Frequency Analysis and Comparison of LCCL and
CLLC Compensations for Capacitive Wireless
Power Transfer
Alberto Reatti
University of Florence
Dipartimento di Ingegneria
dell’Informazione (DINFO)
Firenze, Italy
alberto.reatti@unifi.it salvatore.musumeci@polito.it
Abstract—In this paper a comparison between a LCCL and
CLLC resonant compensations for Capacitive Wireless Power
Transfer (CWPT) system is presented. A review of several
compensation topologies is presented. From this analysis
emerges that these two topologies represent the more promising
compensation for high power applications, such as Electric
Vehicle (EV) wireless charging. The frequency behavior of each
topology is analyzed studying the equivalent input impedance
and the voltage transfer function. After design of each
compensation to operate at optimum operating condition, the
output power and the efficiency are evaluated under load,
coupling parasitic resistances variations through LTspice
simulations.
Keywords—Wireless Power Transfer, Capacitive Wireless
Power Transfer, Resonant Compensation.
I. INTRODUCTION
Wireless power transfer is becoming more and more
popular in automotive applications such as in medical and
consumer electronics applications [1]-[2]. Most of literature
investigates Inductive Wireless Power Transfers (IWPT)
[1]-[7] but recently also Capacitive Wireless Power Transfer
(CWPT) has been considered as a valid alternative [8]-[19].
IWPT operation is based on the magnetic coupling of a
primary coil loosely coupled with one or more secondary
receiving coils, which often require Litz wire windings to be
assembled along with proper ferrite bars. A CWPT system is
based on the coupling of one plate connected to the source
with one or more receiving plates connected to the load, the
coupling is achieved by using the electric field. The block
scheme of a CWPT system is depicted in Fig. 1.
CWPT are gaining attention because of their advantages
over IWPT:
• Lower cost of charging infrastructure: instead of using
expansive coils inductors made from Litz wire, ferrite
bars and aluminum shielding, the CPWT system uses
cheap metallic plates [34].
• Absence of eddy currents: the IWPT systems are based
on the magnetic fields. If metal material is placed
closed to the coils, the transmission efficiency
decreases rapidly. In addition, the eddy currents
induced on the metal object heat the metal and can
produce a fire if flammable materials are closed [35].
• Smaller weight and dimensions: the cost of an IWPT is
significantly affected by the coils. Litz wires are
needed to reduce the skin and proximity effect losses
when coils are operated at high frequency, as in IPWT
devices. Expensive ferrite cores are needed to create a
978-8-8872-3749-8 ©2020 AEIT
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Salvatore Musumeci Fabio Corti
Politecnico di Torino University of Florence
Dipartimento Energia Dipartimento di Ingegneria
“G. Ferraris” (DENERG) dell’ Informazione (DINFO)
Torino, Italy Firenze, Italy
fabio.corti@unifi.it
high coupling between the coils and increase the
transmission efficiency. Finally, to bound the magnetic
field EMI, a metallic shield must be used [37].
Thus, the overall cost of a CWPT system results in lower
magnetic interferences, weights and costs than that of an
IWPT [8]-[16].
Main issue in CWPT is that at a large distance (above
some centimeters), the coupling capacitance is typically in
the picofarad range. Circuits implementing CWPT, like those
utilized for IWPT, require a combination of inductors and
capacitors to make the source converter to operate at a
reduced reactive power: the lower is the reactive power, the
lower is the circulating current and, consequently, power
losses are reduced [8]-[12], [20]-[24]. The low capacitance
values require the power converters to be operated at high
switching frequencies[4], [20] and [21] or large discrete
inductors and capacitors to be utilized in the resonant tanks.
The values and the size of these components are lower in
multiple LC cells are utilized [8].
Fig. 1. CWPT block schematic. The primary side is composed of a dedicated
power converter to energize the compensation LC network and the capacitor
plates. In the secondary side the capacitors plates are connected to a suitable
compensation network linked with a rectifier circuit.
Several compensation network solutions may be used to
obtain the required resonant tank. The main characteristics in
terms of resonant frequency, output power manage and
estimated efficiency based on the recent literature results are
shown in Table I.
The LCLC and CLLC compensations look the more
promising solution for electric vehicle charging application.
The LCLC based prototype presented in [17] results in a
90.7% efficiency when operated at 2.1 kW, with the two plates
at a 150 mm distance, while the CLLC based prototype
presented in [33] compensation reaches 89.3% efficiency
operating at 2.57 kW and 150 mm airgap. The design
procedure of the converter and the matching network is given
neglecting the inductor and capacitor equivalent series
resistances (ESRs). This is because the expression of these
circuit network functions such as voltage transfer function and
equivalent impedance are heavy and become cumbersome
when ESRs are considered. On the other hands ESRs
significantly affect the converter operation and their
neglection lead to inaccurate results.
The purpose of this paper is to provide a computer aided
analysis of the compensation network LCLC [17] and CLLC
[33] where parasitic elements are included.
The paper is organized as following. In section II the
electrical model of the capacitive power transfer system is
described. In section III the LCLC compensation network is
modelled and frequency analysis is carried out. In section IV (a)
the CLLC compensation network is modelled and frequency
analysis is carried out. Finally, in section V a comparative
discussion on the computer aid results are achieved to give
correct guidelines in CWPT design.

