Success for HKDSEE aeContents Part7 Atomic World Hi unit 1 Rutherford's Atomic Model & Photoelectric Effect ES unit 2 Bohr's Atomic Model of Hydrogen, Wave and Particle Nature of Matter & Probing into Nano Scale Complete Answers and Marking Schemes [XE] represents that the material is not included in the Physics part of Combined Science LE represents the extension part of the curriculumCSS CPCS CA aL (hs ai oc om Tz, Rutherford’s Atomic Model & Photoelectric Effect @ Examination Analysis Past Examination Paper Analysis Examination Trend ..... Useful Formulae .. @ Examination Scoring Techniques ... © Common Mistakes .. @ Revision Test Multiple-choice Questions . 9 Short Questions 14 Structured Questions 18 CPUC a sna a cu ima} OTe) Name : Class: ( Date : icon Question no, | Maris t ul 2 2 3 3 4 0 ls 6 6 16 5 = 8 8 9 9 wo 20 ; fotal - aU) ‘Short Question No. pai i 2 26 [ Marks Total (st ‘Total marks Asgoe7 Atomic World @-ghemination Analysis, ——_$$$$$»"_ Past Examination Paper Analysis (a) Multiple-choice Questions HKAL Topic Year Paper Question No. Einstein’ interpretation of photoelectric 2002 uA 35 effect and photoelectric equation 2003 TA 22 2003 1A 42 2004 A 32 2006 mA 38 2006, NA 39 2007 IA 41 2008 TA 43, 2010 1A 35 2010 nA 36 (b) Short Questions / Structured Questions Year | Paper | Question No. | Marks Content 2008 AL 6 12 marks | Use a photocell to study the photoelectric effect. The Paper IB potential difference V across the cell is varied in order to measure the corresponding photocurrent I. Hence, use the I-V characteristic curve obtained to study the photoelectric effect 2009 | AL 4 15 marks | Explain the physical meaning of the terms in Einstein’ Paper IA photoelectric equation. Find the number of photons and hence find the photocurrent, Plot a straight line 1 graph of KEqa of the photoelectrons against in order to find the stopping potential for an incident light of certain wavelength 2010 | AL 2b) 4 marks | Find the number of photons emitted in an LED and Paper 1A estimate the Planck constant h by using Einstein's he jhoton theory F = P yea (©2011 Times Publishing (Hong Kong) Limited Physies Success Key for HKDSEE 7‘Atomic Model & Photoelectric Effect (c) Essays ‘Year Paper | Question No.| Marks Content 2001 AL 5(c) 5 marks Briefly describe the conditions for electron emission Paper IIB by photoelectric effect, thermionic emission and radioactivity and compare the maximum kinetic energy of the emitted electrons 2005 AL 5 Li marks. | Describe an experiment to study the photoelectric Paper IIB Examination Trend effect, Describe how the effect observed violates the wave theory of light. Briefly explain Einstein’ photon theory of light and use it to account for the observations. (@ Describe Rutherford’ atomic model and state the limitations of this model in accounting for the motion of electrons around the nucleus and fine speetra (b) Describe an experiment to study the observations of photoelectric effect and state the limitations of wave theory in accounting for these observations, (c) for the observ: ©2011 Times Publishing (Hong Kong) Linited plain Einsteins photon theory and Einstein’ photoelectric equation, and use the equation to account ions of photocleetrie effect Physics Success Key for HKDSEE 7oe Part] xomic World — Useful Formulae’ Useful term. Formula 1. hen of photons panel (E: energy of photons, h: Planck constant, f: frequency, © speed of light, A: wavelength) 2. Einstein's photoelectric WO = J maint equation " (G: work function, m: mass of electron, vax: max speed) 3. Threshold frequency foe ¢ (fp: threshold frequency) h 4 Thresholel wavelength He (ay: ahneshold wavelength) Stopping, potential & amination scoring Techniques — 1. Describing Rutherford’s Atomic Model An atom contains a tiny but massive nucleus, which is made up of protons and neutrons, with electrons revolving around it as shown in the figure. In an atom, most of the space is empty. The number of protons is equal to the number of electrons, so it is neutral as a whole 2. Stating the Limitations of Wave Theory of Light The following features of photoelectric ellect cannot be explained by the wave theory of light (@) No photoelectric effect can be observed when the frequency of the incident light is lower than a certain value, which means that a threshold frequency exists. (b) The photoelectric effect occurs immediately after light falls on the metal surface, which means that there is no time delay for the eflect to occur. (©) The photocurrent increases with the intensity of the incident ligh’ © 201 | Times Publishing (Hong Kong) Limited =4s Physics Success Key for HKDSEE 7a OL _ Ruther Aric Model & Phot fat iy 3. Applying a Photocell to Study the Photoelectric Effect 6, ; G a @— 1. psig potty Fig.) Fig, (a) shows a photocell connected to two vatiable d.c. supplies of opposite polarities. Photoelectrons are emitted from the curved metal surface of the photocell when a beam of monochromatic light falls on the surface When the circuit is connected to switch 1, an accelerating potential (positive V of the I-V graph in Fig, (b)) is applied (o the photoelectrons so that the photocurrent becomes steady as all photoelectrons reach the anode, When the circuit is connected to switch 2, a decelerating, potential (negative V of the 1-V graph in Fig. (L potential dillerence is applied to the photoelectrons so that the photocurrent decreases with increasing is more and more photoelectrons are stopped by the clecelerating potential (a) Incident light of different intensities but with the same frequency 1 higher intensity Tower intensity (b) incident light of different frequencies but with the same intensity 1 lower frequency higher frequency © 2011 Times Publishing (Hong Kong) Limited Physies Suovess Key for HKDSEE 7ee 7 _neomic World 4, Finding the Planck Constant and the Work Function of a Metal (a) Plotting the graph of V, against f A straight line should be obtained as shown in the following figure by plotting the graph of V, against f vy, hf @ «the Planck constant h and the work function @ are given by heexSlope and @ Since V,= x y-intercept (b) Plotting the graph of V, against a A straight line should be obtained as shown in the following figure by plotting the graph of V, I inst against vy at ke 1 since V,= “© x +- © the Planck constant h and the work function @ are given by € ex Shope and @ =-¢ x y-intercept 1011 Times Publishing (Hong, Kong) Limited -6- Physics Suevess Key for HKDSEE 7Og tL sates io 6 rete tly In a photoele monochromatic ric emission experiment, the stopping potential for the photoelectrons is 6 V if a ight of intensity 1 is used. Find the stopping potential for the photoelectrons if the intensity of monochromatic light is doubled to 21 ro The student wrongly thinks that the stopping potential is proportional to the intensity of the incident light. Correct solution fails The stopping potential remains unchanged at 6 V The stopping potential V, depends on the frequency f of the incident ight as, eV, = hf-W. (Exampie 2») The maximum speed! of the photoelectrons emitted from the cathode is 6.6 x 10? ms"! ifa monochromatic light of frequency 9.0 x 10" Hz is incident on the cathode of a photocell, Find the maximum speed of the photoelectrons emitted rom the cathode if a monochromatic light of frequency 8.0 x 10'* Hz is incident on the cathode. Given that the threshold frequency of the cathode is 6.0 x 10'* Hz. ra The student wrongly thinks that the maximum speed of the photoelectrons is directly proportional to the difference between the frequency of the incident light and the threshold frequency. (66 x10°Y _ 9.010" —60x10" Yor 80X10" — 6.0 x10" ra Since “!mVnai = hf hf, the square of the maximum 5 Veg = 5.4 10°m s"! speed of the photoelectrons is directly proportional to ™ the difference between the frequency of the incident light and the threshold frequency. © 2011 Times Publishing (Hong Kong) Limited Physies Success Key for HKDSFE 7QT mists go Fi Oy Fig. (a) shows a photocell connected to two variable d.c. supplies of opposite polarities. Photoelectrons are emitted from the curved metal surface of the photocell when a beam of monochromatic light falls on the e@ surface. Fig. (b) shows the graph of the reading J of the ammetcr against the reading V of the voltmeter. Use a dotted line in Fig, (b) to show how the graph is changed if'an incident light of higher frequency but with the same intensity is used. The student can only recognise that the stopping potential increases with the frequency of the incident light as Erra An incident light of higher frequency but with same intensity will have fewer photons falling on the cathode. So the steady photocurrent fp decreases. © 201 1 Times Publishing (Hong Kong) Limited Physics Success Key for HKDSEE 7Page total @ Revision Test? (20 items, 1 mark each) J Which of the following about Rutherford’s atomic model are incorrect? (1) An atom consists of protons, neutrons and electrons. (2). The electrons revolve randomly around the nucleus. 