SHIBLI NATIONAL COLLEGE - AZAMGARH. _ OFFICE FILE Emitter Follower (CC)de = om om mo om im om ie ae ETB-021 OPERATING INSTRUCTIONS FOR EMITTER FOLLOWER (CC) OMEGA TYPE ETB - 21 Manufacturer & Exporters OMEGA ELECTRONICS MARKETING DIVISION B-28, FATEH SINGH SCHEME OPP. RAJPUTANA PALACE SHERATON, JAIPUR ~ 302006 (INDIA) PHONE: 2375647, TELEFAX: 2379223, WORKS. 28 E &F, MALVIYA INDUSTRIAL AREA, JAIPUR ~ 302 017 (INDIA) PHONE: 2751136, TELEFAX: 2751559over all characteristi boards carries OBJECT To study the overall characteristics of the Emitter Follower Ar 01 Voltage Gain. 02 Input Impedance, 03 Output Impedance. FEATURES The board consists ofthe following builtin parts: Ot *9V D.C. at SomA, IC regulated Power ‘Supply internally connected, 02 NPN transistor, 03 Adequate no, of other electronie components. 04 Mains ON/OFF ‘Switch, Fuse and Jewel light. 05 The unit is of erative on 230V £10% at S0Hz A.C. Mains, 06 Adequate no, of Patch cords stackable from rear both ends 4mm spring loaded plug length 50cm, Good Quality, reliable termi connections/ observati OTHER APPARATUS REQUI 01 Audio Frequency Generator OMEGA TYPE AO-300. 02 Decade Resistance Box OMEGA TYPE ORBC-115L, 03 AF Milivolimeter 0-500mV OMEGA TYPE AF-205VA INTRODUCTION There are four requirements 'ed specifically to study Practical experience on these ‘mplifier and to find: 07 nalisockets are provided at appropriate places on panel for of waveforms, IRED form a multistage » Ithas been shown all these conditions and so it can be used amplifying device. Fig.1. shows a transistor arranged in three Cireuit, common emitter (CE) Possible configurat Circuits only the CE stage can tions viz. common base (CB) crcull, and common collector (CC) circuit. Of these three be used in multistage amplifier, ‘BC-547 (SILICON) “Oo me FIG. 1 (A) CB CIRCUIT Ere GMEGa OMEGA ELECTRONICS, JAIPUR-302 006 (NDIA)mee oe mmm = OPERATING INSTRUCTIONS OMEGA TYPE ETB-021 Page3/7 lac-s47 (SILICON). IBC-547 (SILICON): Rs se Ar 4 7 GEeniRATOR enenavor FIG. 4 (B) CE CIRCUIT FIG. 1 (C) CC CIRCUIT The emitter follower or common collector circuit is used when a high input impedance or low output impedance is required. The circuit is used more often than the common base stage. The current gain of this stage is quite high, but the voltage gain never exceeds unity, ‘Atough a low voltage gain is exhibited, the emitter follower can increase the voltage and power transferred from ‘the source to the load. Fig.2. shows the emitter follower circuit. Fig.3. can be used to analyze this circuit. ot Ove pr BC-547 (SILICON) Or L—o tour = oO FIG-2 EMMITER FOLLOWER FIG-3 EMMITER FOLLOWER ANALYSIS. The pertinent equations are Ot eo =(B+ Nip Re (Where = gainof transistor) 02 ein =Mablp +fa(B+ Diy +RE (B+ Nip Solving these equations for egyt /@iq gives (B+1)Re fet B+ g+(8+ ORE The input impedance is found to be approximately 2 = ty (B+ 1g +(B+ RE ib The output impedance can be found by shorting the input source and assuming that there is a source at the output. The current through this output source is lout ='Re +!e whereigeissimply eoyt /Re The emitter current is found by using the following equations. Ao eke SEES oncon erecrnowics, sAPuRs0z 06 (WomOPERATING INSTRUCTIONS OMEGA TYPE ETB-021 Paged/7 01 ig =i,(8 41) 02 Gout =i ty +iy "bb D go 2out ryt bb : ig pe and therefore e f Rout = 2 = Re (ry + fbb ca Reta PH ‘The output impedance of the transistor itself is just i fou =r44 Bes (3) One of the problems in designing the emitter follower is that the low impedance of the bias network causes the overall input impedance to be low. This can be overcome by using the “Bootstrap” circuit of Fig.4, Here R is chosen to be small enough to effect the bias design very ile, “The overall input impedance is fy in parallel with the