of all the facets of studies into a single domain, nurturing interdisciplinarity in a
holistic manner. Existing or conventional eutrophication treatment methods are efficient in
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reducing nutrients, pollutants and improving physicochemical composition of water. However,
conventional methods are not wholly sufficient to cut back the negative impact of nutrient
pollution due to their exclusive character often leading to lack of coordination and can address
only a few aspects of multidimensional problems (Paerl et al., 2011). These drawbacks have led
peers to understand the prerequisites (concepts, interlinkages, local factors, and interdisciplinary
approaches) for successful restoration of eutrophic water bodies and invent innovative
techniques to facilitate irreversible and sustainable solutions. For example, a long term
experimental output of 30 years eutrophication treatment of some lakes in China showed
effective results from a combined application of biological, physical and chemical methods
(Zhang et al., 2020). These combined applications or interdisciplinary approaches are
contemporarily referred to as ÿecological engineeringÿ or ÿeco-engineeringÿ that have extended
horizons for further improvement of theoretical and practical knowledge on eutrophication
(Wagner and Erickson, 2017). With an effort to expand the knowledge on eutrophication
treatment methods and generate scopes of improvement, Wagner and Erickson (2017) appreciate
ecological engineering as a potential tool that can enhance the design and functionality of aquatic
systems through combined monitoring and management of their biological, chemical and
physical components. Such undertakings indicate that every dimension should be taken care of.
while treating any polluted or eutrophic water body. Technically, “hydrological” and
ÿbiologicalÿ or ÿecologicalÿ dimensions may be collectively endorsed as organism–water
relationships or ecohydrological interactions (Asbjornsen et al., 2011). Mankiewicz-Boczek
(2012) recommends that ecohydrology may be utilized as a framework for research investigation
and solving problems associated with eutrophication of water bodies. Hence, we realize that the
idea of ecohydrology and its inclusive nature can provide a sustainable solution, which is
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emerging as a promising research domain excellently addressing the interconnections between
ecological niche and hydrological features in eutrophic water bodies. As such, the concept of
ecohydrology is still in its infancy and needs care and focus to serve larger goals.
Under these perspectives, this review primarily focuses on upholding the inclusive and
interdisciplinary concept of ecohydrology and suggests a novel approach to consider a plethora
of eutrophication restoration methods under ecohydrology for the first time. This approach
would focus on every aspect of conventional methods and emphasize on recent innovations of
ecological engineering techniques for rehabilitation of eutrophic water bodies, while prioritizing
ecological communities in the network. Therefore, the major goals of this review are:
• To identify the research gaps regarding application of ecohydrological concepts for
treatment of eutrophication.
• To critically analyze the shortcomings and utilities of various methods (physical,
biological, chemical, and eco-engineering) for restoration of eutrophic water bodies.
• To identify and introduce the areas where self-sustaining techniques should be developed
in a creative way by emphasizing on application of eco-engineering tools.
2. Methodological Approach
The present review is motivated towards assembling and critically analyzing comprehensive
information on ecohydrological assessment and monitoring of eutrophication, emphasizing on
eco-engineering methods. Figure 1 explains the methodological approach briefly. To fulfill the
goals of this study, three objectives have been proposed and various research articles, e-reports,
books, and book chapters were retrieved matching the requirements stated in the objectives.
An online literature survey was conducted using search engines like Google Scholar, Scopus,
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Web of Science, PubMed, ScienceDirect, EBESCO and Research Gate following Wu et al
(2017) and Das et al. (2019). Online literature survey revealed extensive information on
commonly practiced methods of eutrophication treatment including physical, chemical,
biological, and modified engineering methods. Therefore, we streamlined our online survey
using most relevant keywords such as ÿecohydrology,ÿ ÿfreshwater bodies,ÿ ÿeutrophicationÿ
and “ecological engineering.” After a preliminary study of the acquired literature, the articles
were grouped based on identified sections and sub-sections of this review. Moreover, the
searched articles were categorized based on decadel trends of research emphases. information on
eutrophication monitoring methods was available as early as 1980s and conceptual knowledge on
ecohydrology was obtained from articles published since early 1990s. Interestingly, the volume
of articles in the addressed domains significantly increased in the latest decades. Overall, the
major priority was on recent developments (2015-2020) on technological as well as conceptual
knowledgebase. The documentation of newer interdisciplinary methods in synchrony with
ecohydrology and ecological engineering was not easy to classify on temporal and spatial aspects
due to skewed nature of the information. However, it was possible to derive secondary
information on specific treatment methods as physical, chemical, biological, and engineering
considering them under the umbrella of ecohydrology.
3. Eutrophication of water bodies: monitoring and assessment of contaminants
Ecohydrological studies are mostly concerned with monitoring the water bodies that are subject
to natural or artificial stress. Although eutrophication stress has been reported worldwide,
assessment and monitoring of eutrophic water bodies is a new dimension of research.
Eutrophication is a natural phenomenon occurring in freshwater bodies as well as marine water
bodies. Eutrophication is confirmed by excessive growth of algae known as ÿalgal blooms' and
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unwanted aquatic plants (hydrophytes) that create hypoxic condition, deteriorate water quality,
and challenge survival of other aquatic species in water bodies (Chislock et al., 2013). eutrophic
water bodies may be easily characterized by their physical appearance like color, odor, and
visible euphotic zone. It is mediated by high accumulation of some essential nutrients as Carbon
(C), Nitrogen (N) and particularly phosphorus (P). A group of researchers have derived a
composite algal molecular formula (C106H263O110N16 or C106H263O110N16P) regarding the
elemental composition of algae (Stumm and Morgan, 1996; Dalrymple et al., 2013). These are
actually proposed representative formulas and have been developed using chemical equilibrium
or thermodynamic models to simplify complex realities (Stumm and Morgan, 1996).
Nevertheless, the formulas clearly indicate that C, N, and P are the primary limiting factors for
growth and development of algal species and hydrophytes. Causes of nutrient enrichment and
eutrophication may be natural and anthropogenic (Figure 2). Natural sources count sediment
deposition (Carpenter, 1981), climatic conditions (Nazari-Sharabian et al., 2018), and
geomorphologic activities (de Jonge et al., 2002). Artificial or anthropogenic sources of P
enrichment include point source and non-point source pollution releasing effluents, sewage, and
waste along with proliferation of disease vectors in the water bodies (Carpenter et al., 1998;
Johnson et al., 2010). Increase in P loads often augments the population of disease causing
parasites in wetlands by altering host abundance, host-parasite density, disease resistance, and
pathogen toxicity (Johnson et al., 2010). The extent of water volume and inflow rate largely
regulates the P loading in lakes (Carpenter et al., 1998). Interestingly, the impact of P loading
greatly varies depending on the specific responses of the lakes, related to grazing ability of
aquatic fauna (Carpenter, 1995). According to Khan et al (2014), causes of eutrophication may
be linked to two types of eutrophication drivers namely direct and indirect, both causing nutrient
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augmentation or enrichment of phosphorus and nitrogen in water. Nutrient enrichment
accelerates conversion of oligotrophic water bodies from to mesotrophic, and then eutrophic.
Unattended and untreated eutrophic water bodies may attain a complex hypertrophic stage within
a minimal time span. It has also been reported that hypereutrophic water bodies flush
environmental pollutants and microbial contaminants further downstream (Khan and
Muhammad, 2014).
Ecohydrological monitoring of eutrophic water bodies may follow various phases like
problem formulation, analysis, and management. Problem formulation is motivated towards
identification of trophic status of water bodies and need for monitoring activities. Analysis
involves determination of the underlying causes of eutrophication, degree of risk of
eutrophication and adopting methods of treating eutrophic water bodies. Management includes
mitigation or remediation measures to prevent eutrophication of water bodies and preserve
treated water bodies. Monitoring and assessment of eutrophic water bodies involve an
interdisciplinary approach of physical, biological, chemical and engineering principles.
Combined knowledge and scientific applications will help better investigation of stressors
(natural and artificial) and biophysiochemical properties and treatment of eutrophic water bodies
and develop sustainable mitigation strategies.
Excessive nutrient inflow results in anomalous NP ratio that creates imbalances in normally
occurring physiological processes in aquatic systems. Skewed N and P distribution leads to
uncontrolled growth of hydrophytes, phytoplankton and algal blooms that accelerates
eutrophication activities. Ecohydrological applications provide an inductive platform to
understand the ecological niche and productivity of algal blooms and hydrophytes in eutrophic
water bodies. Algal blooms are mostly harmful algal blooms (HABs) belonging to cyanobacteria
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group such as Microcystis sp., Anabaena sp., Planktothrix sp., Cylindrospermum sp. etc.
(Sivonen and Jones, 2009). HABs release cyanotoxins that cause toxicity in liver and kidney,
neurotoxicity, paralysis, gastrointestinal effects, dermatitis, and respiratory illness in human
beings (Sivonen and Jones, 2009). Some aquatic macrophytes such as Eichhornia crassipes,
Ipomoea aquatica, Pistia stratiotes etc., in eutrophic waters inhibits the growth of algae and
other biological species by reducing light penetration, nutrient availability, and releasing allele
chemicals (Mulderij et al., 2006).
4. Significance of ecohydrological interventions
Ecohydrological evaluation of catchments has been widely reported since the past century
(Zalewski, 1997). Ecohydrology is gaining popularity because it encompasses hydrological
aspects connected to the living ecosystems (Newman et al., 2006). Importance of ecohydrology
was identified as early as 19th century and popularized through various symposia and
conferences worldwide. Ecohydrology has currently been prioritized by the UNESCO
International Hydrological Program's Ecohydrology (2016), with a motive to promote
breakthrough research in sustainable management of hydrobiological resources (Zalewski et al.,
2016). This program listed diverse ecohydrological projects from different regions of the
world encompassing more than 25 nations. The first significant paper reports a study conducted
in Netherlands on interactions between vegetation, hydrology and agroecological aspects, ideally
observed in wetland ecosystems (Wassen and Grootjans, 1996). In Great Britain, researchers
established a linkage between ecohydrological responses of wetlands towards climate at a micro
level, using model simulations (Acreman et al., 2009). Rodriguez-Iturbe et al (2007) reported
that riparian plant communities in Italian humid land acted as ÿecosystem engineersÿ by
influencing the depth of water table in that area. However, recently in Bangladesh it is observed
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that anthropogenic as well as natural pressure has led to degradation of aquatic ecosystems
affecting livelihood and agricultural practices. Major ecological problems include exploitation of
water resources followed by damage to aquatic ecosystem and its fishery resources that
altogether lead to loss of ecosystem services (Sohel, 2015). Of late, wetlands are considered as a
very good platform for ecohydrological research, establishing a strong linkage between water
systems and related ecosystems (Zhou et al., 2016). Extensive research on ecohydrology of
wetlands have been reported from Poland, the Netherlands, and the UK. Researchers explored
complex issues concerned with environmental flows in a chronological order from bigger rivers
to smaller catchments and from large ecological communities (including human beings) to small
microorganisms (Zalewski et al., 2016). Hydrological features as movement, distribution and
quality of water influences wetland structure and function, thus affecting its biological
components (Cherry, 2012). While working on a group of wetlands in the Okavango Delta in the
UK, Marazzi et al (2017) found that in hydrologically active flood-fed wetlands, algal
communities responded to potential changes in hydrology in terms of nutrient load,
anthropogenic activities, water diversion, and climate change. Marazzi et al. (2017) emphasized
that change in water depth and water level variations may not influence algal richness in water
bodies. In fact, combined influence of water level change and P loading are the major regulators
for algal dominance.
In the present era, researchers are working on evaluation of a synergistic effect of
hydrological features on biological component and vice-versa, inclined towards an
interdisciplinary perspective of ecohydrological research (Wagner et al., 2009). harmful seaweed
blooms (HABs) are of high ecological concern and thus most of the ecohydrological research is
oriented towards risk assessment and risk analysis of algal toxins in recent times (Zhang and
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Zhang, 2015; Wiltsie et al., 2018). Challenging techniques and innovative tools are being
developed to reduce eutrophication and removal of algal blooms (Schindler et al., 2008;
Schindler, 2009). Li et al (2014) developed a bloom occurrence forecasting model that helped in
forecasting short term cyanobacterial blooms in Lake Taihu, China, based on hydrological and
meteorological scenarios. Biological methods, however, are considered as more effective and
sustainable methods of reduction of algal blooms and eutrophication (Angeler, 2003; Chislock et
al., 2013). A few researchers have also successfully modified the structure of aquatic population
to reduce eutrophication activities (Ferrão-Filho and Kozlowsky-Suzuki, 2011; Oberhaus et al.,
2007). These methods in ecohydrological approach may more appropriately be termed as
ecological engineering.
In India ecohydrology is an emerging field of research unfolding new facts about the nature