3) The nucleus occupies most of the space of an atom. A. (1)and (2) only B. (1)and (3) only C.2)and 3) only D.(1),(2)and (3) O Which of the following about Rutherford’s atomic ‘model is/are correct’? (1) Rutherford’s atomic model gives a good explanation of why an a-particle can be rebounded by a thin gold foil. 2) Rutherford’s atomic model fails to explain the phenomenon of atomic line spectra. (3) Rutherford’s atomic model accounts for the spontaneous radiations emitted from the nucleus, AL (only B. (3)only C. (J)and 2) only D. (2)and (3) only _ 26 op ‘The figure shows the path of a positively charged particle A when it encounters another charged particle B. B is fixed in the free space. Which of the following statements is/are true? (©2011 Times Publishing (Hong Kong) Limited a) Q) @B) Particle B is negatively charged. ‘The charge in A is much less than that in B. The sum of the kinetic energy and the electric potential energy of 4 is conserved. (i) only (3) only (1) and (2) only (2)and (3) only For questions 4 and § A tt} Fig. (b) Fig. (a) shows a photocell connected to two variable d.c. supplies of opposite polarities. Photoelectrons are cemitted from the curved metal surface of the photocell when a beam of monochromatic light falls on the surface. Fig, (b) shows the graph of the reading / of the ammeter against the reading V of the voltmeter. Physies Success Key for HKDSEE 7 BT en 1 ues Nomi Mod & Ptr Efe ly4. y y y y © 2011 Times Publishing (Hong Kong) Limited If the intensity of the monochromatic light increases with the frequency remaining unchanged, which of the following best describes the change of the graph? A. The graph remains unchanged, B. The magnitude of the value of , increases, C. The magnitude of the value of Jy increas D. The magnitude of the value of Y, increases but that of fy decreases. LI If the frequency of the monochromatic light increases with the intensity remaining unchanged, Which of the following best describes the change of the graph? A. The graph remains unchanged. B, ‘The magnitude of the value of V, increases. “The magnitude of the value of Jy increases D. The magnitude of the value of V, increases but that of /p decreases. If a photon of wavelength 400 nm has energy of 3 eV, then a photon of wavelength 600 nm has energy of AL 45eV. B. 2ev. CG 18ev. D. Cannot be determined a constant is not given the Planck Oo The photoelectric effect violates the wave theory of light because (1). the effect ha 2). the effect emits electrons of maximum kinetic energy depending on the frequency of the incident light; (3) the effect has a threshold frequency, Which of the above statements is/are correct? A. (I) only B. G)only C. (I) and (2) only D. 2)and(3) only y “49s Page total A photon of frequency 9.66 x 10" Hz is incident on a metal surface. If the work function of the metal surface is 2 eV, find the maximum kinetic energy of the photoelectrons emitted from the surface. Given: Planck constant 6.63 x 10™J s, charge of an electron = 1.6 x 10°C. AL B. c D. 4ev aeV 2eV lev Ia beam of light of wavelength 400 nm fatls on the cathode of a photocell, the maximum kinetic cnergy of the photoelectrons emitted is 1 eV. Find the maximum kinetic energy of the photoelectrons emitted if. a beam of light of wavelength of 650 nm falls on the cathode of the photocell. Given: Planck constant = 6.63 x 10** Is, speed of light 3x 10'ms" charge of an electron = 1.6 x 10 C. AL B. c. D. 207 eV Lo7 ev 0.04 ev No photoelectrons ean be emitted. Physics Suecess Key for HKDSEE 7Page total For questions 10 and 11 arose SS + v variable L__ “ac. source * Wy a etx 10" He 75 Fig. (6) A beam of monochromatic light falls on the cathode of a photocell as shown in Fig, (a). The d.c. supply in the cireuit is increased until no current is read by the ammeter. The reading of the voltmeter at this instant is taken as ¥,. Several similar measurements are taken for different frequencies f of the incident light, and the results plotted as a graph of V, against fare shown in Fig, (b). 10. Find the planck constant from the graph plotted in I Fig. 0) Given: charge of an electron = 1.6 X 10". AL 66X10 Is B. 64x 10" Is C. 43x 10% Is D1 x 1015 C (©2011 Times Publishing (Hong Kong) Linited tte ee ye U1 Rucierford’s Atomic Model & Photoelectric Effect 11, If the cathode of the photocell is replaced by another kind of metal of higher work function, what will be the change(s) of the graph as shown in Fig. (6)? A. The slope of the graph will increase. B, The y-intercept will be more negative. CC. The slope of the graph will inerease and the y-intercept will be more negative. O The graph will remain unchanged. 12, incident i a : I de, source A dc, source is applied to a photocell as shown. Monochromatic light is incident on the cathode C of the photocell so that photoelectrons are emitted from its surface. Which of the following graphs best represents the reading / of the ammeter against the voltage V of the d.c. supply? A. t B, 4 0 ¥ 0 4 ey Dd; p—__sy v Physics Success Key for HKDSEB 7ORT somicrd gyo LB. I 14, WN ‘© 2011 Times Publishing (Itong Kong) Limited ‘A beam of monochromatic light is incident on a metal surface. Which of the following graphs best represents the variation of the maximum velocity y of the photoelectrons emitted from the metal with the frequency fof the incident light B. [ ___», or ¢ 1 Ina photoelectric emission experiment, the above graph shows the variation of the photoelectric current / with the intensity / of the monochromatic incident light. If another monochromatic light of higher frequency is used, which of the following: graphs (dotted line) shows the variation of i with P A Be 15, y 16. I Page total In a photoelectric emission experiment, which of the following graphs best represents the variation of the maximum kinetic energy KE of the photoelectrons with the wavelength 2 of the incident electromagnetic radiation? AL ke L., |. aan \ \ J sy ° An eye receives a monochromatic light of intensity 4.0 x 10" W m?. The area of the eye’s pupil is 2.0 10° m? and the wavelength of the ‘monochromatic light is 500 nm, Find the number Cf photons entering the eye per second. Given: Planck constant f = 6.63 x 10°" Is, speed of light = 3 x 10° ms", B. Ke 4 0 Ce A, 2.000 B. 500 Cc. 200 D. 20 O Physics Suecess Key for HKDSEE 7Page total 17. When light of wavelength $.0 x 107 m falls on J) the surface of a metal, the maximum speed of the photoelectrons emitted is 6.0 x 10° ms. What is the threshold wavelength of incident light which would cause photoelectrons to be emitted from the metal surface? Given: Planck constant = 6.63 x 10 J's, speed of light = 3 x 10° ms“, mass of an electron = 9.11 x 10°"kg. AL 85% 107m Bo 71x 107m ©. 