the leading electrical & electronics monthly

VOL 13 z ISSUE NO. 7 z MARCH 2022 PGS. 100 ISSN 0970-2946 z Rs. 100/-

Poised for
growth and Transformation
India’s Transformer
Industry

ieema@75
Celebrating 75th year
of IEEMA’s journey

30 46 60 84

Budget Analysis : Provisions for boosting Domestic Industry

In Focus : True “HOT SPOT” temperature of Transformers
Guest Article : Challenges in Transformers for Solar PV Plants COVID-19
Power Sector Updates : MoP notifies Green Hydrogen Policy Stay Safe
March 2022 3
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 RMA
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since

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March 2022 5
From the President’s Desk
Dear Friends,
We are nearing the end of the financial year
2021-2022 and the sector is showing signs of
revival already.
The Govt of India is focussing on Energy Transition
in a big way.
h The Union Budget 2022 was forward looking
with a clear focus on energy transition and
sustainability amongst other things. The
boost to solar energy, storage, battery and
e-mobility will pave way for achieving India’s
commitment on tackling clean energy and
climate change.
h The Prime Minister has called for developing
a Vision 2047 for India with aspirations of
creating a Future ready India as a significant
part of the global supply chain, creating
domestic global champions.
h IEEMA participated in the Vision building
exercise of Dept of Heavy Industries, Govt of
India, and presented an overview of Vision
2047 for the electrical and allied electronics
industry:
6 March 2022
h 8x growth in per capita energy
consumption from 1200 to 10000
units
h Energy Transition led by transportation
with EV and storage and Green
Hydrogen value chain to be projected
to emerge as global champion
segments
h 3% share in GDP from current 0.85%
of electrical & allied electronics sector
We will be sharing this Vision with other Ministries
as well.
We are now organising physical events again.
We have announced Distribuelec and Buildelec
in May 2022. I invite our members and industry
to be part of these events to showcase their
technologies and innovations.
Thank you
Vipul Ray
Samvaad...
Dear Members,
On 25th February 2022, IEEMA entered its 75th
year of existence. The platinum year celebration
kicked off virtually with addresses by our Guests of
Honour Shri Vivek Dewangan, Additional Secretary,
Ministry of Power, Govt of India and Shri Jeetendra
Singh, Joint Secretary, Ministry of Heavy Industries,
Govt of India. A special address was delivered by
Prof Prabhat Ranjan, Vice Chancellor, and DY Patil
International University. While IEEMA unveiled
an overview of Vision 2047 and announced its
collaboration with Indian Green Building Council
(IGBC).
The glorious journey of 75 years began in the
year 1948 when eight Indian companies formed
Indian Electrical Manufacturers’ Association (IEMA)
in Kolkata. IEMA eventually became ‘IEEMA’ when
it started serving the Electronics industry as well in
1986. Today, the Association is recognised as the
first point of reference for anything pertaining to
Power and Electrical Equipment.
To commemorate this, we have planned a year-
long series of events and programmes to mark
the 75th anniversary of IEEMA. Beginning this
month, we will conduct webinars on opportunities
March 2022
for electrical industry in Electric Vehicle segment
and on Cyber Security perspective in digital
transformation of electricity infrastructure. Next in
line will be the Start-up Conclave in collaboration
with VJTI, in March. This Conclave will provide an
opportunity for industry to understand the nature
of technology-based innovation, products and
services being developed by start-ups.
Other significant events of IEEMA viz Distribuelec
and Buildelec will be conducted from 25-27 May,
2022 at BIEC Bengaluru. Energise Empower East
(E3) is scheduled for June, 2022. The 2nd edition
of Trafotech DT on 6 May, 2022, while technical
conferences like Cablewire and Metering India
will be held in the months of August and
November, respectively.
The 75th year celebration will conclude with the
15th edition of ELECRAMA to be held in February
2023.
I urge you to share your feedback and suggestions
to mark this 75th year of IEEMA.
Charu Mathur
7
 leading electrical and electronics monthly

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in countries like Japan, Taiwan, Australia, Germany,
Spain, China, Italy, Malaysia, Korea, US, France, For Advertisement: For Subscription:
Contact:Nihar Chawalla Contact:Chitra Tamhankar
UK etc and also to a number of technical institutes, nihar.chawalla@ieema.org E-mail:chitra.tamhankar@ieema.org
marketing.ieemajournal@ieema.org 501, Kakad Chambers, 132, Dr. Annie Besant Road,
libraries
8 and other subscribers in overseas countries. March 2022Worli, Mumbai 400018, INDIA
Tel:+91 - 22-24930532
March 2022 9
Contents

the leading electrical & electronics monthly

Volume 13 Issue No. 7 March 2022 CIN U99999MH1970GAP014629

OfÀcial Organ of Indian Electrical & Electronics Manufacturers’ Association
Member: The Indian Newspaper Society

6
41
From the President’s
Desk
7
Samvaad
14
IEEMA@75
IEEMA enters into its 75th Year of
existence

Poised for growth and Transformation

IEEMA enters into its 75th Year of existence
India’s Transformer Industry
On 25th Feb 2022 IEEMA entered 20 36
into its 75th year existence, the
same was celebrated through grand
Cover Story In depth
celebration in terms of and inciting Poised for growth and Percentage Impedance (% Z) –
exchange of ideas and thoughts Transformation – India’s
from eminent speakers and guest
An Important Design Parameter
Transformer Industry of Transformer
and honour of the occasion
Mr Vivek K Dewangan, IAS, Transformers form the core of
Additional Secretary, Ministry of power systems across the world.
Power and Mr Jeetendra Singh, As electrical grids become more
Joint Secretary, Ministry of Heavy complex with renewable energy Percentage
Impedance (% Z) –
Industries. integration.
An Important
Design Parameter
16 30 of Transformer

WIP Initiative Budget Analysis The transformer, being a key element

#BreakTheBias – International Budget 2022 focusses on in the transmission and distribution
Women’s Day 2022 campaign theme enabling Energy Transition of electrical energy, understanding
The potential within us, is way greater than the
obstacles around.
through Provisions for Boosting its speciÀed parameters is of
Domestic Industry - IEEMA utmost importance for power
engineers. The most important
Indian Electrical and Electronics
Manufacturers Association (IEEMA) design parameter of the transformer
#BreakTheBias welcomed the Union Budget is the percentage impedance % Z
International Women’s Day 2022 campaign theme
announced by the Hon’ble Union (Leakage Impedance).
The Women in Power Committee, Finance Minister Smt Nirmala
IEEMA wishes you all a very Happy Sitharaman and termed it as
International Women’s Day 2022! progressive and growth oriented.

For suggestions and feedback please write to us on shalini.singh@ieema.org

10 March 2022
Contents

46 46
InFocus
In Focus
True “HOT SPOT” temperature of True
Transformers: A diagnostic tool in
conjunction with DGA-A case-study “HOT SPOT” temperature
thereof. of Transformers :
“HOT SPOT Temperature” is the A diagnostic tool
maximum temperature occurring
in conjunction with
in any part of the winding insulation
system. DGA-A
case-study thereof
60
Guest Article
Challenges in terminal arrangements 63 69
of multiple winding inverter duty
transformers for solar PV plants Expert speak Events and eventualities
Step by step brief guide to Case Studies on
Challenges in Prevent SHOCK AND FIRE
Transformer’s Abnormal
Terminal Arrangements of Multiple Winding in Electrical installation by
Inverter Duty Transformers for Solar PV Plants
Device Earth Leakage Circuit Situation (Part-13)
breaker 30mA (ELCB 30mA) CASE STUDIES

and testing of ELCB tester

As per basic principle of a Solar
power plant, the source energy is
converted to DC supply by using
photovoltaic (PV) cells. Inverters are
1. Indian Standards for electrical
installation are as per IEC standards.
The electrical installation must be
done as per Indian Standards or
regulations otherwise shock and Àre
International Electrical Commission On Transformer’s Abnormal Situation (Part-13)

used to covert the generated DC to (IEC) standards: based in Geneva,

AC which onward is connected to
the power grid by stepping it up
popularly known, solar inverter duty
ansformer.
Step by step brief guide to
Prevent
SHOCK AND FIRE
in Electrical installation by Device
Earth Leakage Circuit breaker
30mA (ELCB 30mA) and testing of
ELCB tester
Switzerland. Indian Electrical LAST FEW MONTHS the CASE
Standards are as per IEC standards. STUDIES on TRANSFORMER’s
They develop electrical standards Abnormal situation is getting
and are followed in the world. published under the section of
EVENT and EVENTUAL series.
Readers especially from Àeld units
63 are accepting this series because
of its presentation approach is
based on the actual situations,
observations, action taken on the
subject with recommendations for
the future reference.
76
IEEMA Activities

March 2022 11
Contents

550+ crore orders in Domestic Editorial Board

81
T&D Market for their Power Advisory Committee
Founder Chairman Chairman
ERDA Transmission business Mr R G Keswani Vipul Ray
Members
Ind-Ra
 maintains ‘neutral’ Mr J. Pande Editor

83 outlook for power sector Mr. Krishna Kumar Ms Charu Mathur

Mr. A Naveen Kumar
Mr. Sanjay Abhyankar
Advertiser’s Index Mr. Sandeep Zanzariya Sub Editor
90 Mr. Ashish Tondon Ms Shalini Singh
Ms. Sonal Gariba
84 Power Scenario Circulation Incharge
Ms Chitra Tamhankar
Global Scenario
International News Indian Scenario
Statistics & Data
Incharge
Designed by:
ReÁections
Processed at:
Solar Developer Has Plan to Mr Ninad Ranade
India Printing Works
Turn Oil Wells Into Energy
92 Regd OfÀce - Mumbai
Storage 501, Kakad Chambers, 132, Dr A Besant Road,

Siemens Gamesa Will Supply IEEMA Database Worli, Mumbai 400 018.
Phones: +91(0) 22 24930532 / 6528
Turbines for Polish Offshore Basic Prices & Indices
Fax: +91(0) 22 2493 2705
Email: nihar.chawalla@ieema.org
Wind Farms Production Statistics Corporate OfÀce - New Delhi
Prayagraj Power Generation Rishyamook Building, First Áoor,
Company inks MoU with ZaaK 84 85 A, Panchkuian Road, New Delhi 110001.Phones:
+91 (0) 11-23363013, 14, 16
Technologies for Upcycling Ash Fax: +91 (0) 11-23363015
to Sustainable Sand Material Power Sector Updates Email: delhi@ieema.org

Branch OfÀce - Bengaluru

Ministry of Power notiÀes
86 204, Swiss Complex, 33, Race Course Road,
Green Hydrogen/ Green Bengaluru 560 001.
Phones: +91 (0) 80 2220 1316 / 1318
National News Ammonia Policy Fax: +91 (0) 80 220 1317
Email: bangalore@ieema.org
Kerala Government collaborates
Branch OfÀce - Kolkata
with Social Alpha for developing 503 A, Oswal Chambers,
StartupEcosystem in the area ‹‹•–”›‘ˆ‘™‡”‘–‹ϐ‹‡•
2, Church Lane, Kolkata 700 001.
Phones: +91 (0) 33 2213 1326
of Clean Energy and Climate Green Hydrogen / Green Ammonia Policy Fax: +91 (0) 33 2213 1326
Action Email: kolkata@ieema.org

Website: www.ieema.org
PFC bestowed with the
Articles: Technical data presented and views
prestigious “ICAI Award expressed by authors of articles are their own and
for Excellence in Financial IEEMA does not assume any responsibility for the
same. IEEMA Journal owns copyright for original
Reporting” articles published in IEEMA Journal.
A Major Policy Enabler by Representatives:
Mitsubishi Power builds
Government for production of Guwahati (Assam) - Nilankha Chaliha
hydrogen park to test next-gen Email: nilankha.chaliha@ieema.org
Green Hydrogen/ Green Ammonia Mobile: +91 9706389965
technologies Chandigarh (Punjab & Haryana)
using Renewable sources of energy Reema Shrivastava
Email: reema.shrivastava@ieema.org
Government of India sets policy
88 Mobile: +91 9910047001
for Electric Vehicle charging Jaipur (Rajasthan)
Devesh Vyas
Corporate News stations Email: devesh.vyas@ieema.org
Mobile: +91 8955093854
ERDA receives prestigious
 Applications invited for Ànancial Bhubaneshwar (Odisha)
Smruti Ranjan Samantaray
contract from IntelliSmart (Govt. support to Indian companies Email: smrutiranjan.samantaray@ieema.org
of India) for evaluation of Smart with indigenous technologies Mobile: +91 9437189920
Hyderabad (Andhra Pradesh)
Meters in India in semiconductor & sensors Jesse A Inaparthi
Email: jesse.inaparthi@ieema.org
HOP Electric Mobility expands
 sector for c ommercialization Mobile: +91 9949235153
footprint to 54 cities in India; Srinagar (Jammu & Kashmir)
Mohammad Irfan Parray
inaugurates Ten new Experience Email: irfan.parray@ieema.org
Centres 98 Mobile: +91 9858455509

Godrej
 & Boyce wins INR Sparks Sans Shocks For subscription queries write to:
chitra.tamhankar@ieema.org

Edited, Printed and published by Ms. Charu Mathur on behalf of Indian Electrical and Electronics Manufacturers’ Association, and Printed at India Printing Works,
India Printing House, 42, G. D. Ambekar Road, Wadala, Mumbai 400 031 and Published at 501, Kakad Chambers,132, Dr. Annie Besant Road, Worli, Mumbai 400 018.

12 March 2022
March 2022 13
IEEMA@75

IEEMA enters into its 75th Year of existence

Shri Jeetendra Singh, Joint Secretary, Ministry of Heavy Industries Shri Vivek K Dewangan, IAS, Additional Secretary, Ministry of Power
sharing his thoughts addressing the industry

On 25th Feb 2022 IEEMA entered into its 75th year of with Indian Green building council.
existence, The platinum year celebration kicked off
The virtual event witnessed the presence of more
virtually with inciting exchange of ideas and thoughts
than 200 people including IEEMA members and past
from eminent speakers and guest of honour of the
presidents of IEEMA.
occasion, Shri Vivek K Dewangan, IAS, Additional
Secretary, Ministry of Power and Shri Jeetendra Singh,
Joint Secretary, Ministry of
Heavy Industries. A special
address was also delivered
by Prof Prabhat Ranjan, Vice
Chancellor, and DY Patil
International University. On
this occasion IEEMA also
announced collaboration

14 March 2022
March 2022 15
IEEMA WIP initiative
The potential within us, is way greater than the
obstacles around.
#BreakTheBias
International Women’s Day 2022 campaign theme
The Women in Power Committee, IEEMA wishes you all a very Happy
International Women's Day 2022!
his Day is not only for women, but also for society
T in general to respect and recognize women’s
contributions. The world may not need a particular day
to celebrate Women’s Day, but showing gratefulness can
never go in vain, where women are acknowledged and
appreciated for all their hard work, efforts to maintain
lives of others and have indeed shown huge courage
16
in breaking rigid stereotypes.
We must eventually progress to a gender-equal world.A
world free of bias, stereotypes, and discrimination.A
world that is diverse, equitable, and inclusive.A world
where difference is valued and celebrated. Collectively
we can all #BreakTheBias.
Kick Start Deliberations on
“Sustainability & Carbon
Neutrality”
We are closely aligned to the International
Women’s Day 2022 theme, “Gender
equality today for a sustainable tomorrow”
and #BreakTheBias, that recognizes and
celebrates the contribution of women and
girls around the world, who are working
to change the climate of gender equality
and build a sustainable future, and IEEMA
March 2022
March 2022 17
IEEMA WIP initiative
through the launch of the Women in Power Chapter
is giving a thrust to diversity and inclusion across all
sectors.
And on this August occasion on Women’s Day, I
would take the opportunity to share my thoughts on a
Topic where my passion and purpose unite: Kick Start
Deliberations on “Sustainability & Carbon Neutrality”.
Against the backdrop of turbulence in 2020 from the
coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic, social and political
unrest, and economic downturn, one Àeld emerged
stronger than before: sustainability.In simple terms, the
Sustainable Development Goals (SDG’s) are a ‘to do list
for the planet that will transform the world’. They are a
blueprint to achieve a better and more sustainable future
for all. They address the global challenges we face,
including poverty, Gender inequality, climate change,
environmental degradation, peace and justice.
This bring back the memories of October 21, just a
day before “Digielec Bharat 2021-Positioning India
for the Global Market Place” Launch, where I was
the Session Chair for the Conference “Zero Ban Gaya
Hero”; there was a constructive Brainstorm during the
Press Conference debating on what Net Zero Targets
India would commit to and whether is would be justiÀed
for a Developing Nation perspective and so on.
And in November 21, COP-26 in Glasgow, India
announced net-zero emissions commitment by 2070.
The role of the industry to combat climate challenge is
of paramount importance,and we have a responsibly to
achieve the same with a supportive ecosystem.
The same was reiterated in January 22, during the
enlightening visioning Exercise of IEEMA experts
with Ministry of Heavy Industries and other Team during
18
the @IndiaVision2047 exercise, where we partner
the clean energy transformation goals of India, while
growing per capita consumption, by becoming fully
self-reliant and taking a leadership position in emerging
technologies aligned with initiatives like #AtmaNirbhar
Bharat and #MakeinIndia. Sustainability and Carbon
Neutrality is the Fabric that would weave the entire
Industry in terms of Process, Operations, Product,
Technologies, Services, Businesses, Utilitiesranging
from Green Hydrogen, EV, Renewables, Green
Buildings, Carbon Tax, Academia Collaboration, Start-
Ups, Skill Building, Sustainability Audits, Circular
Economy, Waste Management and so on. This Vision’s
interesting highlights and Way Ahead was deliberated
to all Stakeholders during the remarkable IEEMA
foundation day Celebration Event 'IEEMA@75 years' in
Feb 22.
Also, the Union Budget 2022-23 announcements in
Feb 22 by Hon’ble Finance Minister,involved Inclusive
Development, Productivity Enhancement & Investment,
Sunrise opportunities, Energy Transition, Climate
Action, Financing of investments. Introduction of Digital
Rupee by the Reserve Bank of India starting 2022-23,
would again be interesting from the integration and
operational aspects.
In today’s ever-evolving world, debating whether to
incorporate sustainability into business strategy is no
longer an option. Considering a values-driven approach
when developing business strategies can be vital to
long-term success.
The primary goal of businesses has historically been
to make a proÀt. Today, however, the world is highly
complex, and businesses’ goals have changed.
Leaders and purpose-driven professionals are
starting to value far more than just their companies’
economic responsibilities; they also value their ethical,
philanthropic, and environmental responsibilities.
Sustainability is one such aspect that’s become critical
to how companies operate and impact society.
By keeping Three Ps”: People, Planet, and ProÀt in
mind, a business can measure how well it’s doing in
its sustainability efforts and can ensure they don’t get
overshadowed by proÀt alone.
Stay tuned for exciting activities and thought-provoking
programmes around Sustainability & Carbon Neutrality
and many more topics from IEEMA and the WIP Chapter.
Hope you make International Women’s Day your day
and do what you can to truly make a positive difference
for women around you.
Wishing everyoneHappy and Unbiased times ahead „
Dr. Shivani Sharma,
Principal Technical Consultant,
Power Consulting, Grid Integration, Hitachi Energy
India Ltd, &
Member, Women in Power Committee, IEEMA.
March 2022
March 2022 19
CoverStory

Poised for growth and Transformation

India’s Transformer Industry
ransformers form the core of power systems across the world. As electrical grids become
T more complex with renewable energy integration, growth in decentralised generation,
penetration of electric vehicles and rise in digital loads, utilities are increasingly augmenting
their transformation capacity as well as adopting newer transformer technologies.
India’s transformation capacity has grown signiÀcantly over the years. IEEMA Journal speaks
to experts of the industry to get an insight into the opportunities and challenges prevailing in
the sector.

2200 March
Maarcch 2022
M 220022
22
CoverStory
Mr Neeraj Goyal
Chairman, IEEMA Power Transformer
Division and Sr. GM Operations / Chairman
IEEMA Power Transformer Division,
Schneider Electric Infrastructure Ltd.
What is the current market size of Power
transformers in India? What is the growth
trend?
The power transformer industry during pre COVID
periods was growing at marginal rate of 3-4% averaging
at around 220000MVA for 3-4 years. The output on
account of COVID due to various impacts saw a dip
of about 30% in the past 2 years. But the industry has
shown signs of revival with a good pick up in the 2nd
half of 2021. Going forward with the push on renewables
and higher capex deployment by GOI in various sectors
and the rise in raw material prices, power transformer
industry is expected to grow at the rate of 10-12% for
the next few years.
How do you see the Indian transformer
manufacturers gaining foothold in global
markets?
Indian manufacturers have all the resources in terms
of technology, knowledge base and manufacturing set
up. We are already manufacturing the largest rating
transformers in the world both in terms of MVA and
voltage classes.
To compete with the international market, we as an
industry must make sure that our manufactured good
must be at par in quality in comparison with the quality
and workmanship of goods in International Market. In
this era of globalization, quality is the only sustainable
option to competing in the international market.
We must develop a thorough understanding of global
standards, put all the desired certiÀcations and testing
in place, develop a supply chain with quality awareness
and assure a robust and validated engineering and
manufacturing process.
March 2022
What are the key benefits of digital
transformers (in terms of efficiency,
reliability and reduction in transformer
failure rates) vis-a-vis conventional ones?
Power transformer being the vital and expensive
equipment in the system, special attention is given
during service to keep the transformer running reliably
and in a trouble-free manner.
The on-line monitoring systems for critical components
such as bushings and tap changers which are many
times responsible for transformer failures are proving
to be handy in taking advance corrective steps to
avoid major catastrophic failures. Online dissolved Gas
analysis monitoring (DGA), partial discharge monitoring
tools, predict much in advance any issues concerning
electrical health of the transformer there by avoiding
major breakdown in the systems. Wireless transmission
of signals from such devices can help customers
monitor the health of their units in their control centres
and take corrective steps as an when necessary much
in advance. Monitoring of loading level and other basic
parameters such as temperature, oil level digitally helps
customers manage their equipment allocation better
by distributing these in accordance with the loading at
different load centres.
What are some of the other promising
technology trends in the transformer market?
One promising trend is shifting of power generation
towards renewable energy sources which presents
a huge opportunity for growth in power transformer
industry. The present installed generation in the country
is around 90 GW from renewables and the GOI has
made an ambitious plan of reaching 450 GW by 2030.
Execution of these projects should lead to a huge
surge in demand for power transformers and electrical
equipment. While this uptick in demand is welcome,
issues such as intermittent loading (Subjecting
equipment to sudden and large load variations) and
geographical locations (Which are more prone to
frequent faults) must be addressed. The industry must
understand such aspects and deÀne suitable measures
to mitigate the same adequately.
Digitization systems for transformer monitoring
parameters such as oil, winding, DGA, partial discharges,
moisture etc. are being frequently deployed. Integrated
systems are being used rapidly to have online tracking
and monitoring of these parameters from a remote
location.
The industry is also moving towards development of
transformers aligning with the objective of making grid
carbon neutral by achieving reduction
in carbon emissions through the entire life cycle
management, enhanced energy efÀciency, use of
recyclable materials & automated systems resulting
21
CoverStory

quality as a lever along with the cost to evaluate the true

value of a bid.
Going forward, the growth prospects for the power
transformer industry look bright and it is expected to
grow at the rate of 10-12% on the back of strong push
for renewables and capex deployment in key sectors
by the GOI.
The beneÀts accrued to distribution industry due
in enhanced safety for the people. The efforts are also implementation of BIS standardization scheme can
on for development of transformers for better GRID also be replicated in power transformers through
management in terms of grid stability, voltage regulation mandatory implementation of CEA Power Transformers
& fault management. standardization manual. This will result in improving
Environmentally friendly ester oil is being extended to both qualitative and operational aspects of the business
more special applications and large voltage classes. a great deal.
Digitization initiatives in various areas as described
What is your outlook for Power Transformers previously should help reduce outages, create an
in India? effective advance problem feedback loop for compiling
and implementing learnings to improve reliability &
The last few years for the power transformer industry reduce failure rate of our products.
have not been good due to demand falling short
of capacity. The present capacity in the country for We as an industry must be engaged in training
power transformer is at about 300000 MVA whereas and developing our work force through systematic
demand is hovering at around 220000 MVA with an deployment of knowledge dispersion programs at all
average growth rate of 3-4% for the past 3-4 years in levels of the businesses. This will go a long way in
the pre COVID period. Things worsened further with creating a long-lasting impact in the entire value chain.
output dipping to 160000MVA due to impact on entire
supply chain created by COVID in terms of scarce raw
material supplies, stalling of projects, logistics issues,
manpower migration etc. This led to serious capacity
under utilization and threated to jeopardize the Ànancial
viability of the enterprise(s).
Apart from above, the industry faced delayed payments
from utilities, contractors and industrial customers
leading to cash and liquidity issues. The astonishing
increase in material prices led to material costs going
above sale price for orders with Àrm price contracts.
The industry also faced and is still facing the challenge
of making customers respect the IEEMA PVC pricing for
contracts with variable prices. In many cases the PVC
clause was partly accepted with a ceiling leading to Mr P Ramachandran
signiÀcant cash loss for manufacturers. The acceptance
of IEEMA PVC tool unconditionally is the need of the
Specialist, Power Transformers
hour for the industry to viably execute pipeline orders.
Due to severe liquidity crunch faced, the industry has How do you see the Indian transformer
been demanding replacement of BGs with corporate manufacturers gaining foothold in global
guarantees which if accepted, can ease to some extent
the liquidity issues.
markets?
Indian transformers are getting good foothold in
Apart from price rises, availability of key raw materials
Australia, Africa and South America. This will continue
such as CRGO is a major problem being faced by
in the coming years too. Local contacts and prompt
the industry. Non availability of CRGO to the extent of
servicing will be critical for these faraway markets to
35% caused delay in projects under execution leading
understand customer requirements and expectations.
to LD in many contracts. In view of this, all efforts to
Proactive measures for quick transport and hassle-free
encourage manufacturing CRGO in the country must
installation will be important for transformer export.
be made to have an indigenous CRGO manufacturing.
Trouble free transformer operation during the guarantee
There is also a strong need to review the present L1 period and high reliability, thereafter is a must with the
bidding process to make it more inclusive by using export jobs.

