FCE3401

Educational Technology
Topic 2 Technology, Media, and
Teaching and Learning Approaches
(Part I)

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Learning outcome:
1. Define the hierarchy of technology, media, and resources
2. Juxtapose several approaches and modes for teaching and learning
3. Elaborate multimodality and orchestration
4. Identify devices and software
5. Differentiate between immersive, augmented reality, wearable
technology, simulation and cloud computing

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01. Hierarchy of
Technology, Media, and
Resources
We have learned what
Technology is in Topic 1.
Let’s look at what Media is.
>> Next
 Means of
communication.
What is Anything that carries
information between
Media? a source and a
receiver.

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 Concepts of Media
Media can be understood through messages.
(messages = learning content/information)

Types of Message
Message Channel
The form in which a The form in which a
message is stored – message is delivered –
e.g. Pictures, e.g. Television, Radio,
Objects, Symbols Computer

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So…
What is Instructional
Media? Resources or materials that is
produced and used
systematically to deliver a
message or content as a
means to enhance the
understanding and
effectiveness of teaching and
learning.

Ismail & Mahmud (2004)

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Text
People

Video

Types of Media
Visuals

Manipulatives

Audio

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Why Should We Use
Media in
Instruction?
Educational experiences that involve
the learner physically and that give
concrete examples are retained
longer than abstract experiences such
as listening to a lecture.

Instructional media help add elements

of reality.

Example?
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Dale’s Cone of Experience

Edward L. Counts, Jr. 10

How do media support
instructional activities?
• Gain attention: a picture on the screen, a question on the board, or music playing
as students enter the room all serve to get the students’ attention
• Recall prerequisites: use media to help students recall what they learned in the
last class, so that new material can be attached to and built upon it
• Present objectives to the learners: hand out or project the day’s learning
objectives
• Present new content: not only can media help make new content more
memorable, media can also help deliver new content (a text, movie, or video)

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 How do media support
instructional activities?
• Support learning through examples and visual elaboration: one of the biggest
advantages of media is to bring the world into the classroom when it is not
possible to take the student into the world.
• Elicit student response: present information to students and pose questions to
them, getting them involved in answering the questions.
• Provide feedback: media can be used to provide feedback relating to a test or
class exercise
• Enhance retention and transfer: pictures enhance retention. Instructional
media help students visualize a lesson and transfer abstract concepts into
concrete, easier to remember objects.

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How do media support
instructional activities?
• Assess performance: media is an excellent way to pose assessment questions for
the class to answer, or students can submit mediated presentations as classroom
projects.

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How about Display
Media?
>> Next
Display Media
• Abstract ideas are illustrated using visuals or icons
• Charts, diagrams, infographics, timeline, flowcharts
• Helps to interpret complicated messages
• Helps to explain and show relationships
• To reinforce verbal messages through visualizations
Why do we use display media?
To enhance effective communication of
instructional message
What is instructional message?
• Symbols or signals that are used to convey a meaning or
information
• It is usually represented by the combination of texts and
visuals
Design of a display media …
• Ensures legibility
• Minimizes the effort to
• Interpret a visual message
• Understand and comprehend a
message or information
Design of a display media …
• Increases students’ participation in classroom activities through
visual message
• Focuses on only the most important part of a message
How about Digital Media?
>> Next
What is Digital Media?
“Digital media is defined as those
technologies that allow users to create
new forms of interaction,
expression, communication,
and entertainment in a digital
format.”
(Shelly, Gunter, & Gunter, 2010)

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What is Digital Media?
The term digital media has been coined to
reflect the evolution of multimedia
computing into multisensory
communications. The goal of multimedia, and
now digital media, is to reproduce as
closely as possible the reliability
and effectiveness found in face-to-
face communications and then
emulate that in virtual and online
environments, such as social networking,
using computers, and other technologies.

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Be reminded that…
The terms technology, multimedia, and digital media are not mutually exclusive.

Technology vs. Multimedia vs.

Digital Media
digital media is defined as those technologies that allow users to create
new forms of interaction, expression, communication, and entertainment in a
digital format. Digital media uses all the elements of multimedia but in a
digital format.

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Technology vs. Multimedia vs.
Digital Media
The term digital media has not superseded or outdated the usefulness of the
terms multimedia or technology.

The term digital media simply underlines the pervasiveness of the use of
digital formats for multimedia elements.

Many applications previously defined as multimedia have seamlessly made the

transition to digital media because they encompass all the elements of
multimedia and digital media.

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 Types of Digital Media

DIGITAL MEDIA INTERACTIVE DIGITAL

SOFTWARE MEDIA
allows users to move through
any computer-based presentation
information at their own pace.
or application software that uses
Interactive digital media also
multimedia elements. By
describes a digital media
definition, digital media includes
application that accepts input from
interaction, so some, but not all,
the user by means of a keyboard,
digital media software is also
voice, simple movements, or a
considered interactive digital
pointing device such as a mouse,
media.
and performs an action in
response.
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Source:
Shelly, Gunter, &
Gunter (2010)

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How Digital Media is Used
• Teachers use digital media applications to deliver classroom
presentations that enhance student learning.
• Students, in turn, use digital media applications to learn by
reading, seeing, hearing, and interacting with the subject
content.
• Another important application of digital media is to create
simulations, which are computer-based models of real-life
situations.
flight simulator • Digital media simulations often replace costly and
sometimes hazardous demonstrations and training in areas,
such as chemistry, biology, medicine, and aviation.

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Hierarchy of Educational
Technology & Resources
With the advent of the Internet, the resources that educational technologists
and content experts can access for inclusion in a learning environment are
enormous.
One way to capture the complexity of this dimension is in terms of a hierarchy
that begins with information resources at the base of a pyramid.
Information that has been determined to be reliable and accurate can be
considered knowledge and a candidate for inclusion among learning resources.
When that knowledge is linked to a learning goal or objective, it can be
considered a learning resource.
When activities, feedback, and assessment are included with a learning
resource, it becomes an instructional object or resource.
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A hierarchy of resources. Adapted from Spector (2015)
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02. Approaches and
Modes for Teaching and
Learning
Approaches and Modes for
Teaching and Learning
The world of the educational technologist is dominated by change, and the
various things that change have an effect on each other. A new
technology can introduce a new approach to teaching.

Pedagogical approaches are also changing. Since the introduction of

interactive simulations in the last part of the previous century, there has
been a growing emphasis on learning by doing, sometimes also referred to
as authentic or situated learning. Augmented and virtual realities and
immersive environments have significantly enhanced the power of
interactive simulations. As a result, such applications are expected to
continue to change and influence how knowledge and expertise are
developed.

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Instructional Strategies
There are many instructional strategies that instructional theorists have
developed over the years. Examples include the following (these are
only meant to be suggestive, as alternative strategies might be
appropriate for the instances cited and this list is far from exhaustive):
Drill and practice—appropriate for
learning verbal information that for
whatever reason must be committed to
memory.
Tutorial instruction—appropriate for
learning simple procedures or how to
navigate within a particular software
system. 32
 • Exploratory instruction—appropriate
Instructional for promoting understanding about
Strategies phenomena new to the learner.
(cont.) • Interactive simulation—appropriate for
promoting critical reasoning about dynamic,
complex systems.
• Socratic questioning—appropriate for
helping a learner link something new and
seemingly unfamiliar to something already
understood.
• Lecture—appropriate for introducing a new
topic and creating some motivation and an
appropriate foundation for that topic.
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Approaches to
teaching and
learning are
linked to the
instructional
objectives
(adapted from Huang et al., 2021)

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