1.2, Simple Harmonic Motion Let P be a particle moving on the circum- " ference of a circle of radius a with a uniform “velocity v (Fig.1.1). Let @ be the uniform an- gular velocity of the particle’ (v=aq).' The circle along which P moves is called the circle of reference. As the particle P moves round the circle continuously with uniform velocity, the foot of the perpendicular M, vibrates along _ the diameter YY’. If the motion of P is uniform, . then the motion of M is periodic i.e., it takes the same time to vibrate once between thepoints Y and'Y’. At any instant the distant of M from the centre O of the circle is called the displacement. If the particle moved from X to P in time t, then ZPOX = ZMPO =0= wt. -From the A MPO, 1M sin 9 =sin wr= om or OM =y=asin ot OM is called the displacement of the vibrating particle. The displacement of a vibrating particle at any instant can be defined as its distance from the mean position of rest. The maximum displacement of a vibrating particle is called its amplitude. : Displacement = y =a sinwt --Q) The rate of change of displacement is called the velocity of the vibrating particle. d) Velocity =" =+aw coset, +2) 7*1.3. Differential Equation of SHM For a particle vibrating simple harmonically, the general equation of displacement is, y=asin(or+a) --() Here y is displacement and a is the amplitude and a is epoch of the vibrating particle. Differentiating equation (1) with respect to time dy ® = = @Wcos +O gdh) dt aacos (wt ) sad Here dy/dt represents the velocity of the vibrating particle Differentiating equation (2) with respect to time &y . SJ s- aw sin(ort o ae” ( ) But asin (wt+ a=" . 2 is a ee ee (3) ae’ :Here d? $dir? represents the acceleration of the particle Equation (3) represents the differential equation of simple harmonic motion Tt also shows that jn any phenomenon where an equation similar to equa- tion (3) is obtained, the body executes simple harmonic motion. The general solution of equation (3) is SFasin@Wt+ a) Also the time period of a vibrating particle can be calculate equation (3). from : & y/a* Numerically o=2 \ Sor IY or isplacement or Ste Baar) Diselecenen : w AccelerationExample 1.3. For a particle vibrating simple harmonically the dispia ment is 8 cm at the instant the velocity is 6 cas and the displacentent is 6 es at the instant the velocity is 8 cm/s. Calculate (i) amplitude, (ii) frequency cu (iii) time period. anew The velocity of a particle executing SHM, dy | v 7 =@ ae y In the first case, v1 =o\fa?-y? Here v1 =6cm/s. yi= 8 em 6=0\a?-64 , a A) In the second case, . v2=0* [.2—ypnrie iiHere v2=8 cm/s y2=6cm . 7 QQ) 8= wr) 02-26 4 * Dividing (2) by (1) and squaring 64 a*-36 36 a-64 a=10cm. The amplitude of vibration = 10 cm Substituting the value of a= 10cm in equation (1)* 6=0 V100-64 @= | radian/soO al nee Qn Int Frequency n= Time period T= = 2n seconds.=e Example 1.6. A particle performs simple harmonic motion given by the equation : y=20 sin {wt+ a] Uf the time period is 30 seconds and the particte has a displacement of 10 cm at £0. find (i) epoch ; (ii) the phase angle at t =5 seconds and (iii) the \ phase difference between two positions of the particle 15 seconds apart Here y=20 sin (@r +a) radians/s @ oom 120, y=10cm : =20 sin { ® cs 10=20 sn ( Grate] ; or sin a=05 - or sin a=k radian ‘ ” (ii) At t=5s, ‘The phase angle = (wrt a)(iii) At The phase angle AL The phase angle The phase difference 62-91= 6 o a it o — ala u w (w 1+ 0) -( Senet Cc a 2 ¢ " a7 Ss a =. uv a|z 1k _ Eg radiansAn object executes SHM whose displacement x varies with time ¢ according to the relation + at x=5.00sin| 2at-— 2 where x is in centimeters and ¢ is in seconds. Determine a. the amplitude, frequency, period and phase constant of the motion, b. the velocity and acceleration of the object at any time, f, c. the displacement, velocity and acceleration of the object at t=2.00s, d. the maximum speed and maximum acceleration of the object.Solution : a. By comparing x= 5 00si{ 20-2) with x= Asin(ot +) thus 2 ! 