ORTHOPEDICS

1. MOST COMMON FRACTURE - OVERALL -

_CLAVICLE
2. MOST COMMON FRACTURE DURING
DELIVERY - _CLAVICLE
3. MOST COMMON FRACTURE DURING
NEWBORN - _CLAVICLE
4. MOST COMMON FRACTURE DURING
CHILDHOOD - _GREENSTICK FRACTURE -
RADIUS > ULNA
5. MOST COMMON FRACTURE DURING
CHILDHOOD AROUND ELBOW -
_SUPRACONDYLAR FRACTURE OF HUMERUS
6. MOST COMMON FRACTURE OF CARPAL
BONE - _FRACTURE OF SCAPHOID
7. MOST COMMON DISLOCATION OF CARPAL
BONE - _LUNATE
8. MOST COMMON FRACTURE OF TARSAL
BONE - _CALCANEUS FRACTURE
9. MOST COMMON DISLOCATION OF TARSAL
BONE - _TALUS
10. MOST COMMON FRACTURE DUE TO
FALL ON OUTSTRETCHED HAND IN
CHILDREN - _SUPRACONDYLAR FRACTURE
OF HUMERUS
11. MOST COMMON FRACTURE DUE TO
FALL ON OUTSTRETCHED HAND IN
ADOLESCENT - _FRACTURE OF SCAPHOID
12. MOST COMMON FRACTURE DUE TO FALL
ON OUTSTRETCHED HAND IN ELDERLY -
_COLLES FRACTURE
13. MOST COMMON BONE TO UNDERGO
OPEN FRACTURE - _TIBIA
14. MOST COMMON BONE TO UNDERGO
STRESS FRACTURE - _TIBIA > METATARSAL
(SECOND
15. MOST COMMON BONE TO UNDERGO
PATHOLOGICAL FRACTURE - _VERTEBRAL
BODY OF THORACIC SPINE
16. MOST COMMON JOINT TO UNDERGO
DISLOCATION - _SHOULDER JOINT
17. MOST COMMON JOINT TO UNDERGO
TRAUMATIC DISLOCATION - _SHOULDER
18. MOST COMMON JOINT TO UNDERGO
SPONTANEOUS DISLOCATION - _SHOULDER
19. MOST COMMON JOINT TO UNDERGO
RECURRENT DISLOCATION - _SHOULDER
20. MOST COMMON JOINT TO UNDERGO
DISLOCATION IN CHILDREN - _ELBOW
21. SECOND MOST COMMON JOINT TO
UNDERGO RECURRENT DISLOCATION -
_PATELLOFIBULAR JOINT
22. LEAST COMMON JOINT TO UNDERGO
DISLOCATION - _KNEE JOINT
23. LEAST COMMON JOINT TO UNDERGO
RECURRENT DISLOCATION - _ANKLE JOINT
24. MOST COMMON TENDON INJURY -
_SUPRASPINATUS > TENDOACHILLES
25. STRONGEST TENDON - _TENDO
ACHILLES
26. MOST COMMON LIGAMENT TO
UNDERGO SPRAIN - _ANTERIOR
TALOFIBULAR
27. TRONGEST LIGAMENT OF HUMAN BODY
- _BIGELOW‘S LIGAMENT (ILIOFEMORAL
LIGAMENT
28. MOST COMMON PERIPHERAL NERVE
INJURY - _RADIAL NERVE.
29. BEST PROGNOSIS - _RADIAL NERVE
INJURY
30. MOST COMMON ARTERIAL INJURY -
_POPLITEAL ARTERY
31. ANKLE FRACTURE - LAUGE & HANSEN
CLASSIFICATION
32. SHOULDER FRACTURE - NEER'S
CLASSIFICATION
33. FEMUR FRACTURE - WINQUIST
CLASSIFICATION
34. SUPRACONDYLAR HUMERUS FRACTURE
- GARTLAND CLASSIFICATION
35. OPEN FRACTURE - GUSTILO ANDERSON
CLASSIFICATION
36. NECK OF FEMUR FRACTURE -
GARDEN'S / PAUWEL'S CLASSIFICATION
37. OSTEOPOROSIS: DECREASED BONE MASS
BUT NORMAL MINERALIZATION. (MINERAL
TO MATRIX RATIO NORMAL)
38. OSTEOMALACIA: DECREASED RATE OF
MINERALIZATION, HENCE INCREASED
QUANTITY OF NON-CALCIFIED MATRIX.
(MINERAL TO MATRIX RATIO DECREASED)

