Topic 1 Educational Technology & Technology

1. Define and elaborate the principles and domains of educational technology

2. Differentiate between digital and non-digital technology
Latin Word ‘TEXERE’
build, weave, create,
construct
Knowledge and Behavior and work
skills
Perseverance and
patience
Time Create/Construct
Talent and art in
doing
Materials
Systematic process
 Definition

Technology is not a tool – it is an art or science of how

to use a tool for a purpose.

Teknologi bukan suatu alat – ia adalah satu seni atau

sains menggunakan alat untuk sesuatu tujuan.

(Evans & Nation, 2000)

 Definition

The systematic application of scientific or other organized

knowledge to practical task

Aplikasi sistematik bagi pengetahuan saintifik atau tugas-tugas

praktikal yang tersusun

(Galbraith, 1967)
 Definition

Complex combination between ideas, men, machine, ways and

methods, handling, and management.

Penyatuan yang kompleks di antara idea, manusia, mesin, cara

dan kaedah, pengendalian, dan pengurusan
 Definition

a complex process involving people, tools, equipment, hardware,

software, and organization with the purpose to analyze and solve
learning problems

satu proses yang kompleks yang melibatkan manusia, peralatan,

perkakasan, perisian ,dan organisasi dengan tujuan untuk
menganalisis dan menyelesaikan masalah pembelajaran

Association for Educational Communications and technology (AECT)

1972
 Definition

The study and ethical practice of creating, using, and managing

appropriate technological processes and resources to better facilitate
learning

Amalan kajian dan etika bagi mencipta, menggunakan, dan mengurus

proses teknologi yang bersesuaian beserta sumber untuk memudahkan
pembelajaran yang lebih baik

Molenda & Robinson

(cited in Definition & Terminology Committee, AECT, 2004)
In elaboration of the AECT definition, we note that

are
included within the scope of the discipline. (Huang, Spector & Yang, 2019, p.8)
In addition, we emphasize the notion of practice in the definition for two reasons.
First, it is directly aligned with the basic Greek derivation of the first term,
Second, throughout this volume
there will be an emphasis on the effective use of a technology to support or
facilitate learning, performance, and instruction. That notion aligns particularly
with the second term, .

In ordinary terms, one might then say that educational technology involves the

(Huang, Spector & Yang, 2019, p.8)

https://www.moe.gov.my/korporat/bahagian-dan-
unit/bahagian-sumber-dan-teknologi-pendidikan
 refers to the process of specifying
conditions for learning
merujuk kepada proses
yang menentukan syarat-syarat bagi
pembelajaran
 refers to the process of
translating the design specifications into
physical form
merujuk kepada
proses menterjemahkan spesifikasi reka
bentuk ke dalam bentuk fizikal
 refers to the use of
processes and resources for learning
merujuk kepada
penggunaan proses dan sumber untuk
pembelajaran
 refers to processes
for controlling instructional technology
merujuk kepada
proses untuk mengawal teknologi
pengajaran

[ example topic, draw on board ]

 is the process for
determining the adequacy of instruction
adalah proses untuk
menentukan kecukupan arahan
 DOMAIN 1

Design is a for

Instructional Message
system design design

. In the design
domain there are four Instructional Learners’
main areas: strategy characteristics
 DOMAIN 1

design is an
or
for

, one
lesson unit, one course or one
curriculum in order to assist or
improve student learning and
teaching teachers.
 DOMAIN 1

involves
the and
to deliver messages
to students.
 DOMAIN 1

involve the
and

in a learning unit such as sequence,

content, learning domain, method and
media that are
to
.
 DOMAIN 1

such
as determining skills, knowledge, existing
attitudes that
.
 DOMAIN 2

This domain involves the process of

to
.
Instructional materials consist of
printed material, listening material,
computer based materials and
multimedia materials.
 DOMAIN 3

Utilization is the use of

,
and and to

.
 DOMAIN 4

Evaluation is a process for

and
of teaching and
learning processes or educational
programs such as
,
,
and
and
assessment of educational media
programs or projects. There are
 DOMAIN 4

Identify teaching methods, is it

compatible with the media and
students?
 DOMAIN 4

What standard or benchmark would you like to

achieve?
 DOMAIN 4

Evaluation is done in stages and continuously, from

time to time.
 DOMAIN 4

Assessment as a whole, usually

done at the end of the lesson
(end of the term).
 DOMAIN 5

The management domain involves

through the

and s
/ educational
technology to enable teaching and
learning activities to be
.
In what ways can these
domain

as a
Increase the effectiveness of
teaching and learning

Increase the quality of teaching

and learning

Overcome the teaching and

learning problems systematically
and scientifically
 Achieve the teaching and learning
objectives

Increase teachers’ productivity

Support new teaching approaches

Relate students to the content
under study

Motivation for students

 are those

, such as learning applications,

multimedia devices (Huang, Spector & Young, 2019).
Examples of learning tools
include flash cards, mind
maps, blogs, electronic
dictionaries, Web 2.0 tools,
mobile educational apps,
tablet, computers, and so on.

Which of these are digital and non-

digital technology?