22 March 2022
March 2022 23
CoverStory

What the government can do to improve brought into grids from renewables. Therefore, digital
technologies can also provide a good contribution in
global competitiveness of the transformer the grid integration of renewable energies.
industry?
To achieve and maintain global competitiveness, What are some of the other promising
strong R &D work on transformers is required to technology trends in the transformer market?
make available the technologies for designing and
manufacturing transformers. Expenses for developing Some of the future trends are automated fool-proof
or purchasing latest design software required for design software, semi-automated winding and core
analysis may be difÀcult to be borne by a single lamination building, optimisation of drying processes;
transformer manufacturer. Optimisation and reliability better on site building technologies to reduce repair
improvements can be achieved only by technical and transport cost, remote on-line monitoring and
development through dedicated R&D. self-correction through embedded sensors; remote
guidance for condition assessment, maintenance and
Government may support to establish a dedicated troubleshooting, using augmented reality. Stable and
transformer R&D centre attached jointly by ERDA and environment friendly insulating Áuids, nano materials
MS University at Vadodara, the transformer capital of and technologies in manufacturing.
India. China already has two such centres for transformer
development, attached to universities. Government can
offer tax beneÀts for the money spent by transformer What is your outlook for Power
manufacturers for the R&D work and routine work got
done at this centre of excellence, using specialised
Transformers in India?
software maintained by the centre. Outlook for transformer industry is bright in
India considering the huge addition in power
India being a superpower in IT, this centre should
generation capacity that will be required to
also develop low-cost transformer software for export
replace the fossil fuels, now being used for steam
to the global industry. Centre can also develop better
generation and transportation. Export potential
transformer manufacturing machinery and tools in
is also good considering the advantages that
collaboration with the transformer manufacturers
the country is having in areas of IT and labour
located in this city.
plus the economies of scales through the huge
Another area where this centre can contribute is in in-land market.
digitalization – in design, manufacturing, monitoring
and maintenance of transformers.
Government should select, guide and support a steel
mill to make best quality CRGO (Arcellor Mitall Nippon
Steel Ltd, Hazira) and an oil reÀnery ( eg Reliance) to
make insulating oil, to meet Indian and export markets.

What are the key benefits of digital

transformers (in terms of efficiency,
reliability and reduction in transformer
failure rates) vis-a-vis conventional ones?
Digital transformers will bring reduction in repair cost
from the early detection of incipient faults, reduction
of revenue loss from unanticipated problems and
outages, reduction of catastrophic failures, reduced
cooler losses by controlling cooler operation based
on live load monitoring. It is claimed that digitalization
will reduce the risk of serious failures by 50 per cent
and reduce repair costs by up to 75 per cent because it
allows problems to be addressed earlier while they still
can be Àxed.
Digital technologies allow customers to not only see
the loading on the transformers, but allows them to
make informed decisions based on loading conditions
and predicted in-feeds based on all of the variables

24 March 2022
CoverStory
Mr Sanjib Mitra
Chief Operating OfÀcer, Industry, EPC &
Export , Transformers & RectiÀers (I) Ltd.
What is the market size of Power transform-
ers in India? what is the growth trend?
Power Transformers are one of the most essential
Electrical Equipment to meet the demand supply gaps
in any developing nation. India being in top 5 world
economy, and 3rd largest producer of electricity, ¿nding
a great demand for electricity since last 10 years. With
an installed capacity of 395 GW and Govt. initiative of
Co2 Free Power Generation, there is huge focus on
Solar and Wind Power Generation. Solar alone added
50 GW in last 5 years, the Railways initiative of replacing
all Diesel Loco by Electric Engine by 2030 and speeding
up the Mail and Express Trains from 125 KMph to
160 Kmph, there is heavy investment in Trackside
substations. The Power Transformer Market size is
approx.. 29 billion USD globally. By 2030 it is expected
to cross 50 billion USD at a CAGR of 7.5%
Power Transformers are the basic medium for power
Àow between generating station and transmission
networks. With the global awareness on Co2 Free
Power Generations, there is a huge drive on renewables
& non-conventional energy resources. To connect these
renewable energy substations to the existing 220 kV &
400 kV lines, new Power Stations are required for load
Àow. In addition, connectivity to smart grids are also a
challenge for smooth power evacuation up to the load
end. More ef¿cient power transmission line as well as
March 2022
Power Transformers having capabilities to connect to
UHV & HVDC have become potential solutions.
How do you see the Indian transformer
manufacturers gaining foothold in global
markets?
India has developed large power transformer
manufacturing facilities in last 2 decades, Global Power
Transformer Giants have already established their
manufacturing facilities in India to meet up the global
demands. Sourcing from India has become a culture
for developing nations to meet up their rising power
demands. With superior technology and state of the art
manufacturing facility for Transformer manufacturing
blended with MAKE IN INDIA awareness, Indian
Transformers are recognised globally among the top
rank list holders for quality and reliability of operation.
Now a days, MAKE IN INDIA Transformers are globally
acknowledged. Advantage of lower labour cost and
adequate availability of experienced and talented
engineering staff makes INDIA as the choice for
Global customers as a competitive source for POWER
TRANSFORMERS
What can the government do to improve global
competitiveness of the transformer industry?
More export oriented Govt Policies will help INDIA to
grab higher foot prints in Global Market. INDIA is solely
dependent on imported silicon steel which is one of the
key raw material for Power Transformer. Govt. to explore
easy, economic and fast sourcing of CRGO steel to
boost up Power Transformer manufacturing. The high
Áuctuations of cost of raw materials are a challenge
to these Industries and there lies the key to Ànd some
alternatives. International treaty with more nos of
countries can be another initiave for free trades and
prefertial purchase. Restricted entry of supply of grain
oriented electrical steel (GOES) must be a fundamental
instrument for national security, foreign policy and
economy to avoid supply chain risk. India must evolve
as a trusted source of supplier in global sourcing
chain. Ease of imports of HRC can make INDIAN GOES
producers to pass on the beneÀts to Indian Transformer
manufacturers for global competition.
25
CoverStory
What role can technologies like digital
transformers play in their digitalisation
efforts?
Power Transformers are the most important devices
in a Transmission Network. For Grid Networks, it is
essential that the Power Flow remains un-interrupted
with time and the Transformer is manufactured almost
on a zero maintenance concept. With adoption of smart
technology, the LOAD FLOW ANALYSIS becomes
Power Flow can be measured
What are the key benefits of digital
transformers (in terms of efficiency,
reliability and reduction in transformer
failure rates) vis-a-vis conventional ones?
The biggest advantage is the predictive maintenance
which can save such key devices from failure. The
comprehensive pre fault & post fault analysis through
scada connected numerical bay controllers not only
monitor the power qualities but also generate digital
alerts & signals on predictive health performance of
these Transformers, in addition to advance detection of
major faults , the smart components/ instruments can
project life of insulations , oil ageing & some important
information in a logarithmic scale. The smart grid
data base management system are these key data
which helps grid isolation & grid islanding at the most
unexpected event & thus save Transformers from major
line fault , bus fault or grid failure inrush.
What are some of the other promising
technology trends in the transformer market?
Now a days, as a part of predictive maintenance,
Nitrogen Gas kits are installed with almost all important
Transformers to save them from ¿re which may evolve
from insulation failure or inter turn short circuits. The
online DGA system also monitor the health of oil which
in the most essential dynamic component in a Power
Transformer for dielectric as well as cooling.
What is your outlook for Power Transformers
in India?
India Market is ever rising for Power Transformers, mainly
due to focused development in Infrastructure & Govt.
Initiative in Renewable energy sector, the transmission
networks are revamped with new substations & new
distribution channels. The upsurge in steel plant ,
addition in capacities of reÀneries & petrochemicals,
FDI in manufacturing sectors , encouragement of
MSME industries as a part of Govt initiative on Make In
India has already created a great demand for 300 GW to
add in Power Generation & Distribution sector.
26
Mr. Sameer Gaikwad
Regional Sales Director (India/South Asia),
Director – Doble India
How do you see the Indian transformer
manufacturers gaining foothold in global
markets?
The role of EPC’s in bidding and winning global
substation bids will directly impact the chances of Indian
Transformer manufacturers being chosen to supply.
What role can technologies like digital
transformers play in their digitalisation
efforts?
Transformer OEM’s should be diligent in partnering
vendors who help make the transformers intelligent.
Vendors who have been known as Transformer experts
and offering proper interfaces are highly likely to be
better vendors in the long run than any low cost ‘new-
technology’ experts.
What are the key benefits of digital
transformers (in terms of efficiency,
reliability and reduction in transformer
failure rates) vis-a-vis conventional ones?
Transformer being a high value and with a long asset
life, care should be taken to ensure proper technology
should be applied at the right time of its life. It is not
recommended that the Transformer be made ‘digital
& technology’ heavy right at the manufacturing stage
which will increase the prices. Just having provision is
enough. Sometimes it is not in the hands of the OEM
as the buying practices would decide the package. In
which case all the stake holders should educate the
customers how and when the technology intervention
should happen for increasing the life of the transformers.
What are some of the other promising technology
trends in the transformer market? Simple tools such
as easy hardware & feature upgradability of the online
instrumentation is a welcome step. On the DGA front,
March 2022
March 2022 27
CoverStory

an easy repository & analysis of data is available. More
importantly, scalability and installation of embedded &
non-embedded sensors, use of A-I for data analysis
(DGA, PD etc) will help operational savings and increase
the transformer life.
ratio in emerging economies of neighbouring countries
has boosted demand considerably.
Now with the emergence of the requirement of charging
stations for electric vehicles at the national level, the
transformer requirement will see further growth.

What the government can do to improve

Mr Narayan Bhat
General Manager – Operations and
Planning, TTP Technologies Private
Limited, Peenya Industrial Area, Bangalore
What is the current market size of Power
transformers in India? What is the growth
trend?
India is the 5th largest power producer in the world,
in terms of installed capacity. The Indian Power &
Distribution Transformers Market was valued at USD
2065.4 million in FY2020 is expected to grow at a
calculated Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR)
more than 6.89% in next six years.
This is because of the rapid increase in renewable
energy installation which requires transformers to step
up and step down. Large scale integration of solar, wind
energy sources coupled with electriÀcation programs
primarily across the emerging economies will accelerate
the industry scenario.
global competitiveness of the transformer
industry?
The government’s plans of generation of renewable
energy and 24*7 Power for all, will generate a positive
growth opportunity for transformers. Indian government
policies are expected to drive the market with a wide
scale transformation in the power sector.
The demand of transformers is continuously propelled
due to addition of generation capacity. there is a need
to increase per capita consumption to a reasonable
level, which will necessitate multiple fold growth in
generation, transmission and distribution network.
The Indian government has launched several
schemes like the Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Gram Jyoti
Yojana (DDUGJY), Integrated Power Development
Scheme (IPDS), and National Electricity Fund (NEF) for
strengthening and enhancing the power sector.
What role can technologies like digital
transformers play in their digitalisation
efforts?
It is all about people, process and technology. The
most important thing to remember is the end user.
Power suppliers and utilities Àrms looking to utilize IT
technologies to drive internal and external beneÀts will
only achieve success if they get the consumer on board.
Digitalization will give the industry the insights it needs
to intelligently manage demand and supply.

How do you see the Indian transformer

manufacturers gaining foothold in global
markets?
Increase in load growth and high transmission and
distribution losses highlights the need for more
substations. Due to rapid economic development
and increased need for uninterrupted and reliable
power supply in these countries, the power demand
is expected to exhibit a healthy growth rate over the
forecast period.
At the forefront of driving growth in the global large
power transformers market, is the massive increase in
global energy demand. The rapidly rising electriÀcation

28 March 2022
CoverStory
What are the key benefits of digital
transformers (in terms of efficiency,
reliability and reduction in transformer
failure rates) vis-a-vis conventional ones?
Digital Transformers are going to do more with
less, “Knowing more” with sensor technologies
embedded in the transformer (These monitor and
assess, inform, store and connect data, thereby
increasing our knowledge of the asset), “Doing more”
with monitoring and diagnostics (By a micro-processor
based devices embedded in the transformers), “Doing
better” as these monitoring and diagnostic platforms
plug into asset management solutions, “Enhancing
collaboration”, as Ànally, the above-mentioned features
enable access to expert services such as fault root
cause analysis and recommendations for maintenance
scheduling.
According to the CIGRE study, “Guide on Economics
of Transformer Management, Technical Brochure 248”,
the digitalisation of transformers will provide the beneÀts
at 75 per cent reduction in repair costs due to early
detection, 60 per cent reduction in revenue loss due to
unanticipated problems/outages, 50 per cent reduction
in the risk of catastrophic failures and 2 per cent annual
cost savings, which is equivalent to the replacement
cost of a new transformer.
March 2022
What are some of the other promising
technology trends in the transformer market?
An important technology trend is the growing interest
in eco-friendly transformers for reducing environmental
impacts and moving towards a circular economy.
Utilisation of Biodegradable Áuids instead of mineral
oil at higher voltages and currents, and ultra-low noise
transformers. The need for integrating renewables is
growing rapidly, creating speciÀc conditions in the
network such as electrical pollution.
What is your outlook for Power Transformers
in India?
In India, there are several challenges facing the
implementation of smart grid systems. These include
high capital costs and complex integration of systems
to manage the high volumes of data. Additionally, in the
past decade, the Indian grid has grown exponentially in
terms of transmission capacity. The increasing size and
complexity require greater system sophistication for
ensuring grid reliability. We are seeing more and more
utilities going in for sensor-based asset monitoring and
maintenance solutions.
Shalini Singh, IEEMA
29
BudgetAnalysis

Budget 2022
focusses on enabling
Energy Transition
through Provisions
for Boosting
Domestic Industry -
IEEMA

ndian Electrical and Electronics Manufacturers

I Association (IEEMA) welcomed the Union Budget
announced by the Hon’ble Union Finance Minister
Smt Nirmala Sitharaman and termed it as progressive
and growth oriented. Some of the welcome features of
the Union Budget 2022 include a clear emphasis on
energy transition through various measures viz: boost
to solar energy, storage, battery and e-mobility. This
will pave the way to achieving India’s commitment on
tackling clean energy and tackling climate change.
This shows a pathway to the Government vision for
India@2047.

Mr Vipul Ray
President – IEEMA,
Reacting on the budget Mr Vipul Ray, President –
IEEMA, expressed, “IEEMA welcomes the Union
Budget 2020. Its clear focus on energy transition
through various measures that give boost to solar
energy, storage, battery and e-mobility will pave the
way to achieving India’s commitment on tackling
30 Marchand
clean energy 2022tackling climate change. The zero
BudgetAnalysis
fossil fuel policy, Battery swapping policy and focus on
charging infrastructure for EV ecosystem will provide
the impetus to a future ready electrical and allied
electronics sector”.
Mr Ray mentioned this in the IEEMA interaction on
Union Budget with captains of the electrical industry.
IEEMA welcomed the increased focus on Infrastructure
through the Gatishakti master plan and Atmanirbharata
in Defence that will open up more business opportunities
for the electrical and allied electronics industry.
Mr Ray added “The introduction of e-Bill System
for reducing delays in payments is a progressive
step. IEEMA thanks the Hon’ble Finance Minister
for her announcement allowing use of surety bonds
as a substitute for bank guarantee as acceptable
in Government procurements. This will improve the
working capital of suppliers and work contractors. This
has been IEEMA’s long standing demand.”
Mr Hamza Arsiwala
Vice President, IEEMA,
“Battery swapping and support for distributed renewable
energy projects are also critical announcements.
Distribution sector is critical to achieving the vision of a
clean energy transition. Overall, this is a budget that we
welcome with enthusiasm.”
Mr Supushpa Kaushal
Chairman, Economic & Taxation Cell – IEEMA
said, “The budget is a Àne balance to support economic
recovery. The inclusion of green bonds in the borrowing
March 2022
Industry Opinion
plan is an interesting innovation. In terms of speciÀc
policy announcements, the move towards self-
reliance through shield for domestic manufacturers i.e.
calibration of custom rates to boost manufacturing of
electronics, including smart meters supports the long-
term goal of AatmNirbhar Bharat.”
Mr Rohit Pathak
Senior Vice President IEEMA
“We are happy that the Union Budget maintains
the continuity of focus on increased infrastructure
spending coupled with AtmaNirbharta. To facilitate
domestic manufacturing and to meet the ambitious
goal of 280 GW of installed solar capacity by 2030,
the additional allocation of Rs 19,500 cr for Production
Linked Incentive scheme (PLI) for manufacturing of high
efÀciency modules is a very welcome step. The idea to
facilitate funding for clean energy projects and further
targeted PLIs for e-mobility and clean energy value
chain have the potential to change the course of India’s
energy roadmap.”
Ms Charu Mathur
Director General – IEEMA
cited, “This is a progressive budget with emphasis on
Renewable sector, Digitalisation, EV and investment on
infrastructure projects will create huge opportunities for
our IEEMA members to scale up their Business.”
31
BudgetAnalysis

This can help build India as an exporting nation. This

move will further enable the private sectors to come up
with sustainable and innovative products that can bring
the last mile connectivity and improve the efÀciency in
the EV ecosystem.
The budget also announced that Sovereign green
bonds will be issued for mobilizing resources for green
infrastructure. These bonds are an important source for
funding carbon-neutral projects. Availability of funds
would be a key driver to help India accomplish its net-
zero ambition.”

Tulsi Tanti
Chairman and Managing Director, Suzlon Group
This was a very crucial budget post pandemic and it will
go a long way in stimulating the economy. I congratulate
the government for coming out with such a growth
oriented budget in challenging times with focus capex
expenditure. This is a landmark budget for prioritizing
renewable energy in line with our commitments at
COP26.
There is good support to domestic manufacturing
aligned strongly to building an Aatmanirbhar Bharat.
Jaideep N. Malaviya
I especially applaud the green bonds announcement
as this will bring about the much needed investment in Managing Director - Malaviya Solar Energy
Green Energy projects. Battery swapping and support Consultancy, Director – International Solar Energy
for distributed renewable energy projects are also Society
critical announcements which can change the course
of our energy roadmap. “The infusion of INR 19,500 crore for Production Linked
Incentive is welcome to make country ‘Atmanirbhar’
Overall, this is a budget that we should all welcome with
instead should be spread across any Renewable
enthusiasm.”
Energy manufacturing product dependent on imports
“There are some areas where we could do better. and not centric to Solar PV value chain. This will ensure
Firstly, we really need to understand that renewable more job opportunities and more prospects for start-
energy can catalize the revival of the economy but the ups. For example India imports annually over 60 lakh
main constraint is that there is no GST on power sales evacuated tubes used in Solar Water Heating system.”
to complete the pass-through mechanism. The
government really needs to look at this.
Secondly, to accelerate the transition to a carbon
neutral economy and to reduce the exorbitant costs
of oil imports, we must have incentives in place for
generation of green fuels. This is a critical missing
aspect so far.”

Rahul Kale
Founder, and CEO, Sunpower Renewables
Commenting on the Union Budget 2022, Rahul Kale,
Founder, and CEO, Sunpower Renewables, said, “We
are encouraged with this climate-friendly budget and Mr. Vimal Kejriwal
happy to work with the Government in achieving the
goal to be net-zero by 2070. The aggressive allocation of MD & CEO, KEC International Ltd.
19,500cr for Production Linked Incentive (PLI) is a huge I welcome the forward-looking, capex-led Budget
boost for players who are in the segment of product 2022, with a sharp 35% increase in outlay. A strong
development for harnessing solar energy. We are glad focus on improving the safety of Indian Railways, faster
to see the focus and support from the government for implementation of metro rail systems, infrastructure
the domestic manufacturing of solar products. status for data centres, along with emphasis on PM

32 March 2022
March 2022 33
BudgetAnalysis

GatiShakti with signiÀcant allocation towards Jal Jeevan

Mission, Affordable Housing, BharatNet and building
100 Cargo Terminals for multimodal logistics facilities
augur well for KEC International Ltd. and our well-
diversiÀed businesses.
Further, initiatives such as the use of Surety Bonds as
a substitute for bank guarantee, a cap on Surcharge
of AOPs/ consortiums at 15% as against 37% earlier commercial vehicle segment, along with being a big
and an end-to-end online e-Bill System to enhance boost for the Infrastructure and Manufacturing sector.”
transparency are steps in the right direction for EPC
contractors such as KEC.