and its processes. There is an urgent need to integrate different ecological approaches for best
management of hydrological resources in India (Subramanian and Ramanathan, 2001). A team of
researchers in India reported that land use activities, agricultural activities and natural factors
combined with ecological inputs have affected the hydrological regime of rivers in the Western
Ghats in Peninsular India (Ramachandra et al., 2015). Aquatic ecosystems experience various
transitions responding to climate change, man-made change or change in the flora and fauna.
There are several reports on the impact of algal blooms on water quality and aquatic health in India.
(Bhat and Matondkar, 2004; Padmakumar et al., 2012). Algal blooms have been extensively
studied in the coastal regions of India, enlisting species as Noctiluca scintillans and
Trichodesmium erythraeum being the most common polluting agents (D'Silva et al., 2012;
Gurumayum and Senapati, 2017). It has been reported that fish mortality in India occurred due to
blooming of Cochlodinium polykrikoides, Karenia brevis, Karenia mikimotoi, N. scintillans, T.
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erythraeum, Trichodesmium thiebautii, and Chattonella marina (D'Silva et al., 2012). Advanced
research in the field of ecohydrology involves model simulation and interpretation of satellite
imagery. An automatic algorithm linked Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer
(MODIS-Aqua) ocean color data has been used to classify and monitor four major algal blooms
in the Indian coastal waters (Simon and Shanmugam, 2012).
In the instant decade of 2010 to 2020, ecohydrological studies show a worldwide
bibliometric status of conceptual knowledge (37.2%), assessment (32.6%), climate change (9.3
%), algae/cyanotoxins (7%), engineering and restoration (7%), modeling (4.6%) and
biodiversity (2.3%) (Figure 3) (Supplementary file). Our survey shows that there is a rapid rise
in development of qualitative concepts in ecohydrology. This is followed by ecohydrological
assessment studies and climate change impacts. However, other areas as role of engineering
technology in restoration, modeling and biodiversity are yet to be appraised.
5. In-situ and ex-situ ecohydrological restoration of eutrophic water bodies
Ecohydrology is an effective interdisciplinary approach of assessing and monitoring hydrological
components in relation to ecological communities. According to Wolanski (2008),
ecohydrological assessment has been successful in freshwater ecosystems, in improving water
quality of constructed wetlands, rivers, and floodplains. Furthermore, it is reported that
ecohydrological interventions provide numerous solutions to restore water bodies subjected to
environmental degradation; these include top-down and bottom-up ecological manipulations,
utilization of constructed or restored wetlands to rehabilitate degraded estuarine and coastal
waters (Wolanski et al., 2008). Therefore, ecohydrological assessment may be considered as an
umbrella method encompassing all approaches of water treatment inclusive of newer, advanced,
and eco-friendly methods of restoration. In a pool of water treatment methods, some experiments
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are conducted in the place of origin of water bodies, in their natural conditions known as in-situ
method, whereas some experiments are performed away from the place of origin known as ex
situ method. This paper also attempts to assort various approaches of ecohydrological assessment.
under in-situ and ex-situ methods as discussed in the following sections:
5.1. In-situ restoration
In-situ restoration is carried out at the site of eutrophication. Organic biomass is treated within
the eutrophic water bodies through biological or chemical methods. In-situ treatment may be
considered as advantageous over ex-situ treatment because it minimizes the cost of transport of
organic biomass from place of origin to place of treatment, it also reduces probability of
externalities during the transportation process. Some of the biological and chemical in-situ
methods of treatment are given below:
5.1.1. Biological method(s) vis-à-vis bioremediation
In-situ biological methods of treatment of eutrophic waters involve artificial floating islands
(AFI), phytoremediation or hydrophytes restoration and composting. AFIs are evolution of
conventional biological methods whereas bioremediation for absorbing excessive nutrients and
pollutants are conventional biological methods. An amalgam of conventional and transitional
methods like AFIs can effectively help in treatment of eutrophic waters in in-situ conditions.
These in-situ biological methods are detailed below:
5.1.1.1. Artificial floating islands (AFI)
AFI are clones of naturally occurring floating islands found in various water bodies. AFIs are
also known as Floating Treatment Wetlands (FTWs) reportedly a useful water quality
improvement method worldwide (Chang et al., 2017; Colares et al., 2020). a natural ideal
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floating island is characterized by dense growth of hydrophytes in the form of an organic mat
supporting plant growth. This organic mat is stabilized by rapidly growing and entangling plant
roots, and dead and decaying plant organic matter form a detritus peat layer beneath the
entangled roots. These roots develop a biological membrane or biofilm over its rhizosphere that
not only help in removing various pollutants but also provide aeration to the underlying water
column (Abed et al., 2017). FIs naturally improve water quality by absorbing various organic
and inorganic water pollutants (Yeh et al., 2015). The main objective of development of AFIs is
to have an enhanced and controlled improvement of water quality while removing water
pollutants, excessive nutrients and hazardous substances; through uptake or absorption by plant
roots and the biofilm adherent to plant roots (Bu and Xu, 2013; Zhao et al., 2012). AFIs may be
introduced in eutrophic water bodies to restore water quality and remove various pollutants from
eutrophic waters. AFIs are recognized as wetland treatment systems with unique
microecosystems that help in habitat restoration of eutrophic water bodies. AFIs are designed
with useful bioremediating plant species (Eichhornia crassipes, Canna generalis, Ipomoea
aquatica, Hydrocotyle vulgaris, Pistia stratiotes, and Festuca arundinacea) which not only
absorb pollutants and nutrients like nitrogen and phosphorus, but support other ecological
communities like fish, plankton, and microorganisms without damaging the watercourse and
various ecological habitats (Chang et al., 2017). AFIs are nowadays considered as one of the
best ecofriendly tools for treatment of eutrophic water bodies at a low cost and a sustainable
platform (Zhao et al., 2012).
5.1.1.2. Phytoremediation
Phytoremediation is the most common biological method of treating eutrophic water bodies.
Aquatic macrophytes act as source as well as sink of nutrients like carbon, nitrogen and
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phosphorus in water bodies. They are mostly reported for their exceptional pollutant intake
properties. Phytoremediation may be considered as an inherent part of AFIs or FTWs where
artificially introduced plants species in AFIs achieve phytoremediation and absorb various
organic and inorganic pollutants from eutrophic water bodies (Abed et al., 2017). Phragmites
australis, Canna indica, Eichhornia crassipes, Hydrocotyle umbellata, Pistia stratiotes, Ipomoea
aquatica, Paspalum repens, Azolla microphylla and Lemna minor are some efficient
phytoremediating species utilized in constructed wetlands and treatment of eutrophic or polluted
waters. Other potential plant species that have been utilized to restore water quality of eutrophic
water bodies are Eleocharis plantaginea, Hydrilla verticillate, Juncus effuses, microphylla,
Salvinia minima, Limnocharis flava, Thalia geniculate, Typha latifolia, Monochoria hastata. etc.
(Anning et al., 2013; Hazra et al., 2015). Aquatic plants in AFIs uptake or transfer organic and
inorganic pollutants into various parts of the plant system through extraction, accumulation,
stabilization, degradation and filtration through roots (Nilesh, 2017; Yadav, 2019). However, the
growth strategies of aquatic macrophytes (floating and submerged or emergent) may have
important implications for relative nutrient uptake and sequestration.
In-situ chemical methods of treatment of eutrophication include control algal blooms or ex-situ
and organic biomass within the eutrophic water bodies. In-situ treatments are very common in
contaminated soils and ground water. In case of eutrophic water, chemical agents may be added
to eutrophic waters to eradicate algal blooms and unwanted macrophytes. In-situ chemical
methods may also be performed to bind excessive nutrients like P and N with the help of some
nutrient binding chemical agents. Some of the chemical treatment methods are discussed below:
5.1.2.1. Direct treatment with chemicals
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Direct treatment with chemicals is a conventional method of killing or reducing algal blooms.
These chemicals are commonly known as algicides or herbicides and have been traditionally
used over a longer period of time until newer technologies were developed. Most commonly
used chemicals for treatment of algal blooms are copper algicides like copper compounds
(Fitzgerald, 1959; Zhang et al., 2020), potassium permanganate (Chen et al., 2005), chlorine
dioxide (Gómez-López et al., 2012), salicylic acid, prometryn, sodium hypochlorite, 2-2-
dibromo-3-nitrilopropionamide, 2-(decylthio)ethanamine, isothiazolines, chlorothalonil etc.
(Dikiÿ, 2014; Raman, 2014). Primary target of algicides are cyanobacteria and algae causing
HAB like Microcystis aeruginosa, Oscillatoria sp., Anabaena sp., Gloeotrichia sp.
Cylindrospermopsis sp. and Chlorella sp. (Fitzgerald, 1964). Chemical precipitation has long
been used for P removal. The chemicals most often employed are compounds of calcium,
aluminum, and iron (Strom 2006; Tchobanoglous et al., 2003). Chemical addition points include
prior to primary settling, during secondary treatment, or as part of a tertiary treatment process
(Strom, 2006; Neethling et al., 2005). Mode of action of frequently used copper chemicals
implies loss of dissolved copper from the water column, which means copper has been
absorbed by the target organisms (Hullebusch et al., 2002). Pathways of chemicals in algal
system is recorded as reduced chlorophyll-a content as a result of destruction of oxidative system
and inhibition of algal photosynthesis, and this is often associated improved dissolved oxygen
and pH range and reduced organic biomass in the eutrophic system (Ni et al., 2014; Hullebusch
et al., 2002). However, there are rising concerns about toxicity of algicides in relation to
ecological food chain. It is reported that algicides are effective on target organisms and have a
few side effects on microorganisms, rotifers, copepods, cladocerans and higher organisms.
Therefore, administered doses of these chemicals do not have lethal effects on other aquatic
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organisms (Hullebusch et al., 2002). Moreover, there are reports on potential allelopathic
interactions of secondary metabolites released by cyanobacteria on the physiological health of its
primary feeder ie cladocerans. In presence of secondary metabolites or cyanobacterial toxins
defensive mechanisms of cladocerans and other organisms against other chemical algicides may
be distressed (Berry et al., 2008; Padovesi-Fonseca and Philomeno, 2004). direct chemical
treatment may not be practiced rapidly because of high prices of the chemicals, and sometimes
these chemicals may react with pollutants, coagulate, and cause secondary pollution
(Ruzhitskaya and Gogina, 2017).
5.1.2.2. Treatment with nutrient binding agents
The nutrients in eutrophic water bodies may be removed in-situ by binding them to chemical
compounds, sorbents, or polymer. A report on Microcystis blooms at a reservoir in Germany
showed that addition of chemical compounds containing iron (Fe2+) to hypereutrophic waters,
combined with a water column destratification technique helped in reducing the P release from
algal blooms and sediments (Zhang et al., 2020; Deppe and Benndorf, 2002). Similarly, P release
from lake sediments in Lake Gross-Glienecker, Germany was reduced with the help of iron cum
oxygen bubblers in the hypolimnion zone; this combined iron and oxygenation treatment also
help in reducing algal chlorophyll (L rling et al., 2013). Another study shows application of
filters for binding phosphate and reducing ammonia coupled with a large-scale agitator filter unit
in Madrona Marsh, Los Angeles area, California (Yanamadala, 2005). Naturally absorbent and
manmade agents (apatite, bauxite or limestone, industrial waste products like fly-ash, ocher or
steel slag, and commercial products like FiltraliteTM) may be useful for P removal from
eutrophic waters (Bunce et al., 2018). Some of these absorptive compounds have demonstrated
excellent P removal capacity from water bodies. For example, Polonite, a natural calcium
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silicate, can be processed and used as excellent reactive media with 91% P removal efficiency
(Renman and Renman, 2010).
Commercially used sorbents for organic environmental pollutants are charcoal, polymeric
adsorbents, clays, zeolites and various minerals. A potential modified polymer adsorbent,
cyclodextrin-based polymer (CDPs) has a potential application in adsorbing organic pollutants
from water (Liu et al., 2011). Hoon (2013) reported that polymer hydrogels and crystallization
process using coal fly ash are some proposed physiochemical methods of removal of phosphate
and nitrate from eutrophic waters. However, these methods have time and efficiency constraints.
and thus are less utilized. According to Ruzhitskaya and Gogina (2017) Psorbents can be
manufactured from granulated aluminum oxide, activated aluminum oxide, and aluminum
sulfate, hydrated titanium dioxide, activated with oxides of elements from Group 3 and Group 4
of the periodic system, coated on fiber materials. Dolomite also shows high adsorption ability to
remove impurities of phosphorus compounds (removing around 95% of phosphorus). Light
bloating clays may be as used to remove phosphorus from polluted waters with a potential
efficiency of 100%, tested in some operations (Ruzhitskaya and Gogina, 2017). High prices of
chemical polymer sorbent, their manufacturing and operating procedures at a low scale may be
complex, time consuming and economically less viable.
5.2. Ex-situ restoration
Physical treatment methods are ex-situ methods based on manual scavenging or harvesting of
algal biomass and unwanted aquatic plant biomass (APB) and utilize them productively and
excavating sediment or dredge that prevent unwanted vegetation. Moreover, the effluents of
wastewater contaminated waterbodies can also be used for curing building materials such as
concrete slabs or roofs (Abbas et al., 2019). This may affect the durability and strength of such
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building materials. However, these issues can be addressed by prolonging the curing period.
(Abbas et al., 2019). This approach, in fact, can grow into a potential physical process to reduce
discharge of wastewaters into freshwater bodies and prevent eutrophication in the long run.
5.2.1. Physical method(s)
