Project Semister123

SMESTER PROJECT 2022
WOLAITA SODO UNIVERSITY

College of Engineering
Semester project
Title: PERFORMANCE ANALYISI OF CHANNEL STATE

INFORMATION AND SPECTRAL EFFICIENCY OPTIMATION
ON MASSIVE MIMO
No. NAME OF CANDIDATES ID No
1 SAMRAWIT GIZAW ENG/R/461/10

2 YONATAN YOHANNES ENG/R/528/10
3 ESKENDIR AWOKA ENG/R/795/10
4 TIBEBU TERISO ENG/Rt/1002/11
5 WUBRIST ABEBAW ENG/R/708/10
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING

Stream: COMMUNICATION STREAM
Advisor Mr. SEKATA OLIKA (ASS PROFESSOR)
March 17, 2022

WOLAITA SODO, ETHIOPIA
January 1, 2022
DECLARATION
We hereby declare that the project entitled performance analysis of channel state
information and spectral efficiency optimization on massive MIMO is submitted in
partial fulfilment of the requirement for the award of the degree in BSc Degree in
Electrical and Computer Engineering (Communication Engineering), Wolaita Sodo
University, is a record of our own work carried out by us during the academic year
2022/23 under the supervision and guidance of Mr. Sekata, Department of Electrical
and Computer Engineering, College of Engineering. The extent and source of
information are derived from the existing literature and have been indicated through the
project at the appropriate places. The matter embodied in this work is original and has
not been submitted for the award of any other degree, either in this or any other
University.
No. NAME OF CANDIDATES ID No Signature
1. SAMRAWIT GIZAW ENG/R/461/10 _____________

2. YONATAN YOHANNES ENG/R/528/10 ______________
3. ESKENDIR AWEKE ENG/R/795/10 ______________
4. TIBEBU TERISO ENG/RT/1002/11 ______________
5. WUBRIST ABEBAW ENG/R/708/10 ______________
Place: __________
Date:___________
Electrical and Computer Engineering (Communication Stream)

Stream)January 1, 2022
i
CERTIFICATION
This is to certify that semester Project Report entitled “performance analysis of state
channel state information and spectral efficiency optimization on massive MIMO” that
is submitted by this group members in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the
fulfilment of semester project in the degree BSC in Electrical and computer engineering
(Communication Engineering) of Wolaita Sodo University, is a record of the candidate
own work carried out by him under my own supervision. The matter embodies in
semester project is original and has not been submitted for the award of any other
degree.
_____________________ _____________
Advisor Sign.
_______________________ _______________
Department Head Sign.
Place: _________
Date: __________

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We grateful to the god, without his blessing and mercy; this semester project would
not have been possible. Foremost, we would like to express our sincere gratitude to my
advisor “Mr Sekata Olika (Ass Prof.)”, for the continuous support of our ‘semester
project Study’, for his patience, motivation, enthusiasm, and immense knowledge. Next
to that we would like to tank specially D/r Kattasewami Mergu, he give us general
over view related to our project and supporting us in the simulation part and also His
guidance helped us in all the time of research and writing of this project. Lastly, we
offer our regards to the faculty and all of those who supported us in any respect during
the completion of the project.

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ABSTRACT
Massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) refers to the use of a huge number
of antennas at the base station to transmit and receive signals that fully utilize spatial
resources, improving wireless network spectral efficiency. There are many radio
frequency chain components corresponding to each antenna which results in higher
power consumption in massive MIMO system. Massive multiuser multiple-input
multiple-output (MU-MIMO) systems are being considered for the next generation
wireless networks in view of their ability to increase both the spectral and energy
efficiencies. For such systems, linear detectors such as zero-forcing (ZF) and maximum-
ratio combining (MRC) detectors on the uplink (UL) transmission have been shown to
provide near optimal performance. As well, linear precoders such as ZF and maximum-
ratio transmission (MRT) precoders on the downlink (DL) transmission offer lower
complexity along with a near optimal performance in these systems. One of the most
challenging problems in massive MU-MIMO systems is obtaining the channel state
information (CSI) at the transmitter as well as the receiver. In such systems, the base
station (BS) obtains CSI using pilot sequences, which are transmitted by the users. Due
to the channel reciprocity between the UL and DL channels in the time-division duplex
(TDD) mode, BS employs CSI obtained to precode the data symbols in DL
transmission. To accurately decode the received symbols in the DL transmission, the
users also need to acquire CSI. In view of this, a beam forming training (BT) scheme
has been proposed in the literature to obtain the estimates of CSI at each user. In this
scheme, BS transmits a short pilot sequence to the users in a way such that each user
estimates the effective channel gain. The expected outcome that we will simulate on
MATLAB will show the enhanced performance of massive MIMO system with
optimized spectral efficiency and with respective precoding techniques plot.
Key word: MU-MIMO, Precoding, Multi-user interference, Maximum ratio transmission.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
DECLARATION.......................................................................................................................................i
CERTIFICATION.....................................................................................................................................ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT.......................................................................................................................iii
ABSTRACT.............................................................................................................................................iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS..........................................................................................................................v
LIST OF FIGURES.................................................................................................................................vii
LIST OF TABLES.................................................................................................................................viii
List of Acronyms......................................................................................................................................ix
CHAPTER ONE........................................................................................................................................1
1. INTRODUCTION................................................................................................................................1
1.1. Introduction...................................................................................................................................1
1.2. Statement of Problem....................................................................................................................2
1.3. Literature Review..........................................................................................................................3
1.4. Objective.......................................................................................................................................5
1.4.1. General Objective...................................................................................................................5
1.4.2. Specific Objective..................................................................................................................6
1.5. Scope of the Project.......................................................................................................................6
1.6. Methodology.................................................................................................................................6
1.7. Significance of the Project............................................................................................................7
1.8. Organization of the Project............................................................................................................8
CHAPTER TWO.......................................................................................................................................9
2. INTRODUCTION OF THE PROJECT...............................................................................................9
2.1. Different Types of MIMO System................................................................................................9
2.1.1. Single-In Single-Out System..................................................................................................9
2.1.2. Single-In Multiple-Out...........................................................................................................9
2.1.3. Multiple-In Single-Out System............................................................................................10
2.1.4. Multiple-In-Multiple-Out.....................................................................................................10
2.2. Characteristics of Massive MIMO..............................................................................................11
2.2.1. Time Division Duplex (TDD)..............................................................................................11