39. WOVEN BONE WITH OSTEOBLASTIC

RIMMING:
40. OSSFYING FIBROMAS (=OSTEOFIBROUS
DYSPLASIA)
● OSTEOBLASTOMA
● PAGET’S DISEASE
41. WOVEN BONE WITHOUT OSTEOBLASTIC
RIMMING: FIBROUS DYSPLASIA
42. GAMEKEEPER THUMB = SKIER THUMB:
TEAR OF ULNAR COLLATERAL LIGAMENT
(UCL) OF THE THUMB (AT 1ST
METACARPOPHALYNGEAL JOINT)
43. COLLES FRACTURE: EXTRA-ARTICULAR
DISTAL RADIUS FRACTURE WITH DORSAL
ANGULATION
44. BARTON FRACTURE: INTRA-ARTICULAR
DISTAL RADIUS FRACTURE EXTENDING TO
DORSAL ASPECT
45. SMITH FRACTURE - TYPE I: EXTRA-
ARTICULAR DISTAL RADIUS FRACTURE
WITH VOLAR ANGULATION
46. REVERSE BARTON FRACTURE = TYPE II
SMITH: INTRA-ARTICULAR DISTAL RADIUS
FRACTURE EXTENDING TO VOLAR ASPECT.
47. ANTERIOR TIBIAL
TRANSLATION/TRANSLOCATION > 7MM IS
HIGHLY SUGGESTIVE OF ANTERIOR
CRUCIATE LIGAMENT TEAR.
48. H-SHAPED VERTEBRA (ALSO KNOWN AS
LINCOLN LOG VERTEBRA) - 10% CASES OF
SICKLE-CELL ANAEMIA, OCCASIONALLY
GAUCHER DISEASE.
49. CHAUFFEUR FRACTURES = HUTCHINSON
FRACTURES = BACKFIRE FRACTURE :
 INTRAARTICULAR FRACTURE OF THE
RADIAL STYLOID PROCESS.
50. STRAWBERRY SHAPED SKULL - SEEN IN
TRISOMY 18 (EDWARD SYNDROME).
51. CTEV CORRECTION : 1ST - FOREFOOT
ADDUCTION, THEN - INVERSION, THEN -
EQUINUS.
52. DENIS BROWNE OPERATION IS USED FOR
SURGICAL REPAIR OF HYPOSPADIAS.
53. METAPHYSEAL BLANCH SIGN OF STEEL
IS SEEN IN SCFE (SLIPPED CAPITAL
FEMORAL EPIPHYSIS)
54. ANEURYSMAL BONE CYSTS (ABC)
OCCUR BEFORE THE FUSION OF EPIPHYSIS
AND ARE USUALLY METAPHYSEAL IN
LOCATION.
55. OSTEOID OSTEOMA HAS MALE
PREPONDERANCE, CAUSE NIGHT-PAIN THAT
IS RELIEVED BY
56. THE MARGINAL VEIN OF SERVELLE IS
PATHOGNOMONIC FOR KLIPPEL-
TRENAUNAY-WEBER SYNDROME.
57. CASTELLVI CLASSIFICATION IS USED
FOR LUMBOSACRAL TRANSITIONAL
VERTEBRAE (LSTV).