Mr. Ketan Mehta

Founder & CEO, HOP Electric Mobility ,
Overall, this is a good budget for electric vehicles
and charging/swapping infrastructure in India. The
measures under PM Gati Shakti will boost and give the
necessary push to job opportunities in every sector.
Policy measures announced on battery swapping will
help in the wide-scale adoption of ‘batteries as a service’.
Will be happy to see the reduction in ownership costs
of electric vehicles with this announcement. Since the
cost of running electric vehicles is a practical alternate Animesh. A. Damani
mode of mobility, the government’s intent to improve
the charging ecosystem will help ease migration to
Managing Partner, Artha Energy Resources
EVs, which are more economical than the usage of ICE- “The sheer inclusion of Renewable Energy (RE) and
vehicles. We see this creating opportunities for several cleantech in the Budget 2022-23 speech by the hon’able
new start-ups. We strongly believe and support the FM is a clear indicator of the increased prominence that
clean and green energy mission.” the RE segment has had in the last few years! The sector
has grown by leaps and bounds, thus establishing a
Mr. Sameer Aggarwal formidable position.
Founder and CEO, RevFin The focus on EV and Energy Storage Solutions (ESS) is
clearly the need of the hour. The introduction of battery
“A policy on battery swapping will help in wide scale
swapping initiative is in line with our expectation for
adoption of batteries as a service. This will reduce
a while. Interoperability of energy storage is going to
upfront ownership costs of electric vehicles and link
revolutionise the consumption of RE in India. It is not
that cost to vehicle running. Since the cost of running
only going to improve logistics for EV users, but also
electric vehicles is cheaper, the overall running cost with
create a micro-economy – that will create budding
battery service will work out to be more economical than
entrepreneurs in the segment.
usage of ICE based vehicles. This is a very welcome
announcement in the union budget. This will also create Moreover, the hon’able FM has granted Energy
opportunities for several new startups”. Storage Solution (ESS) and grid scale battery system
an ‘infrastructure’ status, which has been done largely
Mr. Arun Sunny to boost demand. This move is bound to attract better
Ànancing options for the said segment, increase
Founder & CEO - Trouve Motor ,
scalability, which in-turn will eradicate the barrier of
“Budget considers and touches all areas of growth and DISCOMs not opting for RE power on account of
well-being of its citizens. Good initiative to promote intermittent supply.
Battery swapping policy, and inter operable policy to be
On the accountability front, I truly hope that the forward-
formulated will bring down the cost of Electric Vehicles
looking move by the Central govt ministry to introduce
down drastically and also will make the adoption of EVs
end-to-end online e-Billing system is trickled down
faster. Electric Vehicles in Urban, Battery and Energy
and implemented at central agencies such as SECI
as a service will bring in more investment and faster
and IREDA. This will better the payment cycles and
infrastructure building.”
improve the Ànancial standing of the power generation
“Also, budget allocation of Rs 7.5 lakh crore as capital companies”
expenditure is a welcome step for the commercial Shalini Singh, IEEMA
vehicle market; especially the medium and heavy

34 March 2022
March 2022 35
InDepth

Percentage
Impedance (% Z) –
An Important
Design Parameter
of Transformer

The transformer, being a key element in the

transmission and distribution of electrical
energy, understanding its speciÀed
parameters is of utmost importance for
power engineers. The most important
design parameter of the transformer is
the percentage impedance % Z (Leakage
Impedance).
This paper provides information about the
signiÀcance of percentage impedance of
transformer & discusses the methods of
measurement of percentage impedance of
transformer.

Introduction
The transformer is an electric machine
which works on the principle of Faraday’s
Law of Electromagnetic Induction which
states that the magnitude of voltage is
directly proportional to the rate of change of
Áux, and is used to transfer electrical power
over the same frequency, but the voltage
level can be altered that means voltage
can be increased or decreased according
to the requirement. Actual picture of power
transformer is shown in Àgure 1.
The transformer has two main parts; core
and windings. The transformer core is
designed to provide a path for the magnetic
Àeld to Áow around, which is necessary for
the induction of the voltage between the two

36 March 2022
InDepth

windings. The core acts as a support to the windings in Copper is a veryvery goo
good
ood co c
conductor
ond
ond
duc
uctorr of cucurrent
urr
rre ennt but not
the transformer. It also provides a low reluctance path super
a supepe
p er conductor.
co
ond
nduc
uctor So
tor. S
to o boboth
b windings
th win
ind
in diin
ng will
gs wi
w have
illll h ave some
av sso
o
to the Áow of magnetic Áux. Transformer windings have resistan
a ce. Th
resistance. his inter
This rn
naal rre
internal esistan
ncce
resistanceeo off both
t primary ya nd
and
mainly two types; Primary winding and Secondary seco
co
c ond
n ary windings iiss collectively
secondary collective
co ely
ly k
known resistan
nown as resistance ance
an c
winding. The Primary winding has N1 number of turns, of ttransformer
ransformer (Refe
ra (Refer
er Àggure 3)..
ÀÀgure
while secondary winding has N2 number of turns.
Primary winding is used to take power from the source
and secondary winding is used to transfer changed
voltage to the load(Refer Àgure 2). Fig.3 Winding Resistance Of Transformer

Leakage Flux & Reactance of Transformer

All the Áu Áux iin

Áux n trttransformer
ra
an nssffor
fo
orrme mer wi
mer w
will
illll n
not
ott b
o be e aba
able
blle
e tto
o llilink
ink with h
both the h p rriima
marry
primary y a nd ssecondary
nd
and econ
ec onda daryry w iin
nddiing
windings. ngs.s A smalll
p
po orrttio
portion ion o off Áux
Áuxux w ilill lillink
will in
nkk either
eitither wi
ith w in
nddin
winding ing bu b ut not
but not b
no bo
oth
oth
th.
both.
T
Th
Thishis
is p orrrti
o ttiion
tion
portion on o off Áu
ÁÁux
ux iiss c allle
a l d le
called ea
akkag
leakageage Áu ÁÁux.
Áux
uxx.. D
Dueue tto
ue o tth
his
is
this
lea
le ak
leakage kagge Á Áuux in
Áux in transformer(Refer
trra ans
n ffo ormmerr(R (Refer er ÀÀgure
gu
g ure
re 4 ), tthere
4), he
h ereew will
ill
be a self-reactance
be sel
elff--rerea acctata
anc
nce in
nc n tthe
he c on
once
concerned errn
ne ed d w ind
in diin
winding. ng g
g.. T
Thhis
hi
This
sseellff-r
elf - eaac
ctta
self-reactance an ncce eo off ttr raan
nsffor
transformer ormer iss alternatively
alt
a ltte
errna
nattiivveely
ely
ly k no
n
knownown naass
lle
ea
ak ka
leakage ag
ge rre eaac ctta
reactance an
ancncce of of ttransformer.
rans
ra n fo orm rmerer.

Fig. 2 BASIC TRANSFORMER

In transformers, the transformation of voltage from

primary to secondary is not perfect, i.e. there is some
loss of energy. This energy is lost due to leakage Áux
(when all the Áux from the primary winding do not link
to the secondary winding) and the impedance offered
by the copper wires (copper loss) in the windings of the
transformer.
Resistance of Transformer
Generally, both primary and secondary windings of
electrical power transformer are made of copper.
Fig.4 LEAKAGE FLUX IN TRANSFORMER
Impedance (Z) of Transformer
As we said, both primary and secondary windings
will have resistance and leakage reactance. These
resistance and reactance will be in combination, is
nothing but impedance of transformer.Due to this
impedance of transformer, there will be voltage drops
in both primary and secondary transformer windings.
(Refer Àgure 5)

Fig. 1 Power Transformer

March 2022 37
InDepth
If R1 and R2 and X1 and X2 are primary and secondary
resistance and leakage reactance of transformer
respectively, then Z1 and Z2 impedance of primary and
secondary windings are respectively,
Z1 = R1 + jX1
Z2 = R2 + jX2
Voltage drops in the windings occur due to impedance
of transformer. Impedance is combination of resistance
and leakage reactance of transformer. If we apply
100 ««. Equation (4)
voltage V1 across primary of transformer, there will be
a component I1X1 to balance primary self inducedemf
due to primary leakage reactance(Here, X1 is primary
leakage reactance). Now if we also consider voltage
drop due to primary resistance of transformer, then
voltage equation of a transformer can easily be written
as,
V1 = E1+ I1R1 + jI1X1 … Equation (1)
Fig.5 Impedance(Z) Of Transformer
Similarly for secondary leakage reactance, the voltage
equation of secondary side is,
V2 = E2- I2R2 - jI2X2 ….. Equation (2)
The transformer impedance is expressed as some
percentage of the rated voltageat full load current. In
Fig.6 SpeciÀcation Plate Of Transformer
38
other words, transformer impedance is the percentage
of rated voltage necessary to circulate full load current
when the secondary of the transformer is short circuited.
The voltage drop due to impedance of winding is given
as:
VD=IFLAZ «.. Equation (3)
Also the percentage impedance of the transformer is
given as:
%Z=VD/E
Where IFLA is the full load current
Z is the impedance of the windings and is given by
Z= (R2+X2)1/2……Equation (5)
R is the resistance of transformer
X is the leakage reactance
E is the open terminal voltage.
The name plate or speciÀcation plate which speciÀes the
value of percentage impedance of power transformer is
shown in Àgure 6.
Importance Of Impedance In
Transformer
Impedance is the current limiting characteristic of a
transformer and is expressed in percentage. It is used
for determining the interrupting capacity of a circuit
breaker or fuse employed to protect the primary winding
of a transformer.
The impedance (or resistance to current Áow) is
important and used to calculate the maximum short
circuit current which is needed for sizing, circuit breakers
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March 2022 39
InDepth
and fuses. This percentage represents the amount of
normal rated primary voltage which must be applied to
the transformer to produce full rated load current when
the secondary winding is short circuited. The maximum
short circuit current that can be obtained from the
output of the transformer is limited by the impedance
of the transformer.
High and Low Impedance Transformers
High impedance transformers have a lower fault or
short circuit current and have no need for high SCC
rated breakers. However, they will have a higher voltage
drop or regulation.
Low Impedance transformers on the other
hand have a lower voltage drop or regulation
but have a higher fault or short circuit current
and will need higher SCC rated breakers.
In simple words, the percentage impedance of a
transformer has a major effect on system fault levels. It
determines the maximum value of current that will Áow
under fault conditions.
It is easy to calculate the maximum current that
a transformer can deliver under symmetrical fault
conditions.
By way of example, consider a 2 MVA transformer with
an impedance of 5%. The maximum fault level available
on the secondary side is:
2 MVA x 100/5 = 40 MVA
and from this data, the equivalent primary and
secondary fault currents can be calculated.
A less percentage impedance has both positive and
negative effects.
If Z% of the transformer is less, the short circuit current
will be more which will produce more stress in
insulation. This is a negative factor.
On the other hand, it will reduce the voltage drop in the
transformer winding. This will facilitate better voltage
regulation. This is a positive factor.
Therefore the percentage impedance of the
transformer has to be precisely selected to maintain
a proper balance between fault level and voltage
regulation.
Short Circuit Current & Percentage
Impedance
As we have discussed in the above section, when
we apply rated voltage at the primary winding
of a transformer whose secondary winding is
short-circuited, short circuit currentZLOOÀRZRQ
WUDQVIRUPHUZLQGLQJV
The value of the short circuit current is,
Isc = Irated ï 100/Z%
40
The value of percentage impedance is the same for
both windings as it is the percentage of rated voltage.
However, the value of the rated current will be different
for primary and secondary windings. Accordingly, value
of short circuit current will also be different for primary
and secondary windings.
Percentage Impedance & Parallel
Operation
For parallel connection of transformers, primary
windings of the transformers are connected to source
bus-bars and secondary windings are connected to the
load bus-bars. Various conditions that must be fulÀlled
for the successful parallel operation of transformers are
h Same voltage ratio and turns ratio (both primary
and secondary voltage rating is same)
h Same percentage impedance and X/R ratio.
h Identical position of tap changer
h Same KVA ratings
h Same phase angle shift (vector group are same)
h Same frequency rating
h Same polarity
h Same phase sequence.
When transformers which have the same kVA rating
but with different percent impedances are connected
in parallel, the current divides in inverse proportions to
the impedances and larger current Áows through the
smaller impedance. Thus, the lower percent impedance
transformer can be overloaded when subjected to
heavy loading while the other higher percent impedance
transformer will be lightly loaded.
The paralleling of transformers is simple unless KVA,
percentage impedance, and turn ratios are different. We
will look at different scenarios by changing the above
mentioned convenient conditions. We are using the
following parameters for the examples given below:
1 KVA’= Rating of Transformer 1
2 KVA”= Rating of Transformer 2
3 KVA1=Load on Transformer 1
4 KVA2=Load on Transformer 2
5 %Z1= Impedance of Transformer 1
6 %Z2= Impedance of Transformer 2
7 K= ratio of KVA of T1 & T2 i.e. KVA1/KVA2
A) Equal Impedances-Equal Voltage
Ratios-Same KVA
If the percentage impedances of each transformer are
same, there will be equal division of current and load
sharing on each transformer.
Example:
Two transformers of 250 KVA, 5% impedance connected
in parallel catering 400 KVA load.
March 2022
InDepth

The KVA can be calculated as: applied at one side (primary winding) to circulate rated
current on transformer keeping its other side (secondary
KVA1=KVA2=200 KVA.
winding) under short circuit conditions.(Refer Àgure 7)
B) Equal Impedances-Equal Voltage Ratios-
Different KVA If we apply rated voltage at the primary winding of a
transformer keeping its secondary winding short-
In this type of situation each transformer in parallel circuited, then the amount of current at both windings
carry its rated load. The circulating currents will not be will be extremely high as compared to the rated current.
present since the turn ratios are same.
Example:
Two transformers of 250 KVA, 400 KVA, 5% impedance
connected in parallel catering 400 KVA load.
KVA1=153.4 KVA
KVA2=24.15 KVA
C) Unequal Impedances-Equal Voltage Ratios- Fig.7 Percentage Impedance Measurement In Transformer
Same KVA
This current is called short circuit current and its
The current is inversely proportional to the impedance, magnitude is very high due to zero impedance offered
thus a large amount of current Áows through smaller by the load (secondary winding is short-circuited).
impedance. In this situation, the lower impedance
Now, if we reduce the applied voltage on the transformer
transformer is heavily loaded while the higher
primary i.e. we apply a percentage of rated voltage in
impedance transformer is lightly loaded.
transformer primary, current on both windings will also
Example: reduce.
Two transformers of 250 KVA, 4% and 5% impedances At a particular percentage of rated voltage, the
respectively connected in parallel catering 400 KVA rated current will Áow on transformer windings. This
load. percentage of rated voltage at one side of the transformer
KVA1=222.22 KVA which circulates rated current on transformer windings
keeping its other side winding short-circuited is
KVA2=177.7 KVA called percentage impedance of the transformer.
D) Unequal Impedances-Equal Voltage Ratios-
Different KVA Example Calculation
This situation is not common. But, can be taken into For example, if a 2,000/240-volt transformer has a
account with care as the load current carried by the measured impedance voltage of 100 volts on the high
combination of transformers would be less than the voltage windings, its impedance (Z), expressed as a
rated KVA. percent, is:
Example: Z% = (Impedance Voltage / Rated Voltage) x 100
Two transformers of 250 KVA with 4% and 400 KVA Percentage Z = (100/2000)*100 = 5 %
with 5% impedances connected in parallel catering 400
KVA load. This means there would be a 100-volt drop in the high-
voltage winding at full load due to losses in the windings
KVA1=175.43 KVA and core. Only 1 or 2% of the losses are due to the core;
KVA2=224.56 KVA about 98% is due to the winding impedance.

Measurement of %Z of Tranformer Example Calculation Using Low Voltage AC

The percentage impedance of a transformer is the volt
drop on full load due to the winding resistance and
leakage reactance expressed as a percentage of the
rated voltage.
It is also the percentage of the normal terminal voltage
required to circulate full-load current under short circuit
conditions.
In other words, the percentage impedance of a
transformer is the percentage of the rated voltage
Percentage impedance is usually calculated using low
voltage AC for all the taps in the transformer by the
formula given below:
%Impedance = (VT/VR)×(IR/IA)×100%
VT is test voltage & VR is rated Voltage
IA is Actual Current &IR is rated Current
Example of % Z calculation for 100 MVA , 220 /33 kV
power transformer is given in table 1.

March 2022 41
InDepth

Table 1 : % Z Calculation Using Low

Voltage & Short Circuit Method
(LV Side Is Shorted)

Tap Rated Rated Measured Test %Z

No Current (Actual) (Applied) (IMPEDANCE)
Amps Voltage Current Voltage
kV A mps kV

1 399.9 231 5.67 0.43 13.13

2 404.71 228.25 5.58 0.431 13.70

3 409.65 225.5 5.55 0.427 13.98

4 414.71 222.75 5.45 0.427 14.59

5 419.89 220 5.42 0.428 15.07

6 425.21 217.25 5.56 0.43 15.14

7 430.66 214.5 5.52 0.43 15.64

8 436.25 211.75 5.51 0.429 16.04

9 441.99 209 5.57 0.43 16.33

10 447.88 206.25 5.48 0.43 17.04

11 453.94 203.5 5.44 0.43 17.63

Value &Permitted Tolerance in Z% of
12 460.16 200.75 5.45 0.43 18.09 Transformer
13 466.55 198 5.49 0.429 18.41 The value of percentage impedance for different rating
as per IS 2026 is given below in table 2.
14 473.12 195.25 5.42 0.429 19.18
Table 2 : % Z of Power Transformer as per IS 2026
15 479.88 192.5 5.41 0.427 19.68
The percentage impedance of a transformer is speciÀed
16 486.83 189.75 5.43 0.428 20.22 at the time of ordering. But it must be noted that IEC
007 / IS 202 permits some tolerance in percentage
17 493.99 187 5.32 0.428 21.25
impedance at the manufacturer’s end (Refer table 3)

42 March 2022
InDepth

Table 3: Tolerances as per IS 2026

March 2022 43
InDepth

Example: If we order a transformer with 8% percentage It is pertinent to mention here thatwhile percent
impedance with tolerance of +-10%, its actual Z% after impedance is independent of the transformer voltage
manufacturing may be any value between 7.2% (-10% (or tap), absolute impedance is not.
of 8) to 8.8% (+10% of 8), unless it is speciÀcally agreed
In other words, separate absolute impedances would
with the manufacturer at the time of ordering.
need to be calculated not only for every voltage winding,
Tolerance in percentage impedance must be considered but also for every tap setting of every winding.
for power system calculations and accordingly system
Consider an ideal transformer (lossless, zero
fault level & voltage regulation must be Ànalized.
impedance) connected to a source V1 and providing
current to a load ZL. (Refer Àgure 8)
Per Unit (Or %) Vs Absolute Value
Of Impedance
Transformers used in commercial and industrial
applications typically show impedances marked in
percentages.
While the technical deÀnition of this percentage
or “per unit” impedance is that this value is
a percentage of the base impedance of the
transformer, there is a more descriptive way of Fig.8 1000/200 V SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER
thinking of it.
Figure 8 shows input and output voltages along with
The per-unit impedance describes that percentage of the impedance of the load. This provides enough
the rated voltage required to produce full load current information to calculate the secondary current.
while the transformer output is shorted. The lower the
impedance, the lower the voltage required to produce I2= V/Z (load)=200 A
full load current. Lower impedance transformers allow We know that V1āI1 = V2 āI2
higher fault currents to Áow at a particular voltage.
I1 = 40 A
Measuring impedance in units of percentage greatly
simpliÀes the calculation of currents and voltages in a Since impedance is deÀned as the ratio of voltage
power system. While absolute impedance (measured in divided by current, using the known voltage and the
ohms) could certainly also be used, doing so greatly derived current, the impedance looking through the
complicates the calculations. transformer to the load can be found. (Refer Àgure 9)
Z1= V1/I1= 1000/40 =25 ohm
Example 1
Consider a transformer with a 5% impedance. A voltage
is applied to the primary with the secondary winding
shorted (faulted).
At 5% input voltage 100% Full Load Current (FLA)
produced
How much current Áows at higher voltages? Ignoring
non-linear effects such as core saturation, if 5% voltage
produces 100% FLA, then: Fig.9 Current In Hv Side Of 1000/200 V Transformer

At 10% input voltage 200% FLA is produced
At 50% input voltage 1000% FLA is produced
At 100% input voltage 2000% FLA is produced
Note that at nominal full voltage on the primary winding,
the fault currents, both primary and secondary, increase
to 20 times FLA.
Hence one advantage of publishing per unit
impedances becomes evident. Virtually by inspection,
a Àrst approximation of this transformer’s available fault
current is to multiply the FLA x 1/%Z.
Isc = IFLA/%Z
When performing a power systems analysis 25 ohms
is the actual circuit impedance that limits the 1000 V to
only 40 amperes.
However, It is clear that this value could not be
published on the transformer since its value is
dependent on the load and one other factor
i.e.turns ratio squared (1000/200)* (1000/200)=
(5*5)=25.0.
Note that this multiplier, 25 is equal to the turns ratio
squared:
It is evident that the secondary load impedance observed
at the primary terminals of the transformer changes

44 March 2022
InDepth
with the ratio of the primary to secondary voltage. That
means, changing taps settings will change the apparent
impedance looking through the transformer.
Because of this complexity, it is clear why power
systems engineers began to favour per unit calculations
instead of using absolute measurements.
Example 2
Consider a 1000 kVA, 5 %Z, 1000/200 Volt transformer.
The constant of proportionality used to convert per
unit impedance to absolute impedance is the base
impedance (= rated KVA , 1000).
Zohms = Zpu*Zbase
Beginning with the 200V secondary, the base impedance
is calculated as:
Z = V2base/Sbase= 2002/1000000=0.40Ȏ
base
With base impedance calculated, solve for actual
impedance.
Zohms= Zpu*Zbase= (0.05*0.4)= 0.002 Ȏ
Looking into the 200V transformer from the secondary
side, that transformer would appear to place 0.002 Ȏ
impedance in series with the source.
To show how this value is not constant, we recall the
statement that absolute impedance changes with
voltage. Solving base impedance again but replacing
200V with 1000V:
Zbase= V2base/Sbase= 10002/1000000=1Ȏ
With the new primary base impedance, the absolute
impedance is calculated:
Z = Z *Z = 0.05*1 = 0.05 Ȏ
ohms pu base
This means that measured on the 1000V circuit, the
transformer appears to place 0.05 Ȏ impedance in
series with the load, not 0.002Ȏ.
March 2022
Conclusion (Summary)
It is mandatory for electrical engineer to understand the
signiÀcance and measurement method of percentage
impedance of the transformers. The same has been
discussed in the article which will deÀnitely help the
electrical engineers especially young engineers to
understand the percentage impedance of transformer
and its signiÀcance in the Àeld. The crux of the article is
reproduced below:
1. All the Áux in transformer will not be able to link
with both the primary and secondary windings. A
small portion of Áux will link either winding but not
both. This portion of Áux is called leakage Áux. Due
to this leakage Áux in transformer, there will be a
self-reactance in the concerned winding. This self-
reactance of transformer is alternatively known as
leakage reactance of transformer.
2. The percentage impedance of a transformer
has a major effect on system fault levels. It
determines the maximum value of current that
will Áow under fault conditions. It also plays an
extremely vital role in voltage drop calculation.
High impedance transformers have a lower
fault or short circuit current and have no need
for high SCC rated breakers. However, they will
have a higher voltage drop or regulation.Low
Impedance transformers on the other hand have a
lower voltage drop or regulation but have a higher
fault or short circuit current and will need higher
SCC rated breakers.
3. It is worth to understand that percentage
impedance is a function of geometry and
construction of transformer. Simply % Z is the
result of leakage Áux i.e. to get low % Z, leakage
Áux should be minimum/ low.
REFERENCES
1. IS 2026 SpeciÀcation of Power Transformer
2. IEC 60076 Power Transformer
3. Manual on “Transformer” Publication No 317,
C.B.I.P. New Delhi.
4. IEEE C57.12.90. Test Code for Liquid -Immersed
Distribution , Power and Regulating Transformer
5. Manual and Test Reports of Transformer Published
by OEM „
Dr. Rajesh Kumar Arora
Delhi Transco Ltd (DTL), Delhi, India.
45
InFocus

True
“HOT SPOT” temperature
of Transformers :
A diagnostic tool
in conjunction with
DGA-A
case-study thereof

H OT SPOTTemperature” is the maximum

temperature occurring in any part of the
winding insulation system.This parameter is
assumed to represent the thermal limitation
of loading of the transformer”. If the same
is ignored over a period of time in case
of old transformers, the paper insulation
of the windings shall deteriorate and the
Transformer’slife-expectancy shall reduce
in accordance with IS: 2026-7[1]/IEC 60076-
7[2 ] Contrary to thistheory, there had been
a case in MPPTCL wherein, a 63 MVA,
132/33kV Transformer’sthe DGA was
showing deterioration in condition within
a short periodof in-service operation of 2
years but winding temperature indicatordid
not give any indication thereof. Perhaps, had
there been Temperature sensors inside the
Transformer as narrated in IS 2026-2-Annex
B-4[ 3 ], the end user MPPTCL,would have
been alerted in the initial stages only.