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2.2.2. Frequency Division Duplex (FDD)......................................................................................12

2.2.3. Linear Processing.................................................................................................................14
2.2.4. Favourable Propagation.......................................................................................................14
2.2.5. Antenna Array......................................................................................................................15
2.2.6. Scalable................................................................................................................................15
2.3. Massive MIMO Advantages.......................................................................................................15
2.4. Challenges in Massive Mimo......................................................................................................16
2.5. Features of Massive Mimo..........................................................................................................17
2.6. Architectural Model of Massive MIMO Antenna Array.............................................................17
CHAPTER THREE.................................................................................................................................19
3. INTRODUCTION..............................................................................................................................19
3.1. How Does Massive Mimo Operate.............................................................................................19
3.2. Channel Estimation.....................................................................................................................20
3.3. UL Data Transmission.................................................................................................................20
3.3.1. UL Channel Capacity...........................................................................................................22
3.4. DL Data Transmission.................................................................................................................23
3.5. Massive MIMO and Its Parameters.............................................................................................24
3.5.1. Spectrum Efficiency.............................................................................................................24
3.5.2. Channel State Information...................................................................................................25
3.5.3. Frequency Reuse..................................................................................................................25
3.6. Beam Forming / Precoding Techniques......................................................................................25
3.6.1. Linear Precoding Schemes...................................................................................................26
CHAPTER FOUR...................................................................................................................................30
4. RESULT AND DISCUSSION...........................................................................................................30
4.1. Uplink Spectral Efficiency and Receive Combining..................................................................30
4.2. Downlink Spectral Efficiency and Transmit Precoding..............................................................33
CHAPTER FIVE.....................................................................................................................................36
5. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION.................................................................................36
5.1. Conclusion...................................................................................................................................36
5.2. Recommendation and Future Work............................................................................................36
REFERENCES.........................................................................................................................................38

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APPENDIX.............................................................................................................................................39
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1.1 Flow chart for spectral efficiency simulation..........................................................................7
Figure 2.2 SIMO system...........................................................................................................................9
Figure 2.3 MISO system.........................................................................................................................10
Figure 2.4 MIMO system........................................................................................................................10
Figure 2.5 the regions of possible (M, K) in TDD and FDD systems.....................................................13
Figure 2.6 linear processing of Massive MIMO.....................................................................................14
Figure 2.7 Design of the Antenna Element and the Antenna Array........................................................18
Figure 3.1 TDD Protocol of massive MIMO Transmission....................................................................20
Figure 3.2 Uplink data transmission........................................................................................................21
Figure 3.3 down link data Transmission.................................................................................................24
Figure 4.1 Average UL sum SE as a function of the number of BS antennas for different combining
schemes.......................................................................................................................................30
Figure 4.2 (a) Pilot reuse factor f = 2......................................................................................................31
Figure 4.2 (b) Pilot reuse factor f = 4......................................................................................................32
Figure 4.3 Average DL sum SE as a function of the number of BS antennas for different precoding
schemes.......................................................................................................................................33
Figure 4.4 (a) Pilot reuse factor f = 2......................................................................................................34
Figure 4.4 (b) Pilot reuse factor f = 4......................................................................................................35

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LIST OF TABLES
Table 3.1 Input Parameters for ZF that are used in the simulation.........................................................27
Table 3.2 Input and Output Parameters of MMSE..................................................................................29
Table 4.1 Average UL sum SE [bit/s/Hz/cell]........................................................................................32
Table 4.2 Average UL sum SE [bit/s/Hz/cell]........................................................................................35

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List of Acronyms
AOA Angle of Arrival
BS Base Station
CSI Channel State Information
DL Downlink
EE Energy Efficiency
FDD Frequency Division Duplex
GB Gigabyte
IID Independent and Identically Distributed
LMMSE Linear Minimum Mean Square Error
LTE Long Term Evolution
MIMO Multiple Input multiple output
MU-MIMO Multi-User MIMO
MSE Mean Square Error
SCM Spatial Channel Model
SINR Signal-to-Interference-Plus-Noise Ratio
SNR Signal to Noise Ratio
SU-MIMO Single-User MIMO
TDD Time Division Duplex
UE User Equipment
UL Uplink