4=5,00cm i, @=2rrads' 4 w=2af 2af =20 f =1.00 Hz ili. The period of the motion is Il 1 ===> 1.00=— f T T iv. The phase constant is T =1.00s a =-“rad @ > taSolution : b. i. Differentiating x respect to time, thus ee 5 00sin 2a -2) dt dt 2 ve 5.0(21}e04{ 2 - z| v=10.07 cs 2a -4) where vis incms_ and t is in seconds.Solution : b. ii. Differentiating v respect to time, thus a= wid 10.0rc04 20-2) dt dt 2 a= -10.0-(2)sin{ 2 - z) a= -20.027 sn( 2 -4) where a is inems~ and is in seconds.Solution : c. Fort=2.00s i. The displacement of the object is x=5.00sin 2n(2.00)-2) x =-5.00cm ii. The velocity of the object is X v=10.02cos 22(2.00)-4) v=0.00cms'! oR v=ov A -x v= 22 (5.00) -(-5.00) v=0.00cms'!Solution : c. Fort=2.00s iii, The acceleration of the object is a=-20.07" sin{2(.00)- 4 aim 20.027 cms? =197 cms” a=-a@'x a=-(2z) (-5.00) a=20.02* cms” =197cms~Solution : d. i. The maximum speed of the object is given by Vinay = AO Vax = (5.00)(227) Vox = 10.07 cms"! ii, The maximum acceleration of the object is — m2 nax =O A Anny = (227) (5.00) _ 2 2 Anax = 20.02° cmsn for total energy and average ene executed S.H.M Total energy of a body executed S.H.M The sum of k.E and P.E. of any body is remain constant. i.e., E=K+U=Const. Let the displacement of a particle executing s.h.m at instant be y. If the mass of the particle be m and velocity at that instant be v, then its K.E. is mv? and the P-E at the same instant work done through displacement y is given by the relationy [Fay 0 when F= required to maintain the displacement dy = small displacement Now, the displacement is given by y =asin(wt + ¢~) Hence, the acceleration $ = 2 is given by dy un aw cos(wt + ~) a’. ay_ Te =—aw?’ sin(wt + ~) =-wtyThen, Force F= mass * acceleration =m (-o’y) =—mw*y Then, é goo PE - f Fe dy °f mos 4% = mos TA] = , me ga Cee EAD DPE = Sma otk er gin Cask t 49 t* 2. a GB) dey ~ K. a 0 ae ad mas «|[Ignoring the minus sign which simply shows that the direction of the force and displacement are opposite to each other. ] Now, lee Env am (at ™m [ wa Crs Cece) “ eh ah ! ra” Os C ask £op'D = ee Os (Ot tA ~— 0eo E2ektu , a — = hie l sar Carta 7 + Gy , a gles Therefore, the total energy as executed is constant. Ltcar Corr (ese tol) + Bea ST Lert d7 weed zyU= 5 kasin® (wt) 1 K= z ka’ cos*(wt) t T 2 Fig. Total energytotal energy ) kinetic energy , : potential energy " +Atotal energy Path = in which pendulum bob swings Pendulum bobAverage energy calculation The PE. of the particle at a displacement y is given by wpe - f = Zerg : : bow av Gx C wed ft) So, the average potential energy of the particle over a complete cycle or a whole time period T. + {od mir av gine (ese t pdt \, 5 % ” dip ak mhan fr 2 sine ( rte bef a @ 3{7 [4- eo acmesqpiar — [290e 21 tenet [ f Ty - {7 Gs 2Carecp jap | mwa “ar The average value of both a sine and a cosine function are a complete cycle or a whole time period T is zero. avancgt PR oywok f a periens ct m7 she wr ar Gr (rte) ovenege Es ot fe wn AW OnY (OE EP UE “4 ba “at” 2 Gs (ut ed Uh 2 TEE [fle + [7 aor Corry at] Fs meer rjTao : : ob wR Tos be = 5 yer &avenage, PE = cwtsege Ie € eae hah a Bap ed Be Me Bansy,Q: Discuss the case of simple harmonic oscillation of a mass held between two linear springs. Consider two springs S, and S, cach having/a length / in the free postion. Mass M is placed midway between the