Physical treatment methods are ex-situ methods based on manual scavenging or harvesting of
algal biomass and unwanted aquatic plant biomass (APB) and utilize them productively and
excavating sediment or dredge that prevent unwanted vegetation. Moreover, the effluents of
wastewater contaminated waterbodies can also be used for curing building materials such as
concrete slabs or roofs (Abbas et al., 2019). This may affect the durability and strength of such
building materials. However, these issues can be addressed by prolonging the curing period.
(Abbas et al., 2019). This approach, in fact, can grow into a potential physical process to reduce
discharge of wastewaters into freshwater bodies and prevent eutrophication in the long run.
There are several reports on age long utilization of aquatic plants in bioremediation or
phytoremediation processes for removal of nutrients from polluted water (Boyd, 1970).
Assimilation of nutrients or pollutants, especially heavy metals, into APB makes them potential
target for nutrient or heavy metal recovery. Thereby APB may be harvested or excavated from
eutrophic water bodies and reused for water quality restoration, development of organic
fertilizers, biochar, compost and derive multiple benefits from them (Kresovich et al., 1982; de
Wild, 2015) (Figure 4).
Harvested APB may also be directly applied to land as fertilizer after harvest where there is
no environmental or human health risk, eg absence of invasive weeds and minimum risk of
toxic compounds entering the food chain (Fortuna et al., 2005). This strategy is suitable for
locations where post-harvest processes do not rely on economic, social, and environmental
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health-related aspects of the society. Qualliam et al (2015) proposed a research agenda for
closing the loop on nutrient transfer from land to water and concluded that APB must be
positioned sufficiently far away to prevent nutrient backflow into the water course. Physical
methods of treating eutrophic water bodies may be sub-categorized as below:
5.2.1.1. harvesting
Harvesting of algal blooms and APB from eutrophic water bodies range from simple methods
like removal by hand to complex methods like large-scale cutting with equipped harvesters.
Selection of harvesting method depends on geophysical characteristics of eutrophic water bodies
like size, depth and flow, and diversity and density of biological species in them. Physical
methods often lead to resuspension of sediment and release of sediment dried nutrients;
this may be coupled with temporarily reduced uptake of nutrients as nitrogen and phosphorus
along with other water pollutants (Hickey et al., 2009).
For nutrient removal via ex-situ harvesting it is necessary to understand the nutrient
distribution pattern in plant tissues (Reddy and Debusk, 1985). For example, there are limited
concentrations of P in the leaves of emergent plants such as Phragmites australis, which store
most P in their rhizome (Wersal et al., 2013); many rooted aquatic plants translocate P from their
above-ground parts to the rhizome in the latter part of the growing season. Therefore, targeting
floating plants for nutrient recovery has the advantage of exploiting nutrient acquisition within
the whole plant. Apparently, a macrophyte can increase the potential for nutrient uptake in a
eutrophic waterbody through unique nutrient assimilation or nutrient storage mechanisms, in
different spatial niches (Sayer et al., 2010).
5.2.1.2. Dredging
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Dredging involves excavating sediment from shallow water bodies for improving water features,
reshaping land features to alter drainage and recover valuable mineral deposits. sediment
increases eutrophication by releasing nutrients into the water and results in increased oxygen
consumption (Stauber et al., 2016). Excavation is undertaken by a dredger which removes the
bottom surface of the water body taking out the sediments along with the macrophytes, for ex
situ treatment of the organic biomass or the sediments. Dredging is considered as a long-term
effective way of treating and restoring eutrophic water bodies (Benndorf, 1995). Dredging helps
in improving the depth of the wetlands and helps in management of nutrients in water bodies.
Dredging may have some disadvantages like increase in suspended sediment after excavation of
sediment from water bodies, requirement of space for disposal of dredged sediment and
sometimes dredged sediments may contain toxic environmental pollutants (Stauber et al., 2016;
Rabenhorst and Stolt, 2012). According to Rabenhorst et al (2012) dredged materials may turn
out be potentially valuable resources, useful materials in dredged sediment may be identified and
excavated separately (Rabenhorst and Stolt, 2012). In coastal areas, in the USA, dredging is
practiced for restoring the estuaries and enhancement of tidal wetlands, dredged sediment is
transferred or pumped onto to new shallow areas hydraulically for creation of salt marshes
(Wolanski and Richmond, 2008). Dredging is considered as an important operation for coastal
and marine infrastructure development worldwide (Craft et al., 2008; Stauber et al., 2016).
5.2.2. Biological method(s)
Biological restoration of eutrophic waters may be performed in-situ as well as ex-situ
conditions. However, ex-situ biological restoration is affected by seasonal variation and needs.
timely biomass scavenging from eutrophic waters. It has been observed that after biological
restoration, unattended and decaying organic biomass in eutrophic waters may release the
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restored nutrients and pollutants back into the water (Lu et al., 2010). Few studies on biological
restoration have been focused on planktonic restoration, ie plankton community (phytoplankton
and zooplankton) contributing to reversal of eutrophication. Plankton play a key role in reducing
eutrophication as depicted by their biophysiological activities in an artificially constructed
aquatic food and their performance as indicators of water quality in constructed wetlands (Jung
et al., 2009). This type of studies is known as biomanipulation and currently undertaken as a vital
tool is ecorestoration of polluted water bodies (Benndorf, 1995). Some of the biological methods
of treatment of eutrophication are broadly discussed below:
5.2.2.1. composting
Composting is an emerging method of biological treatment of eutrophic water bodies that
employs various agents like aquatic macrophytes, planktons and microorganisms. composting
has been successful in ex-situ conditions in engineered and constructed wetlands. Dead and
decaying aquatic biomass add huge amounts of bio-organics that lead to eutrophication. Organic
matter is also added to water bodies from various point and non-point sources of sewage
disposal. Composting is performed following wastewater treatment of eutrophic waters which
could be primary, secondary, or tertiary depending on the degree of contamination of waters.
Wastewater treatment facility enables composting by biological, physical or chemical methods
or a combination of biological and mechanical methods. Mechanical-biological technology
without tertiary treatment has been reported in in the upper reaches of Svratka River Czech
Republic (Grmela et al., 2014). Reverse eutrophication was observed in New River, a fifth-order
blackwater stream located in North Carolina's Coastal Plain (Mallin et al., 2005). Most of the
composting methods follow settling and aeration of eutrophic waters while treating them with
chemicals and biological agents. This process enables absorption of P and N and enhancement of
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dissolved oxygen in water there are advanced protocols for removal of P from nutrient rich water
bodies.
5.2.2.2. Sewage treatment by microbes and plankton in eutrophic water bodies
The organic and inorganic constituents in sewage or eutrophic waters undergo biodegradation by
oxidoreduction reactions (Zheng et al., 2013). Aquatic organisms have well developed
mechanisms to remove both organic and inorganic pollutants from eutrophic water bodies.
Bioengineered microbial cells are efficiently utilized in ex-situ eutrophic water treatment and for
recovery of metals as well as organic pollutants. Organic matter is mineralized to CO2, NH3,
PO43- , etc. by these microbes in presence or absence of continuous supply of oxygen (Ji et al.,
2005). Apart from sewage and endogenous sources, one of the major sources of nutrient
pollution is fertilizers and pesticides. These are categorized as organic pollutants and potentially
hazardous to the aquatic communities. Organophosphates (diazinon, omethoate, glyphosate) and
nitrophenol derivatives (dinocap, dinoseb) are some of the toxic pesticides sourcing N and P into
eutrophic waters (Lushchak et al., 2018). Chemical properties of these pesticides determine the
biodegradation rate and biodegradation degree of these organic pollutants. Organophosphates
may be easily degraded because of high water solubility, low acute toxicity and bioavailability as
compared to nitrophenol derivatives (Leahy and Colwell, 1990).
Microorganisms are the pioneers in systematic biodegradation and facilitating bioavailability
of organic pollutants. Cao and Zhang (2014) reported application of substrate immobilized
denitrifying bacteria into the floating-bed treatment to enhance nitrogen removal from eutrophic
waters. Denitrifying bacterial species such as Pseudomonas, Alcaligenes, Proteiniclasticum,
Achromobacter and Methylobacillus can induce NH4+ -N and total nitrogen (TN) removal from
sediments as well as overlying water (Yan et al., 2019). A microbial consortium consisting of
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two denitrifying polyphosphate-accumulating organisms (DPAOs)—strain Bacillus sp. and
Microbacterium sp. were utilized along with two varieties of a perennial grass Lolium perenne
reduced ammonium nitrogen (NH4+ -N), phosphorus, and COD in a floating bed treatment (Li et
al., 2011). There are reports on the indirect role of sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) (example -
Desulfovibrio sp.) in reducing P by forming a Fe-phosphate complex, while removing nitrogen
oxide nitrogen (NO-N) in iron/ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (FeEDTA) solutions, as a result
of iron polarization (Yamashita and Yamamoto-Ikemoto, 2014). Introduction of filter-feeding
organisms like algae/microalgae and bivalves to ex-situ floating bed system increases
purification efficacy and removal of nitrogen due to their feeding mechanism (Nakamura and
Kerciku, 2000). Microalgae are potential scavengers that remediate and desalinate wastewater
(Cordier et al., 2020). Algal cells are very efficient in photosynthesizing agents thus releasing a
lot of oxygen in water required for degradation of organic biomass. Algae-bacteria symbiosis can
also be used for degradation of the organic mass, algae mediated enhancement of oxygen level
coupled with degradation may be accelerated by bacteria (Ramanan et al., 2015). few workers
have found that filter-feeding by bivalves may improve water quality by removing chlorophyll-a
from water bodies, thereby reducing suspended sediments, detritus, and particulate bound
nutrients in polluted aquatic systems (Nakamura and Kerciku, 2000; Nelson et al., 2004).
Biological uptake of inorganic pollutants like heavy metals and their oxides are defined by
different terminologies as ÿbioscavengingÿ, ÿbioaccumulation,ÿ and ÿbiomethylation.ÿ Aquatic
communities like algae/microalgae fungi and microorganisms remove inorganic pollutants
through assimilation as a part of their physiological metabolism. Microalgae, such as Chorella
vulgaris, can efficiently remediate industrial wastewater through removal of toxic metals
(mercury and uranium), chemical oxygen demand (COD), and salinity (Mehta et al., 2005; Jaroo
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et al., 2019). Fungal species like Rhizopus, Aspergillus sp. and Penicillium sp. are also good
absorbs of lead and mercury, while Escherichia coli can efficiently accumulate mercury on
their cell walls. Positively charged heavy metals and metal ions are bonded to the functional
group present on the cell surface of the microorganisms (Mehta et al., 2005). Each functional
group has a specific pKa (dissociation constant) that dissociates corresponding anion and proton
at a specific pH (Eccles, 1999; Niu and Volesky, 2000). These functional groups are found
associated with various cell wall components such as peptidoglycan, teichouronic acid, teichoic
acids, polysaccharides, and proteins. Number and type of functional group also vary according to
the distribution of cell wall components among different organisms. Microbial cell wall
component, polysaccharides and proteins have most of the metal binding sites (Kuyucak and
Volesky, 1989). Binding of metals to cell walls is commonly observed in lower plants, algae,
fungi, and bacteria. Even some higher plants accumulate metals in cell wall. Metals are held to
biopolymers on the cell wall, till the binding site gets saturated (Mehta et al., 2005). seaweed and
certain fungal species synthesize a metal binding protein known as phytochelatin, a commonly
found plant protein. It is a small metal chelating protein and act as buffering molecule for
homeostasis of metals and phytochelating proteins. Phytochelatin also functions by forming salt
complexes with sulfhydryl groups, and absorbed metals are transported to intracellular spaces
and various organelles (Clemens, 2006). Certain metals are also immobilized as crystals, for
example, heavy metal complexes of calcium oxalate crystals have been reported in higher plants
(Sresty et al., 1999).
5.2.2.3. Aerobic and anaerobic biodegradation
Aerobic and anaerobic biodegradation of organic biomass is mediated by microorganisms in the
presence or absence of continuous supply of oxygen to support their substrate metabolism and
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functional respiratory chain. Microorganisms like bacteria and fungi perform oxidoreduction
reactions of pollutants with the help of specific enzymes benefitting energy, carbon, and nutrient
during this process (Zheng et al., 2013). Aerobic biodegradation involves ex-situ methods like
Activated Sludge Reactor (ASR) and Membrane Bioreactor (MB). Anaerobic biodegradation
includes technologies like Upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor (UASB) and Anaerobic
biofilter (AB) (Zheng et al., 2013). Anaerobic biodegradation has an economically viable aspect
of generation of biofuel or biogas from organic waste under ÿex-situÿ conditions. It may not be a
feasible process for treating organic waste in natural water bodies; however, it may be applied
efficiently in ex-situ or constructed wetlands equipped with process optimization system.
Anaerobic biodegradation process is theoretically nutrient retentive (ie N and P are not lost).
from the system), a smaller portion of organic nitrogen is mineralized, and a greater proportion
of total N is available for uptake by various agents (Möller and Müller, 2012). enhanced
Biological Phosphorus Removal (EPBR) with activated sludge systems is a renowned and
traditional method of P removal from polluted and eutrophic waters. EPBR has been recognized
as eco-friendly, sustainable and safe method utilizing some phosphorus-accumulating organisms
(PAO) like Candidatus Accumulibacter phosphatis (Accumulibacter) and Acinetobacter sp.
through a series of cycling anaerobic and aerobic/anoxic phases under optimized operating