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CHAPTER ONE
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1.Introduction
There is a remarkable history behind the phrase “Multiple Input Multiple Output”. Even though it
is used to refer to one of the communication techniques, it was used in the 1950s in filters theory and
electric circuit. The term MIMO was used to indicate circuits with multiple input and multiple output
ports in its original context. During the 90s, however, this term has been adopted by communication
systems researchers and information theorists to denote a novel signal processing technique that was
developed for wireless systems with multiple antennas.
The reference point in this different use of the term was the communication channel. The term
multiple input was used to denote the signals that were entering the communication channel from the
multiple antennas. Also, the word multiple output implied signals received at the multiple antennas of
the receiver, which were regarded as the output of the communication channel. It was in the paper
published in 1999 by Gerry faschini and Peter Driessen where the term MIMO used in wireless
communications as part of analysing the theoretical communication capacity of a wireless system
with multiple transmit and receive antennas Although multiple antennas are required in MIMO
communications, it is not the first technique that utilizes multiple antennas to be developed.
In fact, using multiple antenna technology to enhance the performance of radars and other aspects
of communications dates back to the early 1900s. During 1905 Karl Braun showed the first
application of multiple antennas which uses phased array antennas to enable rapidly steerable radar,
and later, in AM radio broadcasting to switch between sky-wave and ground-wave propagations.
Fading has been combated in wireless communications using the multi antennas technology for more
than 70 years through the receive diversity. The idea of receive diversity showed up in 1931 in a
paper published by H. Peterson and H. Beverage. The receive diversity was used in military
applications such as the troposcatter during the 1950s
Because of the ever-increasing number of users with multimedia communications, demand for
wireless services is rising extensively. The design of high data rate and reliable wireless
communication systems is also difficult due to the effects of multipath fading, restricted transmitter
January 1, 2022
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capacity, and scarce spectrum. To conquer the obstacle, Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO)
technology is employed, which utilizes multiple antennas for transmission and reception.
MIMO is a physical layer technology that allows more data to be delivered within the same
amount of time and with the same available bandwidth. Signal mixing will occur at receivers if many
streams are transmitted across wireless channels at the same time. As a result, additional signal
processing, either at the receiver or at the transmitter, or both, is required to separate the data stream,
which is referred to as MIMO processing.
In Multiuser MIMO systems a base station with multiple antennas can employ scheduling
techniques to simultaneously serve several spatially separated user equipment’s over the same time-
frequency resource. These systems offer multiple access and broadcast capabilities where, each user’s
equipment in an MU-MIMO system can use a single antenna yet achieving equivalent performance
gain to point-to-point MIMO systems. In fact, the physical size and cost constraints of UEs limit the
performance of point-to-point MIMO systems, as UEs are often low-cost handheld devices that are
unable to support multiple antennas. Massive MIMO systems are one of very essential technology for
fifth generation mobile networks since they can improve energy efficiency and spectral efficiency of
cellular network. In these systems, hundreds or even thousands of antennas employed at base.
The more the BS antennas used, the more the data streams can be released to serve more terminals,
reducing the radiated power, while boosting the data rate. This will also improve link reliability
through spatial diversity and, provide more degrees of freedom in the spatial domain, and improve
the performance irrespective of the noisiness of the measurements. In addition, because massive
MIMO systems have a broad range of states of freedom, and greater selectivity in transmitting and
receiving the data streams, interference cancellation is enhanced. BSs can relatively easily avert
transmission into undesired directions to alleviate harmful interference which, leads to low latency as
well. In addition, massive MIMO makes a proper use of beamforming techniques to reduce fading
drops; this further boosts signal-to noise-ratio (SNR), bit rate and reduces latency.
1.2. Statement of Problem
Wireless communication is a form of unguided media which involves no physical link established
between two or more device, communicate wirelessly and signal are spread over in the air and are
received and interpreted by appropriate antenna. Fading effect is reducing the quality of wireless
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Communication. It may vary with time, geographical position or radio frequency, and is often
modelled as a random process. Due to multipath propagation, spectrum is not efficient and data rate
is very slow. In addition to fading higher radiated power, latency, lesser signal to noise ratio and
small value of through put are considered as barriers for quality of service. Capacity and energy
efficiency are one of the most important performance metrics of any wireless system. This
dissertation investigates the performance of massive MIMO using these two metrics. The SE
performance is also compared under different linear precoding techniques zero forcing (ZF) and
maximum ratio combing (MRC). A massive MIMO with hundreds of BS antennas can optimize the
performance of the spectral efficiency easily.
1.3. Literature Review

In [1]as technologies are becoming more advanced, it can be taken for granted that more wireless
throughput is always going to be needed. It is expected that, within few years, millions of users will
want to use mobile multimedia applications such as online gaming, e-healthcare, streaming videos
and communicating through holographic videos. Thus, hundreds of megabits per second will be
essential for every user.
In [2]Availability of spectrum which will never increase, fundamentals of information theory and
the electromagnetic laws of propagation are all aspects that impact the amount of information that can
be transferred wirelessly. Hence, the performance of wireless networks is always limited at the
physical layer.
In [3]Improving the efficiency of a wireless networks is typically done by first utilizing the free or
underutilized areas of the spectrum and increasing the density of access points then improving the
spectral efficiency by increasing the number of bits that can be carried in each Hertz . Millimetre
wave and small cells are used to handle the first two respectively. It is likely that the tradition of
using new bands and deploying more access points will continue in the future, but the necessity to
maximize the spectral efficiency is inevitable.
In [3]a thesis titled as “Spectral Efficiency and Energy Efficiency in Massive MIMO Systems” by
Diwei Sun analyses the relationship between signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), capacity and discuss energy
depend on single cell massive MIMO system but his work does not consider multi-cells massive
MIMO system. Based on his thesis, if we do not consider system complexity, MMSE has the best

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performance in terms of spectral efficiency and energy efficiency (perfect CSI is assumed).
Compared to ZF, MRC performs better in low power regime (with SNR ranging from 0 dB to 15 dB).
In [4]On the contrary, the performance of ZF in high power regime (with SNR larger 10 dB) is
better and even approaches to that of MMSE. Moreover, the simulation results demonstrate that
massive MIMO systems cannot enhance spectral efficiency and energy efficiency infinitely due to the
existence of interference among users.
In [4]to optimize system performance and maximize economic benefit, it is significant to find out
the optimal power allocation. Distances between users and BS are not being taken into account in the
thesis. This will be considered in our work for more accurate simulation results.
In [5]a thesis titled as “Massive MIMO: Fundamentals and System Designs” by Hien Quoc Ngo
focuses on fundamental limits of the system performance under practical constraints such as low
complexity processing, limited length of each coherence interval, inter-cell interference, and finite-
dimensional channels. He studied the potential for power savings of the Massive MIMO uplink with
maximum ratio combining (MRC), zero-forcing (ZF), and minimum mean square error (MMSE)
receivers, under perfect and imperfect channels.
In [3]the energy and spectral efficiency trade-off is investigated. Secondly, he considers a physical
channel model where the angular domain is divided into a finite number of distinct directions. A
lower bound on the capacity is derived, and the effect of pilot contamination in this finite dimensional
channel model is analysed. Finally, some aspects of favourable propagation in Massive MIMO under
Rayleigh fading and line of sight (LoS) channels are investigated.
In [6]this shows that both Rayleigh fading and LoS environments offer favourable propagation.
The thesis proposes some system designs for Massive MIMO. The acquisition of channel state
information (CSI) is very important in Massive MIMO. Typically, the channels are estimated at the
BS through uplink training. Owing to the limited length of the coherence interval, the system
performance is limited by pilot contamination.
In [3]a paper titled as “Massive MIMO Wireless Networks: An Overview” by Noha Hassan and
Xavier Fernando discussed major elements of massive MIMO networks, namely pilot usage,
precoding, encoding, detection, and beam forming. They observe that fast booming massive MIMO
would be more promising to improve data rates and provide flexibility in user-BS association. But
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there are many interconnected design issues that need to be properly understood and solved before
widespread deployment of the massive MIMO technology. Several open research challenges are still
facing the progress and development of this emerging technology.
In [3]more research is needed to introduce new adaptive beam forming techniques to achieve
higher received symbol power and less interference. As detection becomes harder when the number
of BS antennas increases, more advanced signal processing methods are required for better detection
and are associated with introducing low complexity optimum and nonlinear detectors, and precoders
to improve the performance and reduce the computational complexity. [3]
In [3]a lower bound on the capacity is derived, and the effect of pilot contamination in this finite
dimensional channel model is analysed. Finally, some aspects of favourable propagation in Massive
MIMO under Rayleigh fading and line of sight (LoS) channels are investigated.
In [6]as detection becomes harder when the number of BS antennas increases, more advanced
signal processing methods are required for better detection and are associated with introducing low
complexity optimum and nonlinear detectors, and precoders to improve the performance and reduce
the computational complexity.
In [7]The SE performance is also compared under different linear precoding techniques zero
forcing (ZF) and maximum ratio combing (MRC). A massive MIMO with hundreds of BS antennas
can optimize the performance of the spectral efficiency easily.
In [5]our paper we analyse the different techniques to optimize the spectral efficiency (SE) of a
massive MIMO in Time Division Duplex (TDD) architecture. The SE performance is also compared
under different linear precoding techniques zero forcing (ZF) and maximum ratio combing (MRC). A
massive MIMO with hundreds of BS antennas can optimize the performance of the spectral
efficiency easily.
1.4. Objective
1.4.1. General Objective
The main objective of this project is performance analysis of channel state information and spectral
efficiency optimization on massive MIMO.