two springs. on a rictionless surface [Fig. 4.7 (i)]. One end of the spring S, is attached co M eutif Fetus lige Z ‘a $s; ¢ & a a) Fl— oy Fe MYT VOVVVOVY Ws Xe ei Si Gi (2l-x)toa rigid wall at A and the other end is attached to the mass M. Similarly one end of thé spring S, is attached to a rigid wall at§B and the other end is connected to the mass M. Here AC = BC = L. (Fig. 47 (ii)]. At C the mass is equally pulled by both i d it is the equilibrium position, ee ae ee _ When the mass M is displaced from its equilibrium position and, left, it executes simple harmonic oscillations, Let, at any instant, be'the displaced position of the mass M [Fig. 4:7 (iii)] Here AD=x, and BD= (2L—x) Let the tension per unit dispiacement in the spring be K. The displacement of the spring S, is (~~ 1) and it exests a force = K[x—J] in the direction DA. The displacement of the spring Sp is (2L—x—Nand it exerts a force == K[2L—x—I]in the direction DB, The resultant force on the mass M =K[2L—x—I] —K[x—!] in the direction DB = —2K[x—L] in the direction DBAccording to Newton’s second law of motion ad Fm Map = eed waft) a 2 77 eed @x , 2K or GF le Be) =0 22) Taking the displacement from the mean position er Lire iy, Differentiating twice, dx _ dy dt ~ dtSubstituting these values in equation (2) gy 2k) a 3 get Gr)” =0 @ This equation is similar to the equation of simple harmonic motion . Beery =o on(4) From equations (3) and (4) 2K M Qn wa Time period-§ 9 7 = = 2m 3K ++(5) Thus, the mass M executes simple harmonic oscilations and the time period is given by equation (5). Knowing the values of M and K, the time period can be calculated.Q: Find out an equation for the time period of a loaded spring. Consider a spring S whose upper end is fixed to a rigid support and the lower end is attached to a mass M (Fig. 4.8). In the equilibrium position, the mass is at 4. When the mass is displaced goenwards and left, it oscillates simple harmonically in the vertical rection. Suppose at any instant the mass is at 2. The dictsnce AB = y Let the tension per unit displacment of the spring be K. Force exerted by the spring = Ky According to Newton's seond law Force uaz = — Ky d® s [-ve sign shows that the force is directed upwards] dy ie Map +Ky =0 cy i ayy Gir) =0 -() 4sThis equation is similar to the equation of simple harmonic motion, j2 a2 poty = 0 0) Comparing (1) and (2) wo M o> /K_ M 2x Time period Ls r= »/ et -@) Knowing the values of M and K, the value \ of T can be calculated.Determination of K. To determine the value of tension unit displacement of the spring a small mass is attached to the free end of the spring. The increase in length of the spring 's noted. Let it be x. a, (ME Then, x-(" ) Substituting the value of K in equation (3), Mx T=20 A/ iw ld) It is to be noted that™Zis constant for a given spring. Graphs: 5 | i” F 3 —— nin ams @ 35Example 4 spring is hung vertically'and'loaded with a mass of 100 (grams. and:allowedsto.oscillate., Calculate. (i) thestime period\and.(ii) the: _ frequency.of oscillation. When the:springis loaded with 200 grams it extends \by JO.cmay os rity ela Uncualdae Here * yg 00 grams. .. 