58. KOHLER DISEASE - AVASCULAR
NECROSIS OF THE NAVICULAR BONE.
59. KIENBOCK DISEASE - AVASCULAR
NECROSIS OF LUNATE.
60. LATERAL END OF CLAVICLE APPEARS
AT 5 WKS INTRA-UTERINE LIFE, MEDIAL END
OF CLAVICLE APPEARS AT 15 YEARS OF
LIFE.
61. MOST COMMONLY SYMPTOMATIC PLICA
IS MEDIAL PATELLAR PLICA.PLICA IS
EMBRYOLOGICAL REMNANT OF SYNOVIAL
MEMBRANE AT PATELLO-FEMORAL JOINT.
62. THE COMMONEST CAUSE OF ANTERIOR
KNEE PAIN IS SOFTENING OF THE
CARTILAGE ON THE UNDERSIDE OF THE
PATELLA = CHONDROMALACIA PATELLA =
PATELLOFEMORAL SYNDROME.
63. TRETHOWANS SIGN IS POSITIVE IN
SLIPPED FEMORAL EPIPHYSIS.
NORMALLY : IF AN ANTEROPOSTERIOR
VIEW OF THE HIP JOINT IS TAKEN THEN A
LINE DRAWN ALONG THE SUPERIOR
SURFACE OF THE NECK SHOULD PASS
THROUGH THE FEMORAL HEAD. ( THIS LINE
IS KLEIN'S LINE )
 IF THE LINE REMAINS SUPERIOR TO THE
FEMORAL HEAD THEN THIS IS TERMED
TRETHOWANS SIGN.
64. CLASSIC RAINDROP LESION IS SEEN IN
THE SKULL X-RAY OF MULTIPLE MYELOMA
PATIENTS.
65. INTRA ARTICULAR LOOSE BODIES ARE
GENERALLY EASY TO IDENTIFY AND
REMOVE ARTHROSCOPICALLY.
66. MOST COMMON SITE OF LOOSE BODY IN
JOINT IS KNEE
67. OSTEITIS FIBROSA CYSTICA IS SEEN IN
HYPERPARATHYROIDISM
68. PARROT’S JOINT IS EFFUSION,
EPIPHYSITIS AND EPIPHYSEAL SEPARATION
69. CALCIFICATION OF MENISCI IS SEEN IN
PSEUDOGOUT.
70. PENCIL IN CUP DEFORMITY IS SEEN IN
PSORIATIC ARTHRITIS.
71. REACTIVE ARTHRITIS IS ONE OF THE
HLA-B27 ASSOCIATED SERONEGATIVE
SPONDYLOARTHROPATHIES.
72. TUMOUR NECROSIS FACTOR IS KEY IN
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF RHEUMATOID
ARTHRITIS
73. FOOT DROP OCCURS IN COMMON
PERONEAL NERVE PALSY.
74. WINGING OF SCAPULA OCCURS IN LONG
THORACIC NERVE PALSY.
75. WRIST DROP IS SEEN IN RADIAL NERVE
PALSY.