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1.4.2. Specific Objective

 To analysis the Performance of different Precoding Techniques
 Average DL sum SE as a function of the number of BS antennas for different precoding
schemes
 Average DL sum SE as a function of the number of BS antennas for different precoding
schemes
1.5.Scope of the Project
Massive MIMO is one of the technologies to facilitate the communication system. We are going to
show how this technology can improve the efficiency and the overall communication analytically.
Our project mainly consider on the uplink spectral efficiency optimization and down link spectral
efficiency optimization by showing different techniques those are zero forcing, Maximum ratio
combing and Minimum mean square error. The other one out of our scope is not our consideration we
went to show only what we say on the above.
1.6. Methodology
The methods that we are going to use to do our project are described below. The first thing is that
we prepare a proper time schedule that specifies the things we will do. Then we gather different
information that is needed for our project from sources such as, books and internet. We then assemble
each information to a meaningful and in supportive way to the project. Since we have already chosen
the software that we are going to use for our project, i.e. MATLAB, we have to design and analyse
the model.
We will also try to analyse and simulate it using Mat-lab. To do so we need to figure out the code
so we will again read different sources about Mat-lab coding which are related to massive MIMO.
We have read through different materials regarding our project and we collected the data. The next
thing we have done is choosing the right procedure of implementation of the project. That is we are
going to do our work based on linear precoding techniques such as PZF, ZF and MR. Finally, we
analyse simulated result in accordance with the objectives listed and the results that we obtain from
simulation are snipped and discussed briefly based on mathematical equation derived in the process.

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start
Input the value of the variables
Channel generation
Imperfect CSI
Calculate the system capacity
Check the reuse frequency

f
a
Calculate the spectral efficiency of the csystem
By taking the average of all realization
Repeat the process of different variables
Result
Result
Figure 1.1 Flow chart for spectral efficiency simulation
1.7. Significance of the Project

The 5th generation of wireless communication systems (5G) promises much higher capacity and
speeds under limited spectrum and tight power compared to the current systems. Massive MIMO can
be considered as a gold mine of research problems. The huge advantageous that massive MIMO is
bringing to the next generation of wireless communication such as the ability to accommodate high
number of users with very high data rates and reliability with very low power consumption, a lot of
aspects must be addressed before it can be practically used. To optimize spectral efficiency in
massive MIMO systems, pre-coding is used at the transmitter in order to reduce the complexity of
system, noise effect and optimize stream data transmission based on channel state information (CSI).
Precoding provides two fundamental advantages, including reduce interference and performing
beam forming to the desired users. In general, there are two types of precoding, non-linear precoding

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schemes and linear pre-coding schemes. Non-linear precoding can achieve both of these two
functions, while the linear one can only reduce inter-users interference.
The simulation capabilities of MATLAB are exploited to inspect the effect of the imperfect
channel knowledge and user allocation on UL channel estimation, capacity and EE using the
mathematical model of massive MIMO.
1.8. Organization of the Project

The rest of this project is organized as the following:
Chapter 1: Introduction, statement of problem, Literature review, Objective, scope, Significance, and
Methodology
Chapter 2: Over all introduction about the Massive MIMO and its characteristics, advantage,
challenge, and architecture
Chapter 3: Analyses of Massive MIMO operation and Techniques of increasing the spectral
efficiency massive MIMO
Chapter 4: Analysing the simulation Result and some discussion depending on this result
Chapter 5: Concludes the project, recommendation and highlights some of future work ideas.

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CHAPTER TWO
2. INTRODUCTION OF THE PROJECT
Massive MIMO is a newest form of the MIMO technology that has yet to be employed in the
next generation of wireless systems due to its many advantages that will enhance the wireless
communications. The name of this technology refers to the concept of equipping the BS with a
very large number of antennas. It is going to be an important solution to handle the exponential
growth in data traffic.
2.1. Different Types of MIMO System

In order to facilitate the understanding of multiple-input multiple-output systems, single-input
single-output (SISO) systems, single-input multiple-output (SIMO) systems and
Multiple- input single-output (MISO) systems models are discussed briefly.
2.1.1. Single-In Single-Out System

The SISO system model is shown in the figure below. The signal transmitted from the Tx antenna.
The signal received at the Rx antenna passes through the channel with impulse response in an
additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) environment.
Figure 2.1 SISO System
2.1.2. Single-In Multiple-Out

A single-input multiple-output (SIMO) system with one transmit antenna and multiple receive
antennas is illustrated in the figure below.
Figure 2.2 SIMO system

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2.1.3. Multiple-In Single-Out System

