LESSON 3

ROLES OF
EDUCATIONAL
TECHNOLOGY
  Educational technology aims for the
improvement of the teaching-learning process.
This can be achieved through the following
FUNCTIONS OF ways:
 Increase in the students' quality of learning
EDUCATIONAL
 Decrease in the time spent in learning
TECHNOLOGY
 Increase in the efficiency of teachers in the
classroom
 Decrease in educational costs without sacrificing
educational quality
 As shown in Figure 2,
educational technology and
instructional technology serve as
bridge between basic research
and theory in learning and the
practical teaching and learning
problems. Educational
technology translates and applies
basic research on human
learning to produce instructional
design principles and processes
as well as new technologies that
teachers and students can use to
increase effectiveness of the
teaching-learning situation.
BENEFITS OF INSTRUCTIONAL MEDIA

Results of researches have pointed out the positive results of the use of instructional
media as an integral part of classroom instruction. These outcomes are:
1. Standardization of the delivery of instruction. Media presentation can communicate the same
message to all students.
2. More attention-grabbing. instruction. Media can keep learners' attention during the teaching-
learning process.
3. More retention in learning. Media can help students in retaining more concepts presented by the
teacher.
4. More interactive learning. There will be enhanced learner participation, feedback, and
reinforcement through media.
5. Reduced length of time required for instruction. Media presentations transmit messages in a
shorter time while covering more information.
6. Provision of instruction whenever and wherever necessary. Since
some media presentations are individualized, instruction can happen at
any time and place, like in the case of distance education.

7. Enhancement of positive attitudes of students to learning. The

interest that students show can develop their interest in the subject.
 
8. Shift of role of teachers from instructors to facilitators. The time
spent by teachers for repeated explanations are reduced by the use of
media. Time saved can be allotted by teachers to extend assistance to
students.

9. Individualization of learning. Some media are specially designed to

provide opportunities to students to learn at their own pace, hence
catering to individual differences.

10. More multi-sensory learning. Media presentations entail the use of

different sense modalities. The more senses are used, the better are the
chances of the retention of concepts.
 ROLE OF INSTRUCTIONAL
MEDIA IN THE TEACHING-
LEARNING PROCESS
Heinich, et al. (1996) identified
the following roles of instructional
media in the teaching-learning
process:
1 2 3
1. Properly designed 2. Media can be used 3. Media play an important
instructional media can effectively in formal role in the education of
enhance and promote education situations where students with
a teacher is not available or exceptionalities and
learning and support
teacher-based instruction. is working with other disabilities.
students.
 In distance education, a growing instructional
approach nowadays, course content is
delivered to the learners through instructional
media.

Green (1972) 1. Media can create learning situations that cannot otherwise be accomplished
posited the major like bringing past, current, and distant events in the classroom.
attributes that 2. Media can be used to present information in a variety of ways which best
meet particular learning objectives.
media possess, and3. Media can make learning more effective by increasing the realism, the
these are: dynamics, and the attitudinal impact; thus, increasing the motivation to learn.
4. Some media, such as television, can make the best teachers and learning
situations available to more students than would otherwise be possible.
5. By using media, some educational objectives can be realized more
economically than by conventional means.
 PROPERTIES OF INSTRUCTIONAL MEDIA
Navarro, et al. (1988) presented that there are three properties of instructional media
which indicate why they are used, and they can accomplish that teachers alone cannot
accomplish or will accomplish less efficiently, and these are:

2. Manipulative or
3. Distributive property.
1. Fixative property. editing property.
Instructional media
Instructional media Instructional media
allows the transmission
permits the capture, permits the
of content to a large
preservation, and rearrangement of
number of learners at the
reconstitution of an materials or information
same time. Information
object or event of the for purposes of
stored in some media
past. updating, change of
could be reproduced.
emphasis or correction.
SCOPE of
 The word “ Technology” comes from the
Greek word “techne” which means craft or
art.

 A technology is not just a machines. It is a

“planned systematic method working to
achieved planned outcomes – a process not a
product.

 Refers to any valid and reliable process of

procedure that is derived from basic research
using scientific method.