45% 107m DL 71% 10% L 18. When light of frequency /; falls on a metal J} surface, the maximum Kinetic energy of the (©2011 Times Publishing (Hong Kong) Limited photoelectrons emitted is £). When light of frequency 2f; falls on the same metal surface, the maximum kinetic energy of the photoelectrons, emitted is 34), The work function of the metal surface is 2 A hh 1 BH BiB, D. 26, O Unit | Rutherfort’s Atomic Model & Photoelectric re} 19, In a photoelectric emission experiment, a JJ monochromatic light of frequency 6 x 10"* Hz, 20, MP Lis shone on a -13- is used. The power of the monochromatic light falling on the metal surface is 2 W. If in average one photoelectron is emitted for every 1 000 incident photons, estimate the number of photoelectrons emitted from the metal surface per second. Given: Planck constant = 6.63 x 10 Js, AL 6x 10! B. 5x 10 c. 3x 10! D. 3x10! O When a beam of light of intensity and frequency N photoelectrons ‘are emitted from the surface per second, Ifa light, beam of intensity 4/ and frequency 2/'is used, the number of photoelectrons emitted from the metal surface per second will be etal surf ALN, B. 2N, cn. DN, Physics Success Key for HKDSEE 77 Atomic World ag GShawAUestions ¢ (S items) Page total . 1. The power of a light bulb is 60 W and only 5% of the power transfers to visible light. Ifthe average wavelength, J of the visible light emitted from the light bulb is $50 nm, find the number of photons emitted from the bulb in one second. Given: Planck constant = 6.63 X 10°" Is, speed of light = 3 10" ms (Total: 5 marks) ) ecpaniclo An a-particle (JHle) of initial kinetic energy 0.5 MeV approaches a golel nucleus ("3JAu) from far away. The a-particle makes hy {-on collision with the gold nucleus snd then rebounds, Find the distance «of closest approach of the «-particle to the gol nuel Given: charge ofan electron = 1.6% 10" C, permittivity of free space = 8.85 x 10 Fn! (Total: 5 marks) © 2011 Times Publishing (Hong Kong) Limited -14- Physies Success Key for HKDSEEUnit | _ Rutherford’s Atomic Model & Photoelectric re} Page total 3. y Se ligt variable © de. ~ source * A beam of monochromatic light of wavelength $00 nm falls on the cathode of a photocell as shown in the figure. The d.c, supply in the circuit is increased until no current is read by the ammeter, The reading of the e@ voltmeter at this instant is taken as F,, It is found that /,= 1.5 V. (@) Find the maximum kinetic energy of the photoelectrons emitted (@ marks) | () Hence, find the work function ofthe cathode @ marks) Given: Planck constant = 6.63 x 107 J s, speed of light = 3 x 10° m s"', charge of an electron = 1.6 x 10°C, (Total: 5 marks) ©2011 Times Publishing (Hong Kong) Limited -15- Physics Success Key for HKDSEE 7ORT Aoieirt_ go Page total 110", I viv Fig.) Fig.) Fig. (a) shows a photocell connected to two variable d.c. supplies of opposite polarities. Photoelectrons are emitted from the curved metal surface of the photocell when a beam of monochromatic light falls on the surface, Fig. (b) shows the graph of the reading / of the ammeter against the reading ¥ of the voltmeter. (a) Find the rate of the number of photoelectrons emitted from the cathode. (2 marks) (b) Ifthe work function of the metal surface is 2 eV, find the frequeney of the incident light. (3 marks) Given: Planck constant = 6.63 x 10 J s, charge of an electron = 1.6 x 10'C. (Total: 5 marks) (©2011 Times Publishing (Hong Kong) Limited -16- Physics Success Key for HKDSEE 7Unit | Rutherford’s Atomic Model & Photoelectric Effect o Page total i Qe eae a ae ‘A beam of monochromatic light falls on the cathode of a photocell as shown in the figure. The d.c. supply in the circuit is increased until no current is read by the ammeter. The reading of the voltmeter at this instant is taken as ¥,, Different wavelengths are used in the experiment and the corresponding reading of V, are shown in the following table Ham 100 120 150 200 300 WV loa 84 63 42 2.1 Plot a suitable straight line graph to find the work function of the metal target in the cathode. Given: charge of an electron = 1.6 x 10” C. | | (Total: 6 marks) © 2011 Times Publishing (Hong Kong) Limited n1T- Physies Success Key for HKDSEE 7OT so vt go Page total fi uestions (4 items) 1, (@) The Rutherford’s model of atomic structure is discovered by bombarding alpha particles to a y ‘gold foil. Ifthe constituents (proton, neutron and electron) of an atom are distributed evenly in the atom, how should the alpha particles be scattered from the gold foil? Explain why. (3 marks) (b) Describe how the alpha particles are actually scattered from the gold foil and how the Rutherford’s model explains the phenomenon. G marks) © heavy nucious ‘The above figure shows the path of an alpha particle when itis scattered by a heavy nucleus, of atomic number 80. ©2011 Times Publishing (Hong Kong) Limited -18- Physics Success Key for HKDSEE 7Unit | Rutherforts Atomic Model & Photoelectric Effect, Fe] Page total (@ Explain the path of the alpha particle by using the Coulomb force between the two nuclei and by assuming that the heavy nucleus remains stationary. (4 marks) Gii)_ The angle of deflection 0 of the alpha particle is given by es ton 3-2 where Zp is the initial kinetic enetgy of the alpha particle and &, is the electrical potential energy of the alpha particle ata distance b from the heavy nucleus. Find 8. Given: By = 2 MeV, b = 0.001 nm, charge of an electron = 1.6 10"? C and permittivity of free space = 8.85 x 10? F m! (marks) (@)_State one importance of the above scattering experiments in particle physics. (1 mark) (Total: 14 marks) (© 2011 Times Publishing (Hong Kong) Limited -19- Physics Success Key for HKDSEE 7OT tone tt 0 Page total 2, Ina photoclectric emission experiment, a metal plate is illuminated by a beam of monochromatic light of Jj wavelength 200 nm. The work function of the metal is 4.0 x 10" J. Given: Planck constant = 6.63 x 10 Js, speed of light = 3 x 10° ms", charge of an electron = 1.6 x 10°C. (a) Name the electromagnetic wave used. (1 mark) (b) Describe the photoelectric effect and state the physical meaning of the work function of a metal (2 marks) (©) State the limitations of wave theory in explaining the photoelvettic effect. (3 marks) (€) Find the stopping potential for the photoelectrons. G marks) © 2011 Times Publishing (Hong Kong) Limited -20- Physics Success Key for HKDSEE 7Unit | _Rutherfor’s Atomic Model & Photoelectric Effect g Page total (© Ianother source of monochromatic light with the same intensity but of shorter wavelength is used, state the change of the following and explain briefly. (The stopping potential (2 marks) ii) The rate of number of photoelectrons emitted. (2 marks) (Tota: 13 marks) i Qe variable © source A beam of monochromatic light of wavelength 2 falls on the cathode of a photocell as shown in the figure. The d.c. supply in the circuit is increased until no current is read by the ammeter. The reading of the voltmeter at this instant is taken as V. (@) Write down an expression to represent the relationship between V, and A, State the physical ‘meaning of any other terms used in the expression, (2 marks) ©2011 Times Publishing (Hong Kong) Limited -21- Physics Success Key for HKDSEE 7oe” T_Noomic World Page total (b) The following table shows the corresponding values of ¥, for different values of 2. vv 1.10 0.76 0.49 0.26 0.07 Ainm 400 450 500 530 600 Choose a suitable physical quantity to complete the above table so as to plot a straight line ‘graph to find the Planck constant. (8 marks) (©) Find the y-intercept of the graph plotted in (b). What is the physical meaning of the value found? (2 marks) (©2011 Times Publishing (Hong Kong) Limited =22* Physics Success Key for HKDSEE7Unit o, Rutherford’ Atomic Model & Photoeectri Page total (@)_ If the polarity of the d.c. supply is reversed, how will the reading of the ammeter be affected? Explain why. (3 marks) (Total: 15 marks) wy Tio" a viv Fig.) Fig. (a) shows a photocell connected to two variable d.c. supplies of opposite polarities. Photoelectrons are emitted from the curved metal surface of the photocell when a beam of monochromatic light of frequency 1.0 x 10" Hz falls on the surface, Fig. (b) shows the graph of the reading / of the ammeter against the reading V of the voltmeter. (2) Explain why there is still a current flowing in the circuit even when the dc. supplies are off, (2 marks) © 2011 Times Publishing (Hong Kong) Limited -23- Physies Success Key lor HKDSEE. 