TABLE I. STATE OF ART OF THE CAPACITIVE POWER TRANSFER

SYSTEMS COMPENSATION NETWORK
Compensation Frequency Output Power
Ref. Efficiency
Topology (MHz) (kW) (b)
[16] LCL 1 1.88 85.8 %

[17] LCLC 1 2.4 90.8 %

[27] LC 13.56 0.88 91.3 %

[28] LCL-L 1 1.5 85.5 %

[29] L 1 0.35 74.1 %

[30] LC 1.5 0.35 72.3 %

(c)
[31] CL 1 1.5 84.47 %

[32] LC 6.78 1.2 74.70 %

[33] CLLC 1 2.57 89.3 %

II. ELECTRICAL MODEL OF CAPACITIVE POWER SYSTEM

In this paper it is assumed to design a system for a
(d)
horizontal CWPT system as shown in Fig. 2(a). As shown in
[37], the equivalent electrical circuit shown in Fig. 2(b) can be
reduced to that shown in Fig. 2(c) where

C A = C12 +
( C13 + C14 )( C23 + C24 ) (1)
C13 + C14 + C23 + C24

C B = C34 +
( C13 + C23 )( C14 + C24 ) (2) (e)
C13 + C14 + C23 + C 24
Fig. 2. CWPT scheme. (a) Horizontal capacitive wireless power transfer
plates. (b) Equivalent circuit of plates. (b) Equivalent π circuit of plates.
C13C24 − C14C23 (3) (d) Equivalent circuit of capacitive plates and a LCLC compensating
CM = network. (e) Equivalent circuit of capacitive plates and a CLLC
C13 + C14 + C23 + C24

If the distance dx between the plates P1-P2 and P3-P4 is
long enough, capacitances C12, C34, C14 and C23 can be
neglected. Assuming a symmetric system, and defining
C13 = C24 = C, (1), (2) and (3) reduce to CA = C/2, CB = C/2
and CM = C/2, respectively, leading to CT1 = CT2 = 0. Thus, the
equivalent electric circuit can be significantly simplified with
an equivalent capacitance CM ì= C/2 derived from the series
between the two plates. Fig. 1(d) an Fig. 1(e) shown the LCLC
and CLLC compensations topologies.
III. DESIGN OF COMPONENTS COMPENSATION
The values of components constituting the compensation
circuits, which allow to reach high transmission efficiency at
the desired operating condition for the LCLC and CLLC
compensations are given in [17] and [33], respectively. To
compare the two topologies, the same operating conditions
and filter component values are shown and summarized in
Tab. II.
IV. LCLC COMPENSATION ANALYSYS
The LCLC compensation topology is shown in Fig. 2(d).
In order to analyze the circuit behavior, the First Harmonic
Analysis (FHA) is used, studying the effect of only the first
harmonic of the rectangular voltage impressed from the
primary inverter.

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TABLE II. SYSTEM COSTRAINTS AND COMPONENTS VALUES higher values. Finally, the results shown in Fig. 3(c)
Parameter Value demonstrate that the parasitic resistances of the inductances
Lf1, Lf2, L1 and L2 have a nearly negligible influence on the
Operating Frequency fs 1 MHz
input impedance.
Nominal Load Resistance RL 10 Ω
Inductances Parasitic Resistances
ESRLf1, ESRLf2, ESRL1, ESRL2
100 mΩ B. Voltage Transfer Function
Amplitude of the Primary Voltage V1 300 V
Result of LCLC compensation voltage transfer function
Filtering Inductances Lf1, Lf2 11.6 µH
analysis arse shown in Fig. 4(a). An increment of the load
Firltering Capacitances Cf1, Cf2 2.18nF resistance produces an increment of the output voltage as
Resonant Inductances L1, L2 231 µH
shown in Fig. 3(a). Three resonant frequencies are observed,
while for low values of load resistance (green trace), a
Resonant Capacitances C1, C2 100 pF frequency bifurcation occurs leading to four resonant
frequencies centred with respect to the original resonant
frequency of 1 MHz. A low coupling capacitance leads to
A. Input Impedance Analysis
lower output voltage, as shown in Fig. 4(b). Finally, also the
One of the most important aspects in wireless power voltage transfer function is nearly not affected by parasitic
transmission is the equivalent impedance Zin. Its knowledge resistances of inductances as shown in Fig. 4(c).
is important to perform impedance matching and allow a
correct integration between the transmission circuit and the
converter.