conditions (Bunce et al., 2018). These biological methods are nowadays used as commercially
developed technologies like Phostrip, ÿ/ÿ (Anaerobic–Oxic), EASC (Extended Anaerobic
Sludge Contact process), University of Cape Town (UCT), Bardenpho, Phoredox, etc.
(Ruzhitskaya and Gogina, 2017).
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Chemical method is considered as a very suitable option for heavily eutrophic wetlands and this
method is one of the earliest attempts to treat eutrophic water bodies (Zhang et al., 2020). Former
situ chemical methods of treatment of eutrophication include removal of algal blooms followed
by passive treatment. Ex-situ treatment involves chemical degradation of known organic biomass
as pyrolysis. Some of the chemical treatment methods are discussed below:
5.2.3.1. Pyrolysis of algal biomass
Pyrolysis is an ex-situ treatment of biomass from eutrophic waters. Pyrolysis involves thermal
decomposition of organic biomass at a very high temperature range of 400-700 °C in the absence of
oxygen. Pyrolysis is motivated towards sustainable utilization of algal waste from eutrophic
water bodies to produce biochar and biogas at the lowest cost and ecologically viable technique.
Moreover, potential algal toxins or pathogens may be destroyed at a low risk and their remains.
may be utilized for a wide range of agricultural and industrial activities (Beckinghausen et al.,
2020). Nutrient availability of biochar also depends upon pyrolysis conditions and the aquatic
plant biomass from which it was produced (Li et al., 2015). According to Cruz et al (2011), P in
Biomass naturally exists as phytates and lipids in aquatic macrophytes. At the end of pyrolysis
these organic P forms are transformed or broken into inorganic labile forms, and an amalgam of
P-metal consortiums (FePO4, AlPO4 and CaPO4) in the biochar (Sun et al., 2018). In addition,
biochar provides a slow release of nutrients and can increase crop yields and reduce leaching of
nutrients when applied in agricultural fields (Jeffery et al., 2011). Pyrolysis has been practiced in
constructed eutrophic wetlands and wastewater treatment plant to obtain some useful end
products as bio-petrochemicals like biodiesel that could be used as fuel supplements and as
glycerin free biodiesel (Miranda et al., 2014). Vargas e Silva et al (2015) performed pyrolysis of
algal biomass in a tubular furnace system facilitated with external heating at different
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temperatures, reported highest yields of useful products at 500°C. These yields include 45% of
aqueous phase (bio-oil and water), 44% char, and about 11% gas that could be utilized as
potential alternatives for conventional fuels, thus reducing environmental pollution with a
promising economic return (Vargas e Silva and Monteggia, 2015). Thermally treated mussel
shell (TMS) has been effectively utilized in adsorbing P from eutrophic waters. TMS was treated
with modifying agents as polyaluminium chloride (PAC), lanthanum oxide (La2O3) and pure
ferric chloride [Fe(OH)3] post pyrolysis at 600°C. These are pyrolyzed biological sorbents rich in
calcium (36.76%), environmentally friendly and low-cost adsorbent for P removal from polluted
waters (Yin, 2020).
6. Ecological engineering tools in ecohydrological restoration of eutrophic water bodies
Ecological engineering tools in ecohydrology consist of an array of interdisciplinary scientific
methods. One of the most traditional methods of ecological engineering is biomanipulation ie
biological control of species occurring in eutrophic water bodies. Biological component of a
water body is intertwined with the physicochemical components, thus a change in species ratio
or species composition leads to change in the physicochemical composition of eutrophic waters.
Literature review shows various biomanipulation studies on removal or manipulation of
planktivorous and benthivorous fish that affect the grazing plankton population finally causing a
change in the physical chemical composition of water. Biochemical and physicochemical methods
include development and application of eco-friendly methods of removal of nutrient pollutants
from eutrophic waters utilizing non-hazardous products coupled with optimized physicochemical
operating procedures. However, ecological engineering tools are not only confined to physical,
chemical, biological and bioengineering sciences. These are nowadays popularly developed on
an ITC platform to monitor eutrophic wetlands through various models. ecological engineering
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tools are also recognized methodical applications of ecohydrology based on implementation of
models. These are traditional mathematical model or advanced nutrient load model, plankton
model or ecological dynamic model (Yu et al., 2017). However, it is difficult to identify the most
suitable ecological engineering method for treatment; each method is implemented depending
upon the nature, location and degree of eutrophication. Ecohydrological interventions will help
in identifying the functionality and applicability of these methods. Detail information of mostly
utilized and potential ecological engineering tools in ecohydrological monitoring of eutrophic
waters are given in Table 1.
7. Effectiveness of eco-engineering method(s) over conventional method(s)
The main goal of this review is to identify, understand and critically analyze the effectiveness of
ecohydrological assessment prioritizing eco-engineering methods over conventional methods.
Literature review shows diverse methods of treatment of eutrophic waters categorized as
biological, physical, chemical and interdisciplinary approaches. It was observed that each
method has its own advantage and disadvantage that makes them unsuitable at times. Physical
methods are very effective but rigorous and space consuming, operations like manual cleaning,
dredging, and harvesting requires allocation of time as well as fund for effective restoration of
eutrophic waters. Biological methods are very comprehensive and require precision and in-depth
knowledge. Chemical methods show good results, but sometimes they generate routes to
secondary environmental pollution. Advanced techniques like ecological engineering methods
based on interdisciplinary inputs from biophysicochemical, bioengineering and computational
backgrounds are promising eco-friendly and cost-effective methods.
Cost-benefit analysis may be performed to see cost-effectiveness of each eutrophication
treatment method. A group of researchers in England and Wales identified the environmental
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costs of eutrophication and categorized them under two major heads – (a) Damage (or Value
Loss) Costs and (b) Policy Response Cost. Under Damage (or Value-Loss) Costs, they reported
sub-costs such as social damage costs, drinking water treatment costs, cleanup costs of
water ways etc. While Policy Response Cost involved sub-costs like cost of treatment of algal
blooms and in-water preventative measures (biomanipulation, stratification, and straw bale
deployment), costs of developing eutrophication control policies and strategies, costs to farmers
of adopting new farm practices etc. A baseline study was reported that helped in development of
cost category framework for treatment of eutrophic water bodies over a period of one decade in
the UK (Pretty et al., 2003). Lokhande and Dixit (2017) performed a comparative effectiveness
analysis between bioremediation involving indigenous plants like Ruppia sp. and Eichhornea
crassipes and an artificially installed aeration system in a polluted lake. Bioremediation system
showed cost effectiveness, no maintenance, self-sustenance, and eco-friendliness over artificially
installed system. These outcomes indicated a scope of ecohydrological intervention and
modification of conventional methods to obtain good results at a lesser cost, low maintenance,
ecologically safe and sustainable platform (Melián, 2020). It is anticipated that a combined
application of biophysicochemical and ecological engineering ie ecohydrological monitoring
will help in overcoming various constraints over temporal and spatial scales.
8. Discussion and further arguments
Eutrophication has been observed as one of the main problems in aquatic ecosystems of the
world occurring chiefly due to endogenous or exogenous nutrient and pollutant enrichment. Of
late eutrophication and pollution of freshwater bodies are two emerging threats to ecological
communities. Eutrophication and degradation of water quality is accompanied by organic and
inorganic water contaminants from various point sources and non-point sources. Ace
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eutrophication and pollutants often co-occur, their interaction cannot be assessed by studying one
process alone (Skei et al., 2020). As such the confluence of nutrient loading, contaminant
dominance, and eutrophication processes need greater attention to develop sustainable remedy
measures. International Joint Commission (IJC) identified controlling P inflow as the most
effective route to subside eutrophication in bigger lakes (IJC, 1971). Such recommendation was
duly substantiated later by Schindler et al. (2016), who concluded that low N/P ratios greatly
promote algal blooms and other nuisance factors for eutrophication. As both N and P cause
eutrophication, the European Union's Water Framework directives strongly postulated the
primacy of N removal to solve the problem (EU, 2016). In contrast, several workers have
demonstrated that N removal or dual removal of N and P are costlier and more complex than
removal of P alone (Szoke et al., 2009; Hakanson et al., 2010). In this review, we have
documented quite a few advanced eco-engineering methods of both N and P removal that
presented in Table 1. Although majority of these studies highlight the efficacy of P control in
remediating eutrophic water bodies, it is difficult to assess the essentiality of N reduction due to
inadequate ecosystem-scale data on N removal (Schindler et al., 2016). We also understand that
conventional methods of eutrophication treatments (physical, chemical, biological, and
engineering methods) are often exclusively applied, which may not serve the true purpose of
sustainable eradication. Method of treatment varies depending upon the location and topographic
features of eutrophic lakes, which leaves a gap in feasibility of uniform application of
conventional methods in restoration of eutrophic lakes (Singh, 1982). It is very important to
understand the nature and root causes of eutrophication before adopting any technique. when we
browse through the conventional methods of eutrophication treatment, the conveniences, and
economic feasibility in each method restricts our utilization perspectives. In fact, there are some
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specific constraints associated with each conventional method. Physical or mechanical methods
are very suitable for ex-situ operations, but these methods tend to be exhaustive, cost and labor
intensive (Ashley et al., 2009). Chemical methods are best utilized in in-situ operations yet cost
of chemicals and secondary outcomes may be challenging (Douglas et al., 2004). Overall,
physical, and chemical methods have immediate positive impacts but cannot profoundly
remediate eutrophication due to high cost and partial elimination outcomes (Zhang et al., 2020).
On the other hand, biological and biotechnological operations are well operated in-situ as well as
ex-situ conditions requiring pre-defined knowledge and reproducibility counting all other
expenses of biochemicals and analytical equipment (Zhang et al., 2020). of late new
interdisciplinary approaches that are amalgam of physical, chemical, biological and engineering
fields are pioneering in the field of eutrophication studies.
9. Conclusion and future research perspectives
Knowledge about eutrophication and ecohydrogical interactive pathways have been consulted to
appreciate the remedial processes and also to identify the niche of eco-engineering practices
within environmental frameworks. Considering the significant upsurge of research articles in
related domains, this review primarily aimed at presenting ecohydrology as a new mode of
studying eutrophication and its treatment technologies in an inclusive manner. In general, this
highlights the various possibilities of monitoring and restoring eutrophic water bodies through a
commonwindow. The major realizations and probable future research initiatives are as outlined
below:
• In the present era, the ecohydrological research activities can be differentiated into
conceptual knowledge (37.2%), assessment (32.6%), climate change (9.3%),
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algae/cyanotoxins (7%), engineering and restoration (7%), modeling (4.6%) and
biodiversity (2.3%).
• The concept of ecohydrology introduces an innovative perspective of addressing
eutrophication driven issues through combined application of biological, physical,
chemical, and engineering methods, emphasizing ecological engineering tools towards
sustainable solutions.
• It is imperative to investigate the causal roots of eutrophication and significance of
environmental flows to identify the pathways of nutrients, sediments, pollutants, and
pathogens to ensure irreversible restoration.
• Sole application of any one conventional treatment methods (biological, physical,
chemical, and engineering) for eutrophic waters often fails to provide satisfactory results
on long term basis due to several shortcomings in decision making process, which leads
to recurrence of eutrophication with more complicated consequences.
• There is a huge scope for modification and enhancement of conventional treatment
methods to achieve suitable results in regard to cost effectiveness, self-sustenance, and
ecological considerations.
• The future research initiatives should focus on studying the science of eutrophication in a
holistic manner from the whole ecosystem-scale viewpoints encompassing the ecological
and hydrological processes, the importance and role of environmental flows in aquatic
systems, and the transport mechanisms of nutrients as well as contaminants.
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• The reproducibility and efficiency of ecohydrological and eco-engineering tools warrant
focused large scale and long term experimental endeavor validated at whole ecosystem
levels.
• So far, the major volume of research activities has been conducted in developing
conceptual knowledge and assessment database, therefore, studying the convergence of
eutrophication with all terrestrial ecosystems that are inter-connected through food webs
can be an interesting area in the near future.
• There is also a need to explore the potential of utilizing harvested algal and other aquatic
biomass for bioenergy generation and production of nutrient rich composts and
vermicompost for agricultural application.
• Overall, this review provides a comprehensive base line for future researchers to address
ecohydrology as an interdisciplinary domain of science to innovate effective remedial
measures in ecologically and economically compatible manner. The main insights of this
paper may also cater to the need of the policy makers to formulate management and
monitoring plans.
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Glossary of terms and notations
abbreviation Description
HAB Harmful Algal Bloom
United Nations Educational, Scientific and