A multiple-input single-output (MISO) system with multiple transmit antennas and one receive
antenna is illustrated in figure below
Figure 2.3 MISO system
2.1.4. Multiple-In-Multiple-Out
In System A multiple-in multiple-out (MIMO) system with multiple transmit antennas and
multiple receive antennas is illustrated in figure below. For a faded channel, it is assumed that
channel responses from each transmit antenna to each receive antenna are independent.
Figure 2.4 MIMO system
MIMO radio systems develop multiple antennas in order to send and receive multiple data streams
at once. The number of antennas required is defined by the radio manufacturer based on what they
determine will work for optimal transmission and reception with their particular hardware and
software.
There are three main differences that distinguish between massive MIMO and multiuser
MIMO. First, knowledge of the channel is only required at the BS. Second, the number of
antennas M at the BS is usually much larger than the number of users K. Third, both the DL
and the UL use simple linear signal processing. Therefore, scaling up this technology can be
easily done when it comes to the number of antennas at the BS. As the number of transmitter
antenna increases, spectral efficiency also increases dynamically. Based on the simulation

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results and their implication it can be make comparison between traditional MIMO and massive
MIMO. Compared to traditional MIMO, the advantages of massive MIMO include:
 Enhancement of SE
 Massive amount of degrees of freedom in spatial domain
 Good system performance with only linear (simple) precoding scheme, e.g. Zero
forcing, Maximum Ratio Transmission, Minimum Mean Square Error
 Facilitate resource allocation
 The total time spent for training, however, increases linearly.
Massive MIMO avoid this problem by taking measures to ensure that operations do not
approach Shannon limit, however achieving a performance that overtake any typical multiuser
MIMO system .
In massive MIMO, hundreds of terminals can be simultaneously served with a BS equipped

with hundreds of antennas over the same time/frequency resources. Some key enabling
characteristics for this technology are:
2.2. Characteristics of Massive MIMO

Characteristics of massive MIMO are the following:-
 Time Division Duplex

 Frequency Division Duplex
 Linear Processing
 Favourable Propagation
 Antenna Array
 Scalable
2.2.1. Time Division Duplex (TDD)

On the contrary of the frequency division duplex (FDD), the overhead required to estimate
the channel does not depend on the number of BS antennas M under time division duplex
(TDD) protocol. Hence, it is preferred to use TDD protocol in massive MIMO.

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Exploiting the channel reciprocity can considerably reduce the overhead required for CSI
acquisition. The advantage of TDD over FDD. It shows that the possible (M, K) dimensions in
TDD is much more than FDD. For example, when the coherence interval T is 200 symbols, the
constraint for the number of users and BS antennas is M+K < 200 in FDD system, while the
constraint for TDD systems is 2k<200 .
In TDD systems, multi-user precoding in the downlink and detection in the uplink require
CSI knowledge at the BS. The resource, time or frequency needed for channel estimation is
proportional to the number of the transmit antennas.
TDM separates uplink and downlink signals by matching full duplex communication over a
half-duplex communication link. This method is highly advantageous in case there is an
asymmetry of uplink and downlink data rates.
TDD systems have the following features:
The time required to acquire CSI does not depend on the number of BSs or users.
Only the BS needs to know the information about the channels to process antennas
coherently.
2.2.2. Frequency Division Duplex (FDD)

Uplink and downlink use different frequency bands (CSI in both links) in FDD. The uplink
channel estimation at the BS is done by letting all users send different pilot sequences. To get
the CSI for the downlink channel, the BS transmits pilot symbols to all users. The users
respond by the estimated CSI for the downlink channels. CSI can be estimated at the receiver
side only, or at both at the transmitter and the receiver. Estimation at both sides has some
advantages.
As the number of BS antennas goes up, the time required to transmit the downlink pilot
symbols increases. In addition, as the number of BS antennas grows, FDD channel estimation
becomes almost impossible and a TDD approach can resolve this issue. In TDD systems, due to
channel reciprocity, only CSI for the uplink needs to be estimated. In addition, linear MMSE
based channel estimation can provide near-optimal performance with low complexity.

12
Figure 2.5 the regions of possible (M, K) in TDD and FDD systems
The figure above shows the regions of feasible (M, K) in FDD and TDD systems. We can see
that the FDD region is much smaller than the TDD region. With TDD, adding more antennas
does not affect the resources needed for the channel estimation.

13
Figure 2.6 linear processing of Massive MIMO
2.2.3. Linear Processing

Signal processing at the user terminal ends must handle large dimensional channel matrices due to
the large number of BS antennas and users. As a result, it is preferable to use simple signal
processing. Linear processing which is linear precoding scheme for downlink and linear combing
schemes for uplink are almost optimal in Massive MIMO.
2.2.4. Favourable Propagation
In massive MIMO, Base Station is suited with an excessively large number of antennas relative to
the number of User terminals. Deploying a huge number of antennas at the Base Station results in
favourable propagation, where the wireless channels become nearly deterministic because the BS-UE

14
channel vectors become near-orthogonal to each other. This is due to the fact that when the number
of antennas at the BS is increased unboundedly the effects of small-scale fading tend to disappear
asymptotically.
2.2.5. Antenna Array

Antenna arrays of Massive MIMO Base Station do not have to be physically big in order to limit
them from occupying large space.
2.2.6. Scalable
Since the BS acquires the channel through UL pilot when operating in TDD protocol, the time
spent on channel estimation does not depend on the number of Base Station antennas. Thus, the
number of Base Station antennas can be increased without adding more time to the estimation
process. Furthermore, because multiplexing and demultiplexing are not needed at the user ends,
signal processing on each terminal is independent of the other users.
2.3. Massive MIMO Advantages

Massive MIMO have many advantages compared to the conventional MIMO system.
Some of them are listed below.
I. High spectral efficiency and communication reliability

Massive MIMO takeover all gains from multiuser MIMO. Having M number of antenna on the
Base station and K users with single antenna, a diversity of order M and multiplexing gain can be
achieved. Very high spectral efficiency and communication reliability can be obtained by increasing
both the number of antenna and number of users.
II. High energy efficiency

Base station focuses the energy on directions where user terminals found in the downlink.
Therefore, huge antenna arrays will minimize the emitted power by an order of magnitude, allowing
us to achieve high energy efficiency. Energy can be concentrated into small regions in space with a
large number of antennas this makes increase in energy efficiency possible. Enhancement in spatial
resolution and the coherent superposition of wave fronts is mainly the reason for this. The wave
fronts are radiated by antennas summed up constructively at users the locations. Interference among
users can be suppressed by using suitable precoding scheme.

