ENGLISH
Q3, PT – LESSON 3: POETRY
Features of Literary Writing
 Poetry is a literary work in which special
intensity is given to the expression of feelings
and ideas using distinctive style and rhythm.
This is a broad genre of literature.
1. There is a title and author
2. It is written in lines
3. The lines are arranged by stanza
4. Some literary writings have narrative
structures
5. The text uses creative language –metaphor
6. The text belongs to a recognizable genre
of literature
7. The meaning of the text is covert
Styles of Poetry
 Diction refers to the writer’s choice of words
and style of expression that an author makes
and uses in a work of literature
 Denotation is the dictionary meaning
 Connotation goes beyond the word’s
literal meaning.
Figurative Language
 Figures of speech are widely used in poetry;
most of the poems are metaphorical.
 Figures of speech is an expression that
means something different than the literal
meaning of the words.
 The following are common figures of
speech:
o Simile
o Metaphor
o Personification
o Hyperbole
o Ironic
o Paradox
o Litotes
 Simile is used to compare an object with
another thing (direct comparison) using
“like” or “as.”
Simoun Aaron M. Luchico
Gr.9 Courage (SSC)
Examples:
She smiles like the sun.
My love is like a red rose.
 Metaphor makes a comparison by directly
relating one thing to another unrelated object
(implied comparison).
Examples:
The snow is a white blanket.
He is a shining star.
 Personification is a figure of speech which
gives human qualities to animals or objects
(inanimate objects are given human
attributes).
Examples:
Lightning danced across the sky.
Rita heard the last piece of pie calling her name.
 Hyperbole involves an extreme exaggeration.
Examples:
He’s running faster than the wind.
This bag weighs a ton.
 Litotes is an understatement in which an
affirmative is expressed by the negative of its
contrary.
Example:
You won’t be sorry
 Paradox is a statement that appears to
contradict itself (seems contradictory).
Examples:
Save money by spending it.
If I know one thing, it’s that I know nothing.
 Irony is a language device in which the real
intent is concealed or contradicted by the
literal meaning of words or a situation.
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Examples: 4. Trochaic - one stressed syllable + one
unstressed syllable.
A fire station burns down.
A marriage counselor files for divorce. Sound Devices

Other Terms   Many poems are written in conventional

 Imagery refers to the sensory experiences and
mental images created in the reader’s minds.
 Poetic syntax refers to phrases are
arranged.
 Enjambment refers to run-on line
 Caesura is a pause within a line
 Tone refers to the speaker’s attitude
toward the subject of the poem
 Mood are the experiences of the readers as
a result of the tone.
forms. Form may give the readers hint to the
poem’s meaning.
 Sound refers to the musical quality of the
poem.
1. Alliteration refers to the repetition of initial
consonant sounds in a sequence of words.
2. Assonance is the repetition of vowel sounds
in a sequence of words.
3. Onomatopoeia uses words that mimic noise -
sounds of objects and animals.

Basic Types of Rhymes

 Rhyme scheme refers to the pattern of a
rhyme for the entire poem.
 End rhyme refers to the words that rhyme
at the end of lines.  
e.g., He hangs in shades the orange bright.
Like golden lamps in a green night.
 Internal rhyme is when the rhyme happens
within a line.
e.g., the ant and the mole sit both in a hole.
 Near rhyme is when a poet uses poetic
license to make the words rhyme.
 Meter is an organized rhythmic pattern
created by repetition of the same group of
stressed and unstressed syllables.
 Foot refers to the metrical unit in
measuring lines of poetry.
Q3, PT – LESSON 4: GERUND
Gerund
Gerund is another type of verbal. It is a
verb form ending in -ing and used as a noun.
 A gerund with its modifiers, object or
complements forms a gerund phrase.
e.g., every soldier’s duty is defending one’s
homeland.
 Past Form Gerund:
Having + past participle = past form of gerund
Common Metrical Feet
 Passive Form Gerund:

1. Anapestic – two unstressed syllables + one Being/ having been + past participle = passive
form of gerund
stressed syllable.
2. Dactylic – one stressed syllable + two e.g., The girl regretted not having waited for
unstressed syllables. him. (Past form)
3. Iambic - one unstressed syllable + one
stressed syllable. The man is not worried about being seen
with her. (Passive form)

Five Uses of Infinitives

Simoun Aaron M. Luchico
Gr.9 Courage (SSC)
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 Subject shows what the sentence is all about.

Examples: Q3, PT: Vocabulary

Sleeping was rough for the soldier during the  Dread - a feeling of fear
war.  clarion - medieval trumpet with clear
Having fought long in the war kept him away shrill tones
from her.  warp - a twisted out of shape
 weft - a crosswise threads on a
 Direct Object is a noun or noun phrase that’s
receiving the action of the verb. It answers
 loom
the questions whom and what.  fringes - the boarders or outer edges on
an area or group
Examples:  flounder - to struggle to move of obtain
The girl began doubting footing
 shroud - an enveloping
The war meant leaving his loved one behind.
 garment in which a dead person is wrapped
 Predicate Nominative is a word or group of for burial
words that completes a linking verb and  perilous - extremely dangerous
renames the subject.
Now faith is confidence in what we hope for
Examples: and assurance for what we do not see.
His main concern was fighting Hebrews 11:1
Reading a book is interesting

 An appositive is a noun or noun phrase that

sits next to another noun to rename it or to
describe it in another way.
Examples:
His greatest fear, being caught, keeps him alert at
all the times.
A soldier’s pledge, fulfilling his mission at any
cost, is noble.

 A preposition is a word or a group of words

used before a noun, pronoun, or noun phrase
to show direction, time, place, relation, or to
introduce objects.
 Object of a preposition is the noun or
pronoun governed by a preposition
Examples:
She grew tired of waiting
The man is not worried about being seen with
her

Simoun Aaron M. Luchico

Gr.9 Courage (SSC)