 Refers to all the way of people use their

inventions and discoveries to satisfy their
needs and desires.
Many people think that educational technology
is synonymous to computers and the use of it
in teaching and learning, but it is a whole lot
more than this concept. Enumerated below are
some definitions offered by authorities in the
field of Educational Technology
 Based from In the Definition of Educational
Technology
Educational Technology is “a complex,
integrated process involving people, procedures,
ideas devices and organization for analyzing
problems and devising, implementing,
evaluating and managing solutions to those
problems, involved in all aspects of human
learning.”
Based from David H. Jonassen
 Educational Technology is “Consist of the designs
and environment that
engage learners… and reliable technique or method for
engaging learning strategies and critical thinking
skills.”

 It is a theory about how problems in human

learning are identified and solved.
Based from David H. Jonassen
 Is a field involved in applying a complex,
integrated process to analyze and solve
problems in human learning.

 Is a profession like teaching. It is made up of

organized effort to implement the theory,
intellectual technique and practical application of
educational technology
Based from Lucido and Borabo
 Educational Technology is a field study which is
concerned with the practice or using educational
methods and resources for ultimate goal of
facilitating of the learning process.
Based from Singh,2005

Educational technology is the systematic

approach to designing and evaluating learning
and teaching methods and methodologies and
to the application and exploitation of media
and the current knowledge of communication
techniques in education, both formal and
informal.
Based from Hoffman

Educational technology is a systematic,

iterative process for designing instructional
training used to improve performance.
Other terms that are associated with Educational
Technology
1. Instructional Technology

2. Instructional Media

3. Instructional Aids

4. Audiovisula aids

5. Instructional Materials
Instructional Technology

Inclusive are those aspects of educational

technology that are primarily concerned with
instruction or the teaching-learning process rather
than the design and operation of educational
institutions.
1. Instructional Media

These are the means of communication available

for educational purposes other than the teacher.
The term media emphasizes the interaction that
occurs between the teacher and the learner.
1. Instructional Aids

The term aids emphasize the assistance or help of

the instructional media in bringing out an
effective teaching-learning situation.
1. Audiovisual Aids

These are the materials for instruction that

employ the use of the sense of sight, hearing or
combination of these modalities.
1. Instructional Materials

These are the tools or equipment used by the

teachers as media to aid in the teaching-learning
process.
 The Technology has changed the world of
Teaching and Learning
How we use makes the Difference

Effects of Technology on Learning and Teaching:

Dr.T.V.Rao MD 2

What the expereince teaches

 The learning Methods
27
are Changing are we
Ready?
28
LEARNING TO DEVELOP
PASSION IN COMPUTERS AND
TECHNOLOGY TO SURVIVE IN
TEACHING
Stone Age

people knew how to make picture to present

an object. Cave dweller painted pictures of
animals on the walls of caves.
Hebrews and Phoenicians
were the first to use an alphabet.
group teachers known as Sophist,
with their clever arguments and
oratorical style, were credited
for the basic philosophical
foundations of Western thought.
Johann
Gutenberg
invented the
printing press in
the 15 century
th
Technological innovations
including the development of textbooks,
blackboards, and improvement of pen and
ink, were seen in the 19th century. In
medieval Europe, monks made books,
called manuscript books, by writing on
parchment with pens made from quills.
 Johann Amos Comenius

* achieved fame as a reformer and writer of innovative textbooks and other

educational works.

* He wrote Janus Linguarium Reserata ("The Gate of Language Unlocked"),

a Latin language textbook that taught basic vocabulary of eight thousand
words and Latin grammar.

* He was recognized as the pioneer of modem instructional

technology with his publication in 1657 of Orbis Sensualium Pictus
("The Visible World Pictured"), the first illustrated textbook specifically
designed for use by children in an instructional setting.
Johann Friedrich Herbart
* came with five
formal steps to
teaching now known
as the Herbartian
method of teaching.
 The five steps to
teaching
preparation, presentation, comparison and
abstraction, generalization, application
Johann Heinrich Peztallozi
believed that teaching is
more effective if it proceeds
from concrete to abstract,
hence the use of real and
actual object involving more
senses.
 . Friedrich Froebel

known as the Father of the

kindergarten , emphasized the
use of actual objects, which
could be manipulated by
learners.
Maria Montessori
devised the Montessori
method of learning which
emphasized sensory
training
 Edward Lee Thorndike
* conducted scientific investigation of
learning, resulting to the development of the
first scientific theory of learning.