UNESCO
Cultural Organization
IPA artificial floating island
FTW Floating Treatment Wetland
CDP Cyclodextrin Based Polymer
ABS Aquatic Plant Biomass
TN Total Nitrogen
Denitrifying Polyphosphate Accumulating

DPAO
organism
COD Chemical Oxygen Demand
ASR Activated Sludge Reactor
MB Membrane Bioreactor
UASB Upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor
AB Anaerobic biofilter
EASC Extended Anaerobic Sludge Contact
UCT University of Cape Town
TMS Thermally treated Mussel Shell
CAP Polyaluminum Chloride
ICT Information and Communications Technology
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IJC International Joint Commission
EU European Union
Acknowledgment
The authors are grateful to the Science and Engineering Research Board (SERB) (File No.
ECR/2018/002481) for financial support and Department of Environmental Science, Tezpur
University for various types of support.
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Declaration of interests
ÿ The authors declare that they have not known competing financial interests or personal relationships
that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
ÿThe authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered
as potential competing interests:
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Figure 1. Flowchart of review methodology showing various steps in literature survey

and documentation of the retrieved information
Figure 2. Schematic representation of causes and effects of eutrophication
Figure 3. Trend of research interventions in the field of ecohydrology in the

contemporary era (assigned data to the bar diagrams denote percentage of articles
under each sub domain with respect to total number of published articles in
ecohydrology domain between 2010 to 2020)
Figure 5. Utilization of plant and algal biomass for agricultural and land use activities
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Table 1. Sustainably viable ecological engineering tools for ecohydrological restoration of eutrophic
waters
Potential Significant removal/