(a)

(a)

(b)

(b)

(c)
Fig. 3. Amplitude and phase of the input impedance of LCLC compensation.
(a) Green RL=1 Ω, Blue RL =50 Ω, Red RL =100 Ω. (b) Green CM=8pF, Blue
CM =18pF, Red CM =28pF (c) Green ESRL=10mΩ, Blue ESRL =100mΩ, Red
ESRL =500mΩ.
Fig. 3 shows the results of the simulated frequency
analysis of the LCLC compensation circuit. Fig. 3(a) shows
that at low frequencies the equivalent impedance is
capacitive, and becomes inductive at high frequencies, while
it is resistive at fs = 1MHz, independently from the load
resistance (phase null). Fig. 3(b) shows that decreasing the
coupling capacitance CM, the resonant frequency moves to
(c)
Fig. 4. Amplitude and magnitude of the voltage transfer function of LCLC
compensation. (a) Green RL=1Ω, Blue RL =50 Ω, Red RL =100 Ω. (b) Green
CM =8pF, Blue CM =18pF, Red CM =28pF (c) Green ESRL =10mΩ, Blue
ESRL=100mΩ, Red ESRL =500mΩ.
C. Output Power and Efficiency
In Fig. 5, the output power and the efficiency are evaluated
under variations of load resistance RL, coupling capacitance
CM and parasitic resistances ESRL. As shown in Fig. 5(a), the
LCLC compensation acts approximately as a current source,
with an output power which increases linearly with the load
resistance. As expected, increasing the coupling between the
plates CM, the output power increases with an approximately

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constant efficiency, as shown in Fig. 5(b). Finally, from Fig.
5(c), it can be seen that the output power and the efficiency
are highly affected from the parasitic resistances as expected.
(a)
(b)
(c)
Fig. 5. Output power Po and efficiency ɳ for LCCL. (a) Variation of load
resistance RL. (b) Variation of coupling capacitance CM. (c) Variation of
inductances parasitic resistances ESRL.
V. CLLC COMPENSATION ANALYSIS
The circuit topology of the CLLC compensation is shown in
Fig. 2(e). The components values used to study the circuit are
the same as the LCLC topology given in Tab. II.
A. Input Impedance Analysis
The input impedance of the CLLC compensation is shown in
Fig. 6. As shown in Fig. 6(a), for high values of load
resistance (green and blue traces) the input resistance at
f=1MHz is purely resistive, leading to low reactive power and
high transmission efficiency, while for low values of load
resistance (i.e. green trace, RL=1Ω), the equivalent impedance
at f = 1MHz is resistive-capacitive.
Fig. 6(b) shows that an increment of the coupling capacitance
produces a shift towards lower frequencies of the first
resonant point. Finally, Fig. 6(c) shows that the ESRL does
not change significantly the input impedance Zin, as for the
LCLC compensation.
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(a)
(b)
(c)
Fig. 6. Amplitude and phase of the input impedance of CLLC compensation.
(a) Green RL=1 Ω, Blue RL =50 Ω, Red RL =100 Ω. (b) Green CM=8pF, Blue
CM =18pF, Red CM =28pF (c) Green ESRL=10mΩ, Blue ESRL =100mΩ, Red
ESRL =500mΩ.
B. Voltage Transfer Function
The voltage transfer function is studied in Fig. 7. Higher
values of load resistance RL produce a shift towards higher
values of the output voltage. As for the input impedance, also
for the transfer function the increment of the coupling
capacitance affects the first resonant frequency shifting it
towards lower values. Finally, the ESRL does not affect
significantly the transfer function.
C. Output Power and Efficiency
Results of the analysis of the output power and the efficiency
are shown in Fig. 8. Differently from the LCLC compensation,
the CLLC compensation does not behave as a current source.
The output power is maximized from an optimum value of
load resistance, as shown in Fig. 8(a). The increment of the
coupling capacitance CM produces an increment of both the
output power and the efficiency as shown in Fig. 8(b). Finally,
the reduction of transmitted power and efficiency due to
parasitic resistances is evaluated in Fig. 8(c).
 VI. CONCLUSION
In this paper the LCLC and CLLC compensations are studied
and compared. The input impedance and the voltage transfer
function are analysed around the design operating frequency.
The output power and the efficiency were studied under load
resistance, coupling and parasitic resistances variations. The
results highlight the behavior of the LCLC compensation as
an independent current source, increasing the transmitted
power approximately linearly with the load resistance. The
efficiency of the LCLC compensation does not increase with
the load resistance but it is maximized for an optimum value
of RL. On the other hand, the CLLC compensation exhibits an
(a)
optimum value of load resistance which maximize the output
power, while the efficiency increases for higher value of RL.
For both the compensations, the coupling capacitance increase
the transmitted power and efficiency.
The parasitic resistances do not affect significantly the input
impedance and the voltage transfer function but affect
significantly the transmitted power and efficiency.

(b)

(a)

(c)
Fig. 8. Output power Po and efficiency ɳ for CLLC. (a) Variation of load
resistance RL. (b) Variation of coupling capacitance CM. (c) Variation of
inductances parasitic resistances ESRL.

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