7 : m = 200 grams xe mt . i ‘x= 10cm V4 ‘i : g = 980,crn/s” Mx () T=2n\ m 100 x 10 T= 2500 x 980 (ii) Frequency ne slog lL n=2-22 hertz.Q: Calculate the time period of a torsion pendulum. A torsion —_ pendulum consists of a rigid metallic frame. D is a solid circular disc of moment of inertia J, mass M and radius R, The wire AB of length / and ‘radius ris fixed at the end A and the lower end B is clamped. to the centre of the disc D (Fig. 1). When the disc D is rotated about the axis AB, the wire AB gets ‘y The disc executes At any instant, the defi couple is equal to the restoring couple.Yo 209 «.is longitudinal strain per unit stress, /is the moment of inertia i=, = —CO6 Cis the couple per unit twist (the negativ. sign shows that the restoring couple is in the opposite direction to the deflecting couple.) » Geo This is the equation of SHM % But/ oar aire 8x Il “Ps MR But =a 4a. MR? 1 te T= Tl) From equation (iii), 7 can be calculated,Example — Calculate the work done in twisting a steel wire of radius 10-8 m and length 0°25 m through an angle of 45°: Given 7” = 8x10 N/m*. Work done =}3Ce mart ee mrtg? Meal Here 2 = 8x 10" N/m* r=10%m 45 pe as g= Ca x2n) = ~q fadians l= 0-25 m x8x 108% 10-}x(Z) . W= ——yn00 ms 4x025 w = o1ssl JExample —_ 4 uniform metal disc of diameter 01 m and mass 1'2 kg is fixed symmetrically to the lower end of a torsion wire (length Im and diameter 1°44 10-8 m), the upper end of which is fixed. The ‘time period of torsional oscillations is 1°98 8. Calculate the modulus of rigidity of the material of the wire. t= ae A/T Cc Here I= Me 2 anes Cone t= 2n MRL mart Squaring P= 4nx* MR*l aur» = 47MRY rye ‘ Here M = 12kg R= 005m 7-= 1m r= 0°72x10-3m t= 198s ; ee 4m x 1-2 (0'05)*x 1 Ee / (0°72 x 10-8} x (1°98)? 2 = 3°579x 10 N/m*.LCR circuits have many applications as oscillator circuits. Radio receivers and television sets use them for tuning to select a narrow frequency range from ambient radio waves. In this role, the circuit is often referred to as a tuned circuit. An LCR circuit can be used as a band-pass filter, band-stop filter, low-pass filter or high-pass filter. The tuning application, for instance, is an example of band-pass filtering. The LCR filter is described as a second-order circuit, meaning that any voltage or current in the circuit can be described by a second- order differential equation in circuit analysis.Aseries LCR network: an inductor, a capacitor and a resistor Animation illustrating the operation of an LC circuit, an LCR circuit with no resistance. Charge flows back and forth between the capacitor plates through the inductance. The energy oscillates back and forth between the capacitor's electric field (E£) and the inductor's magnetic field (B). LCR circuits operate similarly, except that the oscillating currents decay with time to zero due to the resistance in the circuit.Determination 0 Let us consider a LCR circuit when the condenser C is charged by pressing the morse key, it gets discharged through an inductance L and resistance R when the key is released. ro EO | = LenSuppose, during discharge, at any instant, the charge on the condenser = Q, current flowing = I and rate of fall of current < According to the KVL, for loop total voltage should be zero Q_pp-pu= -E-RI-LT=0 @ at _ then, E+RI+LE=0 d a_@ 1= 8 ang Ha L8 dt at at? For capacitor, V= £ , for inductor, v-Le and Resistance V = IR From battery (+), potential drop to R, final — initial, so IR will be negative. Similarly, for inductor, voltage drop is final — initial, so V=- L 2 ‘ , wae _@ For capacitor, voltage drop is final — initial, so V= -t deave d& a Lape + Rap “— > He 44S 104 Tee. tn 4 CNG RAs 2h and Tem we get Ab 7 yy AR- Oo te caThe general solution of this equation is Bs Agi bt VERDE Lg be VII snovsenenes (2) Wen t=O , AzQy Hen 24 @ Ath: @ ---@® Kifsnntiah— @ AO gy (et ViRng g@O® ODE pot veae) Bo PRHw fro, 44.4 Aces WEE) +B (-b-VER en) £0 > -b (A+B) + (A-6) ¥ KY =O 2 - 6 Ae + (4-8) JX zo D> A-t-= bee @) VenKAdding (3) and (4), we get 2A = Gol4t —— DA » A Ue ee) sororotonere Subtracting (4) from (3), we get & an: Go U- Te ) © 7 Q-— CD/ sO 6 C- FE) oOSubstituting the values of A & B in equation (2), we obtain A. Ge (4+ a Ln o -b- wo) & 4 S- U- Te) e {-b- Ve