reduction of
ecohydrologic Details of Target water
nutrients Geographic location Reference
to monitoring operation bodies
methods Phosphor nitrogen
us n
Biomanipulation
Hosper
of fish species Small and and
leading to overall shallow Jagtman,
Biomanipulation change in TheNetherlands;
on ÿ ÿ eutrophic lakes; 1990;
physicochemical Lake Eymir, Turkey
small eutrophic Beklioglu
composition of lake et al.,
water, reduction 2003
of N and P
Removal of
around
planktivorous
and benthivorous
fish causing Small and Hosper
change in the shallow and Meije,
TheNetherlands;
species ratio of ÿ eutrophic lakes; 1993;
generic report
other aquatic small and large Benndorf,
species, thereby eutrophic lakes 1995
leading to
reduction in
nutrient
concentration
Removal of
planktivorous
fish by treatment
of with rotenone
causing for Small and Sanni and
shallow Lake Mosvatn,
change in ÿ ÿ Waervhge
Norway
physicochemical eutrophic lake n, 1990
composition of
water, and
reduction of
nutrients
Manipulation of
food web, by
removal of
planktivorous or Small and Lake
Boers et
benthivorous fish ÿ shallow Wolderwijd/Nuldern
al., 1991
targeting reduction eutrophic lakes aw, The Netherlands
in detrital
phosphorus
Treatment of
eutrophic waters Ruzhitska
Echo
with reagents Wastewater/wat already and
made of ÿ Generic report
biochemistry er reservoirs Gogina,
manufacturing 2017
waste for reducing
66
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nutrients
Bioelectrochemistry
cal system which
replaces N by
current Anaerobic
Municipal Zhang et
generation sludge/wastewat wastewater al., 2014;
(recovered as ÿ ÿ er; synthetic
wastewater treatment, Virginia, Seo et al.,
ammonia), and 2013
USES; generic report
replaces P by ion containing P
exchange with
ions like hydroxide
ions
Formation of
insoluble salts of
nutrients due to
oxidoreduction Ruzhitska
reactions, as a Wastewater/wat already and
result of biological ÿ er reservoirs Generic report
Gogina,
corrosion or the 2017
bio galvanic
reactions
Membrane
technologies
utilizing
membrane Strom,
ÿ waste water Generic report
bioreactors and 2006
membrane filters
retrieving nutrients
Wastewater; Wei et al.,