7\tomic World Page total (b) Explain the variation of the current as shown in Fig. (b) when V is positive. Find the power of light falling on the metal surface if on average the ratio of the number of photoelectrons emitted to that of incident photons is 1: 1 000. (6 marks) (©) Explain the variation of the current as shown in Fig. (b) when V is negative, Find the work function of the metal surfuce. (S marks) (@)_ In Fig, (b), sketch the current-voltage variation when the experiment is repeated with the light of the same intensity but of shorter wavelength. (2 marks) 63 x 10 Js, charge ofan electron ¢= 16% 10". Given: Planck constant & (Total: 15 marks) (© 201 Times Publishing (Hong Kong) Limited -24- Physics Success Key for HKDSEE 7Physics Success Key for HKDSEE 7 cS omens Bohr's Atomic Model of Hydrogen, Wave and Particle Nature of Matter & Probing int Nano Scale @ Examination Analysis Past Examination Paper Analysis Examination Trend oe Examination Scoring Techniques ...... S © Common Mistakes ...........00.-000000000 9 @ Revision Test Multiple-choice Questions Short Questions .. Structured Questions © 2011 Times Publishing (Hong Keng) Limited Geen] Name: Class : () Date: 4 "7 5 18 6 9 2 35 a | Total ns | [Shore Question No. Mare 1 a 5 é Total a ‘Total 239 Total marks 5ORT sone wt go A -, Qy examination Analysis, ——-————-__-— ~~ Past Examination Paper Analysis (a) Multiple-choice Questions HKAL_ Topic Year Paper Question No. Line spectra 2004 MA 34 2005 HA 43, 2005 uA 44 2007, A 40 2009 A 41 2009 uA 42 2010 WA 37 Bohr’s model of hydrogen atom 2001 uA 40 2003 WA 41 2004 NA 33 2008 uA 44 (b) Short Questions / Structured Questions Year | Paper | Question No. | Marks Content F 2004 AL 5 12 marks | Study the energy levels of a mercury atom and that Paper 1A of a coating atom in a fluorescent tube, Application of the fluorescence in the cathode-tay tube of a television. 2006 AL iC) 3marks | Study the energy levels of a hydrogen atom Paper 18 © 201 | Times Publishing (Hong Kong) Limited =2- Physies Success Key for HKDSEE 7Unie’) Boku’ Atomic Model of Hudragen, Wave and Particle Nature of Matter & Probing into Nano sal °o (c) Essays ‘Year | Paper | Question No.| Marks Content 2001 AL 5a), (b) | 11 marks | Give evidences supporting the nuclear model of an Paper IIB atom with energy levels. Use the energy levels of a hydrogen atom (o explain the meaning of ground state and ionization potential. Also, use the energy levels to explain the emission line spectrum of hydrogen 2003 AL 5(a),(b) | 9marks | Describe how a hydrogen spectrum can be Paper IIB produced and observed experimentally. Explain why the spectrum observed supports the theory of energy levels in atoms. Account for the dark lines in the sun spectrum, 2007 Al 5(b),() | Li marks | Use the energy levels of a hydrogen atom to explain Paper 1B the meaning of ground state, excitation energy and ionization energy. Also, use the energy levels ta explain the emission line spectrum of hydrogen. Explain Fraunhofer lines in the solar spectrum and describe how they are produced. Examination Trend (a) Explain the line spectra by using the discrete energy levels of an atom. (b) Explain the meaning of ground state, excitation energy and ionization energy by using the discrete energy levels of an atom, (0) State the postulates of Bohr’s model of hydrogen atom and hence derive the equation for the energy of 1[ me | an electron in a hydrogen atom Ey=——) yes lane,” | (d) Describe evidences for the wave-particle duality of electrons and light. h (©) Apply the de Broglie wavelength 4=“ 10 solve problems, e.g. diffraction and interference of electrons. (©2011 Times Publishing (Hong Kong) Limited - Physies Success Key for HKDSEE 7& Part T Atomic World (D)__ Express physical terms in nano scales. (g) Sta (h) Describe the change of the physical properties of different materials when they are reduced to nano scale. the various forms of materials in nano scale, such as nano wires, nano tubes and nano particles. (i) Describe how a transmission electron microscope (TEM) works, @ Apply Rayleigh criterion @= ! 2 to solve problems, e.g, the resolving power of a convex lens. Useful Formulae} e ‘Useful term Formula (@)_ Quantization of angular more tit momentum of electrons lt where n= 1, 2,3, (mz mass of an electron, v: orbital speed, r: orbital radius, h: Planck constant) around a hydrogen nucleus (b) Energy of electrons in a pe hme eB ey hydrogen atom lanes oe where n= 1, 2,3, (Eq: energy of an electron, e: change of an electron, (© Wavelength of photons in 1 ey £0: permittivity of free space) line spectra Jig Birege LF Gs: wavelength of photons, c: speed of light, a and b: energy levels) (d) de Broglie formula he (A: Wavelength, p: momentum) (©) Rayleigh criterion for err minimum resolvable detail (@: angular separation, d: size of aperture) (© 2011 Times Publishing (Hong Kong) Limited -4- Physics Success Key for HKDSEE 7Unit 2 Bolus Atomic Model of Hydrogen, Wave and Particle Nature of Matter & Probing into Nano sae °o amination Scoring Techniques 1. Drawing the Energy Levels of a Hydrogen Atom The energy level of a hydrogen atom is given by 136 ee n The ionisation energy of a hydrogen atom is 13.6 eV. y ey 1 =-1.51 eV (second excited state) 4 eV Gist excited state) | 6 6V (ground state) Lyman series; Transitions to the ground state in the ultraviolet region Balmer series: Transitions to the first excited state in the visible light region. Paschen series: Transitions to the second excited state in the infrated region. 2. Finding the Energy of the Photons Emitted or Absorbed electron fale rom E,t0e, 5 photon of fequency / absorbed : jeeenemte photon of frequency f NI ‘emitted 6, eloctron ums Fort Eto, The frequency fis given by h and the corresponding wavelength 2 is given by © 2011 Times Publishing (Hong Kong) Limitedoe7 Atomic World sag 3. Realising the Conditions for Excitation to Occur (a) Ifan atom is excited by a bombarding electron, the conditions for excitation to occur are: (KE ofthe electron > excitation energy AE Gi) The collision between the atom and the electron is inelastic (b) Ifan atom is excited by an incident photon, then the photon must have exactly the same energy as the excitation energy, ie. hf = AB. Otherwise, the photon cannot transfer any energy to the atom, @ which means excitation will not occur. Ineseent the incident photon must Bhoton AE| nave an energy of hf = AE for gxcitaton to ocour 4. Constructing Energy Levels from a Line Spectrum [1° EE e = EE ‘The energy of the transitions in a line spectrum emitted from the above energy levels should satisfy the following relationships: Ey=B, +B, 4 Ey ©2011 Times Publishing (Hong Kong) Limited Physics Success Key for HKDSEE 7©2011 Times Publishing (Hong Kong) Limited Unit 2 Bokr's Atumic Mode of Hydrogen, Wave and Particle Nature of Mater & Probing into Nano Sale 5. Relating the Frequencies and the Wavelengths of Different Transitions photon of frequency f, and wavelength ds emitted oomnnannnnnem photon of frequency f and ‘wavelength Js emitted photon of frequency f, and ‘wavelength As emitted ‘The frequencies of the above transitions are related as Sahth ‘whereas the wavelengths of the above transitions are related as rliyl Ah’ 6. Applying de Broglie Wavelengths of Electrons (a) Interference of electrons photographic double sit locton boar E i (wave tke) The double slit experiment for the interference of electrons is similar to the Young’ double slit experiment of light. The fringe separation d of the interference pattern as shown in the above figure can be obtained as a= DA a Physics Success Key for HKDSEE 7on T_Atomic World (b) Diffraction of electrons | photographie sereen metal fil diffraction pattern | electron beam. (wave like) The scattering angle @ of the diffraction pattern as shown in the above figure can be obtained as cy ‘ e where d is the interplaner distance of the lattice planes of the metal foil Remarks: The above phenomena demonstrate the wave properties of electrons and the wavelength of an electron is given by de Broglie formula as aet P / where fis Planck constant and p is the momentum of the electron. 