i)Substituting the values of b & k, we get in Ret Ce RG y- — ar Sef rs tye et VR Vie )k Nair ~ te +(4- Se fe ae AS arm VR? — ene 37 a) | ee ary be neoneneenee= (7)Bpecicl CA>2," er 4 Ae Wren Ae = Le fom 24° (9) Bx bs CML This shows that the discharge is aperiodic and critically damped (shown in Fig.)Seer — 1(s) a -2. When, ee 4 Wee 7 Le The square roots are real and the discharge is non oscillatory or . : : ab overdamped and is said to be deed.ie., RY 7 = 3, When, Vey Lk au Le The square roots are imaginary, from equation (7) taking ChE We JkOra $e, = Ge [e+ pes = +4 - aa ee cos = 3 iO io e# sind = ei & . er) Re Ge TF j< Vt re BR Jor cbt INR IE Vie oe & Ce-j VRE DA Tiree) * J > by GIDE ieee rei oy] 4 wy 562 Ao go vk « [es Vee et Vie sin Vie k] Oe a” i, Os © KE eae os {nor | ae Os Veeea e bin VISE EY “| pok ae . oar ain Sin® and ETF Cas hen Aarne - : Tee LY ae Oo 2 Vee [> Lie) k ls Of VIF DE sin || Ge 2K Vine sing ere DE +o} sin(A + B) = sin(A)cos(B) + cos(A)sin(B) nSubstituting the values of b? & k?, we get meat ai © c.- & ye val VE Ete wef c= ) . que In this case, the discharge is called underdamped shown in figure. Natural frequency of this oscillatory is fet Loe ~ QA ce" Gen Hee Keo the fe a VMe\ +. -- —— t(s) Pet © [aAjspleersef > Fig. Damped oscillationv(V) 24 20 16 (Overdamy 12 8 4 0 1(8) 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 2 a) 2 20) 16 Underdamped 12} 8 4 " jo o Oo r 02 ee 4 3] -al 21 61x HF Cormpasition ef tess SH-wievations af Sara freqr bub Ai ff anes prere a4 amped feria pankels hn e medium ba Heh aNegees ached pen by fae Diy danmeste vilvebens of Jame fers bt aiflersden Phsate cert AAAS a ip es ea Parsten Braet sin (atta) =o @ Gre Qe Sin (SE tHe] --- @ Be Nan fase ar pee 2 apne, dh Vek er|]ep oehks» dP de. dsprsatebNow, d7 atde Ayr sth York +t 45) Ras Sing Cokt <7 Sy 1 + ss st Sines) t & C Sin Ot CosXy ay (Sinesk Cas 1 Captst Sin Xe) ” 2(4 ek, +41 Gs Since 4 { Ai Smart 42 SG aE ----® tym A by Ko em Onsh, Ae | Or BX #4 Gey = Aa S Ona = 1 a, air<, +4, shay ASK Ys A Gad Sinwk + A Sinep Cry ae cA on Lot e+gqy - --@DER neilbert ALp a: : : — Av sien FAY Get c &,™ sir ot, ta STA, + 2414, sire, Ay + 8,~ Gye, +0 2% Cas ely +24 1F2 Ces <) Cry Xp Baw Csi t Ge) a> Csr ue are Ferd ( StAK Sree, +hdsx, Gs Veie 4 4 a v x, BP TE aire AL Gasp H\e= Ge) MY 2 z +o ase -2: ‘5 yw av mee Sucep 3- Ww eyes oe oe each + T 71Cog Bt $0Gor ‘ z ae 42M, ‘Bozo, Sn pe 4 ae a tw =1 ges 6 Spemelicnt ellipse Pye. ia) 2b A | \<——-_ 2a ——> |.an : i ' 3a he Aer att, VERT $5 OS ae eames hes fan eOkigun, Zellapssn. a ¢= 4jlis & Brey jm Bq: eh orpoy.Lissajous figures at a glanceHome work o-¥ Eocmceqeneeseat. ke t \<———— 22 ——— (viii) o=2nQ: Composition of two simple harmonic motion at right angles to each other and having time periods in the ratio 1:2. Let the equations of the two simple harmonic motion be x =asin (2wt + ) (2.18) and y=bsin wt (2.19) where a is the amplitude for the motion along the X-axis and b is the amplitude for the motion along the Y-axis. The phase difference between the two vibrations is 6. From eqn. (2.18) x sin (2wt + 6)= sin 2wt cos +-cos 2wt sin 5, =2sin wt cos wt cos + (1 —2 sin? wt) sin > And from eqn. (2.19) we have (2.20) e-. — = sin wt a cos wi = V1—sin2.wt 2 2 a2 sb cos26=(1-2sin20) e sin 26 — 2sin@cos0,Substituting these value of sin wt and cos wt in eqn. (2.20) we get, z 2 x ¥ y : Yo\e —=2.=. Jl-—.cos $+] 1-2.-, |sin a ob ie v( a Yn, Squaring both sides, © 2 2 4 . 