municipal 2008;
Removal of waste water Boele,
China; the
nutrients by algal effluent; 2011;
biofilm technique ÿ ÿ wastewater Netherlands; Christenso
effluent from Logan,USA n and
waste water Sims,
treatment plants 2012
Removal of Garzon
nutrients in a Zuniga
biofilm municipal and
ÿ ÿ Mexico
sequencing batch wastewater; Gonzalez
reactor in ex situ Martinez,
conditions 1996
Uptake by
microalgae
immobilized by Municipal
self-adhesion on wastewater from Shi et al.,
ÿ ÿ waste water Germany 2007
a wet,
microporous, treatment plants
ultrathin
substrate (the
67
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substrate layer)
Martin et
Absorption of
eco Sewage al., 2009;
phosphorus by
treatment water; Michigan
physicochemical Fe-nanoparticles ÿ UK; generic report State
Eutrophic water
to the
synthesized from and wastewater
waste iron University
, 2012
reverse osmosis Strom,
waste water 2006;
(RO) filtration ÿ Generic report
Reardon,
systems 2006
Mathematical
model, nutrient
Echo load model, Yu et al.,
ÿ ÿ eutrophic water Generic report 2017
Computational plankton model
or ecological
dynamic model
***
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highlights
• ~37% articles contributed quality concepts in ecohydrological research domain
• Severity of eutrophication enhances due to endo- and exogenous nutrient flows
• Eutrophication is reinforced as an ecohydrological component
• Ecohydrology is a pioneering approach to restore eutrophic water bodies
• Ecohydrological interventions provide sustainable recovery of eutrophic waters
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Machine Translated by Google

