FCE3401

Educational Technology
Topic 4: Instructional Design in Educational
Technology
Learning outcome:
At the end of this lecture, students should be able to:

1. Define and elaborate the meaning of instructional design in

educational context
2. Discuss the implementation of instructional design in the classroom
3. Propose creative solutions for teaching and learning through the
implementation of instructional design

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Instructional Design (ID)
• “the systematic and reflective process of translating principles of
learning and instruction into plans for instructional materials,
activities, information resources and evaluation” – Smith &
Ragan (2005).
• “the process of deciding what methods of instruction are best
for bringing about desired changes in student knowledge and
skills for a specific course content and a specific student
population” – Reigeluth (1983).
• “a systematic process that is employed to develop education
and training program in a consistent and reliable fashion” –
Gustafson & Branch (2007).

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Instructional Design (ID)
ID is the science and art of creating detailed specification for the
development, evaluation and maintenance of situations which
facilitate learning and performance – Richey et.al (2011)

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Domains of the ID Knowledge Base
Learning and
Performance

Learners and Content

Learning Structure and
Processes Sequence

Designers and Instructional and

Design Noninstructional
Processes Strategies

Media and
Delivery Systems 5
Foundations of the ID Knowledge Base
• The six ID domains provide the structure for the ID knowledge
base. These domains can be fully defined and explicated by the
theoretical foundations of the field.
• ID relies upon theories and models from other disciplines as
well as those which have evolved from its own history to
complete these definitions.

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Foundations of the ID Knowledge Base
• As such, the ID knowledge base is multidisciplinary in nature.
The theories from other disciplines that are most critical to this
field are:
• General Systems Theory;
• Communication Theory;
• Learning Theory; and
• Early Instructional Theory.

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Application of theories to ID
Theory Models/Application Examples
General Systems Theory ADDIE, ASSURE Online courses development
and evaluation
Communication Theory Multimedia, Information Load, Online communication, CMC
Message Design
Learning Theory Merrill's Principles of Instruction BL teaching approach
Behaviourism – practice and Badges
feedback
Early Instructional Theory Bloom Students’ performance,
assessment

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Approach to
ID &
Learning
Needs
ID models are used to design ...
COMPONENTS AND
RESOURCES

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12
INSTRUCTIONAL
APPROACH

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Instructional Design Model

What is it for?
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LEARNING EXPERIENCES

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 Merrill's Principles of Instruction
Learning is facilitated when ...
● learners are engaged in solving real-world
problems.
● existing knowledge is activated as a
foundation for new knowledge.
● new knowledge is demonstrated to the
learner.
● new knowledge is applied by the learner
● new knowledge is integrated into the learner's
world.
 Gagne’s 9 Events
of Instructions

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Bloom's Taxonomy
Locate the appropriate ID model below...

learning
experiences

Examples? Examples? Examples?

Mapping teaching approach to students’
learning
The nature of Instruction will also depends on variations in..