The authors have narrated this case-

study indicating that the true Hot–spot
Temperature if used in conjunction with
DGA results would prove to be a diagnostic
supporting tool in identifying the condition
of the Transformer windings and cautioning
the user from pre-mature failure of the
Transformer. Further, they have also narrated
the superiority of Optical Àbre probe method
over the conventional method.

46 March 2022
InFocus
OTI/WTI
The Oil temperature is always indicated directly on an
OTI meter, whether the Transformer is in service or off the
service, however it is not the case with the WTI (winding
Temperature indicator). The Winding temperature is
proportional to the square of the current Áowing through
it(the replica thereof fed to the resistance through
WTI-CTs), thickness of Kraft paper insulation wrapping
and conductor-area for dissipation of heat into the Oil.
While in service at no point of time the winding
temperature is actually measured. The winding
temperature is measured only & only while Temperature
- Rise test of a Transformer is being carried out at the
Manufacturer’s works. Since the Temperature-Rise
Test is a Type -Test as per IS: 2026-1[4]& IEC 60076-1[5],
generally only 1No - unit of the offered Lot is subjected
to the same, the other units are not subjected to
Temperature-Rise Test at all.
The winding temperature is based on the readings of
resistance of the Winding taken at regular intervals of
time, as per the test procedure laid-down in the IS:
2026 part-II[3] / IEC: 60076-part2[6].The resistance of the
winding at the time of shutting-down the power supply,
is arrived at, by extrapolation of the resistance to time
zero, on Time Vs Resistance curve. (ref.Àg:1).[3]
Fig.1:Winding resistance at time 0 through extrapolation
Definition of HOT-SPOT temperature
“HOT SPOT Temperature” as deÀned in IS: 2026-2 in
Annex B-2[3] is reproduced here under;
“The maximum temperature occurring in any part of
the winding insulation system is called the hot-spot
temperature. This parameter is assumed to represent
the thermal limitation of loading of the transformer”.
Why Hot-Spot Factor?
Towards the upper end of the winding, there is usually a
concentration of eddy current losses and the windings in
this portion are provided with extra electrical insulation
which increases the thermal insulation.
March 2022
Fig.2: Depiction of Eddy current and Axial Losses.
The actual local temperature between conductor
and oil is therefore assumed to be higher by the
‘Hot-Spot factor”. The factor is assumed 1.1 for
Distribution Transformers & 1.3 for Medium size Power
Transformers.[3]
Hot spot gradient & Hot spot temp
The steady state Hot-Spot temperature rise above
external cooling medium temp.( air or water) = Top Oil
temp. rise above cooling medium temp. Hot-Spot factor
x (Average temp. difference winding-to-oil).[3]
The following Àgure (Fig.3) depicts the Hot spot gradient
& Hot spot temp., considering Hot spot factor as 1.3.[10]
Fig.3: Hot spot Gradient & Hot Spot tempIt is observed from the
diagram above(Àg.3) that the;
h Average oil temp=. (Where sufÀx ’T’ is for
Top &sufÀx B is for bottom and stands for
temperature).
Average winding Temperature w is derived from
resistance measurement when the winding was carrying
Rated current rated current just before disconnection of
power supply.
Average winding gradient =Tw = To
This is the Temperature- gradient between the Winding
conductor and the transformer Oil surrounding the said
conductor.
h Typical average Winding Gradient is assumed as
10oCto 20oC.
h Hot -Spot gradient, Hspt gr. = 1.3 x Average
winding gradient.
47
InFocus

WTI is calibrated based on following Fig.4(a): Probe Type FO sensor device

equation;[10] Embedded in the Spacers;
I

θwti =θT + Hspt gr( )n
Iratd
Where,
h θwti= Hot Spot temperature as indicated by WTI.
h I = actual primary current measured by the CT.
h Iratd. = Rated full load current.
h n=exponent between1.6 to 2.
From the above, it is seen that the WTI reading is the
assumption-based Temperature of the Winding.

Assumed Hot-Spot temp. vis’ a vis

Actual Hot- spot temperature.
The life expectancy of a Transformer depends on the
deterioration of the cellulose insulation (Kraft-paper,
press-board, wooden-block insulation etc), which
is inversely proportional to rise in temperature (ref.
IS:6600[6]/IEC: 60076-7).[2] Fig.4 (b): Embedded in the Spacers type sensor.

It is now, felt very essential to monitor the Hot-spot Transformer Tank-wall Plate assembly;
temperature online on real- time basis.
The fact, to the effect that the Hot-spot temperature
obtained through conventional method is considerably
lower than the actual temperature of the winding
obtained through direct measurement. Such situations
may shorten the life of the Transformers, un-noticed.
It has been seen established through practical
experiment carried out by Korean Engineers, using
both conventional method and Direct measurement
method by using Fiber Optic Sensors, simultaneously
on a 154kV, 15 MVA Power Transformer, wherein the
temperature recorded by Fiber Optic sensor was found
to be 13.3oC higher than the conventional thermal
imaging method at an ambient Temp of 24.7oC.[ 9 ].
Fig.5: Transformer Tank-wall Plate assembly;

Fiber Optic Sensor Device
There are mainly three components;
Fiber Optic sensor. They are 2 types;
Probe type;
6. Placement of Sensor probes:The sensors are inserted
/ placed in the top portion of the HV & LV winding, this
portion is considerably hotter due to Spurious eddy
currents are at their highest value. The Àgure.6 shows
locations of Losses.

Fig6: Location of Eddy current losses.

The recommended Fiber-Optic Probes is 8-10 nos.,

48 March 2022
March 2022 49
InFocus
in 3- Ph Transformer windings and 4-6 Nos.in Single
Phase Transformers.In the Àg below, the red spots
indicate the placement of Fiber Optic probes in HV and
LV. windings.
The recommended Fiber-Optic Probes is 8-10 nos.,
in 3- Ph Transformer windings and 4-6 Nos.in Single
Phase Transformers.
In the Àg.7 below, the red spots indicate the placement
of Fiber Optic probes in HV and LV. windings.
Fig7: Placement of Àbre optic probes (red spots).
Fig.8: Insertion of Fibre- Optic Probes
Multi-channel Fibre Optic Monitor/
Controller;
Fig.9; Multi-channel Fibre- Optic Monitor/Controller;
The measurement of Hot-Spot Temperature shall be
displayed on and also recorded on real-time basis in
50
the Àbre-optic multi- channel Monitor/controller. The
output of this monitor/Controller can be directly sent for
further remote SCADA applications, through Ethernet/
RS232-RS 485 & compatible protocols like Modbus &
IEC 61850 protocols etc.
Note: The Àgures shown above are only indicative of the
main components of Àber-Optic Hot- spot measurement
device. This is to conÀrm that Make/Manufacturer’s
names etc have not been shown / displayed on any of
the Àgures / drawings anywhere, therein. The display of
the above Àgures / drawings is in no-way connected to
any advertisement.
DGA (Dissolved Gas Analysis)
While in service, particularly the EHV Transformers
in a Grid, are subjected to many adverse conditions,
such as, Over-loading, System Over-voltages, Over-
Áuxing, Under- frequency, Switching Surges, Lightening
Surges, Effects Due to Harmonics developed by non-
Linear loads and severe faults on the LV/HV side etc.
The type of Operating conditions and conditions of
some of the faults give rise to De-composition of the
insulating oil inside the Transformer under service.
The Scientists and Engineers have studied the different
conditions under which the mineral insulating oil
decomposes and key-gasses are evolved which in-turn
give signiÀcant indication in respect of the health of the
Transformer.
Note: Symbois of Gases:
Sr.No Gas Chemical
Symbols
1 Methane CH4
2 Ethane C2H6
3 Ethyline C2H4
4 Acetyline C2H2
5 Carbon monoxide CO
6 Carbon Dioxide CO2
7 Oxygen O2
8 Hydrogen H2
Table1: Chemical Symbols of gases
Phenomena of Decomposition[8]
Electrical & thermal faults give rise to session of some
of the bonds of different hydrocarbon molecules which
in-turn convert into free radicals or in ionic forms which
combine rapidly through complex reaction to form
Methane(CH4), Ethane(C2H6),Ethylene(C2H4) and
Acetylene(C2H2).
which get dissolved in the Oil.
March 2022
March 2022 51
InFocus

a) Low energy faults: Partial Discharge of cold
plasma Type (Corona discharge) through ionization
reactions and accumulation of Hydrogen as main
recombination gas.
h Methane and Ethane are formed below 500oC
while Ethylene is formed above 500oC .
h Acetylene requires Temp. of800OC to 1200OC.
Acetylene is formed mainly in arcs, where
temperature is thousands of degrees Celsius.
h Carbon Particles form at 500OC to 800OC and
are generally observed after arcing in the Oil or
development of very hot spots.
h Oil may oxidize with formation of small quantities
of CO and CO2, which can accumulate over a
long period of time..
Decomposition of Cellulosic
Insulation[8]
Paper, Press-Board and Wood Blocks are in the category
of Cellulosic Insulation which decompose at the
temperature at >105OC with complete carbonization
>300o C. Mostly Carbon Monoxide, Carbon Dioxide
and water are formed in much larger quantities than
by oxidition of oil at the same Temperature,together
with minor amounts hydro carbon gases and furanic
compounds.
h D1 (Discharge of Low energy), in Oil or /
and paper, give rise to larger carbonized
perforations(Punchers), Carbonization of the
paper surface(Tacking) or Carbon Particles in
oil(as found in OLTC Diverter switch).
h D2 (Discharge of High energy) in oil or/and in
paper, with power Áow- through evidenced by
excessive destruction and carbonization of paper,
metal fusion, extensive carbonization in oil.In some
cases Tripping of the Transformer is the evidence
of excessive Power-Áow through.
Thermal Fault in Oil or/and in paper,
h (T1) Below 300OC– If the paper turns Brownish.
h (T2) Above 300OC– If it has carbonized.
Thermal Fault Due to high temperatures (T3);
Above 700OC – If there is strong evidence of
Carbonization of oil.
Above 800OC – If there is evidence of metal
colorization.
Above 1000OC – If there is appearance of Metal fusion.
Table of Abbreviations
PD Partial Discharge

CO and CO2 formation increases not only with

temperature but also with the Oxygen content of oil and D1 Discharge of Low energy.
the moisture content of paper.
D2 Discharge of high energy.
Category of Faults[8]
On the basis of Data available of the internal inspections T1 Thermal fault, t<300OC
of large Nos. of faulty Transformers world-over, the
reasons for development of faults are broadly classiÀed
as under; T2 Thermal fault, 300OC,<t<700OC
h PD (Partial-discharge)of cold plasma-wax
deposition on paper insulation, or of the T3T T3 Thermal fault, t>700OC
sparking type, including pin holes, Carbonized
perforation(punctures) in the paper. Table 2: Abbreviations of category of faults

52 March 2022
InFocus

Typical Faults in the Power Transformers[8]

Typical faults related to the Transformers have been shown in the following table ;3 (Table- 1.A of IEC:60599 is
reproduced below).

Table 3: Typical faults in Power Transformers

March 2022 53
InFocus

Basic Gas Ratios[8] The details pertaining to the

Broad categories of faults lead to characteristic pattern Transformer are as follows
of Hydro carbon Gas composition ratios which can be h Capacity; 132/33kV ,63 MVA,YNyn0 Transformer,
translated in to a DGA Interpretation table follows. h Date of Commissioning: 08-08-2011.
h Date of removal from Service: 22.12.2014.
h Max Load recorded: on 132kV side; 226 A as
against full Load current 272.55A.
h Max Temp. recorded;OT-63OC,WT-68,68,69OC
h Failure of 33kV side bushings: (i) 2W ph, 72kV
bushing on 13.06.14 & 2U ph 72kV bushing
on10.08.14.

Observation from the reports of DGA

DGA was taken on regular intervals. It was found that
the key gasses generally showed increasing trend with
every subsequent DGA.also the formation of the CO
and CO2 found in increasing trend.
Photographs taken during internal Inspection at site are
attached here-with as annex-1.

Analysis
Probable causes of formation of Dissolved
Gasses
Table 4: DGA interpretation on Gas ratios as per IEC 60599.[8]
i. As could be seen from the Photographs that
Carbonization/burning/ pitting of HV windings “1
History/Case Study U &1 W” phases have taken place in a very short
There has been a case of a 132/33 kV, 63 MVA period after commissioning ( 3 yrs, 4 months
approximately),It is a probability that the Kraft
Transformer in MPPTCL, wherein DGA carried out
paper used by the manufacturer does not appear
at some intervals, revealed that there appeared to to be of good quality ( as against 25 years of
be development of fault which came true, when the Life span the Transformer has developed such
transformer was got internally inspected after decanting condition in only 3 yrs & 4 months).Once Partial
the complete oil from the Transformer at site. discharge takes place the same would gradually

09.02.12/
Date 16.11.12 05.08.13 02.05.14 10.07.14 11.11.14 27.11.14 05.12.14
17.02.12

Methane 1.133 0.27 0.95 5.27 10.52 18.73 23.7 20.51

Ethane 0 0 7.11 1.46 0.81 4.31 1.88 2.22

Ethylene 0 0 0.24 23.8 16.43 48.45 37.72 36.13

Acetylene 0 0 - 0.036 16.046 37.88 109 132.42

H2 80.106 - 5.21 9.65

CO 18.43 62.5 43.19 246.04 0.26 11.50 107.19 95.53

CO2 91.99 37.16 59.73 572.73 138.66 260.76 73.49 47.26

Table 5: DGA reports

Photographs taken during internal Inspection at site are attached here-with as annex-1.

54 March 2022
March 2022 55
InFocus
spread and Carbonization/ burning/pitting shall
take place.
ii. Increase in Key- gasses is indicative of Discharge
through High energy, causing Tracking, arcing etc.
iii. Failure of LV bushings may have made heavy
current to Áow through the windings, categorizing
in Discharge of high energy, giving rise to pitting
of the winding conductor and burning of Paper
insulation.
Note:
Bushing failure taking place of 72 kV class cannot be
due to power frequency over voltage on 33kV side,
Lightening Impulse voltages on LV side or due to severe
short-circuit condition in LV side feeders. Since similar
2U phase bushing(please see photo. 2 in Annex I)
had failed within a short period of failure of 2W phase
bushing (please see photo.1 in Annex I), the lower
porcelain of the bushings have found damaged in both
the cases, the bushings were also of the same batch
of manufacturing,It is indicative of some manufacturing
snags/deÀciency.
The increase of Methane and Ethane gasses indicate
fault of about 300OC.
Increase in Ethylene indicates that the fault must have
developed giving rise to a temperature of more than
500OC.
Increase in Acetylene shows that the fault must have
developed which has given rise to temperature about
800OC or beyond.
Increase in CO and CO2 is indicative of decomposition
of cellulosic insulation. ie decomposition of paper
insulation due to increase in temperature.
The hot spot must have developed which the
conventional WTI could not have detected. Had there
been Fiber-Optic Hot-spot measurement device, the
actual temperature on real-time basis could have been
known & remedial measures could have been taken.
(Pl ref to para 4.0 wherein experience of difference in
Conventional method and Fiber-optic methods to the
tune of 13.3OC has been experienced by the Korean
Engineers) on a 15 MVA Transformer)[9]
Interpretation and Justification of title
The value of C2H2 increased rapidly as observed from
the report that it increased to 109 as on 21/11/2014 to
132.42 as on 5/12/2014 (Please refer table no 5)
“This increasing trend of C2H2 substantiates the title of
this paper as per IEC 60599 table-2 foot note 2[8].which
is appearing as table no 4 in this paper.
It is obvious that the HOT Spot temperature rose to
1000 deg C may be consequent to failure of Bushings
of 2U & 2W phases within a short period of 3 years
which the WTI could not detect as the faults in both the
56
cases were cleared instantaneously with the operation
of High-set O/C-E/F units.
In view of above HOT SPOT Temperature is considered
to be a diagnostic tool in conjunction with DGA which
could have detected in early stages had there been
Àber Optic temperature device as per Annex. E of IEC
60076-2-2011[4]
Conclusion
Irrespective of the age of the transformers, old or new,
need for scrupulous monitoring of DGA and also of
HOT-SPOT Temperatures is essential. The Hot- spot
temperature differs considerably between the On-line
Àber-optic measurement device and the conventional
measurement method which is purely on thermal image
basis. The utilities may consider procurement of Power
Transformers with Fiber Optic measurement devices
for Hot spot measurements in-line with as described in
IS:2026 part 2 Annex B-4.[3]
Acknowledgement
The authors extend their gratitude to the MD of MPPTCL
who had been kind enough to permit the authors
to highlight DGA results conÀrming the actual faults
developed inside the 63 MVA Transformer of MPPTCL.
REFERENCES
1 IS:2026-7
2 IEC:60076-7,
3 IS: 2026 part 2.
4 IEC: 60076 -2,
5 IS:2026-1
6 IEC 60076-1
7 IS:6600.
8 IEC:60599.
9 Korean Engineers Mr.Dong-Jin Kweon & his
fellow Engineers: Article “A study on the Hot Spot
Temperature in 154 kV Power Transformers “
Published in Journal of Electrical Engineering &
Technology Vol 7, No.3.
10 Dr. K.Rajamani OTI & WTI- What they measure?
Published in the IEEMA Journal of June 2011
Annex-I
Photographs of 63 MVA, 132 /33 kV, YNyn0, Transformer
bearing Sr No.5198/2
1. Photos No1 & 2 are of failure LV bushings
2. Photograph taken by entering inside the main tank of
after decanting itsoil at site in 132kV Viboa Bhave S/S,
Jabalpur .
March 2022
InFocus

Photo 1:failure of 2W bushing. Photo 4

Photo 2: failure of 2U bushing.

Photo 5

Photo 3 Photo 6

March 2022 57
InFocus

Photo 9

Photo 7

Photo 10
Er. K.K. Murty
Former C.E. (Testing & Commun.)
Er R.K. Agrawal
Photo 8 E.E. (Testing Dn.-II), M.P. Power Transmission Co. Ltd.

58 March 2022
March 2022 59
GuestArticle

Challenges in
Terminal Arrangements
of Multiple Winding
Inverter Duty Transformers
for Solar PV Plants

A s per basic principle of a Solar power

plant, the source energy is converted to
DC supply by using photovoltaic (PV) cells.
Inverters are used to covert the generated
DC to AC which onward is connected to
the power grid by stepping it up popularly
known, solar inverter duty transformer.

Depending on power rating and voltage

level one or more inverters are connected
in parallel, to feed the step-up solar duty
transformers. The limitation of inverter
ratings required an equal number of
transformers. For Example, in a 10 MW
solar plant using 10 inverters of 1000 KVA
would require 10 Nos. of transformers.
Also, the cost & space required for it &
associated switchgear will also be higher,
making the project economically less
feasible in totality. Therefore, transformers
with multiple windings are being designed
these days. Five winding (with 1 number
HV/MV winding & 4 numbers of LV
winding) transformers are commonly being
manufactured by some of the manufacturers
in India in ratings such as 8.5 MVA & 12.5
MVA.
Basic design aspects and considerations
for inverter duty transformers like measures
to minimise the effects of non-synchronised
output waveform of different inverter
connected, harmonic distortions, voltage

60 March 2022
GuestArticle

gradient due to pulsed output, provision of Electrostatic for isolated multiple LV winding terminals leading to
shield between LV & HV windings to prevent capacitive bushing pockets, pass through critically low gaps and
coupling etc. These factors are common for all inverter cross each other too (Fig.2). High current carrying
duty transformers irrespective of 2 winding or multiple busbars induce losses due to the Àeld surrounding
winding construction is chosen. However, for suitability them and cause localised overheating too, in and
to unbalanced loading on individual inverters, isolation around LV terminals.
of different windings shall be proper and LV to LV
Impedance required to be high enough. This situation complicates further when aluminium is
used as a winding material for economy purpose. The
Here typically, various design & construction options
size of busbars is increased in this case and terminals
for physical arrangement of windings & location of
are required to be accommodated in same or, marginally
terminals for higher rating such as, 12.5 MVA, with (4 x
increased space available in bushing pockets (Fig.3).
0.8 kV) LV & (1 x 33 kV) HV winding solar inverter duty
Because, tank size increases, but not proportionately
transformer is considered for explanation.
as compared to a copper wound transformer.
One design option is to use 4 Nos. isolated LV
windings whereas the HV winding split in 4 parts (i.e.,
equal to LV), which are assembled vertically in a core.
However, Vertical stacking (Fig 1.a) of coils increases
height of the transformer abnormally, whereas the
length of transformer tank is comparatively less to
accommodate 4 Nos. LV Cable Boxes in a row.
HV TERMINALLV1 LV2 TERMINAL
TanK (ON SIDE/TOP) Tank HV Tank HV TERMINAL(ON SIDE/TOP)
(ON SIDE / << VIEW
TOP)
CCALV1LV2LV3LV4 CCA 1 LV1 LV2 LV3 LV4 FROM TOP
CCA 2 LV3 LV4CCA 1 CCA 2

<<FRONT VIEW

(a) (b) (c)

&ŝŐ͘ϭ   ŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶ Θ dĞƌŵŝŶĂů ŽƉƟŽŶƐ ŝŶ ŵƵůƟƉůĞ ǁŝŶĚŝŶŐ ƐŽůĂƌ

ŝŶǀĞƌƚĞƌĚƵƚLJƚƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵĞƌZĂƟŶŐ͗ϭϮ͘ϱDs͕Ϭ͘ϴŬsdžϰEŽƐ͘>sͬϯϯ
Ŭs;ϭEŽ͘,sͿ

Other alternative option is to consider two numbers of

CCA units, with 2 Nos. LV winding each & HV winding
split in 2 parts (i.e., equal to Nos. of LV) and placing
them together inside one common tank. Units can be
kept face to face with 2 LV Boxes on Each Length side
(Fig 1.b) or side by side along length (Fig 1.c).
HV windings sections in all the cases, are connected
in parallel for single output from the transformer, which
can be terminated through bushings located either on
top of tank or on side wall as speciÀed by customer. Fig.2 LV Bus bars from multiple windings & its Crossing in
In case, two separate CCA units are placed in one order to lead through bushing pocket/s in tank located In front
common tank and off circuit tap changer is required of same as well as other limbs
on HV side, it is sometimes critical to connect the two
switches with one operating Rod to change taps with
handle placed outside the tank. The CCA arrangement
shown in Fig.1c shall be preferable in such case. And
using two Nos. separately operated tap switches is not
advisable to avoid possibility of tap position mismatch
between the two.
Choosing the location and placement of 4 numbers
of isolated LV Cable Boxes/bus duct with bushing
terminals carrying about 2500 Amp each on the limited
space available on transformer tank body is a challenge
in all the three arrangements (Fig.1 a b c) shown above.
Depending on location of cable box, busbars used Fig.3 Low clearance in LV bushing pockets

March 2022 61
GuestArticle
Due to excessive heating near LV Terminals, complaints
regarding leakage from gaskets, even cracks in epoxy
casting, melting of busbars, Flashes etc have started
coming from some of the sites where multiple winding
transformers are installed (Fig.4).
Fig. 4 Field problems reported in high current carrying
Aluminium Bus bar LV Bushing terminals in comparatively
smaller sized pockets
62
Conclusion
Issues with terminal arrangement in multiple winding
inverter duty transformers for solar PV plants is therefore
an important aspect which is often neglected while opting
for it. A very large tank shall otherwise be required to
facilitate space for LV Busbars inside & terminals boxes
outside to overcome these difÀculties and maintaining
proper clearances. But in such case, the economy
objective of using multi-winding transformer shall be
compromised. Some manufacturers have recently
opted use of copper busbars as replacement for leads
and bushings even in aluminium wound multi-winding
transformers to address the existing complaints. Doing
this needs a careful approach to avoid galvanic action
due to joints of two different metals. A more sustainable
choice shall be to use copper wound transformers,
particularly when multi-winding construction is adopted,
keeping in view the nature of uncertainty in high
frequency switching of different inverters, unbalanced
loading on such transformers.
Acknowledgement: The author expresses gratitude for
the courtesy of the manufactures whose photographs
are provided in this paper. „
Rajesh Joshi
Tristar Technocrates
(Transformer Design Consultants)
Indore (India)
March 2022
ExpertSpeak

Step by step brief guide to

Prevent
SHOCK AND FIRE
in Electrical installation by
Device Earth Leakage
Circuit breaker
30mA (ELCB 30mA) and
testing of ELCB tester

Indian Standards for electrical

installation are as per IEC
standards.
h The electrical installation must be done
as per Indian Standards or regulations
otherwise shock and Àre
h International Electrical Commission
(IEC) standards: based in Geneva,
Switzerland. Indian Electrical
Standards are as per IEC standards.
They develop electrical standards and
are followed in the world.
h ALL Electrical equipment is marked
with IEC standard and IS numbers.