Primacy of ecological engineering tools for combating

Bishal Paul, Satya Sundar Bhattacharya, Nayanmoni Gogoi

To appear in: Science of the Total Environment

Received date: 5 September 2020

Accepted date: 14 October 2020

© 2020 Published by Elsevier.

Primacy of ecological engineering tools for combating eutrophication: An ecohydrological

bishal paul1 , Satya Sundar Bhattacharya1* , Nayanmoni Gogoi one*

1Department of Environmental Science,

Tezpur University, Napaam, Tezpur-784028, Assam, India

Addresses for correspondence:

Tezpur-784028, Assam, India

Phone: +91-3712 -275614/10

Emails: nayanmoni@tezu.ernet.in; satya72@tezu.ernet.in

cumulatively uphold the significance of ecohydrological and ecological engineering approaches.

eutrophication as an ecohydrological component; to discover all possibilities of monitoring and

methods of treatment of eutrophication (physical, biological, chemical, and eco-engineering).

information on methods of ecohydrological assessment in relation to eutrophication of

freshwater bodies. According to our survey, ecohydrological research is diversified into

conceptual knowledge (37.2%), assessment (32.6%), climate change (9.3%), algae/cyanotoxins

Keywords : ecohydrology, eutrophication, biophysicochemical, eco-engineering

3. Eutrophication of water bodies: monitoring and assessment of contaminants

4. Significance of ecohydrological interventions

5. In-situ and ex-situ ecohydrological restoration of eutrophic water bodies

5.1. In-situ restoration

5.1.1. Biological method(s) vis-à-vis bioremediation

5.1.1.1. Artificial floating islands (AFI)

5.1.2. Chemical method(s)

5.1.2.1. Direct treatment with chemicals

5.1.2.2. Treatment with nutrient binding agents

5.2. Ex-situ restoration

5.2.1. Physical method(s)

5.2.2. Biological method(s)

5.2.2.2. Sewage treatment by microbes and plankton in eutrophic water bodies

5.2.2.3. Aerobic and anaerobic biodegradation

5.2.3. Chemical method(s)

5.2.3.1. Pyrolysis of algal biomass

6. Ecological engineering tools in ecohydrological restoration of eutrophic water bodies

7. Effectiveness of eco-engineering method(s) over conventional method(s)

8. Discussion and further arguments

9. Conclusion and future perspectives

refer to as ÿecohydrology' (Zalewski, 2000) and hydrologists refer to as ÿhydroecology'

(Acreman, 2001). However, in French, the term ÿhydroecology; is not synonymous to

understanding of hydrological factors determining the natural development of wetland

using ecological engineering'. Practically ecohydrology incorporates a wide range of research

environmental flows. However, seasonal increase or decrease in water intake strongly

release cyanotoxins as microcystins, cylindrospermopsin, anatoxin-a, and saxitoxins, which

mitigate or prevent eutrophication.

While studying enormous resource of available literature we realized that conceptual

effects, environmental consequences, and rehabilitation/restoration technologies are widely

holistic manner. Existing or conventional eutrophication treatment methods are efficient in

reducing nutrients, pollutants and improving physicochemical composition of water. However,

experimental output of 30 years eutrophication treatment of some lakes in China showed

(Zhang et al., 2020). These combined applications or interdisciplinary approaches are

contemporarily referred to as ÿecological engineeringÿ or ÿeco-engineeringÿ that have extended

horizons for further improvement of theoretical and practical knowledge on eutrophication

ÿbiologicalÿ or ÿecologicalÿ dimensions may be collectively endorsed as organism–water

relationships or ecohydrological interactions (Asbjornsen et al., 2011). Mankiewicz-Boczek

emerging as a promising research domain excellently addressing the interconnections between

interdisciplinary concept of ecohydrology and suggests a novel approach to consider a plethora

• To identify the research gaps regarding application of ecohydrological concepts for

• To critically analyze the shortcomings and utilities of various methods (physical,