7. Applying Rayleigh’s Criterion to Solve Problems Rayleigh's: criterion a Rayleigh’ criterion states that two point sources are regarcled as just resolvable when the principal maximum of one diffraction pattern coincides with the first minimum of the other as shown in the above figure © 2011 Times Publishing (Hong Kong) Limited Physies Success Key for HKDSEE 7Oy Lt 2 _tohrs Nomi Mate udeen Wane and Pale Nature of Mate 6 Pring nt Naw Scale If the diffraction pattem is produced by a circular aperture, the minimum angular separation @ of the two point sources is given by LDA = d where d is the diameter of the aperture and J is the wavelength of the two point sources. objective (convex) fons _— {Se ket ie The object is close to the focal plane of the objective lens of a microscape as shown in the above figure, ae e so the smallest size « of an object that can be resolved by the lens is given by _ L22fa d where fis the focal length of the lens Xx. & Common Mistakes Gi The energy level of a hyclrwogen atom is given by = Sey Draw the first excited state in the following figure in which the ground state is already shown, E iso stato +E: (ground state) © 2011 Times Publishing (Hong Kong) Limited Physics Success Key for HIKDSEE 7RT sonevort go Tonised state ree The student wrongly measures the first excited state as 3.4 eV from the ground state, fist excited stato ful $F oun state, ——— ra Ten feebrerprec repr ryt enone state The ground state is at the energy of ~13.6 eV and the first excited state is at the energy of ~3.4 eV which should be therefore measured downwards from the ionised state. ©2011 Times Publishing (Hong Kong) Limited -10- Physics Success Key for HKDSEE 7nit 2s oc dl ye, We on Pare Nar Mae Ping int Nao Se °o The second line in the Balmer series of the hydrogen spectrum has a wavelength of 488 nm. What is the wavelength of the first line in the series? For the second Line rnd a The student mistakes that the Lyman series, the series consisting of all the lines that transit to the ground state (n= 1), as the Balmer series. x For the second line Analysis ELE), he CRT gaax 0? Balmer series consists of all the lines F=1.093 x 10heJ that transit to the first excited state (n=2), Hence, for the first line 2 = 659 nm (© 2011 Times Publishing (Hong Kong) Limited =e Physics Success Key for HKDSEE 7eZ ‘Atomic World gy The following figure shows an emission line spectrum on a linear scale of wavelength. If ine 1 and line 3 have energies of 6 eV and 10 eV respectively, find the energy of line 2. decreasing wavelength Curia The energy of line 2 The student wrongly uses a directly proportion for the wavelength to find the energy of line 2. Correct solution AA, tah 99 x18 rn A= 0.7, + 0.33 Since € = "©. line 1 has a longer he 03x Me wavelength as € is inversely proportional 10 104. It’s better to solve this problem step 1467he by step. 1 e 1 _-682ev 01467 © 2011 Times Publishing (Hong Kong) Limited -12- Physics Success Key for HKDSEE 7The energy required for a hydrogen atom to be excited from its ground state to the first excited state is 10.2 eV. How many electrons of energy 4 eV each are required to bombard a hydrogen atom in order to excite the atom to its first excited state? no The student wrongly thinks that the ‘energy of bombarding electrons can be absorbed continuously by the atom. ‘The atom cannot be excited to its first excited state no matter how many electrons bombard the atom as the @ crergy ofeach individal election is too sina to excite the stom ra The collision between the bombarding electron and the atom is @ one-to-one collision GH The de Broglie wavelength of an electron is 0.1 nm, Find the momentum of the electron. Given: Planck constant = 6.63 X 10°" Js. re The student just uses @ wrong formula to find the answer. It is quite often that students make careless mistakes like ‘The momentum of the electron is, hk _ 663x10™ A 01x10” rao The de Broglie wavelength of an electron is given by eee P here p is the momentum of the electron, p= 6.63 x 10 kg ms © 2011 Times Publishing (Hong Kong) Limited = 13- Physics Suecess Key for HKDSEE 7oe” T_Atomic World Page total (25 items, 1 mark each) 2 (©2011 Times Poblishing (Hong Kong) Limited xy Meteasing wavelength | The figure above shows two adjacent lines in the emission spectrum of a hot gas. Line X is brighter than line ¥ and both tines transit to the ground state. Which of the following statements is/are correct? (1). Line X has a lower frequency. 2) More electrons undergo the transition producing line X. (3) Electrons transit from a higher energy state to the ground state for line X A. (Ionly B. Q)only C. (and (3) only D. 2) and (3) only L] The ionisation potential of a hydrogen atom is 13.6 V. Which of the following is/are the possible excitation energies for the atom? () 102eV 2) 3400V (@) Lslev A. (I) only B. 2)only C. (I) and @) only D. (2)and (3) only 3. -14- Which of the following can prove that a-particles are actually helium nuclei? A. A beam of a-particles is deflected by a gold foil with angles ranging from zero to 180", B. a-particles can be stopped by a piece of paper, Atoms formed by a-particles have the same emission fine spectrum as helium atoms. ‘When light of continuous spectrum is D. _a-particles can be deflected by an electric field. im Hluminated on gas atoms of a certain element, the continuous, spectrum of the emergent light shows a set of discrete dark lines of definite wavelengths. Which of the following statements is/are correct? (1). The gas atoms are excited by the incident photons of all wavelengths. (2) The gas atoms reemit the light of wavelengths corresponding to the dark lines at all directions. (3) The corresponding wavelengths of the dark lines depend on the intensity of the incident light. A. (Ionly B. Q2)only €. (I)and (3) only D. (2)and (3) only Physics Suceess Key for HKDSEE 7Page total °o Unit 2 wohr’s Atomic Model of Hydrogen, Wave and Particle Nature of Matter & Probing Unio Nano Sate 5. (©2011 Times Publishing (Hong Kong) Limited A hydrogen atom is bombarded by an electron and is excited from energy level » = 2 to energy level n= 4. Find the minimum energy of the electron required Given: ionisation energy of hydrogen = 13.6 eV. AL L5LeV B. 189eV CG 255eV D. 34eV LJ An excited atom emits light of wavelengths 254 nm and 161 nm when it undergoes transitions to its ground state from its first and second excited states respectively. Find the wavelength of light emitted when it undergoes transition from the second excited state to the first excited state. AL 93nm B. 227nm ©. 41Snm D. 440m L] ==, {= energy The figure shows the energy levels of a certain atom, When an electron transits from Fy to photon of wavelength A and energy When an electron transits from Es to B; of wavelength 41 is emitted. Find the energy difference between B; and Ey is emitted 2, @ photon A -15- Ina collision between an electron and an atom, which leads to excitation of the atom from its ground state to a higher energy state, which of the following must be correct? (1). The collision is inelastic. (2) The energy of the electron is exactly the same as the excitation energy. (3) When the atom returns to its ground state, a photon which has the same amount of ‘energy of the electron is emitted. AL (Lonly B. Qyonly ©. (and (3) only D. (2) and (3) only When an aton From an excited st returns to ils ground state ic, which of the following electromagnetic waves is not emitted? A. infra-red radiation B, ultra-violet radiation ©. X-ray a D. y-ray by illuminating a cold gas with @ continuous light speetrum, photons of frequencies 3f and 4f are absorbed when the gas atom jumps from its ground state to its first exeited state and from its ground slate to its second excited state respectively. What is the frequency of the photon emitted when the atom transits from its second excited state to first excited state? AL 12/ B. 7 Cc. 13 Dd. / Physies Success Key for HKDSEE 7or Atomic Worl de 2ev ” -sev The above figure shows two energy levels of a cettain atom, Which of the following statements about this atom is/are conreet? (1) Ifa photon of energy of 8 eV is incident on the atom at the -8 eV level, the atom can be excited to the -2 eV level. (2) If the energy of an incident electron is 20 eV, two of this kind of atom at the -8 eV level can be excited to the -2 eV level. 