ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS THEORY

Chapter 2
Vector Analysis

Textbook : Fundamentals of Engineering Electromagnetics,

David K. CHENG

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Vector Representation
 Any vector A can be represented as
A = aAA
 A is the magnitude A= 𝐀 , it is a scalar.
 aA is a dimensionless unit vector.
 It has a unity magnitude and
 it specifies the direction of A.
𝐀 𝐀
𝐚𝑨 = =
𝐀 𝐴

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Vector Addition

 1. By the parallelogram rule

 2. By the head-to-tail rule: C = A +B = B + A

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 Vector Subtraction
A - B = A + (-B)
- -B is the negative of vector B.

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Multiplication

 Let A is a vector and k is scalar :

kA=aA(kA)

 the scalar or dot product

 the vector or cross product

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 • Scalar or Dot Product
A.B= |A||B|cos 𝜃𝐴𝐵 = ABcos 𝜃𝐴𝐵
 𝜃𝐴𝐵 : the smaller angle between A and B which is less than 𝜋
radians (180°)

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A.A = A2,

The magnitude of A vector :

A = |A|= + 𝐀. 𝐀

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 Vector or Cross Product
AB = anABsinAB
 AB : the smaller angle between A and B
 an : the unit vector in the direction of the resultant vector
(the right-hand rule).

𝐚𝐱 𝐚𝐲 𝐚𝐳
𝐀 × 𝐁 = −𝐁 × 𝐀 = 𝐴𝑥 𝐴𝑦 𝐴𝑧
𝐵𝑥 𝐵𝑦 𝐵𝑧

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 BsinAB : the height of the parallelogram
 ABsinAB : numerically equal to the area of the parallelogram.

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 Ex.2.1. Use vectors to prove the law of cosines for a triangle.
 The law of cosines is 𝐶 = 𝐴2 + 𝐵2 − 2𝐴𝐵 cos 𝛼

 Soln:

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 Products of Three Vectors
 1. Scalar triple product: A. (B  C) = (A.an)BCsin
(A, B, and C are three arbitrary vectors)
A. (B  C) = B.(CA) = C.(A  B)

 2. Vector triple product: A  (B  C)

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 Orthogonal Coordinate Systems

 Cartesian (or rectangular) coordinates

 Cylindrical coordinates
 Spherical coordinates

 Cartesian Coordinates : Unit vectors ax ay, and az are base vectors. For a
right-handed system

ax  ay = az (2-18a)
ay  az = ax (2-18b)
az  ax = ay (2-18c)
ax . ay = ay .az = ax .az = 0 (2-19)
ax . ax = ay .ay = az .az = 1 (2-20)

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 The position vector to the point P(x1,y1,z1) is the vector drawn from the
origin O to P

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Cartesian Coordinates

 The differential area is a vector with a direction normal to the surface as

ds = an.ds
dsx = dydz, dsy = dxdz, dsz = dxdy

(Another point of view)

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 The dot product of A and another vector B = axBx + ayBy + azBz is

 or

 The cross product of A and B is

 or in determinant form

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Example:

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Example:

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Example:

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 Cylindrical Coordinates (r, , z)

FIGURE 2-10 Cylindrical coordinates. (a) A circular cylindrical surface, a half- plane with the z-axis as an edge, and a plane
perpendicular to the z-axis. (b) Intersection of the cylindrical surface and the two planes in (a) specifies the location of a point P.
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Vector differential length in cylindrical coordinates :

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 Cylindrical Coordinates (Another Point of View)

 Vector in cylindrical coordinates : A = arAr + aA + azAz

 Vectors in cylindrical coordinates can be transformed in Cartesian
coordinates.
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 Example: Express A = arAr + aA+ azAz, in Cartesian coordinates as
A = axAx + ay Ay + azAz, and determine Ax, Ay, and Az.
Az is not changed.
Ax = A. ax = Arar.ax + Aa.ax (az.ax = 0)
ar.ax = cos 𝜙
𝜋
a.ax = cos( + 𝜙) = − sin 𝜙
2
Then
 𝐴𝑥 = 𝐴𝑟 cos 𝜙 − 𝐴𝜙 sin 𝜙

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 Similarly,

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• In matrix form:

• Transformation of vector componentsin cylindrical coordinates to

Cartesian coordinates

• Transformation of the location of a point in cylindrical coordinates

to Cartesian coordinates

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Spherical Coordinates (R, , )

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 For a right-handed system,

 Vector in spherical coordinates :

 Vector differential length :

 Differential volume :

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FIGURE 2-13 (a) Spherical
surface, a right circular cone, and a
half-plane containing the z-axis.
(b) Intersection of the sphere, the
cone, and the half-plane in (a)
specifies the point P.

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Equations that transform spherical
coordinate variables to Cartesian
coordinate variables :

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