2y° . eee 4y" 3 Rel as )- sing (z-sne) + Sean oa{ Sse)on (2 real * XGin 9+ cos 2) 2 = x 4y? y? X.. or. (2-sine) +E adsing-1 =0 (2.21) Eqn. (2.21) represents the general equation of a curve having two loops, for any difference in phase and amplitude; the actual shape of the curve will of course depend upon the phase difference between the two vibrations. The resulting curves for different values of 6 are shown in Fig. 2.2. Some of these cases are discussed below :<2 <2 Fig. 2.2 case (I) : vot (sin 0) (4-4 ting i|- 0 @2n If ¢ = 0; 1, 2z, etc., sin = 0. Eqn. (2.21) then becomes 2 2 2 " a = Y-1]=0 (2.22) a b* \b : The above equation represents the figure of eight and has two loops (Fig. 2.2). ,case (II) : rend, sing=+1 Then eqn. (2.21) becomes «(EF “ir oF “Fee or, y? --2 (2-1) (2.23) 2 or, y2=-8 (x8) Eqn. (2.23) represents the equation of a parabola with vertex at (a, 0).Lissajous figure on an oscilloscope, displaying a 1:3 relationship between the frequencies of the vertical and horizontal sinusoidal inputs, respectively. asExample 2.2. /n an experiment to obtain Lissajous’ figures, one tuning fork is of frequency 256 Hz and a circular figure occurs after every ten seconds, What deductions may be made about the frequency of the other tuning fork ? Soin. Frequency of A = 256 Hz. Time for one complete cycle = 10 seconds 2 1 difference in frequencies = nm 0.1 Hz. So, the possible frequency of B is 256 + 0.1 = 256.1 Hz 256 - 0.1 = 255.9 Hz. either orExample 2.3. 7wo tuning forks A and B are used to produce Lissajous’ figures. The frequency of A is slightly greater than that of Band is 200 Hz. It is found that the figure completes its cycle in 5 seconds. What is the frequency of B ? Soln. = Frequency of A = 200 Hz. Time for one complete cycle = 5 seconds the difference in frequencies = ; = 0.2 Hz. Since the frequency of A is larger than that of B, the frequency of B = 200 — 0.2 = 199.8 Hz.Q: Describe the differential equation of progressive wave Differentiating the most general form of a simple harmonic wave s. (2% y=asin Gaia (4.2) with respect to time, we get dy _ 2nav og 2 (yt—x) dt a Differentiating the above expression again with respect to time, we get 22 d’y __4R" asin = (vt-x) anv? * (4.13)Similarly, differentiating eqn. (4.2) with respect to x, we get the slope of the displacement curve (also referred to as strain or compression) dy 2n ax =— F acos (tx) Differentiating the above expression again with tespectit to x, we get the rate of change of ee with distance ty Mt a sin 2 = (vt x) Sey SRO sit eave a? a _ 4n aye (4.14) dy 4x? 2 dt? vy 7 vey x dx (4.15)Eqn. (4.15) is referred to as the differential equation oj api qu of a plane or one-dimensional progressive wave, he general differential equation of cd I q' 8 I 2 2, dt dx? whereK =v; ory= /K Any equation of thi: is form can unhesitati represi e esitatin; is enn panes Progressive harmonic wave the y = been i" y the square root of the co-efficient of eylax apm Now d?y/dx? gives the rate of change of compression with distance i.e., the curvature of the displacement curve. Hence, the differential equation as given by eqn. (4.15) may be interpreted to mean that 3 said Particle acceleration at a point er }. = (wave velocity)” [v’] x curvature of the displacement curve at 2 sicdy the point [— J. , dx?Q: Show that in the case of progressive longitudinal waves Particle velocity = wave velocity x compression The equation of aharmonic plane progressive wave is given by . 