ELCB 30mA
h Mandatory, ELCB 30mA is used to prevent
SHOCK AND FIRE. It is an electronic
components with switch
h It is NOT FAIL-SAFE device.
h ELCB must trip within 300ms (0.03
seconds) during shock otherwise person
may be killed.
h ELCB SAVES LIFE AND FIRE. New ELCB
installed in a new building must be tested
with an ELCB tester.
h >ƚĞƐƚĞƌŚĂƐĂƚĞƐƚƉƵƐŚďƵƩŽŶƚŽƚĞƐƚ
before use or once a year.

March 2022 63
ExpertSpeak

Introduction ELCB 30mA give additional protection

1. ELCB (Earth leakage circuit breaker) 30mA most
important device: is installed in Electrical panel in a
house for protection against “shock and Àre. ELCB
is widely used.
2. As per standard, Mandatory to install an electrical
panel in the house. Mandatory means by Law.
against fire from cable ground fault:
h ELCB 30mA Device protection against ground fault
arc and Àre: The main purpose of ELCB protection
against shock but to give ADDITIONAL protection
due to ground fault.

3. I tried to get in the market, 30mA was not available

but 100mA was available. MUST BE ELCB 30mA
4. RCD 30mA = ELCB 30mA device: As per IEC
standard, ELCB is named as “Residual current
device (RCD)”.
5. Electrical shock severity depends on the current in
milliampere and milliseconds. 1mA = 0.001A
6. ELCB 30mA tester: It is to measure the tripping .
time of ELCB within 300ms when a Áow max.
current 30mA
7. ELCB is an electronic and mechanical switch
device. This is NO FAIL-SAFE DEVICE. MUST BE
TESTED.
8. Indian Manufacturer: As I understand, ELCB
testers are not manufactured in India
9. Electricity is dangerous. Electrical work must be
done by professional and experience electricians.

RCBO: Device Residual circuit breaker

(RCD) 30mA for shock protection with
Overcurrent in wires by MCB
h RCBO 30mA = RCD (ELCB) 30mA+MCB = Device for
ƉƌŽƚĞĐƟŽŶĐŝƌĐƵŝƚĨƌŽŵƐŚŽĐŬĂŶĚŽǀĞƌĐƵƌƌĞŶƚŝŶǁŝƌĞƐ͘
h Electric panel: Install 2 number ELCB 30mA in a panel,
if one trip then the other will supply or strongly prefer
each circuit with RCBO 30mA.
Portable ELCB 30mA Plug and sockets:
h KůĚ ďƵŝůĚŝŶŐ ŝŶƐƚĂůůĂƟŽŶ ŵĂLJ ŶŽƚ ŚĂǀĞ > ϯϬŵ ŝŶ
Electrical Panel in house.
h 90% electrical shock happens outdoor and 10% in
a bathroom.
h Any Electrical work outdoor then socket must be
indoor and must be protected by plugin ELCB
socket
h These are available in Havell Company, India and
at Amazon.in. Cost Rs. only Rs 600 and save life
and Àre.
h Outdoor electric work: Prefer an indoor socket
with PRCD. Wear shoes and no work in the rainy
season.
h Prefer to buy PRCD, one or 2 numbers and always
use it for outdoor electric work.

64 March 2022
ExpertSpeak

Electric Fire inside the house due to 3

reasons:
h Cable Ground fault: insulation damage and touch
ground. Create arc, Buns insulation and smoke.
h Overcurrent in wire compare to size wire. Burn
insulation Arc smoke and Àre in mintes
h Small Arc in wire due to cut or phase to phase
Wire Ground fault: Arc due to damage of insulation
from overcurrent in wire and cut in wire: Smoke and
wire touch ground and produce arc. Remedy: Earth
leakage current ELCB 30mA.

Electricity and water together, increase

in shock, Arc and Fire:
h The presence of water in a bathroom and outdoor
increases shock risk, arc and Àre.
h 90% of shock accidents happen outdoor. Presence
of water in a ground increase shock risk
h Outdoor is dry location then, may save life and
presence water increase shock and risk and
maybe killed.

Overcurrent cause burn in insulation, smoke and arc

due in cable: More current Áow in wire compare to
size of wire. Remedy: Overcurrent protection of wire
by Miniature circuit breaker (MCB)

March 2022 65
ExpertSpeak

Arc due to cut in wire: Between phase to phase and
phase. Remedy: Arc fault detection device (AFDD).
Mandatory in USA and recommendation by IEC
standard. Not in Indian standard.
be defective.
h Electrical shock INTENSITY depends on 2
factors: Current Áow in mA and time Áow in ms.
(0.0001=1mA)
h Important that ELCB must trip at a certain time to
prevent electric shock and save a life.
h Testing of tripping time of ELCB 30mA done by
inserting a plug of ELCB tester into sockets.
h Yellow “TEST button” on the front of the device to
press and make sure ELCB trip.

AFDD

Electric Fire Protection, Combustion

materials:
h >ŽĐĂƟŽŶƐ͗ ŽŵďƵƐƟďůĞ ŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůƐ ^ƚŽƌĂŐĞ͗ dĞdžƟůĞƐ͕
wood, paper, etc. ELCB tester, Matravi Co. Rs.12,000. ELCB, basic
h ^ŽůƵƟŽŶ͗DĂŶĚĂƚŽƌLJ͕install ELCB 300mA tester, Matravi Co. Cost Rs. 7,000
as the main breaker in DB.
ELCB meter to test tripping time of ELCB 30mA for
h ĂƵƟŽŶ͗Device ELCB 300mA prevents loss of life and new installations
ďŝůůŝŽŶƐŽĨZ^͘ůŽƐƐ͕ŽƐƚŽŶůLJZƐ͘ϮϱϬϬ͘
Tripping
Nr. Item Remark
time
1 Current less then No trip
15mA, 50% of 30mA
2 Current 15mA to 30mA 300ms
(0.3 s)
3 Current 5 times 30mA 40ms
= 150mA (0.04 s)

ELCB 30mA: Cause and remedy for

ELCB Testing Meter to measure nuisance tripping from leakage current.
tripping time in milliseconds, ms: h ELCB 30mA is widely used and very IMPORTANT
to prevent shock and Àre.
h ELCB is NOT a FAIL-SAFE device. ELCB is an h Nuisance tripping of ELCB 30mA happens due to
electronic and mechanical switch device. This can leakage current in earth wire.

66 March 2022
March 2022 67
ExpertSpeak
Cause:
h Unintentional, due to fault in electrical equipment
or cable insulation.
h Intentional in IT equipment, electronic equipment
and PC, monitor, copiers and etc. Àlters (Capacitor)
are connected between a phase to earth for
produce leakage current. The computer produces
about 1 mA leakage.
Remedy: How many computers to connects to a 16A
socket with 30mA ELCB in an electrical panel.
h The computer produces about 1 mA leakage. The
number of PC to connect to a socket is not more
than 10 numbers. RCD 30mA trip between 15 mA to
30mA so leakage current must not exceed 15 mA.
Measurement of leakage current: by low
current clamp meter.
h The clamp meter detects the leakage
current by a clamp; single phase,
phase and neutral and 3 phase, 3
wire or 4 wires. Measure current from
0.01mA to 60A.
h ELCB is widely used: If ELCB trips
then this is a very useful instrument to
measure leakage current.
Summary
ELCB 30mA:
h Mandatory, ELCB 30mA is used to prevent SHOCK
AND FIRE. It is an electronic components with
switch
h It is NOT FAIL-SAFE device.
h ELCB must trip within 300ms (0.03 seconds)
during shock otherwise person may be killed.
h ELCB SAVES LIFE AND FIRE. New ELCB installed
in a new building must be tested with an ELCB
tester.
h ELCB tester has a test push button to test before
use or once a year.
Main Points
h Mandatory, all lights and sockets, indoor and
outdoor circuits are installed device ELCB 30mA
to prevent Electric shock and Àre.
h The main purpose of ELCB 30mA is to prevent
electric shock but get additional n=beneÀts from a
ground fault of cable, which produces an arc.
h Outdoor, 90% of shocks and in the open ground
due to the presence of water.
h Outdoor electric work always wears shoes. NO
electric work in the rainy season.
68
h Many old houses do not have ELCB 30mA. Install
ELCB 30mA 2 numbers, if one trip then you supply
from other ELCB 30mA or always use Portable
PRCD 30mA
h Outdoor Electric work, always use portable PRCD
30mA for sockets by Havell Company
h Combustion materials storage: Textiles, paper,
wood and etc. Install 300mA ELCB in the main
panel.
Final Golden rules, Device ELCB 30mA to
use to Prevent electric shock and Fire
h ELCB IS NOT FAIL-SAFE DEVICE. New ELCB
MUST BE TESTED WITH ELCB TESTER
h Save a life and prevent billion of Rs, loss. ELCB
30mA cost “Rs. 600. To Rs. 5000”.
h Outdoor electric work: 90% shock accidents.
Always use PRCD socket or plug 30mA
h Device PRCD (P-protection RCD) socket or Plug
30mA for outdoor electrical work.
Seminar to prevent shock and fire and
testing ELCB 30mA as per IEC standard
h I have an ELCB meter. We can demonstrate the
ELCB tester at your premises.
h We will be glad to conduct a seminar for electricians
and engineers at your place or our place “Methods
to Prevent a “SHOCK AND FIRE” in electrical
installations and testing and commission as Indian
standards.
h You pay you back in long term to save lives and
billions of Rs. loss
h &ŽƌĨƵƌƚŚĞƌŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ͕ĐĂůůŵĞŽƌtŚĂƚƐƉƉŽƌĞŵĂŝů
me
REFERENCE:
1 https://www.electricalsafetyÀrst.org.uk/ On-line website,
Consumer Guide to prevent shock and easy to
understand.
2 Mobile APP: “Electrical Calculations” by Ettore Gallina,
Free. Pro Rs. 100. Very good information for practical
application and select size of cables as er standards.
3 Electric Fire Protection guide: Discover how to mitigate
the risk of Àre for new and existing commercial buildings.
Download free online. Schneider Electrical Co., France.
Very Good explanation and useful in practice.
4 Requirement of Electrical Installation as British standard,
BS7671:2018. Published 9 Guide. You can buy books
and downloads. Our Indian Standards do not have
Guides, difÀcult to understand. Standard cost Rs. 8,000
and each Guide cost Rs 2,500. „
Gajaria Gokal
B.E. and M.E. (USA)
installation
New installation or large retroÀt
March 2022
Events and Eventualties

CASE STUDIES

On Transformer’s Abnormal Situation (Part-13)

INTRODUCTION
LAST FEW MONTHS the CASE STUDIES on TRANSFORMER’s Abnormal situation is getting
published under the section of EVENT and EVENTUAL series. Readers especially from field units
are accepting this series because of its presentation approach is based on the actual situations,
observations, action taken on the subject with recommendations for the future reference.

This month, our attempt is once again on the continuation
of the subject on TRANSFORMER’s Abnormal situation.
Transformer, the only compact electro-mechanical
device helps to connect two different voltage level
systems. Reliability of the electrical system depends
upon the healthiness of this device, as because, any
eventuality on this device delinks the electrical network
dragging the situation towards instability and possible
way to blackout scenario also.
First TWELVE parts of this series had been published
during February 2021, March 2021, April 2021, May
2021, June 2021, July 2021 August 2021, September
2021, October 2021, November 2021, January 2022
and FEB 2022 with response of readers on this subject
being in exponential trend.
On the basis of the positive response and suggestive
feedback from the readers, we have considered the
continuation of this series with few other case studies

FUSE Supply RY in % YB in % BR in % rn in % yn in % bn in %
BLOWN Volt

R ph YB 45~55 100 45~55 (45~55) / ¥3n 100/¥3n (45~55)/ ¥3n

Y ph BR 20~25 75~80 100 (20~25)/ ¥3 n (75~80)/¥3n 100/¥3n

B ph RY 100 75~80 20~25 100/¥3n (75~80)/ ¥3n (20~25)/ ¥3 n

March 2022 69
Events and Eventualties
in this month. These studies shall be the continuation
of the last month’s technical case study series on
the technical note to abnormal behavior of Power
Transformers.
We urge all our esteem readers to please share
your suggestion and feedback, which shall be the
motivational factor to improve in further.
STATION TRANSFORMER FUSE BLOWING
In one 33/11 KV distribution Grid Station, the tripping
of outgoing feeders were resulting due to blowing of Y
phase HG fuse on 33 KV side of the station transformer.
ANALYSIS of the INCIDENTS: - In general the winding
connection of 33/11 KV distribution transformer is
of Delta on the primary and Star on the secondary
side. The blowing out of the fuse on any of the
phase connection is treated as SINGLE PHASING
supply to the transformer. For such condition the
voltage development on the other phases would be
obtained as per the Áux distribution on its winding
and the nature of Áux distribution depends upon the
actual physical placement of the core and winding. The
nature of voltage distribution is shown in the following
table.
This has been observed in practice that for the case of
Y phase FUSE BLOWING condition, the voltage on the
secondary side becomes un-equal as mentioned in the
table.
With the blowing out of the H.V. fuse on the Y phase the
primary voltage value on RY and YB would be collapsed
along with the collapsing of the secondary r and y
phases. The voltage on BR winding on primary system
would be NORMAL with corresponding NORMAL
voltage on b phase on the secondary side. So current
on this blue phase may cause over drawal from the
B Y R
75-80 %
20-25 %
Fig-B-2 Pry. Voltage (No Y Ph Fuse)
r
b n y
100/¥Q
20-25/¥Q
75-80/¥Q
Fig-2.1.2 Secy. Voltage (No Y Ph Fuse)
FAILURE OF DOMESTIC APPLIANCES
It was reported by few domestic consumers regarding
the burning/failure of electrical appliances during
normal electrical supply to them.
Investigation and Analysis: - The electrical circuits
to the premises were checked. (Ratings, Supply
connections, Earthings System). It was found correct
and in order. Then the supply transformer was checked
and found with earthing connection in order. Finally, it
was suspected with the dis-connection of NEUTRAL
lead inside the transformer and on opening of the same
it was found with the opening of lead. The lead was
connected to earth bushing and the problem was
rectiÀed
Mathematical explanation for non-earthing of neutral
point
For Non-earthing of neutral system and fault in any
one of the phase say in Phase B the following issues
will arise.
5HIHU¿J
Voltage on the phase B = Zero,
Voltage at N = - VB = V, angle (-600), So VR1 = ( VR-VN)
system and tripping of the system. (Refer the vector ¥9DQJOH0 ), VY1 = ( VY- VN ¥9DQJOH0
diagram Figure- 2.1.1, 2.1.2) ), VB1 = 0
NOTE: This tripping of the feeders is situational and VRY1 = VR1 - VY1 9DQJOH0).
depends upon the available of the load on the system.

R
VR

V RY1
r

RY
N
BR

V Y1
b

y VY
B YB Y

Fig-2.1.1 Healthy Condition Fig 2.2.1

70 March 2022
March 2022 71
Events and Eventualties

So it is concluded that voltage on each healthy phase

132 KV
winding (Here R and Y phase) will have ¥3 times normal
phase voltage for which the electrical appliances,
connected on these phases may be damaged during
fault on the other phases.
CT under Test
Conclusion:- From the described cases it was observed
that the small transformers connection and installation
should be done perfectly. Particularly the earthing on
the system has to be done in correct manner if the
transformer is required to be connected in the inter- TFR not removed with NEUTRAL
connected system. Fig 2.3.1

ZERO Megger value of CT
At one of 132/33 KV 63MVA Transformer, it was found
with oil leakage from the Tan-delta point. Then the oil
level was checked and found with low level. On Àlling
the oil, the IR value was measured from Primary point to
Ground, but found with ZERO-ohm resistance.
Observations
1. The Oil leakage on CT was found at the Tan-Delta
point.
2. As suspected that this had been resulted during
Tan-Delta measurement by the testing wing and
loosened during that point.
3. So, the tightness was attended for arresting of the
oil leakage.
4. At the same time, oil level was also checked and
found with less than that of the limit. So, required
level was Àlled and tested with the Primary to Earth
megger value.
5. The result was found with ZERO value.
6. ZERO resistance of the running CT was suspected
with the process of taking Insulation resistance
measurement.
7. So, the grid personnel were inquired about the
measurement process.
8. The actual mistake point was revealed on
inquiring that the grid personnel had taken the
measurement, keeping Transformer winding in the
system, without removing of the NEUTRAL EARTH.
9. On knowing the mistake, the NEUTRAL EARTH
of transformer was removed and IR value taken
thereafter.
10. This time the actual megger value came above the
allowable limit.
11. The Transformer was charged along with this CT
and stood OK.
Technical Action
1. On Àrst instance and hurriedly without thinking
about the TRANSFORMER NEUTRAL EARTH link
in the system, the grid operator took the insulation
resistance measurement by the available
motorized 5KV IR tester. ( Refer Fig No 2.3.1).
2. Because of TRANSFORMER NEUTRAL EARTH link
in the system, the IR measurement came ZERO.
NOTE: This Study seems to be very silly, but sometimes
operator forget to remove the Earthing Point during IR
measurement. Not only from transformer, sometimes
Grid operators do the mistake of removal of EARTH
LINK from the PT system.
Recommendations: This is recommended to review
the system if IR measurement is attempted for combined
connected equipment system in case of obtaining ZERO
resistance value, before declaring the final result.
Reptile fault on Power Transformer
At one of the 132/33 Kv station, there had been tripping
of the 50 MVA Power transformer.
Observation
1. This transformer was connected in parallel with
another available transformer in the system.
2. Both the transformers were catering the load
successfully.
3. One day it was found with 33KV fault on the Y
phase with fault actuation of Differential relay on
one of the transformer.
4. The other transformer in the system did not trip,
continued on catering the available load.
5. The Àeld veriÀcation was done and found with a
dead reptile near the transformer towards LV side.
6. The transformer bushing was also checked and
found with sparking on the Y phase bushing.
7. This was suspected with this reptile fault on
Y phase bushing, for which differential relay
operated. (Refer Fig 2.4.1)
Fig 2.4.1 Reptile fault on Y phase Bushing

72 March 2022
Events and Eventualties

8. The fault was within internal zone of the transformer, got connected to earth towards load side. (Refer
for which differential relay got actuated, with no Fig 2.5.1)
other relays. 4. The protection system did not actuate, resulted
9. For the other connected transformer, this fault was with burning of ground shrubs due to laying of the
external fault, for which the transformer did not trip. wire from supply side.
10. The detail transformer testing was done and found
Technical Analysis
with no abnormality and transformer was allowed
for charging. 1. In fact, supply side was connected from the
11. But this time, insulation sleeve cap cover was put source point with Star- Star transformer from the
on the 33 KV bushing along with the stud clamp. transmission utility.
2. The load connected transformer is of Delta –star.
Recommendation: The required gap to be maintained So, for the faulty wire being snapped, touched to
between the LV bushings and if possible to be encapsuled DELTA connected winding.
with cover tank or suitable insulation sleeve cap.
3. The pattern of current and load impedance is
shown in Fig 2.5.2, Fig 2.5.3.
Issues on High Impedance Fault 4. The amount of current as Z ampere in this condition
With one 33Kv feeder, snapping of conductor and shall be Áowing through certain impedance of high
getting connected to Earth on Load connected side, magnitude, as circuit has to cause the Áow through
resulting with No action of Station Transformer. GROUND EARTH as the current path. So amount
Observations in maximum cases does not become high for the
actuation of protection scheme available at the
1. Fault on 33Kv feeder resulted, that connected
supply end.
between Star (Y) system to Delta loading system.
5. But because of this effect and non-actuation of
2. The snapping of jumper occurred in between the
protection system, in maximum cases, living being
supply connected wire.
in touch or coming in the zone of this electric Àeld
3. This snapping caused open circuit for the wire suffers with of electrocution and succumbs to
towards supply side, but other disconnected wire death also.
Solution to this effect
1. Sensitive earth fault relay, that works on the
Supply Side Load Side principle of ZERO SE4 UN-BALANCE current
Star Connected Delta Connected
System System could be used, collecting the secondary current
from Neutral CT being on the NEUTRAL of the
transformer. (Refer Fig 2.5.4)
2. But in the case of multi-used supply transformers
(More than one), the current magnitude shall be
less or may not be sufÀcient to result actuation of
Fig. 2.5.1 Snapping of Conductor on 33 KV side the SEF (Sensitive Earth Fault) Relay.
3. So, the feeder that used for feeding this
R
system should accordingly be used
Faulty Point, with special Logic for actuation of Earth
earthing to Load end
Fault relay and tripping of the feeder.
16.5 KV 16.5 KV
4. Presently Numerical Relays are in
extensive use with all features of
33KV
programmable logics. So considering
B
Y the situational condition, the logic can
be framed.
Fig 2.5.2
33KV side of 132/33 KV
TFR at GRID end
33KV side of 33/11 KV station
TFR at LOAD end Some Other Technical Solution
Z amp
Z amp to the HIGH IMPEDANCE FAULT
X amp
in 33KV and 11 KV System
Y
X amp Y a Different situations
a X-
X- Y A. Fault on the Supply connected side
Y Y+
X +Zamp Z
X +Zamp
Y+
Z
SEF Snapping of Conductor for the 33Kv feeder
towards supply end side and touching to
Fig 2.5.3 Fig 2.5.4 ground:

March 2022 73
Events and Eventualties
For this situation, if proper earth loop gets maintained,
then the relay at supply end shall only actuate and trip
the system. The fault loop current Áow is seen in the
Fig 2.6.1. But in case of any earth issues in the system,
impedance fault shall be developing and may not cause
tripping, which may result with serious concern to the
system due to delay in tripping action. So, using of
guard wire to get proper return current could be the
solution.
Fig 2.6.1
Fig 2.6.2
Fig 2.6.3
B. Fault on 11Kv side of the Delta Star
transformer
Any fault on the load connected side on 11 KV system.
The associated protection system should have to act
upon to clear the fault. But due to earth integrity, the
related fault gets converted to impedance kind of fault
and causes delay action on the tripping relays. The
relays at different locations in the upstream shall be
actuating to clear the fault. But best solution is to make
use of ground return wire. Refer Àg 2.6.2
C. Fault on Delta Transformer
Delta winding of the transformer and fault on this system.
In practice transformer protection shall be actuating the
fault in this situation and clears the same. In case of
any deviation/non-actuation, the upstream relays act to
clear the fault.
Recommendations: So, EARTH plays the important role
for circulation of fault current. So earth continuity to be
conÀrmed in every system
Actuation of OSR of transformer:
It was found with the actuation of OSR during a rainy
day at one of the 132/33KV Grid Sub-station.
74
Observations
1. It was reported by the grid in-charges regarding
tripping of the 20MVA Power transformer on OSR
during the rainy day.
2. Accordingly, it was asked for the checking of the
OSR, might be causing the ingress of moisture/
rain water and causing the contact closure and
tripping of the breaker.
3. The transformer was taken shutdown for detail
checking.
4. It was found with no any abnormality at the OSR
on external checking. The gland face was covered
with adhesive putty and cover plate was applied
with suitable adhesive putty also.
5. But suspecting something any internal problem,
the cover was removed and found with moist part,
oxidation and sulphation of the contacts as like
shown in the Àg 2.6.1.
6. The moist part and sulphation contacts were
cleaned properly and then cover was put to the
OSR with application of adhesive putty.
7. The problem was rectiÀed and transformer was
charged ok.
Technical analysis
1. In fact, just before this fault occurrence, the grid
in-charge had been instructed for the necessary
action of application of putty and closure of the
gland holes.
2. So, the team as per the instruction, applied the same
without attending the internal part of the OSR.
3. Actually, there were some moisture inside the OSR
chamber, before application of the adhesive putty
on the closed cover edges. This moisture was not
that sufÀcient to cause contact continuity of the
contact, but suphasion had been started.
4. During the intermittent raining and cold season,
the vapour inside the covered OSR might have
started condensing to moisture and clung to the
contacts, resulting with tripping of the transformer.
5. So, the mistake was with grid personnel, regarding
application of adhesive putty without opening and
cleaning of the internal moisture residues in the
March 2022
Events and Eventualties
OSR. Because of this residual moisture and after
total sealing of the cover, during heating and cold
process, the vapour with condensation to moisture
caused tripping of the transformer.
Recommendation
For the Transformer top mounted device, in the case of
sealing of the external cover for the ingress of moisture
etc…, before application of adhesives/ any sealing
agent, the cover should be opened and internal part
should be properly cleaned and dried to avoid the
condensation of any residual moisture/vapour.
Issue on the CORE-FRAME and TANK
It was found with problem on the insulation resistance
value between TANK and FRAME.
Observations
1. During regular routine testing checkup for the
transformer of 50 MVA of 110/33KV, it was observed
with SHORT between TANK and FRAME while
doing the IR (Insulation Resistance) measurement
by 1KV megger.
2. The other values (CORE-FRAME and CORE-TANK)
value was found above 2 Gohm.
3. The transformer was in service and found with no
abnormality.
4. So, during re-charging of the unit, the OEM was
asked of his opinion. On reply it was said to charge
the transformer and nothing to worry as Ànally the
Frame and Tank need to be interconnected and
earth also.
5. But it was suggested by the experts to investigate
such reason of short-circuit before re-energisation.
Technical Analysis
1. First of all, the reason of developing CFT links are
to be known.
a. This shorting was generally provided to
maintain one-point Earthing of Metal parts of
the transformer.
b. So leads were brought from each metal part to
the top of the transformer and maintained with
an enclosure box, where links are provided
between the terminals as like shown in the
Àgure (Fig 2.7.1).
c. The reason of one-point Earthing is to avoid
circulating current in the loop.
Fig 2.7.1 CFT box with
inter-connected links
March 2022
d. If so happens or made with multi-point Earthing,
then due to Áow of the circulating current, certain
amount of heat may develop on this path.
e. This un-wanted multi-point links may not affect
the functionality of transformer, but in long run
due to heating effect or temporary arching,
certain objectionable gasses may develop in
the transformer.
f. These evolution of gasses may create confusion
on the fault occurrence in the transformer.
g. Moreover, sometimes these faulty link
connection results with abnormal TAN DELTA
value of the winding and confusion on the fault
on the transformer winding.
2. Now let us analyze the reason why such things
happen on the in-service transformer.
a. In case of OLD running transformer, the sludge
gradually sticks to the frame and results with
less IR value during testing, but this may not
affect the system.
b. There might be manufacturing lapse and left
with any inadvertent extended metal lead/wire,
which in service running condition may cause
short circuit.
c. The insulator stack provided at the end point
of the enclosure box, sometimes gets crack
resulting with lower insulation value.
d. In some cases, the leads coming out of the
terminal box get connected to the common
insulating pad. This pad sometimes cracks,
resulting with lowering of insulation resistance.
Action Taken
1. It was advised to perform few of the following tests
i. TAN DELTA of the winding and found with no
abnormality.
ii. IR value of the CFT once again on removal of
the links with 1Kv tester and PI Value (Ratio of IR
value of 3 minutes to 1 minute) to know the trend
pattern, whether in rising or Áuctuated mode. It
was found with no abnormality, but results were
observed with ZERO OHM between Tank and
Frame.
2. Finally, it was concluded that some where the
FRAME and Tank has been shorted internally.
But this may not affect the working function of
Transformer.
3. The transformer was charged successfully and
kept for observation regarding heat development.
4. After few months it was observed with no any
abnormality. Even all the tests were also conducted
and found in order. „
(CONTINUED TO NEXT MONTH)
Er. P.K. Pattanaik
GM (Elect), at Odisha Power
Transmission Corporation Ltd. – Odisha.
75
IEEMAActivities

January 17, 2022 Attended by: Mr Azizkhan Ishonkhujaev - Head

of foreign economic Relations department; Mr
IEEMA LV Switchgear Division Meeting Shokhrukh Musakulov – Head of Investment
IEEMA Activities
Department; Mr Khusan Saidjalolov – Head of
Key points discussed:
Export Department; Mr Jasur – Chief Specialist
h Common agenda of the Division such as of Investment Department; IEEMA Members &
stalled projects, delayed payments, price ofÀcials.
rise of essential raw materials.
Key points discussed:
h Update on the committees formed by
DHI on the series guidelines and Testing h Discussion on how to collaborate and bring
and Compliance related matters for LV in a joint responsibility for both IEEMA and
Switchgear QCO to members. Uzeltexsanoat to help in bringing brisk
h State of the Industry. business amongst the two countries.
h Nomination of Chairman and Vice h An MoU between the two associations can
Chairman of the Division. be looked upon.
Action taken: h Uzeltexsanoat to send details of their
h Core Committee to prepare the series
exhibitions that can be circulated amongst
guidelines and status report on testing our industry.
facility on Circuit Breakers complying IS/ h Sharing of Uzeltexsanoat members details
IEC 60947- Part-2:2016. with IEEMA.
Outcome: h To help in having a virtual B2B meetings
h The core committee of LV switchgear with both the countries’ Electrical sector is
Division has submitted the draft series being proposed.
guidelines and status report on testing Action taken:
facility in India for Low Voltage Switch
Gears & Control Gears of IS/IEC 60947- h MoU sample has been sent.
Part-2: 2016 to Department of Heavy January 18, 2022
Industries.
Southern Region Committee Meeting
January 17, 2022
BIS Sectional committee ETD 07, Low Voltage
Switchgear and Controlgear
Key points discussed:
h Composition of the sectional Committee.
h ClariÀcation regarding coverage of product
in Indian Standards under the purview of
ETD -07.
h Discussion on members comments on IEC Key points discussed:
60947-7-1 ED3.
h Appointment of Vice Chairman and State
h Discussion on Program of work and list Convenors
of published standards under IEC/TC 121
h Membership enhancement
and its subcommittees SC 121A & SC
121B, and IEC SC 23 E. h Webinars
Outcome: h Outreach Programs
h Minutes after receipt shall be circulated to h Industry Academia Connect
all LV switchgear Division for information. Action taken:
January 17, 2022 Webinars on the below are being organized by
Southern Region:
Interaction with Association Uzeltexsanoat h Webinar on CYBER THREATS in the
Uzbekistan INDIAN POWER SECTOR on February 9,
2022.
h Electrical Safety Webinar - Safety scenarios
& improvements, based on the upcoming
National Elect Code of India (SP30)
& implementation of Elect installation
standards in building – February 11,
2022.

76 March 2022
March 2022 77
IEEMAActivities

January 20, 2022 February 3, 2022

IEEMA Maharashtra & Goa Chapter meeting Cable Division Meeting

Key Points discussed:

h The discussion threw light on forthcoming IEEMA
VJTI Start-up Conclave. Key points discussed:
h How member engagement can be beneÀcial with h Production Data & it trends – April 2021 to
other sectors like Steel, Cement, Renewables, December 2022
Defence etc. h CableWire 2022 Conference
h Members of these States debated on the current h Study on cable – Class 2 and Class 5 Conductors
Industry Scenario and the way forward.
h Fix Agenda including Delayed Payments, Stalled
January 25 2022 Projects, Inverted Duty, Exports
Action taken:
Intellect Committee Meeting
Organised a follow up meeting for Cable technical
Key points discussed: Committee & CableWire committee
h New dates (tentative) for the DistribuELEC Outcome:
Exhibition May 25 – 27, 2022. Revised scope of Study on cables is discussed
h Intellect: 2 days Conference (5 Sessions). Dates of CableWire is Ànalised
h BuildElec: 1 day Conference with focus on Points related to PVC were concluded
customers like MEP, Consultant, Developers &
Builders. February 7, 2022
h Preparation of agenda for Intellect & BuildElec. Energy Meter Division
Action taken:
Attended by: 28 Members from 22 organisation from
h To invite Southern Regional IEEMA members. Energy Meter Division
h To Invite PFC and REC members in few special Key points discussed:
sessions for participation.
h Common agenda of the Division such as stalled
Outcome: projects, delayed payments, price rise of essential
Proposed Theme: raw materials etc
h Next Gen Energy Transition 2022 h State of the Industry
h NEXT GEN Paradigm of Energy Distribution – h Union Budget announcement for Smart Meters
Structural Change h IEEMA Representations to Various Government/
Ministries for inclusion of Smart Meters on Public
January 28, 2022
Procurement Order
Virtual training session on standardization and testing h Update on Metering India 2022
of Distribution transformers h Engagement with MEITY on the Global Supply
chain issue of electronic components to be used
The training covered the understanding on all routine
in Smart meters
tests, type tests and short circuit tests as per IS 1180
- 2014. Action taken:
ERDA was the knowledge partner for this training h Metering India 2022 dates are Ànalized in the
session. Sh Jeetendra R Tahilwani and Sh Rakesh D. Division
Navadiya were the speakers from ERDA. More than h Preparing a representation to MEITY for their
60 participants from IEEMA members, non-member support in the rationalizing the Import duty on
organisations and utilities participated. smart meters and its components.

78 March 2022
IEEMAActivities
Outcome:
h Metering India date is Ànalized for November 10 -
11, 2022
February 7, 2022
Stakeholders’ consultation meeting with Secretary,
Department of Consumer Affairs, Ministry of Consumer
Affairs, Food & Public Distribution to discuss the testing
need of Transformer industry
Attended by: Sh Rohit Kumar Singh, Secretary, Dept.
of Consumer Affairs; DG-Bureau of Indian Standards;
Dept. of Heavy Industries; Bureau of Energy EfÀciency,
IEEMA was represented by Sh Alok Agarwal, Vice
Chairman, Northern Region; Sh Chanchal Jindal,
Vice Chairman, DT Division; Sh. Uttam Kumar and Sh
Rishabh Joshi and Other Industry representatives.
Key points discussed:
h To explore possibilities of setting up of a lab in
Eastern Region
h NTH to upgrade their Testing Facilities in Ghaziabad
Unit and include Short Circuit Facilities
h Testing should not be an impediment in the growth
of the Power Sector
h Manufacturers highlighted the Logistic Problem
issues in taking samples to CPRI Bhopal,
Bangalore w.r.t testing in absence of S.C facilities
in labs available in the Northern Region.
Action taken:
Information is sought from members of Distribution
Transformers and LV& MV Switchgear Divisions
regarding the in-house testing facilities available
Outcome:
Manufacturers were requested to furnish details
regarding in House testing facilities for Transformers
and Switchgears (LV &MV HV Switchgear)
February 9, 2022
Webinar on “CYBER THREATS in the INDIAN POWER
SECTOR”
Key points discussed:
Cyber Threats can come from any level in the
organization set up. Without a cyber security
programme, organization cannot defend it against data
breach campaigns, which makes it an irresistible target
for cybercrimes. This webinar focused on understanding
the cyber threats in the Indian power sector, detail
explanation of recent intrusions, real time case studies
and potential opportunities and actionable steps that
can be adopted. It highlighted few terms that are very
important to know in the cyber security concept.
March 2022
February 9, 2022
Intelect 2022 Committee Meeting
Key points discussed:
h Intelect-22 conference will be for two days
h The draft themes for INTELECT-22 is under
discussion. Some of the listed theme are
followingPreparing for Energy Transition, Path to
Energy Transition, Road to Energy Transition, etc.
h Dates for Intelect-22 are from May 25, 2022 to May
27 2022
h Draft agenda is under discussion of committee
already prepared and shared with the committee
members.
h Sponsorship proposal was tabled to the committee
which is under discussion
Action taken:
Highest category sponsorship should be bundled with
Distribuelec exhibition
Outcome:
Committee is requested to Ànalize theme for intellect-22
February 10, 2022
Meeting with Secretary (Power) on Trusted Vendor
System for Power Sector
Attended by: Sh Alok Kumar, Secretary(Power); Sh
Vishal Kapoor, Joint Secretary, Ministry of Power; Senior
ofÀcials from Power Grid, NCIIPC, STQC, DPIIT, NHPC,
POSOCO, C-DOT, NHPC, NSCS, CEA and IEEMA
Members & ofÀcials.
Key points discussed:
h IPR of any organization is one of the conÀdential
document and it is a part of security mandate,
hence this information cannot be shared to any
third party as it may lead to leakage of information
h There is a concept of sharing the information
through Software Bill of materials (BOM), where
requirement for source code can be eliminated
h Testing infrastructure needs to be placed before
we talk about various standards and products to
be tested
h There is a Need a lab on IEC 62443 and if the
product is not critical, testing can be exempted.
h DoT does not require source code. It is required
only by testing lab during the testing process
Action taken:
h IOT to consolidate the views from Members of
Smart Grid and Energy Meter Division for further
submission to Ministry of Power
Outcome:
Ministry of Power requested all stakeholders to submit
their comments/suggestions on the concept note of
Trusted Vendor System for Power Sector
79
IEEMAActivities

February 10, 2022 Outcome:

Awareness Webinar on Government e-Market Place (GeM)
Director HR requested IEEMA for the training in the
areas of Skills up gradation and hands on Training on
New technology.
February 11, 2022
Webinar by NeSL on Demo of Information Utility
Services under IBC 2016

IEEMA organised an awareness webinar on

“Government e-Market Place (GeM). The webinar was
conducted by Mr Nikhil Patil, GeM, Business Facilitator
(Maharashtra State).
Attended by: Mr Debajyoti Ray Chaudhuri, MD & CEO,
Key Points discussed: NeSL; Mr P Sankar, Head of Relationship, NeSL; Mr
h Overview of GeM Chetan Lulla, Chief Manager, NeSL; IEEMA members &
ofÀcials along with 51 participants.
h Registration process
Key points discussed:
h ProÀle & Catalogue update
The webinar comprised of a presentation on the demo
h Bid participation normal & custom
of IU services and how they can help the users.
h Invoice generation
Mr Debajyoti Ray Chaudhuri, MD & CEO gave a brief on
Outcome: the IU services to Operational Creditors and how they
Interaction helped the participants to ease the process can be of help to operational creditors.
of registration and upload of their product on the GeM The Live demonstration of Information Utility Services
portal. covered the important points like.
February 11, 2022 Outcome:
The Live Demo was highly appreciated by all our
Meeting with MSETCL Director, Project, Operations and members.
HR to discuss the activities of IEEMA
February 11, 2022
Mr Nasir Quadri, Director Project, Mr Anil Kolap,
Director Operations and Mr Sugat Gamare, Director HR, “Electrical Safety - Change in safety scenarios and
MSETCL, IEEMA members & ofÀcials improvements: Based on the upcoming National Electrical
Key points discussed: Code of India (SP30) and guide for implementation of
The meeting was to introduce MSETCL ofÀcials about Electrical installation standards in building”
IEEMA activities since they have taken their charge as
Director recently.
h Short Term Plans of MSETCL,
h Impact on CAPEX of the utilities,
h Vendor Management Programme
h Expectations of the utilities from Industry for their
upcoming projects,
h Issue instructions for release of all BGs which
are over 5 years old, or which have completed
the duration of performance period stipulated in
Contracts and Training requirements on the new
Attended by:
technology for their Àeld engineer.
Gopa Kumar S, IEEMA members & ofÀcials
Action taken:
Key points discussed:
Director project requested IEEMA to conduct webinar
for their Project and Ànance team for the use of PV The webinar explained the changes and improvements
circular and Calculator. necessary in an electrical installation in order to comply
to the upcoming requirements.
The ofÀcials requested IEEMA members to attend their
vendors’ meet which will be planed shortly. The vendors Outcome:
meet will focus on ease of doing business, timely The Webinar had an overwhelming participation from
completion of project, quality and reliability aspects. the Industry.

80 March 2022
ERDANews
Testing capacity enhancement for Power
Transformer at Manufacturer’s works
Electrical Research & Development Association (ERDA)
is a not for proÀt premiere testing laboratory providing
testing solutions to the Indian electrical industry and
utilities. ERDA was established with the Ànancial
support of Council of ScientiÀc and Industrial Research
(CSIR), government of India and the state government
of Gujarat. ERDA constantly strives to improve quality
and reliability of equipment, materials and services for
electrical industries, utilities and users of electricity.
One of the biggest challenges faced by the power
transmission companies (TRANSCOs) is the continuity
and reliability of power supply. Transformers being the
most important and critical component of T&D system,
contribute signiÀcantly by playing the key role in the
March 2022
performance of grid. Hence, transformers connected in
transmission and distribution system must have reliable
and satisfactory operations. Operating temperature,
losses or temperature rise of the transformers have
a direct bearing of its life. Therefore, it is essential
that transformers must be tested extensively before
being put to service in the grid. Failure of a power
transformer during operation or inefÀcient operation
of the transformer will cause black out. Also the
utility will have to incur the cost of replacing/repairing
the transformer to provide services to its customer.
Therefore, it is advisable to get power transformers
tested by an NABL approved independent third party
test agency. ERDA is NABL accredited to perform
testing of power transformers at manufacturer locations
by using dedicated test set ups. ERDA uses calibrated
instruments for measurement at the manufacturer’s
location. With the growing demand of the utilities, ERDA
has commenced providing onsite testing services for
the transformers. The major clientele includes MSETCL,
UPPTCL, OPTCL, CSPTCL, AP Transco, MPPKVVCL,
GETCO, UGVCL etc.
The biggest leap with the new portable loss
measurement system of ERDA is of stepping up our
existing on-site testing scope from 100 MVA (220
kV) class to 500 MVA (400 kV) class.
Details about maximum range of transformers that can
be tested with this setup is mentioned below.
Maximum LV or No- Load Temperature
Rating (MVA) tertiary Load Loss rise test
winding Loss
315 (400 kV Up to ¥ ¥ ¥
class) – 3 Ø 66 kV
500 (400 kV Up to ¥ ¥ ¥
class) – 3 Ø 66 kV
81
ERDANews

500 (765 kV Up to ¥ ¥ X
class) – 1 Ø 66 kV
¥ : Possible, X : Not Possible

ERDA’s Portable Loss Measurement system

ERDA’s portable loss measurement system is an
advanced measuring system that uses passive two
stage compensated technology. The main advantage
of a two stage compensated technology is that the
effective burden is zero when feeding into another
compensated CT. As a result the errors of the CT are
effectively reduced to zero in both magnitude and
phase. For voltage measurement three shielded gas
Àlled (SF6) high voltage standard capacitors and three
model voltage dividers are used for measuring the
phase to ground voltage in each phase. It also uses two Induction heating is energizing the
staged compensated current comparator to correct for
both magnitude and phase errors with the divider. electrotechnical industry. Here’s how.
Following tests are possible to conduct at
manufacturer works; Induction heating is fast, accurate, controllable and repea-
table—features that make it ideal for many heating appli-
Up to 500 MVA, 400 kV/66 kV Class, 3- Phase cations in the electrotechnical industry.
Power Transformers;
But what really makes induction perfect for electro-
h Measurement of Winding Resistance technical applications is its suitability for customized so-
h Measurement of Turns Ration lutions. For answers to your specific heating challenges.
h Measurement of No Load Losses And your specific budgets, process parameters and quality
goals.
h Measurement of Load Losses and Percentage
Impedance
For instance, over the past decades we’ve devised thou-
h Temperature Rise Test
sands of solutions to braze parts in motors, generators and
h Measurement of Zero-Sequence Impedance transformers. But more and more customers are discove-
h Magnetic Balance Test ring the benefits of induction for pre- and post-heating.
h Induce Over Voltage Withstand Test We’ve even helped remove and replace shrink-fitted parts
h Separate Source Withstand Voltage Test on oil rigs and in power stations.