15
III. Simple signal processing

The use of huge number of base station antenna over the number of user results in favourable
propagation in many of propagation environments where the channel vector between user and Base
Station nearly orthogonal. Under favourable propagation, the effect of inter user interference and
noise can be eliminated with simple linear signal processing or linear precoding and linear decoding
in the downlink and uplink respectively. As a result, simple linear processing schemes are nearly
optimal.
IV. Reduction of latency

Wireless communication systems performance restricted by fading, where the signal strength
minimized drastically. This happens in multi path channels where signals on arrival add up
destructively. Fading results in a difficulty to obtain reduced latency wireless links since Mobile
Subscriber must wait until the propagation channel has sufficiently altered before receiving any data
if it is trapped in a fading dip. Massive MIMO which depends on the use of huge numbers and beam
forming avoid fading, so that fading no longer limits latency.
2.4. Challenges in Massive Mimo

Despite the huge advantages of Massive MIMO, there are issues that needs to be tackled the main
challenges in massive MIMO are listed below;
V. Pilot Contamination
Practical cellular networks consist of many cells. This many cells share the same time
frequency resources due to the limited availability of frequency spectrum. In multicellular systems,
orthogonal pilot sequences for all users in all cells cannot be assigned, due to the limitation of the
channel coherence interval. Orthogonal pilot sequences have to be reused from cell to cell. So, the
channel estimate obtained in a given cell will be contaminated by pilots transmitted by users in other
cells. This is called pilot contamination which reduces the system performance and it’s the major
limitation of Massive MIMO.
VI. Unfavourable propagation

Massive MIMO normally works under favourable propagation environments. But practically there
may be propagation environments where the channels are not favourable.

16
Like in propagation environments where the numbers of the scatters‟ is small compared to the
numbers of users, or when some common scatters‟ share the channels from different users to the BS,
the channel is not favourable. Distribute the BS antennas over large area can be One possible solution
for this.
VII. High power consumption

In Massive MIMO because of the presence of huge number of antenna and also large number
radiofrequency chain corresponding to each antenna there is more power consumption. Every
components of the radio frequency chain consume more power as they as large in number.
2.5. Features of Massive Mimo

Compared to long term evolution (LTE 4G) the most important feature is to allow users to
enjoy much higher data speed with peak data rate of 10Gbps. However, path loss and fading is
increasingly serious as the frequency increases. Moreover, inter-user interference creates a
performance bottleneck in MIMO systems.
To address this issue, massive MIMO (Multiple inputs and multiple outputs) technology is
applied. Due to application of millimetre wave communication, antennas can be designed
smaller than before, while the distance among two of them will be shortened. As a result,
antennas array is possibly integrated in a small area. In massive MIMO systems, the large
number of antennas can provide with a large amount of degrees of freedom (DoF) to facilitate
efficient wireless communication signals, thus increasing spectral efficiency (SE) and capacity.
2.6. Architectural Model of Massive MIMO Antenna Array

The use of antenna arrays is seen as a promising approach for managing many of the
problems associated with wireless communication. An array of multiple antennas may be
placed at the receiver, transmitter, or at both sides of the communication link. Alternatively, the
polarization may vary among the antennas.
The resulting Multi-Input-Multi-Output (MIMO) channel represents a natural extension of

the previously described MISO case. In sufficiently rich multipath scattering environments,
these extra degrees of freedom lead to a channel capacity substantially higher than when only a
single antenna array is used, regardless of whether the transmitter knows the channel

17
parameters or not. The use of dual antenna arrays in rich scattering environments gives rise to a
multiplicative effect that makes the channel capacity increase.
The models of the massive MIMO antenna element and array. The antenna element consists
of two cross dipoles which achieve ±45◦ polarizations. Four square metal sheets with slots
added on are designed as the arms of the dipoles. The size of the antenna is 27.2 mm × 27.2
mm × 17 mm, and the gap between the antenna arms is 0.8 mm. The dipoles are fed by two
cross feeding pads, which have the size of 10 mm × 3.2 mm × 0.8 mm.
a) Antenna Element b) Elements Massive Antenna Array
Figure 2.7 Design of the Antenna Element and the Antenna Array
The antenna array consists of 64 elements which operate at the frequency ranging from 3.6 to
4.8 GHz. The two dipoles with the same polarization of the two adjacent antenna elements
along the vertical direction share one RF channel. So the number of RF channels to be
optimized is 32. Taking the trade-off between beam forming and correlation coefficient into
consideration, the distance between two antenna elements is designed to be 0.9λ, where λ is the
wavelength corresponding to the centre frequency. The gain of the antenna at the centre
frequency is 26.8 dB.

18
CHAPTER THREE
3. INTRODUCTION
Massive MIMO is a multi-user MIMO (multiple-input multiple-output) technology that can
provide uniformly good service to wireless terminals in high-mobility environments. The key concept
is to equip base stations with arrays of many antennas, which are used to serve many terminals
simultaneously, in the same time-frequency resource. The word “massive” refer to the number of
antennas and not the physical size
Massive MIMO is seen as a key technology to delivering mobile 5G. Massive multiple-input,

multiple-output, or massive MIMO, is an extension of MIMO, which essentially groups together
antennas at the transmitter and receiver to provide better throughput and better spectrum efficiency.
3.1. How Does Massive Mimo Operate

UL and DL operations of massive MIMO might represent a single cell site, or cell taken out of a
network. A large number of UE K inside the cell are served through an array of antennas in the BS.
Each terminal usually have a single antenna. Other cells are served by different BSs that do not
cooperate among each other except for pilot assignment and power control. All terminals use the full
frequency-time resources simultaneously for UL/DL transmissions. On the UL, individual signal sent
by the terminals are recovered at the BS. The BS, on the DL, makes sure that every UE receives only
the signal that was intended for it.
Multiplexing/DE multiplexing processing at the BS are possible because of the available

knowledge of the CSI. The BS creates an arrow beam towards the direction of the terminal under line
of sight (LOS) propagation environment. The concentration of these beams become more accurate
(i.e. they become narrower) as the number of antennas is increased. In the case of the existence of a
local scattering, the signal received at any UE consists of the superposition of many independent
components as a result of scattering and reflections which can add up destructively or constructively.
These components add up constructively exactly at the location of the user if the transmitted
waveforms are perfectly selected. The precision of the power concentration to a certain terminal can
be increased by adding more antennas to the BS. Therefore, it is very important to have CSI at the BS
that is sufficiently accurate to focus the power.