2n =a sin — (vt-x) y n= ¢ ) where y = displacement of a particle of the medium at a distance x from the origin and at an instant of time t. a=ainplitude v = wave (or phase) velocity. Differentiating the above equation with respect to time, we have particle velocity, dy 2mav Qn === (Wer ‘ OSs a cos <=( x) (4.16) a pence 2: The maximum value of the particle velocity is Umax = = wlWe or, maximum particle velocity = = X (wave velocity)The acceleration of the particle is given by dy a3 4nav? On “e = 7 sin = -x) 4n?v? ae [. sin s (u-x)| ‘ anv? me geet y The acceleration is maximum when yea Hence the maximum acceleration 4 zy? =- oa (4.17) x The minus sign indicates that the acceleration is dir towards its mean position.Now differentiating eqn. (4.2) with respect to x, we get the slope of the displacement curve (also referred to as strae" compression). dy 2ma 2n &Y = -—— cos — \vi-x zn 4 (vi-x) (4.18) From eqns. (4.16) and (4.18), we get dy dy Uetanv, mm eae (4.19) Thus, particle velocily at a point = ~ (wave velocity) x (slope of f+ displacement curve at that point——_ Example 4.7 A train of simple harmonic waves is travelling in a gas along the positive direction of the x-axis, with an amplitude equal to 2 cm, velocity 300 metres/sec and. frequency 400. Calculate the displacement, particle velocity and particle acceleration at q distance of 4 cm from the origin after an interval of 5 seconds. Soln. (i) displacement (y) y=asin = (vt — x) Here a = 2 cm, v = 300 m/s = 3 x 10* cm/s, 4 = v/n = 3 x 104/400 = 75 cm, x =4cm,t=5 sec.+ 2% =2sin — (3x 10'x5- ~ 75 & x5-4) =2sin ( 2 x 149996) 75 =2sin (2n x 1999.9) = 2 sin (1999 x 2x + 0.9 x 2x) =2 sin (1.82) =2 sin (m+ 0.8) =—2sin (0.82) =-2sin (0.8n x 180 )y° =-2 sin 144° n = =~ 2 sin (180 - 144)° =—2sin 36° =—2 x 0.5878 =- 1.1756 cm.Thus, the displacement of the particle at a distance of 4 cm from the origin, after an interval of 5 seconds is - 1.1756 cm. (ii) particle velocity (U) un 22 cos (vt = x) As we have seen in (i) sR : sin — (vt— x) = sin 36°. i x & ) Hence = (vt — x) = 36° . 4 y= 2a x 2x 0.809 4 = 2nx3x10" » > x 0,809 75 = 4068 cm/sec = 40.68 m/sec.a dy (iii) particle acceleration ah 2: gee dy SAWN" a sin 2® (vt—x) dt? 2 a _ 4n?v? a 2 4 }2 ~ te bate 1059 ("y= 1.1756) = 7.429 x 10° cm/sec.Q Show that the energy density of a plane progressive wave is given by E= 27’n’a’p?, where the symbols have their usual meanings. It has already been mentioned that in a progressive wave motion, the energy derived from the source is passed. on from particle to particle, so that there is a regular transmission of energy across every section of the medium. The term energy density of a plane progressive wave means the total (kinetic + potential) energy per unit volume of the medium through which the wave is passing. In order to obtain an expression for energy density, let us start with the equation of a plane progressive wave, which is 2 2m =asin — (vi-x y x S ) where the symbols have their usual meanings. Then the velocity of the particle, dy” 2nv 2n ! uel LB (y= a x a cos x (vt=x) (4.21)and the acceleration of the particle, dU_ dy an’y? dt dt? 2:2 ANNE oy : (4.22) PU asin 2 (w-x) Kinetic energy per unit volume Let us consider unit volume of, the medium in the form of an extremely thin element of the medium parallel to the wavefront. Now density is mass per unit volume and since unit volume is being considered here, Mass of the element ='p, the density of the medium. Again, since the layer is very thin, the velocity of all the particles in it may be assumed to be the same, Thus, the kinetic energy per unit volume of the medium = ; (mass) (velocity)”‘maa ir sen.U? 1 2 \ “3-0. = cos 2 (w-x) 223 a upton! [= (w-») (423) potential energy per unit volume Now, the work done per unit volume Sor a small displacement dy of the layer = force x displacement. force = mass x acceleration dy =px— PE ae 4n2y? xz “Spx “y[the minus sign in the expression for @y/d? which mer. indicates the direction of the force has been ignored}. Hence work done per unit volume. for a small displacement dy the layer, 4n*v?p 2 TE ge ydy Then, the total work done when the