impedance offered by the Pall that Includes R. Due to the feed back in the circuit, this path offers very high effective impedance, The impedance of this path is ein /ig where iy is the current through R. The Current through R is merely, ——>_ E BMEGH. EMITTER FOLLOWER +0 ~ voc ne ate -©@) 54 (110%) ® 5 ca + wmouantteroncanet FIG. 4: BOOT STRAP CIRCUIT FOR HIGH INPUT IMPEDANCE. | = Aue ein, R | Where Aug is the gain from base to emitter? But since Ayg is almost unity, this current is very small. The impedance of this path is then, Sin /@in(1~ Awa) __R R 1-Ayg. \ © oveca I OMEGA ELECTRONICS, JAPURIGZ 006 (HOI a i 2OPERATING INSTRUCTIONS OMEGA TYPE ETB-021 Pagesi7 ithe gain is 0.99 and Ris 20 K, this value becomes, a =2M The overall input impedance is now R; Ri ‘ed to couple the output of the stage to the load, ike place as the emitter current decreases. Ifa it of Fig.2, the wave forms shown in Fig. 5 could clipping can often result. The clipping will ta larger sinusoidal signal is applied to the circui result. ee (8) FIG. 5 WAVEFORMS FOR LARGE APPLIED VOLTAGE (A) APPLIED SIGNAL (B) OUTPUT SIGNAL As the output impedance becomes less on the p. Smount of positive charge. When the signal negative, charge is removed more slowly since fs becomes greater. The resulting time lag is voltage at the emitter causes the emitter base Junction to become reverse biased and clipping results. If large signals are to be amplified Symmetricaly, the complementary emitter follower of Fig.6 can be used, In this figure each Stage is biased slightly on T, passes the positive half cycle of Input signal to the load while a Passes the negative half cycle, The impedance presi both positive and negative swing. pve ive swing, the capacitor takes on a small ented to the capacitor is the same on output HE Sceee EE OMEGA ELECTRONICS, JAIPURJOZ O06 (NDIA) ]OPERATING INSTRUCTIONS OMEGA TYPE ETB-021 Pages/7 OBJECT 01:-To STUDY THE OVER ALL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE EMITTER FOLLOWER AMPLIFIER AND TO FIND: 01 Voltage Gain, 02 Input Impedance. 03 Output Impedance, PROCEDURE 01 Trace the circuit according to practical circuit diagram on the panel of ETB-21. 02 Connect the terminals A to B and B to C, Now the circuit corresponds to the Fig.7. EMITTER FOLLOWER Tre er8-24 —— sve mrt Be-547 (SILICON) souroisoy eee | ae = YOMLOMEGAELECTROMCS NET FIG. 7 EMITTER FOLLOWER CIRCUIT BIASING ARRANGEMENT 03 Connect the output of Audio Frequency Generator OMEGA TYPE AO. of the amplifier. Set the frequency of Auc volt. Measure the output and compute t @ To measure the output impedance cor DRBC-115 L, across the output termins 300 to the input ‘dio Generator to 1 KHz and give a signal of 0.15 he gain, a 05 Vary the input signal frequency keepi ing its amplitude 0.15 volt. Measure the output. Plot . the frequency VIS gain curve. Deter mine lower and upper cut off frequency. 07 Connect C to A, , output impedance and input impedance as explained in the steps 3, 4, 5 and 6, 08 Repeat the step 7 for different value of resistance R. i FDO OMEGR ff OMEGA ELECTRONICS, JAIPUR-302 G06. (INDIA)OPERATING INSTRUCTIONS OMEGA TYPE ETB-021 Page7/7 REPORT 91 Plot output voltage against frequency from the reading obtained in § and 7 above and hence determine the bandwidth of the amplifier. 02 Tabulate gain input impedance and output impedance for different values of R and compare the results with theoretical calculations. REFERENCES 01 Transistor Circuit Analysis and Design : _Fitchen 02 Principles of Transistor Circuits : Amos 03 Transistors Le Croissette 04 Transistor Circuit Design Texas Instruments, INC. LIST OF ACCESSORIES: 01 Patch cords 4mm length 50cm Red. 02. Patch cords 4mm length 50cm black. V. 1, GPA 21-05-2015 OMEGA ELECTRONICS, JAIPUR-302 006 (INDIA)