19
3.2. Channel Estimation

One of the most essential tasks of the BS is detecting the user’s transmitted signals on the UL and
precoding the DL signals. Hence, the BS requires the CSI which can be obtained using the UL
training. Terminals that are assigned orthogonal pilot signal each, send these pilot to the BS. The pilot
sequences transmitted from all terminals are already known to the BS. Thus, the BS can estimate the
channels using these pilot signals. Moreover, partial knowledge of CSI might be required at every
terminal for coherent detection of the transmitted signals from the BS. This partial knowledge can be
either obtained using DL training or through some algorithm that can blindly estimate the channel.
To detect its intended signal, the terminal only requires the effective gain of the channel because
the signals performing is conducted using linear precoding techniques at the BS.
Figure 3.1 TDD Protocol of massive MIMO Transmission
3.3. UL Data Transmission

UL data transmission occupies part of the coherence interval. In the UL, the BS receives the
transmitted data from all K terminals in the same frequency-time resource. The BS detect the
signals transmitted from all terminals exploiting the channel estimates and the linear combining
techniques.

20
Figure 3.2 Uplink data transmission
The number of orthogonal sequences during the UL pilot signalling to estimate all the
channels at the BS is B=NK . Where N is dimension of channel and K is number of user
equipment. Thus, the matrix that contains the pilots of user k is denoted. T ∈ C N × BWhere
H
tr (T k T k )≤ BP is the pilot energy constraint to minimize the MSE of channel estimation using
the pilot matrix.
½ t
T k =V k Lk U k (3.1)
Where Lk =diag {l k 1 … l k , N } is used to distribute the maximum power 𝑃 between the N

dimensions of the channel.U k ∈C M × N Satisfies U HK U tk =B I N and U lH U l =0when k ≠ l Hence,
the received uplink signal at the BS is
Y =∑ k C k T k + N k ∑ k H k D ½k U Tk +¿ (3.2)
k=1 k=1
Where Dk = A k L k and H=R ½r , k , C w ,k V k . N denotes the noise at the receiver. It the statistical
information Dk is available at the receiver then the LMMSE estimate of the channel is
h^ k =( D½k ∗R r ,k ) ( D k∗Rr ,k ) +σ 2 /β I MN ¿ ¿−1 bk (3.3)
⃗ U =⃗¿ if the i th column of H is h then

Whereb k =( 1/ BY k k) k k ,I

21
E {h^ k ,i h^ kH, j }={ φk ,i i= j (3.4)

0 i= j
2
d k ,i R r , k σ
Where φ k ,i=φk ,i =d k ,i Rr , k ( ) Rr ,k
B IM
3.3.1. UL Channel Capacity

When every user transmitter knows only its channel while the BS has perfect knowledge of
the CSI to all users, every terminal pre-code its transmitted signal to maximize the capacity.
If the precoding matrix of user k during the transmission of the UL data is denoted
T k ϵ C N × N , then 𝐓 = 𝐕 𝐏 (3.5)
Where P=diag { p , G … , p , } denotes the power allocation matrix with tr ( P k ) ≤ P . Therefore,

the received UL signal at the BS can be expressed as
k k
y=∑ Ck Ť k× k +n=∑ H k A ½k P½k × k + n (3.6)
k=1 k=1
Where the data symbol transmitted for the user k is denoted x ~𝒞𝒩 (0, σ I M ) and the noise at
the receiver noise is donated 𝐧~𝒞𝒩 0, σ I M . The mutual information between y and x= [x, …
x] has the following lower bound.
k
I(y,^
k=1 { |
H ; x ) ≥ ∑ E log 2 I N +Ok H
^ Hk ∑ ^
H
k |} (3.7)
H=| ^
Where ^ ^| is the imperfect base station at the receiver Ok = A k P k
H ……H
UL capacity of the user k can be maximized using the following MMSE detector
t k ,i= √ hk , i pk , i ∑ h k ,i (3.8)
Where ∑ ¿ ( ∑−1
−1
k + H k Ok H K )
H
∑ = (∑-1 k + H kOk HH k) -1 The UL channel capacity of user
k after applying the MMSE detector to the signal in 4.5 is
n
C ul, k =∑ E {log 2 ( 1+ SINRk ,i ) }
UL
(3.9)
i=1

22
Where SINR is
UL h ( k , i ) p ( k , i )|t (k , i)( k , j)|

SINRk ,i = (3.10)
E { t (k , i)( yy ( H )−⋋ h ( k , i ))t(k ,i)|H }
Uplink process has the following steps:
 Encoding is employed to prepare data for transmission.

 Pilot sequences and uplink data sequences are transmitted at the same time and over the
same frequencies from each user to the BS.
 The BS receives the sum of data streams from all the users, and estimates the channel.
 Decoding and detection operations produce individual data streams by utilizing the
estimated CSI.
3.4. DL Data Transmission

The BS transmits the DL data to all the terminals on the same frequency/time resource. In
specific, the BS creates M pre-coded signal and feed them to M antennas. This can be done
using the estimated channel and the symbol intended for the Kth user, the received signal is
k
y k =C H
k ∑ W L Ω½L× L+n k (3.11)
L=1
Where xℓ ~𝒞𝒩 (0, σ I M ) indicates the DL signal dedicated for xℓ user and nk ~ 𝒞𝒩 (0, σ I M ) is
the additive noise at the receiver. The processed received signal with user’s k eigenvector of its
correlation matrix V kH is
k
H
Z k =V K y k = A k H k
½ H
∑ W L Ω½L × L+V kH n k (3.12)
L=1
The mutual information between X k and Z k has the following lower bound
I ( Z k , X k ) ≥ log 2|I N + ^ H k|
H k ňk ^
H
(3.13)
The DL channel capacity of user k after applying the MMSE detector to the signal is
k
C DL ,K =∑ E { log ( 1+ SINR )k }
DL
(3.14)
i=1