3) If two electrons of energy 4 eV each are incident on the atom at the -8 eV level simultaneously, the atom can be excited to the -2 eV level. A. (only B. Q)only C. (I)and (3) only D. hand Ghoniy [| Ma 4 1.6eV Wo bas a nee “sev — 1040 The figure shows the four lowest energy levels of a mercury atom. Which of the following transitions will emit visible light? The frequency of visible light ranges from about 4.3 x 10" Hz to 7.5 x 10! He. Given: Planck constant charge of an electron AL n=2ton=1 B. n=3ton=2 Gon 4ton-3 D. n=4t0n=2 6.63 x 10“ Js, 16x 10°C (© 2011 Times Publishing (Hong Kong) Limited 13. y 14. N “18< Page total The first line in the Balmer series of the hydrogen spectrum has an energy of 3.01 x 10°"? J. Find the mass of an electron, Given: Planck constant = 6.63 x 10 J s, charge of an electron = 1,6 x 10°" C, permittivity of vacuum = 8.85 x 10? Fm! AL 9.0 107" kg B. 9.1% 107! kg C. 9.2% 107" kg D. 93x 10" kg q energy levels The figure shows the electron transitions between the excited states of an atom. Light of wavelengths 2), a2 and 2, are emitted, where Ama 2s, Which of the following relationships Boa” — aa, Ana, AA, Dok Physics Success Key for HKDSEE 7% Unit’2 _Bohr’s Atomic Model of Hydrogen, Wave and Particle Nature of Matter & Probing into Nano Scale Page total 15. opergy 17. Find the wavelength of an electron of energy y = Yo 2kev. Given: Planck constant = 6.63 x 10 J s, charge of an electron = 1.6 x 10°” C, mass of an ist 2nd [3rd electron = 9.11 x 107" kg, ‘ground Staie A. 2.26 x 10?m B. 5.82 x 10"m The figure shows the first three transitions in the C275 10" m Lyman series of the hydrogen spectrum. Which of a D. 4.40 x10 m the following line spectra shown on a linear scale of frequency is correct? 18, When clectrons of momentum 2.21 x 10**kg ms! A increasing frequency Jy are emitted from a double slit, a fringe pattern — of separation 600 nm is observed. If the distance — ist between the screen and the slit is 2 m, find the slit width. Given: Planck constant = 6.63 x 10™ Js. Bos 2nd Ist As 2mm B. Imm Cc. 05mm D. 025mm O C. tet and 36 19, When an electron beam passes through a J diffraction grating, bright fringes are observed, It is found that the first order bright fringe has a diffraction angle of 20°, Find the average i momentum of the electrons in the electron beam ‘s sao Given: grating spacing = 5 nm, Planck constant = 6.63 x 105s, 16. I (© 2011 Times Publishing (Hong Kong) Limited Which of the following show(s) that electrons have wave nature? (1) When a photon is scattered by an electron, the frequency of the photon is changed. (2) When electrons are diffracted by a single slit, dark and bright fringes are observed on a photographic film. () When a metal plate is bombarded by electrons, X-rays are emitted from the metal plate A. (Donly B. @)only C. (1) and 3) only D. (2) and (3) only O -17- A, 39x 10% kgms! B. 36x 10% kgm C. 14x 10% kgms! D. 3.6 10" kgms" Physics Suecess Key for HKDSEE 7oe T_ntomic word 20. y a. 22. (© 2011 Times Publishing (Hong Kong) Limited A light beam of wavelength 600 nm has an intensity of 3.0 mW. Find the pressure exerted on a surface by this light beam if the cross-sectional area of the beam is 2.5 mm?. Assume all photons in the light beam are perfectly reflected with no cenergy loss at normal incidence. Given: speed of light = 3 x 10° ms" A. 01SNm? B. 80x 10°Nm? ©. 135% 10°Nm? D. Cannot be determined Which of the following is/are measured in nanoscale? (1) The wavelength of a moving electron. (2) The diameter of nucleus. (3). The size of an atom. A. (I) only B. (2)only C. (I) and (3) only D. (2) and (3) only CL] Comparing the properties of materials in their nano forms with the properties in their bulk forms, which of the following is/are correct? (1). The melting points of most materials in their nano forms become higher. (2) Most materials become conducting in their nano forms. (3) Most ferromagnetic materials in their bulk forms become paramagnetic in their nano forms. A. (I) only B. (3) only C. (I)and 2) only D. (2)and(3) only 23, J 24, 25, Page total ‘The moon has an average separation of 3.84 x 10° m from the earth. If a telescope on earth with a circular aperture of diameter 80 cm is used to see the moon, find the minimum distance between two objects on the moon so that they can be resolved by the telescope. Take the wavelength. to be 550 nm, A. 211m B. 264m 320m rm D. 970m ud Which of the following statements about optical microscope and transmission electron microscope (TEM) is/are correct? (1) TEM makes use the wave nature of electrons whereas optical microscope makes use the particle nature of light. (2) TEM has a much higher resolving power. (3) The energy of the electrons used in TEM is in the order of 100 clectron-volts whereas the energy of the visible light used in optical microscope is about few electron-volts. A. (only B. (2)only C. (I)and @) only D. (2)and (3) only Which of the following is/are the applications of nanotechnology? (1). The application in photocatalyst coatings. (2) The application in global positioning system. (3) The application in medical gauze. (1) only Q)only (2) and 3) only (2) and 3) only powe Physies Success Key for HIKDSEE 7nt 2 sas oni Mf log Ween Pre Naref te ong ne Nao Sle °o Page total (6 items) 1. There are four energy levels in a certain atom. The excitation energies between the energy levels are 1.81 eV, 2.14 eV, 3.95 eV, 4.86 eV, 6.67 eV and 8.81 eV respectively. Draw the energy levels by denoting the states as n=1,2,3 and 4 respectively in the following figure where n ~ | represents the ground state. Given that the energy al the infinite level is zero (Total: § marks) 2, The following figure (drawn to scale) shows an emission line spectrum of a certain atom, The wavelength of J the first line and that of the second line are 255 nm and 335 nm respectively linear increasing wavelength © 2011 Times Publishing (Hong Kong) Limited -19- Physics Success Key for HKDSEE 7oe T_Nomic Wort Page total Find the wavelengths of the other two lines. (Total: 5 marks) When an atom is bombarded by an electron, the electron transfers 8 eV of energy to the atom so that the JP atom excites from its ground state to a higher energy slate. It is observed that the atom emits two photons of different wavelengths when it returns to its ground state. (a) Explain why two photons are emitted (2 marks) (b) Ifthe wavelength of one of the photons is 622 nm, find the wavelength of the other photon, Given: Planck constant = 6.63 x 10°" J s, charge of an electron = 1.6 x 10°'°C, speed of light =3 x 10" ms" (B marks) (Total: 5 marks) photographic screen I ‘metal fll ‘a beam of incident electrons *© 201 Times Publishing (Hong Kong) Limited Physics Success Key for IKDSEE 7Op, 2 Bohrs Nomic Model of Hydrogen, Wave and Particle Natur of Matter & Probing Nano Sele Page total ‘The figure shows an experiment to demonstrate the wave nature of electrons. A diffraction pattern is observed on the photographic scteen when electrons are scattered from the metal foil (a) Sketch the diffraction pattern observed, (1 