76. MULTIPLE MYELOMA –

● MC 1 MALIGNANT BONE TUMOR. BONE

SCANS ARE COLD. MC SITES SPINE, PELVIS,
SKULL, RIBS AND SCAPULA. PUNCHED OUT
LESIONS, RAINDROP SKULL AND
VERTEBRA PLANA.
● LAB FINDINGS BENCE JONES PROTEINURIA
AND REVERSED AG RATIO.

77. OSTEOSARCOMA –
● PERMEATIVE OR IVORY MEDULLARY
LESION IN METAPHYSIS OF A LONG BONE.
CODMAN’S REACTIVE TRIANGLE,
SUNBURST RESPONSE, CORTICAL
INTERRUPTION WITH SOFT TISSUE MASS
FORMATION - CUMULUS CLOUD
APPEARANCE.

78. CHONDROSARCOMA –
● MC SITES PELVIS, PROXIMAL FEMUR, AND
HUMERUS.
● METAPHYSEAL OR DIAPHYSEAL LESIONS
WITH ILL DEFINED MARGINS, POPCORN
MATRIX CALCIFICATION, LAMINATED OR
SPICULATED PERIOSTEAL RESPONSE.

79. EWINGS SARCOMA –

o MC SITES LONG BONES OF THE LOWER
EXTREMITY AND INOMINATE.
● CLASSIC PRESENTATION IS A
PERMEATIVE DIAPHYSEAL
WITH AN ONION SKIN
LAYERING OF THE
PERIOSTEUM. CORTICAL
SAUCERIZATION IS A
CHARACTERISTIC SIGN. MC 1
MALIGNANT BONE TUMOR
TO METASTASIZE TO BONE.

80. FIBROSARCOMA –
● HIGHLY DESTRUCTIVE MEDULLARY
LESION, LYTIC, AND ECCENTRICALLY
PLACED IN A LONG BONE. PRODUCES
THE LARGEST SOFT TISSUE MASS OF
 ALL 1 MALIGNANT TUMORS, SELDOM
HAS A PERIOSTEAL RESPONSE.

81. GIANT CELL TUMOR –

● EXPANSILE DESTRUCTIVE
LESION, SOAP BUBBLE
APPEARANCE, AT THE
END OF LONG BONES. MC
SITE METAPHYSIS
EXTENDING TO A
SUBARTICULAR
LOCATION, CAN AFFECT
THE JOINTS.

82. OSTEOCHONDROMA –
● MC SITES FEMUR, HUMERUS, TIBIA,
PELVIS RIBS AND SCAPULA. TWO TYPES
- SESSILE APPEAR AS ASYMMETRIC
BUMPS LACKING A STALK, AND
PEDUNCULATED APPEAR AS A
LOBULATED CAULIFLOWER MASS
WITH A DENSE AMORPHOUS CALCIFIED
CAP.
● PEDUNCULATED ALSO APPEAR AS COAT
 HANGER EXOSTOSES GROWING AWAY
FROM THE JOINT SPACE ON THE
METAPHYSIS. OFTEN AN
ASYMPTOMATIC, INCIDENTAL FINDING
83. PAGET’S - AKA OSTEITIS DEFORMANS.
IVORY VERTEBRA, BLADE OF GRASS SIGN,
CORTICAL THICKENING, COTTON WOOL
SKULL, SHEPHERD’S CROOK DEFORMITY,
PICTURE FRAME VERTEBRA, SABER SHIN
DEFORMITY, PROTRUSIO ACETABULI, BONE
EXPANSION, INCREASED HAT SIZE.
84. FIBROUS DYSPLASIA - SHEPHERD’S
CROOK DEFORMITY, GROUND GLASS
APPEARANCE, SEPTATIONS OF BONE GIVING
COBWEB APPEARANCE. EXPANSILE LESIONS
WITH CORTICAL THINNING. MC BENIGN
TUMOR OF RIB CREATING EXTRAPLEURAL
SIGN. RIND OF SCLEROSIS AROUND A
GEOGRAPHIC LESION. AKA POLYOSTOTIC
FIBROUS DYSPLASIA.

85. SKIN LESION CAFÉ-AU-LAIT SPOTS -

COAST OF MAINE APPEARANCE.
86. MONOSTOTIC FIBROUS DYSPLASIA -
 SHORT ZONE OF TRANSITION, SCLEROTIC
RING OFTEN FOUND IN THE NECK OF THE
FEMUR.

87. DISH - DIFFUSE IDIOPATHIC

SKELETAL HYPEROSTOSIS.
OSSIFICATION OF ALL WITH
NON-MARGINAL
SYNDESMOPHYTES. DISC
SPACES AND FACETS ARE
SPARED. DX ON LATERAL FILM,
DIFFICULTY SWALLOWING, CAN
BE ASSOCIATED WITH
DIABETES. SYNDESMOPHYTE -
BONY OUTGROWTH OR
OSSIFICATION OF A LIGAMENT
THAT ATTACHES TO BONE.