layer is displaced from 0 to y. 4 52: An? 2 _Anv?p | y? _2n’v*p a “ye yoObviously, this work must be stored up in the medium in the form of potential energy, Hence, Potential energy (P.E.) per unit volume of the medium 2,2, aera a? sin? [# (w-x)) ; (4.24)energy density Thus, the total energy per unit volume of the medium or the energy density of the plane progressive wave, E = K.E. + P.E. 2,22 or, E -aere [cos?2# (v1 =x)+ sin? = (-1)| _ 2n?v?.p a a -(z) 2 = x] Pea = 2n'n’a’p , (4.26) (4.25) where n = v/2, is the frequency of the wave. It is interesting to note that although both kinetic and potenti! energies of the wave depend upon the values of x and 4, its total eners? or the energy density is quite independent of either. 104Q: What is the intensity of a plane progressive wave? Obtain an expression for the intensity of a wave. In case the cross-section of the beam be unity, expressions (4.25) and (4.26) give the total energy of the beam or the wave per unit length. If v is the velocity of the wave, then a new length v of the medium is set into motion every second; therefore, the energy transferred per second must be the energy contained in length v. This rate of flow of energy per unit area of cross-section of the wavefront along the direction of wave propagation is called the energy current (C) or the energy flux of the wave and is obviously equal to £ x v. 2nv?, E= ae (4.25) Es 2n'n’a’p , (4.26)Thus, the energy current or the energy flux of a plane progressive wave, C= 29a’ pv ergs/sec. em’. (4.27) Now the intensity of the wave (1) is defined as the quantity of incident energy per unit area of the wavefront per unit time and is the same as the energy current or the energy flux of the wave. Hence : I= 27rd’ pv (4.28) As can be seen from relation (4.27), intensity of a wave is Proportional to the square of the amplitude of the wave, i.e., I co a”. Since in a medium with little or no frictional resistance, a plane wave travels without attenuation, i.e., with its amplitude undiminished, the intensity of the wave remains the same throughout.Example 4.9. A source of sound has am amplitude of 0.25 cm and a frequency of 512 Hz. If the velocity of sound in air is 340 m/s and the density of air is 0.00129 gm/cm’, what is the rate of flow of energy per square cm? Soin. Total energy per unit volume n= 512 Hz = energy density = 27n’a’p a=0.25cm Rate of flow of energy per sq. cm. v = 340 m/s = Energy density x v = 34000 cm/s =2n'n’a’pv p = 0.00129 gm/cm’ = (2) (3.14) (512) (0.25)* (0.00129) (34000) = 1.417 x 10’ ergs/em?. s = 1.417 J/em’.s.Phase and group A group consisting of a number of waves of slightly different frequencies superimposed upon each other is called wave packet. The velocity of each individual wave of a wave packet is known as phase velocity and it is denoted by v,,. oO It is defined as Vy => , where w is the angular speed and k the propagation constant of the wave. The average velocity with which the wave packet propagates in the medium is known as group velocity, which is denoted by v,. Mathematically it is defined as , de & dkRelation between phase and group velocity: By definition phase velocity is expressed as y,=2 oO, =k, () k Then the group velocity is given by do_d dy == (ty Jay 4h —2 Pian iar a v av, hte dA @) so? da dk The propagation constant k in terms of wavelength can be expressed as k= 2a @)2a Differentiating Eqn. (3) with respect to A, we have k= 7D (3) Hd (2) (4) dA dalla) #® Using Eqns. (3) and (4) in Eqn. (2), we get dv, dA 2n dv, (_ 2 v, =v, tko2 © (2) Vy =V, +——| -2— 8 P se A [ nt dd dk i dv ie, | OY Vg =v, —-A 7) This is the required relation between the phase velocity and the group velocity.aaa