mark) (b)_ Find the kinetic energy of the beam of the incident electrons if they are accelerated by potential difference of 1 kV and hence find their corresponding wavelength. (4 marks) Given: Planck constant = 6.63 x 10° J s, charge of an electron = 1.6 x 10°C, mass of an electron = 9.11 x 10°! kg. (Total: 5 marks) 5. y ‘The radical change of the properties of materials in their nano forms is because the surface area to volume ratio is increased significantly. Find the percentage increase of this ratio if a cube is divided into 64 smaller cubes. (Total: 5 marks) ©2011 Times Publishing (Hong Kong) Limited = 2t- Physies Suevess Key for HKDSEE 7oo T_Atomic World Page total 6. (a) Illustrate, with the aid ofa diagram, the Rayleigh's criterion for the resolution of two point objects. I (3 marks) (b) A convex lens with focal | nd mi wath f= 50 mm f imum aperture 2 forms an image of perture i an object 10 m away. Find the minimum distance between wo points on the object that are barely resolved according to the Rayleigh’s criterion, Assume the wavelength of the light from the object is 510 nm. (3 marks) (Total: 6 marks) {© 2011 Times Publishing Hong Kong) Limited -2- Physics Success Key for HKDSEE 7% Unit’2 Boku’s Atomic Model of Hydrogen, Wave and Particle Nature of Matter & Probing into Nano Sle Page total MBRRRTETALEStions ¢ (3 items) 1. (a) positive electrode N ” 1 Oe clectreal PE gain of the aepartil x vical PE gain othe eparticle= 75 » LM) wtp 2 ug BRT) U6 X10) am, d [IM] + (1M: for correct charges) 45% 10m 1A] 3 (a) KP gy “0K, Lox 10" x15 uM] 24x 0" tay ) KE ow uM) am 6601091 gio tang 500 x10" sex 10" way Physics Suecess Key for HKDSEE 7uM) The rate of the number of photoelectrons ented fom the cathode is 8x10" 16x10" =Sx 10's" Al (0) The stopping potential is v=56V ug eri 16x10" x 5.6 = 6.63 x 10 xf 2x 1.6 x 10" uM) (f= 183 « 10° He fal 5. ev,="—w e@ we A graph of ¥, against ; should be plotted. VIN wa] 84 [63 [42 | 2a T glx m 1.00 | 0.83 | 0.67 | 0.50 | 0.33 TM valv 10 s ot | t t | | 6 | | 2 LIME: For eorrect seale [IMI For points correctly plotted [IM]: For a straight line correctly fitted w primtercept = tM) We2ev 2x 16x10 =3.2 «105 pa © 2011 Times Publishing (Hong Kong) Limited Compete An king Schem ¢ Structured Questions + 1. (@) If the constituents of an atom are distributed evenly in an atom, then the bombarding ‘@-particles make collisions with the individual ‘constituents which are considerably lighter than uM} As a result, the a-particles should only be slightly deflected after collision uM which means the scattering of the a-particles from the gold foil should be small UM] (b) It was found that some of the e-particles are senttered with large angles of deflection even as Tange as 180° uM] The Rutherford’s atomic model explains the phenomenon by proposing that the protons and the noutrons are packed in a tiny region known as the aueleus and the electrons revolve around the nucleus, (My As the nucleus is much heavier then the bombarding slpha particles, so the alpha particles can be rebounded when they make hhead-on collisions with the nucleus. (my (© (@ Since the c-particle and the nucleus both carry positive charges, a repulsive Coulomb force is exerted on the ex-purtie uM] repulsive Coulomb force F @ reer nusous When the @-particle approaches the rucleus, the longitudinal component of the repulsive Coulomb force, F, as shown in the above figure, decelerates the c-particle. [IM] The lateral component, Fas shown in the above figure, deflects the particle. uM) -3- Physies Suocess Key for HKDSEE 7We Complete Answers and Marking Schemes Qgy © 0 vious After passing the closest approach 7, the longitudinal component F,aeelrates the cpartcle andthe e-paricl is therefore seattered witha curved path shown, I (2 « 80) x 1.6 x 107 ae, * 0001x107 = 2.302 x 10° eV 0230 2 MeV sag 8 02302 2262 0-69" (@) Now partces ean be found by the setterng experiments in particle physic, By 2 @ @) Ultraviolet radiation When a beam of light is incident on a motal surface, eletrons are emitted from the surface. This phenomenon is known as photoelectric fet. The minimum energy required to emit an clectron from the metal surface is known as the ‘work function of the metal. ‘The following features of the photocletic effect cannot be explained by wave theory: 1. There is no time delay in the photoelectric effet 2. When the frequency of the incident light is lower than @ certain value, no photoelectric effect can be observed 3. When the frequency of the incident ‘monoehromati Tight increase, the maximum KE of the photoelectrons also o @ er aw [IM] + (1M) 1.6% 10° x ¥, = 66310 X 3X10 gg cigs 200510" v=3nv (©) (The stopping potential increases as each incident photon has a higher energy. (IM) ‘© 2011 Times Publishing (Hong Kong) Limited 3 @ ) (i) The rate of number of photoelectrons emitted decreases as the incident photons fall on the metal uM} surface ata lower rate. uM) h ev.- Sw IM] i uM] st: Planck constant speed of light ‘e: charge of an electron W: The minimum energy required to emit an clectron, known as the work function uM) VIN 110 [0.76 [ 0.49 [0.26 | 0.07 A/am 400 | 450 | s00 | ss0 | 600 x40" m | 2.50 | 2.22 | 2.00 | 1.82 | 1.67 UM) (My (UM): For correct seale [IM]: For correct labelling ofthe axes [IM]: For points correctly plotted [IM}: For a straight line correctly fitted x3 x10 iM 25-0 x 10° 16x10" os 4 =66%1055 ual Physics Success Key for HKDSEE 7© @ 4 @) @) © 2011 Times Publishing (Hong Kong) Limited y-intercept =~2.0 eV ‘The physical meaning of the y-intercept is the negative value of the minimum energy required to emit an electron divided by the charge of an electron al uM) ‘The reading of the ammeter becomes constant, [1M] It is because the dc. supply applies an accelerating potential to the photoelectrons ‘when the polarity of the supply is reversed. So the current becomes steady as the rate of number of photoelectrons emitted from the cathode is constant, tM) uM) ‘The electrons emit from the cathode with a certain kinetic energy. So they can still reach the anode resulting a ‘current flowing in the circuit even when the d.c. supplies are off. ‘The photocell is not completely vacuum, So some of the electrons emitted from the cathode are blocked by the molecules in the photocell and a smaller current is obtained when = 0, uM) uM) uM) ‘Then the eurrent J inereases with V and finally ‘obtains a steady value as all electrons emitted from the eathode reach the anode, uM) Igy 410! A, uM) Number of photons falling on the metal surface per socond is 4x10 1 000 16 x 107 =2.5x10" uM) Hence, the power of light falling on the metal surface is 2.8 x 10" 6,63 x 10™x 1.0% 10" tM) = 1.66% 10° W Dal © @ vel Lorlete srs and Maing Schemes gg When Fis negative, the photoelectrons are ocelerated by 7. uM) The KE of the photoelectrons varies from zero to the maximum within a certain range. More and more electrons are stopped when the magnitude of V increases until the electrons with the maximum KE are also stopped. UM] ‘The stopping potential is V=1SV My eve hf-W W = 6.63 x 10 x 1.0 x 10! = 16x10? x15 UM] 123 x10" For 2.64 eV ual Veto" a | viv LIM}: For higher stopping potential [IM]: For smaller maxinurn current Physics Success Key for HKDSEE 7We Complete Answers and Marking Schemes y ’tnt2” Unit 2 + Multiple-choice Questions + LD (1) Line Xhas a higher frequency a it has a shorter wavelength (@) Since E = hf line X has a higher energy aA ~o85 ev isi ev -s4ev 136 ev A confirms the Rutherford’s atomic model. B shows that @-particles have weak penetrating power, D shows that -particles have positive charges. 48 (2) The gas atoms are excited by the incident photons of wavelengths corresponding to the dark lines (8) The corresponding wavelengths of the dark lines are independent ofthe intensity of the incident light. ©2011 Times Publishing (Hong Kong) Limited 6D BB isi =e. 84 By Byn te te isi 254 1 4! joi 254 440 0m 2) The energy of the electron can be greater than the ‘excitation energy, 10D 1B AE =-2eV-(-8eV)=6eV (1) The energy of the incident photon must be equal to GeV. e (2) Three ofthis kind of atoms can be excited at mos (3) The collision must be one to one. 12.B The range of the energy of visible light is 6.63 «10 43 x 10! | 663 x 10™ x 7.5 x 10! 