88. AS - ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS.

INITIAL MARGINAL PENCIL THIN
SYNDESMOPHYTES, CAN CAUSE
SCLEROSING OF POSTERIOR MOTOR
UNITS. SYNDESMOPHYTES THICKEN WITH
TIME, B/L SI JOINT OBLITERATION,
DECREASED CHEST EXPANSION.
89. ANDERSON LESION - FRACTURE OF
PATHOLOGIC CALCIFICATION. EX:
ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS.
90. OSTEOPOIKILOSIS -
WIDESPREAD MULTIPLE
CIRCUMSCRIBED ROUND OR
OVOID LESIONS OF
INCREASED DENSITY. AKA
BONE MEASLES.

91. OSTEOPETROSIS - VERTEBRA WITHIN A

VERTEBRA APPEARANCE, BONE WITHIN A
BONE APPEARANCE.

92. TUBERCULOSIS - LIKES

APICES OF THE LUNGS, CAN
HAVE CALCIFIED DENSITY IN
THE LUNG FIELD OR MILIARY
TYPE LESIONS. CAN ALSO
PRODUCE LESIONS IN THE
SPLEEN. COLD ABSCESS
FORMATION IN THE PSOAS
MUSCLE.
93. POTT’S = TB OF THE SPINE GIBBUS
FORMATION WITH ANGULAR KYPHOSIS.
HISTOPLASMOSIS - EGG SHELL
CALCIFICATION, COIN SHAPED LESION.
94. HYPERPARATHYROIDISM - RUGGER
JERSEY SIGN, SALT AND PEPPER SKULL,
INCREASED SERUM CALCIUM. SUB-
PERIOSTEAL RESORBTION ON THE RADIAL
SIDE OF THE FINGERS WITH SOFT TISSUE
CALCIFICATION.

95. PANCREATIC CALCIFICATION - MIDLINE

CALCIFICATION FREQUENTLY SEEN WITH
ALCOHOLICS.

96. SARCOIDOSIS -
PULMONARY SIGNS INCLUDE
LYMPHADENOPATHY(1-2-3
SIGN, POTATO NODES),
INFILTRATES AND FIBROSIS.
SCLERODERMA - ACRO-
OSTEOLYSIS, SOFT TISSUE
RETRACTION, CALCIFICATION
AND TAPERED FINGERS.
97. CREST SIGN = CALCINOSIS, RAYNAUDS
PHENOMENON, ESOPHAGEAL
ABNORMALITIES, SCLERODERMA AND
98. CONGENITAL FUSION/BLOCKED
VERTEBRA - WASP WAIST DEFORMITY,
REMNANT DISC, ONE SPINOUS PROCESS FOR
LEVELS OF FUSION. USUALLY HAVE MORE
THAN ONE FUSION/IRREGULARITY. IF DISC
BULGES BEYOND ANTERIOR VERTEBRAL
BODY LINE ACQUIRED CONDITION =
SURGICAL.
99. BUTTERFLY VERTEBRA -
AKA DOUBLE
HEMIVERTEBRA. FIGURE
EIGHT.HEMIVERTEBRA -
CONGENITAL ABSENCE OR
FAILURE TO DEVELOP HALF
OF A VERTEBRA.COMMONLY
ASSOCIATED WITH
SCOLIOSIS.
100. GOUT - INCREASED URIC ACID
CONCENTRATION LEADING TO DEPOSITION
OF CRYSTALS AND TOPHI FORMATION.
OVERHANGING EDGE SIGN, AVASCULAR
NECROSIS, JUXTA- ARTICULAR EROSIONS.
GROSSLY INFLAMMATORY CONDITION
WORKS FROM OUTSIDE INTO THE JOINT
SPACE. AKA LUMPY BUMPY ARTHRITIS.