Up to 500 MVA, 765 kV/66 kV Class, Single - Phase Of course, the fact that we are the world’s no. 1 induc-
Power Transformers; tion heating company for the electrotechnical sector helps
us develop solutions. As does our 50-plus years of expe-
h Measurement of Winding Resistance rience. And since we’re present in the Americas, Asia and
h Measurement of Turns Ration Europe, your solution is probably closer than you think.
h Measurement of No Load Losses
h Measurement of Load Losses and Percentage So contact us today to learn more about us—and how
Impedance our solutions can help your business. Visit our website for
the address of the EFD Induction office nearest you.
h Measurement of Zero-Sequence Impedance
h Magnetic Balance Test
h Induce Over Voltage Withstand Test
h Separate Source Withstand Voltage Test

Rajib Chattopadhyay
Head BD & CRM
PUTTING THE SMARTER
Phone (D): 0265-3021505, Mobile: 9978940954, E-mail: rajib. www.efd-induction.com HEAT TO SMARTER USE

chattopadhyay@erda.org

82 March 2022
INDEX TO ADVERTISERS
AVON METERS 3

ALTANOVA 39

ANCHOR 17

AXIS ELECTICALS 23

BANMORE 9

BHARAT BIJLEE 27

BHARAT CORRUB 4

CCI 62

CSE POWER 29

ERDA 33

HAMMOND POWER 67

HD WIRE 15

JANITZA 49

KVTEK 35

L&T Cover II

MENNEKES 83

MITSHUBISHI 13

MPP TECHNOLGIES 59

NEXT GEN 19

OBO 5

RASHTRIYA METALS 77

RE 71

dƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵĞƌĂŶĚZĞĐƟĮĞƌ Cover IV

TTP RADIATORS 55

VIDYA WIRES 51

83 March 2022

Kerala Government collaborates with Social
Alpha for developing Startup Ecosystem in the
area of Clean Energy and Climate Action
The Government of Kerala, through the Energy
Management Centre (EMC) and Kerala Development
and Innovation Strategy Council (KDISC), enters into
a MoU with Social Alpha through its Clean Energy
International Incubation Centre (CEIIC). Set up in
2018 by Social Alpha, CEIIC is a joint initiative of Tata
Trusts and the Government of India, and is supported
by the Department of Biotechnology, BIRAC, Tata
Power and Tata Power-Delhi Distribution. The MoU
underlines the joint commitment of EMC, KDISC and
CEIIC to work together in the areas of innovative,
clean energy technologies which integrate with the
initiatives and programs of the Government of Kerala.
This collaboration will also facilitate the State of Kerala
in curating innovative technologies for deployment
through government initiatives for addressing the
challenges in the power sector and energy access for
all. The jointly set-up incubation centre will leverage
the labs and infrastructure already set up by the
collaborating agencies.
CEIIC will also bring with it a rich partner ecosystem
and a network for experts. Tata Power, one of the key
stakeholders and CEIIC, with a strong network of over
a hundred national and international technology and
institution partners, lab facilities and cadre of experts,
will also lend support to this joint incubator for creating
affordable and scalable solutions.
The initiative addresses the pressing need for solutions
that leverage cutting-edge, disruptive clean energy
technologies to accelerate progress toward net zero.
The program aligns with the goals of the Mission
Innovation Platform and India’s commitment towards
Climate. Climate Change is one of the biggest challenges
facing our world today, spurring the call for global
collaborations to tackle the crisis. The collaboration
under this initiative reiterates the commitment of State
84
INTERNATIONAL
NEWS
Government, Social Alpha and the Tata Power to work
towards sustainability and climate.
PFC bestowed with the prestigious “ICAI
Award for Excellence in Financial Reporting”
Power Finance Corporation Ltd. (PFC) a Maharatna
CPSE and country’s leading NBFC in the power sector,
has won the prestigious ICAI (Institute of Chartered
Accountants of India) Silver award for excellence in
Ànancial reporting for the Ànancial year 2020-21 in
‘Public Sector Entities’ category.
PFC was bestowed with this coveted award for its highest
degree of compliance with accounting standards,
commendable accounting practices adopted while
preparing Ànancial statements, the policies adopted
for disclosure & presentation of Ànancial statements
amongst other information contained in the annual
report.
The award was received by Sh. R S Dhillon, CMD,
Smt. Parminder Chopra, Director (Finance) and Sh.
R K Malhotra, ED (Finance) from Dr. Jitender Singh,
Hon’ble MoS (IC) for Science and Technology, Earth
Sciences, MoS for PMO, Personnel, Public Grievances
and Pensions, Deptt of Atomic Energy and Space, at an
award distribution ceremony held on 09th Feb., 2022.
Sh. Mohd Salim, GM (Finance) and Sh. Anurag Gupta,
CM (Finance) were also present on the occasion.
Prayagraj Power Generation Company inks
MoU with ZaaK Technologies for Upcycling
Ash to Sustainable Sand Material
Prayagraj Power Generation Company Limited (PPGCL)
has signed an MOU with ZaaK Technologies GmbH to
jointly establish India’s Àrst Lypors® pilot manufacturing
plant at PPGCL. PPGCL is a wholly owned subsidiary of
Renascent Power Ventures Private Limited incorporated
in India which is in turn a wholly owned subsidiary of
March 2022
InternationalNews

Resurgent Power Ventures Pte. Limited (a joint venture
between Tata Power International Pte. Ltd. (TPIPL) (a
wholly owned subsidiary of The Tata Power Company
Limited), ICICI Bank Ltd. (ICICI Bank) and other reputed
global investors.
The partnership between the PPGCL and ZaaK would
create a whole new industry of sustainable construction
material by reducing the consumption of precious
natural sand resources. This will enable PPGCL to
move rapidly towards its goal of adopting sustainable
practices in thermal power generation. Lypors® is a
sustainable sand material manufactured through a
patented process by upcycling a wide range of mineral
wastes, including Áy ash, pond ash, old-deposited ash,
bauxite residue and is used to produce lightweight
concrete, mortar, plaster, and other building products.
The partnership of PPGCL with ZaaK is in alignment
with the Ministry of Environment Forest and Climate
Change’s draft notiÀcation, mandating 100% ash
utilization.The technology will enable the country to
manage the gainful utilization of Áy ash.
“We are happy to work with Zaak Technologies, and
we are certain that Lypors® will be a game-changer in
turning Thermal Power ash into a useful and sustainable
product. Our commitment to carbon neutrality and the
circular economy will be strengthened even more as a
result of this collaboration.” said Mr. Vijay Namjoshi,
Chief – Generation, Tata Power
global players are booked and overÁowing till 2025,”
he said.
India to replace diesel with renewable energy
in agriculture by 2024: Govt
Union Power Minister R K Singh said that India will
achieve zero-diesel use in agriculture and replace the
fossil fuel with renewable energy by 2024. The minister
held a virtual meeting with the ofÀcials of the Ministry
of Power and Ministry of New & Renewable Energy,
Additional Chief Secretaries and Principal Secretaries
of Power or Energy Departments of states & UTs to
discuss their role in achieving India’s energy transition
goals and meeting climate commitments.
The minister asserted that India will replace diesel with
renewables to achieve target of zero-diesel use in the
agricultural sector by 2024, a power ministry release
stated.
Addressing the meeting, Singh stressed the need for
collaborative efforts between the Central and State
Governments towards the large-scale deployment of
energy efÀciency measures in potential sectors of the
economy.
He emphasised the need to have a state-speciÀc agency
dedicated for energy efÀciency and conservation. He
urged that the states should develop action plan to
achieve the assigned targets.

Electrolyser supply crunch hangs over He further said that the central government is working
India’s hydrogen ambitions for a new and modern India, which cannot happen
without modern power systems, and it look forward to
A global supply crunch of electrolysers needed to
working with all states and UTs to achieve this.
produce green hydrogen and a lack of domestic
manufacturers to make them pose a major challenge
to India’s ambitious targets to use the zero-carbon
fuel, a government ofÀcial told Reuters.
India, which unveiled the Àrst phase of its hydrogen
policy, plans to manufacture 5 million tonnes of green
hydrogen per year by 2030, half of the European
Union’s 2030 target of 10 million tonnes.
Green hydrogen has the best environmental credentials
of the various categories of the clean-burning fuel
because it is produced using renewable energy.
For India, it is critical to its plans to cut carbon emissions,
but its green hydrogen target would require at least 10
gigawatts (GW) of electrolyser capacity to split water
into hydrogen and oxygen.
“The kind of electrolyser capacity that will be required
to realise all these ambitious programmes, they are not
available right now in the country,” S. S. V. Ramakumar,
a director at the country’s top reÀner Indian Oil who
helped to frame the country’s hydrogen policy, told
Reuters.
“All the production capacity and order books of big

March 2022 85

Solar Developer Has Plan to Turn Oil Wells
Into Energy Storage
A California developer of concentrated solar power
(CSP) systems has announced an innovation that it
says combines the company’s technologies to turn
existing oil wells into energy storage sites that can
provide clean energy.
Hyperlight Energy on Feb. 24 said it was launching
Tectonic Sun, an electricity generation technology that
when paired with the company’s Hylux solar thermal
solution can provide “zero-carbon electricity” from oil
wells “while reducing emissions during the extraction
process at enhanced oil recovery [EOR] sites.”
Hyperlight on Thursday said the new system “is capable
of providing emissions-free power with 80% capacity
factor for use at any time of day or night throughout
the year.” (Go here to view a video detailing how the
technology works.)
The company has a technology demonstration project,
Tectonic Sun Alpha, at a Hathaway oil drilling site in
BakersÀeld, California. Hathaway is an independent,
BakersÀeld-based drilling company that operates six oil
and gas Àelds in Kern County, California.
Siemens Gamesa Will Supply Turbines for
Polish Offshore Wind Farms
Poland’s pursuit of offshore wind took a step forward
with the announcement that Siemens Gamesa will
supply turbines for two new installations in the Baltic
Sea.
The MFW Baltyk II and MFW Baltyk III projects, being
developed by Equinor and Polenergia, will use SG
14-236 DD offshore wind turbines, as part of two
“Preferred Supplier Agreements” announced Feb. 22.
Siemens Gamesa on Tuesday said the deals are the Àrst
conditional agreements for use of the SG 14-236 DD
equipment.
86
NATIONAL
NEWS
Baltyk II and Baltyk III are located south of the Baltyk
I development in the Baltic Sea. Baltyk I, also being
developed by Polenergia and Equinor, is situated
on the border of the Polish exclusive economic zone
in the vicinity of the municipal commune áeba in the
Pomorskie Province, about 81 kilometers (km) or 50
miles from the port in áeba. The two additional Baltyk
offshore wind farms also are in the Polish exclusive
economic zone, and will each have about 720 MW of
generation capacity. They are located 37 km (23 miles)
and 22 km (13.6 miles), respectively, from the coast of
Poland.
Polish ofÀcials have said the country wants to develop
5.9 GW of offshore wind generation capacity by 2030,
and up to 11 GW by 2040.
Mitsubishi Power builds hydrogen park to test
next-gen technologies
Power solutions company, Mitsubishi Power, will
establish the Takasago Hydrogen Park, a dedicated
centre for validation of hydrogen-related technologies,
from hydrogen production to power generation.
The center will be co-located at the gas turbine
development and manufacturing facility of Mitsubishi
Heavy Industry’s (MHI) Takasago Machinery Works
in Hyogo Prefecture, Japan, and will support the
commercialisation of hydrogen gas turbines using
hydrogen as fuel.
The facility began long-term veriÀcation testing on 1
July 2020 as a 566MW class gas turbine combined
cycle (GTCC) power generation facility. Now, Mitsubishi
Power is beginning to test and demonstrate operations
of technologies including hydrogen production and
storage and hydrogen fueling of gas turbines, aiming to
commence operations in Àscal year 2023.
Mitsubishi Power has already announced its 30%
hydrogen co-Àring for large frame gas turbines and
will use Takasago Hydrogen Park to commercialize
March 2022
NationalNews
small and large frame gas turbines on a path to 100%
hydrogen Àring starting in 2025.
The hydrogen production facility utilizes a water
electrolysis system, and will test hydrogen production
technologies such as turquoise-hydrogen production
by pyrolysis of methane into hydrogen and solid
carbon, etc.
An integrated system for all aspects of hydrogen-related
technologies, from development to demonstration
and veriÀcation, will be established at the Takasago
Machinery Works. For the combustion chamber, the
key component of hydrogen gas turbines, Mitsubishi
Power will create a work-Áow that includes development
at the development center (Research and Innovation
Center), design, production of an actual machine at
the manufacturing plant, and validation testing at the
demonstration facility.
Greencoat commissions Fluence battery
storage system for Irish wind farm
Energy storage Àrm Fluence has supplied a 10.8MW
battery-based energy storage system for Killala
Community Wind Farm owned by renewable asset
manager Greencoat Renewables.
The Killala Community Wind Farm, located in County
Mayo, Ireland, has entered the commissioning
phase and aims to increase system stability in the
Irish electricity grid. The farm currently comprises
6 Siemens SWT101 3.4MW turbines with a combined
capacity of 20.4MW.
This project, which incorporates Fluence’s Gridstack
energy storage product, marks the Àrst investment in
energy storage technologies by Greencoat Renewables.
The proprietary Gridstack product is designed for
frequency regulation, Áexible peaking capacity and
enhanced transmission and distribution services. It
also includes intelligent controls and an edge-to-cloud
communication platform for faster frequency response.
Ben Brooks, Portfolio Manager at Greencoat
Renewables, commented: “Battery storage is playing
an ever-increasing role in the development of the
renewable energy industry in Ireland, providing much
needed Áexibility and resilience to the electricity grid
system and facilitating the growth of renewables and
interconnection to support Ireland’s energy transition.
Husk Power receives funding for 140
microgrids in India
Indian clean energy company Husk Power Systems has
announced the successful close of $4.2 million in debt
Ànancing from the state-owned Ànancial institution India
Renewable Energy Development Agency (IREDA).
The funds will be used to Ànance 140 microgrids in the
March 2022
states of Uttar Pradesh and Bihar, India, and form part
of a credit line provided by German development bank
KfW to IREDA to assist developers in scaling off-grid
energy projects.
According to Husk, the loan represents the biggest
debt Ànancing for rural microgrids in India to date.
“The IREDA Ànancing demonstrates the Government of
India’s vision in making microgrids an integral part of its
net-zero goal put forward at COP26,” said Husk CEO
and Co-Founder Manoj Sinha.
”The IREDA funding will give Husk a much-needed
boost to achieve our target of expanding our microgrid
Áeet 10x by 2025.”
Husk expects to raise a further $18 million in debt in
2022, and after signing a contract with the United
Nations will begin building 5,000 microgrids by 2030
in India, Nigeria and other countries in South Asia and
Sub-Saharan Africa.
9th meeting of India-Nepal JSC, JWG on
power sector cooperation concludes
The 9th meeting of India-Nepal Joint Working Group
(Joint Secretary level) and Joint Steering Committee
(Secretary level) on bilateral power sector cooperation
has concluded in Kathmandu.
The two mechanisms provide the necessary framework
to support bilateral cooperation in the power sector. The
meeting was commenced on February 23 and 24.
The apex JSC meeting was co-chaired by Alok
Kumar, Secretary (Power), Government of India and
DevendraKarki, Secretary (Energy), Ministry of Energy,
Water Resources and Irrigation, Government of Nepal.
During the JSC and JWG meetings, the two sides
reafÀrmed that power sector cooperation is a strong
pillar of India Nepal partnership and agreed to pursue
it along the following axes: joint development of
generation projects in Nepal, joint development of
cross-border power transmission infrastructure, power
trade under respective domestic regulations and policy
framework, and capacity building assistance, as per the
release from Indian Embassy.
Indian side thanked the Nepali side for their warm
welcome and hospitality in Kathmandu and briefed
the Nepali side on recent developments in India’s
power sector scenario, including installation of a large
renewable energy capacity and the achievement of
“One Nation, One Grid, One Market”.
“Nepali side briefed the Indian side on the recent
developments and future trends in power generation,
transmission and demand scenario in Nepal. The Indian
side also acknowledged the recent enhancement in the
installed power generation capacity in Nepal which
paves the way for stronger and mutually beneÀcial
87

HOP Electric Mobility expands footprint
to 54 cities in India; inaugurates Ten new
Experience Centres
Making far-fetching changes in the existing Indian
e-mobility space by leveraging cutting-edge
automobile technology and comprehensive Research
& Development, HOP Electric has become India’s
leading electric vehicle manufacturer. Reinforcing its
commitment to Atma Nirbhar Bharat, HOP Electric has
come up with a remarkable Republic Day present. In
addition to announcing soon-to-be-launched HOP
OXO, an indigenous hi-speed electric motorcycle;
HOP’s generation upgrade of LYF (internally named
LYF2.0) has completed development cycle and launch
date will be announced soon.
Further, with the addition of 10 new exclusive cities, HOP
now has 54 exclusive experience centres in 12 states
across India, the brand is planning to further expand its
footprint across India and have retail presence in more
than 300 cities in 2022.
Ketan Mehta, CEO and Co-Founder of HOP Electric
Mobility said, “This latest addition is absolutely
heartening for us. In the past few years, the demand for
electric vehicles has risen signiÀcantly. The key reasons
are high penetration of social media and the internet
that have triggered a conversation around sustainable
transportation. There is a sudden spike in the demand
for premium-grade electric vehicles among youth
today. Taking cognisance of this trend, we are soon
going to launch our Àrst e-bike HOP OXO and a high-
speed electric scooter. Furthermore, from our learnings
and our consumers feedback we have completed the
development of the generation upgrade of LYF. We
expect it to launch in the next couple of months. It
will be a game changer for the Indian market making
electric vehicles and advanced technology accessible
to everyone.”
“All HOP electric two-wheelers are specially designed
88
CORPORATE
NEWS
to provide maximum comfort to all riders regardless of
age or gender. We strive to improve and evolve further
down the line and offer our consumers bonaÀde electric
vehicles that are cost-effective, easy-to-manoeuvre and
ecologically sound.” Added Mr. Mehta.
ERDA receives prestigious contract from
IntelliSmart (Govt. of India) for evaluation of
Smart Meters in India
The Government of India plans to install 25 crore smart
meters in the next few years. With the replacement
of 25 crore conventional meters with smart meters,
billing efÀciency can improve from 80 percent to 100
percent, and has the potential to increase DISCOM
revenues by INR 1,104 billion. IntelliSmart Infrastructure
Private Limited or “IntelliSmart”, a JV company of EESL
(Energy EfÀciency Services Limited, a Joint venture of
PSUs of Ministry of Power, Government of India) along
with NIIF (National Investment and Infrastructure Fund,
a Government of India, sovereign fund) is established
with the focus to implement, Ànance, and operate the
smart meter roll-out program of power distribution
companies.
With focus on expediting the deployment of smart
meters across the country and to ensure performance
as well as quality, IntelliSmart has entered into a rate
contract for testing of smart meters with Electrical
Research and Development Association (ERDA).
ERDA’s Smart Meter testing facility is accredited by
NABL and BIS. In fact, ERDA was the Àrst laboratory in
India to get Bureau of Indian Standard (BIS) accreditation
for Smart Meter testing as per IS 16444: 2015. ERDA
is having Communication Protocol veriÀcation facility
as per IS 15959 using CTT 3.1 extended edition from
DLMS user association and Meter explorer software
tool. ERDA is also recognized as one of the designated
laboratories for testing of Smart meters with IEC 62056
communication protocols by Ministry of Power, Govt.
of India. ERDA is having its own in-house EMI/EMC
March 2022
CorporateNews
testing facility required for Smart Meter testing. ERDA
presently meets around 50% of all India Smart Meter
Testing requirement.
Godrej & Boyce wins INR 550+ crore
orders in Domestic T&D Market for their
Power Transmission business
Godrej & Boyce Mfg. Co. Ltd, one of the pioneers
in manufacturing, announced that its Power
Infrastructure and Renewable Energy business unit
has secured orders of over INR 550 Crores in the
Power Transmission business. The orders comprise
400kV New AIS substations, 220kV New GIS
substations, 220kV Transmission lines and 220kV
Underground Cables in the Domestic T&D market.
Commenting on the order, Raghavendra Mirji,
Senior Vice President & Head – Power Infrastructure
& Renewable Energy (PIRE), Godrej Electricals &
Electronics says, “We are enthused to have secured
new orders amidst the challenging times. The current
orders further strengthen our presence in Domestic
T&D Market. With these orders, G&B has expanded its
portfolio in EHV substation & transmission line projects
across India.”
Godrej & Boyce has been delivering a range of
equipment, solutions and services aimed at driving
efÀcient energy management across the industry value
chain. Godrej Electricals & Electronics, a business of
Godrej & Boyce, forayed into the Power Transmission
business in 2010 and has successfully commissioned
several EHV substation projects up to 400kV across all
territories in India, and further aims to consolidate its
position in 400kV & above segment.
Over the years Godrej Electrical & Electronics has
established itself as one of the most trusted EPC
companies in the Power Transmission segment in India.
RWE and Tata Power collaborate to explore potential for
development of offshore wind projects in India
RWE and Tata Power have agreed on a partnership to
explore the potential for a joint development of offshore
wind projects in India. A corresponding Memorandum
of Understanding (MoU) has been signed between
Tata Power Renewable Energy Limited, a 100 percent
subsidiary of Tata Power, which is one of India’s largest
integrated power companies, and RWE Renewables
GmbH, one of the world’s leaders in offshore wind.
India is an unexplored and highly attractive market
to develop opportunities for offshore wind as it has a
large coastline of about 7,600 kilometres. The MoU
between Tata Power Renewable Energy Limited and
RWE becomes signiÀcant in the light of the Government
of India’s announcement of achieving 30 gigawatts
(GW) of offshore wind installations by 2030 to meet the
country’s growing power demands.
March 2022
RWE and Tata Power Renewable Energy Limited
possess complementary strengths and will enable
the establishment of a competitive offshore wind
market in India. Talking about the collaboration, Dr
Praveer Sinha, CEO and Managing Director of Tata
Power, says: “RWE is our ideal partner to support Tata
Power’s plans to enhance and grow offshore wind
business based on its global expertise in running and
operating offshore wind projects. In view of the Indian
Government’s heightened focus on offshore wind farms
to address the country’s expanding electricity demands,
the collaboration becomes even more signiÀcant.”
Sven Utermöhlen, CEO Wind Offshore of RWE
Renewables, explains: “India has excellent wind
resources, which can help to meet the country’s
increasing energy demands. If clear regulations and an
effective tender scheme are in place, we expect India’s
offshore wind industry will gain a real momentum. RWE
wants to be part of this development.”
Ind-Ra maintains ‘neutral’ outlook for power
sector
India Ratings and Research (Ind-Ra) has maintained
a ‘neutral’ outlook for the power sector for FY23 and
expects the demand growth to come back to a normal
level of 6 to 7 per cent in the next Àscal year.
“India Ratings and Research (Ind-Ra) has maintained
a neutral outlook for the power sector for FY23, as it
believes the overall plant load factor (PLF) of thermal
power plants would continue to improve and reach
closer to 60 per cent in FY23,” an Ind-Ra statement said.
The improvement in PLF is largely due to the consistent
growth in power demand and continued dependence
on coal-based generation in the absence of any major
increase in the capacity additions in any other sector
except renewables, it added.
Further, Ind-Ra expects the demand growth to come
back to a normal level of 6 to 7 per cent in FY23, given
a higher base.
The impact of third COVID wave remains lower on
power demand, given the less stringent curbs imposed
by local/state governments, although any stringent
lockdowns in case of the emergence of any strong
COVID wave could derail the growth in power demand,
it noted.
Furthermore, the weak Ànancial proÀle of distribution
companies (discoms), reÁected in increasing overdues
even after liquidity injections by the government of
India, it said.
The government assistance of Rs 3.05 lakh crore for
improving discoms infrastructure including smart
metering and upgradation of systems should result
in reduction in aggregate, technical and commercial
losses, Ind-Ra said, adding that “implementation
remains key”.
89
PowerStatistics

World Coal Reserves 2020

Coal reserves and production in India

Coal Reserves (Million tonnes)
Total 148787 139164 31069 319020
JHARKHAND 45563 31439 6150 83152
ODISHA 37391 34165 7739 79295
CHHATTISGARH 20428 34576 2202 57206
WEST BENGAL 14156 12869 4643 31667
MADHYA PRADESH 11958 12154 3875 27987
TELANGANA 10475 8576 2651 21702
MAHARASHTRA 7178 3074 2048 12299
ANDHRA PRADESH 0 1149 432 1581
BIHAR 161 813 392 1367
UTTAR PRADESH 884 178 0 1062
MEGHALAYA 89 17 471 576
ASSAM 465 57 3 525
NAGALAND 9 0 402 410
SIKKIM 0 58 43 101
ARUNACHAL PRADESH 31 40 19 90

Source: BP statistical review of World Energy 2021

90 March 2022
PowerStatistics

Coal reserves and production in India

Coal Production and offtake Apr - Jan 2021-2022 ( in MT)

Production* Offtake/Dispatch*
Actual During
Actual During Growth
Cores
Ach. Cores Growth Ach. (%)
Company Target Target period of previous
(Prov) period of previous (%) (Prov.)
year
year

CIL 670 478.13 453.23 5.49 740 542.63 462.83 17.24

SCCL 68 52.543 38.612 36.08 68 54.165 37.38 44.9
Captive* 99 67.317 48.419 39.03 99 69.06 50.07 37.93
Others* 11 3.946 5.127 -23.03 11 4.062 5.125 -20.74
Total 848 601.936 545.388 10.37 918 669.917 555.405 20.62

Import of coal and products i.e. coke during the last six years
(Million tonnes)

Coking Coal 44.56 41.64 47 51.84 51.83 51.2 39.78

Non-Coking Coal 159.39 149.36 161.25 183.51 196.7 164.05 107.36

Total Coal Import 203.95 191.01 208.25 235.35 248.53 215.25 147.14

Coke 3.07 4.35 4.58 4.93 2.87 2.46 1.62

Despatch of coal to Thermal Power and Coal Consumption/Off-Take during last ten years
(Quantity of Million Tonnes)
Coal Despatch “Total Offtake/
Year "Power "Power Consumption” Growth %
Growth % Growth %
(Utility)" (Captive)"
2014-15 435.438 10.37% 62.263 14.41% 604.348 5.57%
2015-16 483.124 10.95% 34.645 -44.36% 632.778 4.70%
2016-17 490.987 1.63% 44.057 27.17% 646.267 2.13%
2017-18 519.582 5.82% 65.906 49.59% 690.246 6.81%
2018-19 567.645 9.25% 76.78 16.50% 733.014 6.20%
2019-20 534.256 -5.88% 77.153 0.49% 707.387 -3.50%
2020-21 provisional 510.265 -4.49% 70.293 -8.89% 691.084 -2.30%