16x 10" ° Lex 10” =L78eV 103.11 eV Physies Suocess Key for HKDSEE 7BB n=a n=2 first ine in Balmer series m= 9.110" kg he he _ he aaa Lay tla a) AA, a. tst ed 1366 AE= if Ey = 0.85 —(-13.6) =12.75eV AE ing = 12.09 8 AE w= 10.2 eV © 2011 Times Publishing (Hong Kong) Linited r plete Ansuers and Marking Schemes gy 16. B ne Be En 2 = Prexexema ol x10" 2.65 x 10 ms bm 9.1L x 10" x 2.65 « 10" 2.414% 10" kgms! A 663 x to P2414 x 10% =2.75x 10" m a 18. B hh 663.10 P 221x108 =3x10"m DA ae ay= 2x3x10" 600 x 10° X10 mor Emm A dsin= mh 5x10 sin 20°=2 A= 1.71 10m hh _ 6.63% 10 A 7x10" 3.9x 10% kg ms! » Physics Success Key for HKDSEE 7Wa Lomrete Ansirs and Marking Schemes 20. B ‘The power ofthe light beam is given by he 2 where mis the number of photons emitted per second, The momentum of each photon is ai Pa Hence, the force exerted on the surface by the photons is op PR pa onxpx2= a *? he The pressure exerted on the surface is 2P Pressure © 23x10" - 3x10 25% 10% 8.0% 10°Nm? 21. The diameter ofa nucleus isin the range of 10" m. 2.8 (1) Most nanomaterials have a lower melting point 2) Some materials become conducting in their nano forms. 23. 1.228 on" dx 22 x $50.x 38410 80x 107 Ax =320m 24.8 3) The energy of the electrons used in TEM should be in the order of keV, 25. € {© 2011 Times Publishing (Hong Kong) Limited + Short Questions + 1 | lisa | | | nat . 2. $355 255 1Wnm div 1M] A= 2554205 x 10 iM] 460 am [A prebeeiaeein 9 som thal Physics Suecess Key for HIKDSEE 73. (a) There is an intermediate energy state between the ground state and the energy state that the atom excited t, uM When the atom returns to its ground state, it returns to the intermediate energy state first and then returns to the ground state, So two photons of different wavelength are emitted. im (b) = +f egxt6x to” {1M} + (IM) as ! / ) . 1 \ 663 103 x 10" ‘ (ea xio* * a, } =8x 16x10” Ay 4 UM) 1 keV of 1.610 "5 a) mm? = my =2xKE nev? = 2m x KE, {IM} A A uM) P 2m x KE 6.63 x 10 9.11 x 10" x 1.6% 10% e =3.88x10""m ual (© 201 | Times Publishing (Hong Kong) Limited wal _Complete Answers and Marking Schemes gg | Let x be the side length of the original cube. The surfaee area to volume ratio ris sees (1M) After dividing the cube, the new surface area to ‘volume ratio "becomes 7 [IM] + [1M] () Hence, the parentage increas ofthe aio is (* _ 6) * *) x 100% 1M] 3 uM) =300% 1a} ® / angular separation (1M) ‘The Rayleigh’s criterion states that two sources are just resolvable when the frst miimum of tone of the diffraction patter falls on the conta ‘maximum of the other as shown in the above figure. uM] So the minimum resolvable angular separation is approximately given by ea d where d is the size of the aperture and A is the wavelength a UM) Physics Success Key for HKDSEE7©2011 Times Publishing (Hong Kong) Limited Wa Lomplete Answers and Marking Schemes yy 1 \ wy ttl u "1 50x10" 10,0503 m iy ga 1222 a de 122 x 51010" win 0.0503" 25x 10" r= 1.2510 m LIA} + Structured Questions + (@) When clectrons are emitted from the negative clectrode, the high potential difference hetween the two electrodes makes the electrons moving ‘with a high speed, lim) ‘The fast moving electrons collide with the c-atoms and exeite the a-atoms to higher energy states uM) Therefore, an emission line spectrum of atoms is observed when the excited atoms Feturn to thei ground states which i ientcul to the emission line spectrum produced by helium atoms. uM] 68 | 588 | 502 | 492 | 471 [ 447 1.86 [21 [248 | 2.53 | 2.64 | 2.78 433 [452451 [693 52 [692 Energy level / eV #0. Hasty [4A]: 1A for each correct level [IAJ: Forall levels correct (©) The wavelengths of the transitions are beyond. the range of visible light, so the transitions cannot be seen in Fig. (b). (@) Rutherford’s model fails to explain why hot gases emit a spectrum of diserete lines of definite wavelengths rather than a continuous (my spectrum uM) Physics Suovess Key for HKDSEE 72. (a) When the fast moving electrons are stopped by the target, most of their KE transfers to the target as heat. uM) Hence, the temperature of the target will be very high uM) (©) The wavelength of the X-rays will be minimum if all of the KE of the bombarding electrons transfers to the energy of the Xephotons uM) (© @ KE ofeach bombarding electon = 16X10 60x 10 6x 108s uM) he * Fe, 796x:10" uM) gg = 653x103 x10" me 96x10" =2.01%10"'m ual (i) 1=50mA ‘The rate of number of electrons striking the target is 50x 10? i 16x 10" 3.125% 10""5" ual (il The rate of number of X-photons emited is 3.125 10" 100 =3.125x10%s" (iM) ‘The power ofthe X-rays is 3.125 1 SEB AIO 3210" ayy 30 x 10 =207W ual (4d) The target atoms are excited by the bombarding electrons to higher energy slates. uM) Some of the transitions emit electromagnetic radiations in the region of X-rays when the atoms return to their ground states. (1M) © 2011 Times Publishing (Hong Kong) Limited atte el omplete Answers and Marking Schemes gy (©) For AB = 8.84 kev, 6.63 x 10 x 3 x 10" x Ae 1a x10? m For AE= 804 keY, 884 * 10°16 10? uM) ual 6.63 x 10™ x 3x 10" 8.04 10° 1610 + aM) 2-155 x10" m bay (8) Because the wavelength of the electron beam is very small which isin the order of 0.01 nm. (1M) The slit separation must be very smal in order to obtain an observable interference pattern. (1M) (b) A photographic sereen shouldbe used, um) © (@ KB ofeach electron 1.6% 10" « 1 000 = 1.610%) (um) Speed of each election wil Mey Lox 10! = 5 x91 x Oe v= L874x 107ms? tM) ‘Momentum of each electron . p= mv=9.11 x 10% 1.874 107 = 1.707 «10 kgm st uM] ‘The wavelength ofthe electon beam =A 68x 10% nar p L107 10 =3.88%10"m ual )) s= 3.88 +5 = 0.776 em or 7.76» 10m [1M] 776 «19? = 38X10" uM) @=5x 10? morsam uA] (4) Transmission electron microscope uM} Physics Success Key for HKDSEE 7Acknowledgements We would like to acknowledge the following individuals/organisations for the kind permission to reproduce copyright photographs and other illustrative materials: Dr. Tonomura, Wikimedia Commons, http://commmons.wikimedia.org for p.27; ‘Sgame/Dreamstime.com forthe front cover. Every effort has been made to trace and acknowledge copyright but without success in some cases. However, we will be pleased to make proper acknowledgement at the first opportunity. Copyright © 2011 Times Publishing (Hong Kong) Limited Published by Manhattan-Marshall Cavendish Education| Aan imprint of Marshall Cavendish All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, Photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owner. Request for permission should be addressed to the Publisher: Times Publishing (Hong Kong) Limited OIF, Block C, Seaview Estate, 2-8 Watson Road, North Point, Hong Kong Tel: (852) 24811930 Fax: (852) 24813379 Email: genatfce@manhattanpress.com.hk Website: www.manhattanpress.com.hk Other Marshall Cavendish offices: Marshall Cavendish Corporation. 99 White Plains Road, Tarrytown NY 10591-9001, USA - Marshall Cavendish International (Singapore) Pte Ltd, Times Centre, 1 New Industrial Road, Singapore 536196 « Marshall Cavendish International (Thailand) Co Utd. 253 Asoke, 12th Fls, Sukhumvit 21 Road, Klongtoey Nua, Wattana, Bangkok 10110, Thailand + Marshall Cavendish (Malaysia) Sdn Bhd, Times Subang, Lot 46, Subang Hi-Tech Industrial Park, Batu Tiga, 40000 shah Alam, Selangor Oarul Ehsan, Malaysia Marshall Cavendish is a trademark of Times Publishing Limited ISBN 978-988-218-716-0 First published 2011 For-061168 Author Yim Waisteung Project Editor Maggie Ngan Editorial Board Maggie Ngan Designer Daniet chan Mlustrator Edwin cheung Production Team Lee Kwun-wab, Flaine Kay, Rickel Kwok, Telly FungName: ISBN 978-988-218-716-0 Class : ) Manhattan ‘Marshall Cavendish Education