* is often regarded as the father of

instructional technology
 John Dewey
Advanced the ideas of
pragmatism.
 Visual education

began in the late 19th century. Photography

was invented, but became widely accepted
not until the 1920s
 Public lectures
were illustrated through the use of
magic lanterns that projected slides and
stereopticons, the earliest visual display
devices.
The first visual instruction
department which collected and
distributed lantern slides to schools
was organized in New York in 1904.
This began the audiovisual and
media science departments
 St. Louis Educational
Museum
* The first school museum to open in the United States in
1905.

* The museum, which housed collections of art objects, models,

photographs, charts, real objects, and other instructional
materials gathered around the world, was the forerunner of the
present-day media center. It was renamed the Division of
Audiovisual Education for the St. Louis Schools in 1943
 Thomas Edison
Developed films - came into classrooms in the early 20th
century. A series of
historical and scientific films for school

Theatrical films were also used as educational tools. The first

educational film catalog was published in 1910 in the United
States. Films for regular instructional use was adopted by the
first public school system of Rochester, New York.
 Dr. Sidney Pressey

published his earliest paper on programmed

learning about a machine which tested and
confirmed a learning task.
The Ohio State University
and a Cincinnati radio
station launched the Ohio
School of the Air in 1929
.
The first instructional television
program was launched by Iowa
State University in 1932
 John Atanas and
Clifford Berry

The inventor of first all-

electronic digital computer,
ABC at Iowa State University
in 1939.
By the 1940s, the
first practical tape
recorders were
developed.
 Edgar Dale

developed the Cone of Experience,

hierarchy of learning experiences in
1946
John W. Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert

invented the first large-scale, general purpose

electronic digital computer, ENIAC at the
University of Pennsylvania in 1946. This first
generation computer is based on vacuum tube
technology.
During the World War II years, the US
government produced more than 800 training
films and filmstrips, purchased tens of
thousands of projectors, and spent about
1billion dollars in training films.
The invention of the
videotape in the 1950s
made it possible to
record pictures as well
as sounds.
 Benjamin Bloom

published the. Taxonomy of Educational

Objectives, a scheme for categorizing
educational objectives, in 1956.
In the 1950s and 60s, systematic studies were
undertaken to establish how the attributes or features
of various media affected learning. The convergence of
instructional media and instructional design began with
the conceptualization of audiovisual studies as
something broader than just media.
In the late 1950s, the second
generation computers, based on
transistors, were introduced.
 Patrick Suppes

A computer-aided instruction project was started in

the early 1960s in Stanford University. The project
developed drill and practice and tutorial
applications.
The third generation
computers which used solid-
state technology or integrated
circuits (IC's) were launched
in the 1960s.
Jerome Bruner
working from a different
perspective, devised a descriptive
scheme for labeling instructional
activities parallel to that of Edgar
Dale's in1960
The fourth generation of computers which
introduced personal computer were developed
in the 1970s. One significant highlight is the
invention of the microprocessor, a single
silicon chip that contains all the functions of a
compute:
In the 1970s and
1980s, the school
community
recognized the role
of media specialist
In the 1980s, the video cassette recorder
enabled people to record and playback
telev1s1on shows. In the same decade,
compact discs became popular .
By the end of the
1990s, the Internet
had connected many
millions of computers
around the world.
Educational television in
the Phil. began with
Channel 9’s Education on
TV produced by Fr. James
Reuter, SJ
In 1961, a college course
in physics was telecast
over one of the
commercial channels.
The ETV program of the Bureau of Elementary
Education of the Department of Education, Culture
and Sports was produced and presented jointly with
the Bureau of Broadcast of the former Ministry of
Public Information. Among the ETV series
produced were Aliwan ng mga Bata and Tayo’y
Magpalakas.
The University of the Air
program offered by the
University of Mindanao in
the early seventies was
among the early
innovations in the use of
radio for instruction.
A major breakthrough in the development of
educational technology was the establishment
of the center for Educational Innovation and
Technology (INNOTECH) to serve as
research arm of the Southeast Asian
Ministers of Education Organization
(SEAMEO)
The television network, ABS-CBN, came out with
a sister station, Knowledge Channel, which aired
curriculum-based ETV programs like
Sine’skwela, Mathinik, and Epol/ Apple. It also
came out with an Adopt-a-School program which
distributed ETV package to different elementary
and high school schools in the country.