Coal Despatch to different secrs in MT

Despatch during Jan 22 Growth (%) Despatch up to Jan 22 Growth (%)
Sector FY 22 FY 21 FY 20 (FY22 -FY20) FY 22 FY 21 FY 20 (FY22 -FY20)
Power 63.22 51.52 53.26 18.70% 553.37 436.4 463 19.52%
CPP 4.28 4.24 4.98 -14.06% 31.58 38.18 43.23 -26.95%
Steel 0.73 0.71 0.9 -18.89% 6.31 7.15 8.88 -28.94%
Cement 0.69 0.77 0.87 -20.69% 5.98 5.34 7.03 -14.94%
Sponge iron 0.66 0.94 0.93 -29.03% 6.49 7.65 8.23 -21.14%
Others 5.97 7.33 7.25 -17.66% 66.05 58.91 47.15 40.08%
Total 75.55 65.51 68.19 10.79% 669.78 553.63 577.52 15.98%

Source: Coal.gov.in

March 2022 91
IEEMADatabase

Basic Prices and Index Numbers

as on as on
Unit Unit
01.12.21 01.12.21

IRON, STEEL & STEEL PRODUCTS OTHER RAW MATERIALS

BLOOMS (SBLR) Epoxy Resin CT - 5900 `/Kg 960
`/MT 50465
150mmX150mm
Phenolic Moulding Powder `/Kg 118
BILLETS (SBIR) 100MM `/MT 48395 PVC Compound - Grade `/MT 180825
CW - 22
CRNGO Electrical Steel PVC Compound Grade
`/MT 141.73 `/MT 181825
Sheets M-45,C-6 (Ex-Rsp) HR - 11
Transformer Oil Base Stock
CRGO ELECTRICAL STEEL `/KLitre 79985
(TOBS)
SHEETS
OTHER IEEMA INDEX NUMBERS
a) For Transformers of rating
up to 10MVA and voltage up `/MT IN-BUSDUCTS (BASE
to 33 KV JUNE 2000=100) FOR THE 377.68
483299 MONTH October 2021
b) For Transformers of rating IN - BTR - CHRG (BASE
539.08
above 10MVA or voltage `/MT JUNE 2000=100)
above 33 KV IN - WT (BASE JUNE
406.66
2000=100)
NON-FERROUS METALS
Wholesale price index number
Electrolytic High Grade Zinc - `/MT 282400 for 'Insulators' (Base 2011-12 = 118.90
100) for the month October 2021
Lead (99.97%) - `/MT 205800 Wholesale price index number
for 'Manufacture of Basic
Copper Wire Bars `/MT 760505 143.90
Metals (Base 2011-12 = 100)
for the month October 2021
Copper Wire Rods `/MT 767722
Wholesale price index number
Aluminium Ingots - EC Grade for' Fuel & Power (Base 2011-
`/MT 247038 126.00
(IS 4026-1987) 12 = 100) for the month
Octoer 2021
Aluminuium Properzi Rods -
`/MT 253321 All India Average Consumer
EC Grade (IS5484 1978)
Price Index Number For
124.90
Aluminium Busbar Industrial Workers (Base
`/MT 303400
(IS 5082 1998) 2016=100) October 2021
# Estimated, NA: Not available QE/PVC/39
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The basic prices and indices are calculated on the basis of raw material prices, exclusive of excise/C.V.
duty wherever manufactures are eligible to obtain MODVAT beneÀt.
These basic prices and indices are for operation of IEEMA’s Price Variation Clauses for various products.
Basic Price Variation Clauses, explanation of nomenclature can be obtained from IEEMA ofÀce.
Every care has been taken to ensure correctness of reported prices and indices. However, no
responsibility is assured for correctness. Authenticated prices and indices are separately circulated
by IEEMA every month. We recommend using authenticated prices and indices only for claiming
price variation.
Source : IEEMA

92 March 2022
IEEMADatabase

Production
Accounting For the
Name of Product From Oct 20 Highest Annual
Month
Unit
September-21 to Sep 21 Production
Electric Motors*
AC Motors - LT 000' KW 1334 16422 15548
AC Motors - HT 000' KW 284 3995 5273
DC Motors 000' KW 36 455 618
Switchgears*
Contactors 000' Nos. 1376 15783 13182
Motor Starters 000' Nos. 228 2684 2427
SDF 000' Nos. 54 659 731
Circuit Breakers DIN Rail Mounted 000' Poles 17538 213084 183142
Circuit Breakers - LT Nos. 371304 3920982 3311005
Circuit Breakers - HT Nos. 6739 74484 77659
Custom Built Product Rs. Lakhs 22762 22755 265267
HRC Fuses & Overload Relays 000' Nos. 1056 13637 17246
Power Cables* KM 60797 710072 838017
Power Capacitors - LT & HT* 000' KVAR 4327 47141 57368
Transformers
Distribution Transformers 000' KVA 3507 37183 58341
Power Transformers 000' KVA 14997 161460 234922
Instrument Transformers
Current Transformers 000' Nos. 72 831 941
Voltage Transformers Nos. 10815 114403 158703
Energy Meters* 000' Nos. 2245 24903 41887
Transmission Line Towers* 000' MT 79 913 1250
* Weighted Production

Source : IEEMA # NA – Not Available

March 2022 93
PowerSectorUpdates
‹‹•–”›‘ˆ‘™‡”‘–‹ϐ‹‡•
Green Hydrogen / Green Ammonia Policy
A Major Policy Enabler by Government for production
of Green Hydrogen/ Green Ammonia using
Renewable sources of energy
A step forward towards National Hydrogen Mission
Hon’ble Prime Minister launched the National Hydrogen
Mission on India’s 75th Independence Day (i.e. 15th
August, 2021). The Mission aims to aid the government
in meeting its climate targets and making India a green
hydrogen hub. This will help in meeting the target of
production of 5 million tonnes of Green hydrogen by
2030 and the related development of renewable energy
capacity.
Hydrogen and Ammonia are envisaged to be the future
fuels to replace fossil fuels. Production of these fuels by
using power from renewable energy, termed as green
hydrogen and green ammonia, is one of the major
requirements towards environmentally sustainable
energy security of the nation. Government of India is
taking various measures to facilitate the transition
from fossil fuel / fossil fuel based feed stocks to green
hydrogen / green ammonia. The notiÀcation of this
policy is one of the major steps in this endeavour.
The policy provides as follows:
i. Green Hydrogen / Ammonia manufacturers may
purchase renewable power from the power exchange
or set up renewable energy capacity themselves or
through any other, developer, anywhere.
ii. Open access will be granted within 15 days of
receipt of application.
94
iii. The Green Hydrogen / Ammonia manufacturer can
bank his unconsumed renewable power, up to 30
days, with distribution company and take it back
when required.
iv. Distribution licensees can also procure and supply
Renewable Energy to the manufacturers of Green
Hydrogen / Green Ammonia in their States at
concessional prices which will only include the
cost of procurement, wheeling charges and a small
margin as determined by the State Commission.
v. Waiver of inter-state transmission charges
for a period of 25 years will be allowed to the
manufacturers of Green Hydrogen and Green
Ammonia for the projects commissioned before
30th June 2025.
vi. The manufacturers of Green Hydrogen / Ammonia
and the renewable energy plant shall be given
connectivity to the grid on priority basis to avoid
any procedural delays.
vii. The beneÀt of Renewable Purchase Obligation
(RPO) will be granted incentive to the hydrogen/
Ammonia manufacturer and the Distribution
licensee for consumption of renewable power.
viii. To ensure ease of doing business a single portal
for carrying out all the activities including statutory
clearances in a time bound manner will be set up
by MNRE.
ix. Connectivity, at the generation end and the Green
Hydrogen / Green Ammonia manufacturing end,
to the ISTS for Renewable Energy capacity set up
for the purpose of manufacturing Green Hydrogen
/ Green Ammonia shall be granted on priority.
March 2022
PowerSectorUpdates
x. Manufacturers of Green Hydrogen / Green
Ammonia shall be allowed to set up bunkers near
Ports for storage of Green Ammonia for export /
use by shipping. The land for the storage for this
purpose shall be provided by the respective Port
Authorities at applicable charges.
The implementation of this Policy will provide clean
fuel to the common people of the country. This will
reduce dependence on fossil fuel and also reduce
crude oil imports. The objective also is for our country
to emerge as an export Hub for Green Hydrogen and
Green Ammonia.
The policy promotes Renewable Energy (RE)
generation as RE will be the basic ingredient in making
green hydrogen. This in turn will help in meeting the
international commitments for clean energy.
Government of India sets policy for Electric
Vehicle charging stations
Ministry of Power issued the revised consolidated
Guidelines & Standards for charging infrastructure on
14th January, 2022. The salient features as stipulated in
the guidelines and standards are as under:
Tariff for supply of electricity for Public Charging Station
(PCS) shall be a single part tariff and shall not exceed
“Average Cost of Supply” till 31st March, 2025.
DISCOMs may leverage on funding from the Revamped
Distribution Sector Scheme (RDSS) under ‘Part A –
Distribution Infrastructure’ for the general upstream
network augmentation necessitated due to the
upcoming charging infrastructure in various areas.
The cost of such works carried out by the DISCOMs
with the Ànancial assistance from Government of India
under Revamped Scheme shall not be charged from
the consumers for Public Charging Stations for EVs.
Housing Societies, Malls, OfÀce Complexes,
Restaurants, Hotels, etc. are allowed to install PCS
for charging of vehicles including charging of visitor’s
vehicles permitted to come in its premises.
Charging stations meant for 100% in-house/captive
utilization are free to choose charging speciÀcations as
per requirement.
DISCOMs have been directed to provide electricity
connection to PCS in accordance with the timelines
speciÀed in the “Electricity (Rights of Consumers)
Rules 2020”.
The connection for a PCS shall be provided within
7 days in metro cities, 15 days in other municipal
areas and 30 days in rural areas. Appropriate
Commission may specify a lesser time limit than the
aforementioned limit.
Any PCS/chain of charging station may also obtain
electricity from any generation company through open
March 2022
access. Open access shall be provided within 15 days
for this purpose. Only cross subsidy charges (not more
than 20% as per Tariff Policy Guidelines), transmission
charges and wheeling charges shall be applicable.
Guidelines also include the details of requirements of
Public Charging Infrastructure (PCI), PCI for long range
EVs and/or heavy duty EVs, Location of PCS, Database
of Public EV charging stations, Tariff for supply of
electricity to EV PCS and service charge at PCS.
Due to high cost of rent for land and charges provision
of land at promotional rates for PCS have been
provided in the Guidelines. Land available with
Government/Public entities shall be provided to
Government/Public entity on a revenue sharing basis
at a Àxed rate of Re.1/kWh (used for charging) to be
paid to the land owning agency, initially for a period of
10 years.
The Charging Stations take connection from DISCOMs
which in turn take the supply of electricity from the Grid.
The power is supplied to grid from both Non-Renewable
and Renewable Sources.
This information was given by Shri R.K Singh Union
Minister for Power and MNRE in a written reply in Lok
Sabha.
Applications invited for financial support
to Indian companies with indigenous
technologies in semiconductor & sensors
sector for commercialization
Indian companies having innovative technologies at
commercialization stage in semiconductor & sensor
domain now have an opportunity of been supported
Ànancially for commercialisation and of Ànancial
assistance in the form of loans, equity, and grants.
Aligning with the national requirement and focus
in the electronic/semiconductor sector, proposals
have been invited from Indian companies with
indigenous technologies at commercialisation
stage in semiconductor & sensor domain focusing
on semiconductor fabrication, display fabrication,
designing for integrated circuits (ICs), chipsets, system
on chips (SoCs) and so on.
The proposals invited by Technology Development
Board, a statutory body of Department of Science &
Technology, Government of India, has key features like
providing Ànancial assistance to Indian Companies
for Commercialization, evaluation based on ScientiÀc,
Technological, Financial and Commercial Merit, and
Financial Assistance in the form of Loan, Equity and/
or Grants. The companies applying should be Indian
companies (as per Companies Act,1956 /2013) or Start-
ups with Recognition CertiÀcate from DPIIT.
The vision of the Hon’ble Prime Minister Shri Narendra
Modi aims at positioning India as a global hub for
95
PowerSectorUpdates
Electronics System Design and Manufacturing. The
government has undertaken a large number of initiatives
for development of core components, including
chipsets, and creating an enabling environment for the
industry to compete globally.
Semiconductors and displays are the foundation of
modern electronics driving the next phase of digital
transformation under Industry 4.0. Semiconductors
and display manufacturing are very complex and
technology-intensive sectors involving huge capital
investments, high risk, long gestation and payback
periods, and rapid changes in technology, which
require signiÀcant and sustained investments. The
call will give an impetus to semiconductor and display
manufacturing by facilitating capital support and
technological collaborations.
Sh. Rajesh Kumar Pathak, IP&TAFS, Secretary, TDB,
added, “TDB has played a pivotal role in developing
conducive ecosystems for growth of technology
companies, this call shall provide impetus to the
Semiconductor & Sensor Ecosystem, which will be
essential to the AatmaNirbharBharat initiative.”
For detailed Funding Guidelines and Proposal
Submission, applicants can visit TDB’s website- www.
tdb.gov.in. Last date to submit the proposal
is 26th March, 2022.
Phased Manufacturing Programme to
promote indigenous manufacturing of
Electric Vehicles, its assemblies / sub-
assemblies and parts / sub-parts / inputs
of the sub-assemblies
The Ministry of Heavy Industries has notiÀed a
Phased Manufacturing Programme (PMP) to promote
indigenous manufacturing of Electric Vehicles, its
assemblies / sub-assemblies and parts / sub-parts
/ inputs of the sub-assemblies. The PMP envisaged
a graded duty structure to promote indigenous
manufacturing over a period of time.
Another PMP for Electric/ Hybrid (xEV) Parts deÀnes
the effective date of indigenization of xEV parts to avail
incentives under FAME Phase-II.
Since Automobile is a liberalized sector and 100%
Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) by automatic route is
permitted in this sector, the Ministry of Heavy Industries
is not mandated to maintain the data related to the
percentage of total electric two wheeler vehicles with a
minimum range lesser than 80 kilometres per charge.
Further, in order to increase the performance and
efÀciency of electric two wheelers, the Government
has notiÀed the minimum range 80 km per charge for
electric two wheelers to be eligible for demand incentive
under FAME India Scheme Phase-II.
Under Phase-II of FAME India Scheme, 2.31 lakhs
Electric Vehicles have been supported till 01.02.2022
96
since 01st April, 2019 by way of Demand Incentive
amounting to Rs. 827 Cr. (approximately).
This information was given by the Minister of State for
Heavy Industries Shri Krishan Pal Gurjar in a written
reply in the Rajya Sabha.
India to have two National Centres of
Excellence in Carbon Capture & Utilization
at IIT Bombay & JNCASR, Bengaluru,
supported by DST
Two National Centres of Excellence in Carbon Capture
and Utilization are being established in India. The two
Centres, namely the National Centre of Excellence in
Carbon Capture and Utilization (NCoE-CCU) at Indian
Institute of Technology (IIT) Bombay, Mumbai and
the National Centre in Carbon Capture and Utilization
(NCCCU) at Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced
ScientiÀc Research (JNCASR), Bengaluru are being
set up with support from the Department of Science &
Technology, Govt. of India.
These CoEs will facilitate capturing & mapping of
current R&D and innovation activities in the domain and
also develop networks of researchers, industries and
stakeholders with coordination and synergy between
partnering groups and organizations. The Centres will
act as multi-disciplinary, long-term research, design
development, collaborative and capacity-building hubs
for state-of-the-art research and application-oriented
initiatives in the Àeld of CCU.
The NCoE-CCU at IIT Bombay will deÀne milestones
and spearhead science and technology initiatives for
industry-oriented CCU innovation in India, alongside
developing novel methodologies for improving the
technology readiness levels in CCU. It will accelerate
the R&D efforts in methods of carbon capture and
utilization. The centre will also work on the conversion
of captured carbon dioxide to chemicals, CO2 transport,
compression and utilization, as well as on enhanced
hydrocarbon recovery as co-beneÀt pathways. The
NCoE-CCU will also develop and demonstrate efÀcient
CO2 capture from representative Áue gas from the
efÁuents of power plant and biogas plant.
The NCCCU at JNCASR, Bengaluru, will aim to develop
and demonstrate carbon capture and conversion by
developing relevant materials and methodologies.
These processes will be scaled up to pilot scale mode
to produce hydrocarbons, oleÀnes and other value-
added chemicals and fuels. It will also work on reaching
technology readiness level on par with the commercial
requirement at the industry level. The centre will promote
the CCU research, provide training and consultancy
and translate its research excellence into solutions with
global economic and social impact.
The Centres will help bring together the country’s
collective strength and assist in the development of an
March 2022
PowerSectorUpdates
appropriate and feasible R&D and innovation roadmap.
The Centres will also keep watch on international trends
and suggest possible collaborative endeavours.
Under the strict climatic regime, it is vital to identify
and adopt a right balance of portfolio of emission
curtailment technologies. Carbon Capture and
Utilization (CCU) is among one such key pathways
to reduce emissions while continuing to develop
sustainably at an unprecedented pace. CCU aligns with
Àve of the seventeen sustainable development goals
(SDGs), namely, climate action; clean energy, industry,
innovation, and infrastructure; responsible consumption
and production; and partnerships to achieve the goals.
India Achieves Major Success in Coal Import
Reduction Despite Increase in Power Demand
India is the world’s third largest energy consuming
country and electricity demand grows by 4.7% each year.
To reduce the dependence on imports of coal, major
reforms have been carried out by the Ministry of Coal
with the vision of “AtmaNirbhar Bharat”. The Ministry has
also amended the Mineral Concession (Amendment)
Rules, 1960 under MMDR (Amendment) Act, 2021 to
allow lessee of captive mines to sell coal or lignite up
to 50% of the total excess production after meeting the
requirements of the end-use plant. With this amendment,
MoC has paved the way for releasing of additional coal
in the market by greater utilization of mining capacities
of captive coal blocks which has led to increase in
production of coal by 36.06% from 39.15 MT upto Nov 19*
to 53.27 MT during corresponding period of FY 22. The
reforms have led to an increase in domestic production
of coal by 9.01% and the overall coal production rose at
447.54 MT upto November 21 as compared to 410.55
MT in the corresponding months of FY 20.
With increase in domestic production of coal, we
have achieved signiÀcant reduction in import of coal
despite surge in power demand. The coal based power
generation upto November 2021 is 671.906 BU (Billion
Units) with an increase of 5.17% over generation of
638.82 BU during the corresponding period of FY 20.
Imported coal based power generation which was
61.78 BU during April to Nov 2019 has reduced by
51.38% to 30.036 BU during corresponding months
of current FY 22. Imports of all grades of Non Coking
Coal has reduced to 107.36 MT during the period April
to November 2021 from a level of 131.51 MT during
the corresponding months of the FY 20, leading to a
decline of about 18.36%.
The import of Non Coking coal primarily used in power
sector has decreased by 57.59% from 46.53 MT to
19.73 MT upto Nov, 2021 in comparison to the same
period of FY 20 which has opened the doors to become
self-reliant in coal production. The overall import of coal
has also reduced to 147.14 MT in the period from April
to November 2021 compared to 165.57 MT during the
corresponding period of FY 20, a decrease of about
11.13% which has resulted in signiÀcant savings of forex
March 2022
reserves this year especially when the coal prices are at
a high level in the international market. The government
is continuing all efforts to further enhance the coal
production in the country as availability of additional
coal will aid in import-substitution of coal.
The Ànancial year 2020 -21 is not being taken for
comparison purpose due to industrial production
getting severely affected during the year because of
Covid-19 related restrictions.
National Grid has inter-regional
transmission capacity of 1,12,250 MW,
providing seamless power transfer
throughout the Electricity Grid
The 19th Electric Power Survey (EPS) report, covers
electricity demand projection for the year 2016-17 to
2026-27 as well as perspective electricity demand
projection for the year 2031-32 and 2036-37 for each
State/UT. As on 31.12.2021, the Installed Generation
Capacity of the country was around 393 GW. Further,
to meet the future demand of electricity as projected
in 19th EPS, by 31.03.2030, the installed generation
capacity is planned to be around 817 GW.
India has robust Transmission Grid capacity. Power
from one State to another State can be transmitted
through Electricity Grids. The cumulative inter regional
transmission capacity of the National Grid as on
31.01.2022 was 1,12,250 MW, which has ensured
seamless transfer of power in the Electricity Grid.
This information was given by Shri R.K Singh Union
Minister for Power and MNRE in a written reply in Rajya
Sabha.
Smart Cities have tendered out 6,721
projects worth `1,88,507 crore so far
The Minister of Housing and Urban Affairs, Shri Hardeep
Singh Puri in a written reply to a question in the Rajya
Sabha today informed that the Government of India
launched Smart Cities Mission (SCM) on 25 June 2015.
100 Smart Cities have been selected through 4 rounds
of competition from January 2016 to June 2018. As
per SCM Guidelines, Central Government will provide
Ànancial support to the extent of ` 48,000 crore over Àve
years i.e., on an average ` 100 crore per city per year. An
equal amount on a matching basis will be contributed
by the State Government/Urban Local Body (ULB).
As on 21 January 2022, these Smart Cities have
tendered out 6,721 projects worth ` 1,88,507 crore;
work orders have been issued in 6,124 projects
worth ` 1,62,908 crore; 3,421 projects worth ` 58,735
crore have been completed. As on 21 January 2022,
Government of India has released ` 28,413.60 crore for
100 Smart Cities, out of which ` 23,668.27 crore (83%)
has been utilized. Presently, there is no proposal under
consideration of the Government for adding more cities
under SCM
97
Sparks Sans Shocks

4th - * The things you look at *

7 things that affect your vibration frequency
from the point of view of quantum physics
Vibration in quantum physics means everything is
energy. We are vibrant beings on certain frequencies.
Every vibration is equivalent to a feeling and in the
world “Vibrational”, there are only two species
of vibrations, positive and negative. Any feeling
makes you broadcast a vibration that can be positive
or negative.
1st - * Thoughts *
Every thought emits a frequency to the universe and
this frequency goes back to origin, so in the case,
if you have negative thoughts, discouragement,
sadness, anger, fear, all this comes back to you.
This is why it is so important that you take care of
the quality of your thoughts and learn how to cultivate
more positive thoughts.
When you look at programs that deal with misfortunes,
death, betrayals, etc. Your brain accepts this as a
reality and releases a whole chemistry into your body,
which affects your vibration frequency. Look at things
that do you feel good and helps you vibrate at a
higher frequency.
5th - * The atmosphere *
Whether it’s at home or at work, if you spend a lot of
time in a messy and dirty environment, it will also affect
your vibration frequency. Improve what surrounds you.
Show the universe that you are Àt to receive much
more. Take care of what you already have!
6th - * The word *
If you claim or speak wrong about things and people,
it affects your vibration frequency. To keep your
frequency high, it is essential to eliminate the habit of
complaining and bad talking about others. So avoid
drama and bullying. Assume your responsibility for
the choices of your life!
7th - * Gratitude *
Gratitude positively affects your vibration frequency.
This is a habit you should integrate now into your life.
Start to thank for everything, for the good things and
what you consider to be bad, thank you for all the
experiences you’ve experienced. Gratitude opens the
door for good things to happen positively in your life.

2nd- * The companies *

The people around you directly inÁuence your WWW.ANDERTOONS.COM
vibration frequency. If you surround yourself with
happy, positive and determined people, you will also
enter this vibration. Now, if you surround yourself with
people complaining, gossiping and pessimist, be
careful! Indeed, they can reduce your frequency and
therefore prevent you from using the law of attraction
in your favor.

3rd - * The music *

Music is very powerful. If you only listen to music that
talks about death, betrayal, sadness, abandonment,
all this will interfere with what you are feeling. Pay
attention to the lyrics of the music you listen to, it could
reduce your vibration frequency. And Remember: you
attract exactly what you feel in your life.

98 March 2022
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