23
Downlink process has the following steps:
 Beam forming: Data streams are transmitted from the BSs to only the intended users by
means of beam forming, where the different data streams may occupy the same
frequencies at the same time (space division multiplexing).
 Precoding: The previous operation is carried out knowing the frequency response of the
propagation channels (or CSI) between each of its elements and each user and
precoding the signals accordingly.
Figure 3.3 down link data Transmission
3.5. Massive MIMO and Its Parameters

Massive MIMO is a form of MU-MIMO systems where the number of BS antennas and the
numbers of users are large. In Massive MIMO, hundreds or thousands of BS antennas
simultaneously serve tens or hundreds of users in the same frequency resource. There are a lot
of parameters and state of arts in massive MIMO.
Those are:- Spectral Efficiency, Channel state information, Frequency Reuse, SDMA, Spatial
Channel Model, Minimum frequency and etc…. But our project mainly focused on in detail
about Spectral Efficiency and Channel State Information.
3.5.1. Spectrum Efficiency

Spectrum efficiency (bandwidth efficiency) refers to the information rate that can be
transmitted over a given bandwidth in a specific communication system. It is a measure of how
efficiently a limited frequency spectrum is utilized by the physical layer protocol, and
sometimes by the media access control (the channel access protocol). It also refers to the use of
a radio frequency spectrum in more efficient ways.

24
The wireless spectrum or wireless frequency spectrum is the set of radio frequencies used
for wireless devices. Each specific type of radio frequency use has its own frequency bands
available within a complex set of spectrum allocations, including allocations for government,
amateur, broadcasting and specific private sector uses. As frequency bands become
increasingly crowded, today’s research on smartphones includes consideration as to how to use
radio frequency bands more efficiently.
3.5.2. Channel State Information

Channel state information (CSI) refers to known channel properties of a communication
link. This information describes how a signal propagates from the transmitter to the receiver
and represents the combined effect of scattering, fading, and power decay with distance. The
method is called Channel estimation. The CSI makes it possible to adapt transmissions to
current channel conditions, which is crucial for achieving reliable communication with high
data rates in multi antenna systems.
3.5.3. Frequency Reuse

Providing continuous service and wide service area must be satisfied in design of mobile radio
network, while efficiently using the radio spectrum. Each base station is allocated a set of radio
channels, which are to be used in a geographic area called a cell. Base stations in the neighbouring
cells are allocated radio channel sets, which are entirely different. The antennas of base station
antennas are designed to get the required coverage within the specific cell.
By restricting the coverage area of a base station to within the cell boundaries, the same set of
radio channels can be used in the different cells that are separated from each other by distances
which are large enough in order to maintain interference levels within limits. The procedure of
radio sets selection and allocation to all the base stations present within a network is called
frequency reuse.
3.6. Beam Forming / Precoding Techniques

Beam forming is a technique that enables focusing the signal from multiple antennas into
one strong beam, minimizing energy in side lobes at the transmitter end. At the receiver, beam
forming refers to a kind of spatial multiplexing that combines the received signals to add up in

25
a certain direction, and rejecting the signals coming from any other direction, and considering
them as interference.
Precoding provides two fundamental advantages, including eliminate interference and

performing beam forming to the desired users. In general, there are two types of precoding,
nonlinear precoding schemes and linear pre-coding schemes. Non-linear precoding can achieve
both of these two functions, while the linear one can only reduce inter-users interference. In
wireless communication system, due to the geographic effect, received signal cannot be
obtained simultaneously. Inter-user interference cannot be eliminated by multi-user detection as
well. Under this circumstance, precoding will play a significant role in improving system
performance.
Beam forming is a technique that enables focusing the signal from multiple antennas into
one strong beam, minimizing energy in side lobes at the transmitter end. At the receiver, beam
forming refers to a kind of spatial multiplexing that combines the received signals to add up in
a certain direction, and rejecting the signals coming from any other direction, and considering
them as interference. Precoding provides two fundamental advantages, including eliminate
interference and performing beam forming to the desired users.
In general, there are two types of precoding, non-linear precoding schemes and linear
precoding schemes. Non-linear precoding can achieve both of these two functions, while the
linear one can only reduce inter-users interference. In wireless communication system, due to
the geographic effect, received signal cannot be obtained simultaneously. Inter-user
interference cannot be eliminated by multi-user detection as well. Under this circumstance,
precoding will play a significant role in improving system performance.
Performance Analysis of Massive MIMO for Spectral Efficiency Optimization Compared to
nonlinear precoding schemes, the complexity of linear precoding schemes is remarkably lower.
Moreover, due to a massive amount of DoF in massive MIMO, linear precoding schemes are
enough to satisfy communication requirements.
3.6.1. Linear Precoding Schemes

To optimize spectral efficiency in massive MIMO systems, pre-coding is used at the
transmitter in order to reduce the complexity of system, noise effect and optimize stream data

26
transmission based on channel state information (CSI). There are three common linear pre-
coding schemes, including MRC, ZF and MMSE.
I. Maximum Ratio Combiner

In MRC, the multiple antenna transmitters use the channel estimate of a terminal to
maximize the strength of that terminal’s signal by adding the signal components coherently.
MRC precoding maximizes the SNR and works well in the massive MIMO system, since the
base station radiates low signal power to the users on average. When the BS employs MRC
detection, it neglects the effects of inter-user interference and maximizes the received signal to
noise ratio (SNR).
Note that MRC detection experiences performance degradation in interference-limited

situations because the effects of inter user interference are neglected.
II. Zero Forcing

ZF precoding is a method of spatial signal processing by which the transmitter can null out
multi-user interference signals. In general, ZF precoders performs well under high SNR
conditions. System based on ZF precoding scheme has a poor performance in low power
regime since ZF scheme does not take noise into consideration.
Table 3.1 Input Parameters for ZF that are used in the simulation
Parameters Their use
Alpha Proportional the RF power
M Number of BS antennas
K Number of UEs
Ijl_ pc Vector with average relative channel attenuations from the interfering cells
that use the same pilot sequences in a given system.
Ijl nonpc Vector with average relative channel attenuations from the interfering cells
that use orthogonal pilot sequences in the given system.
TauUL Relative pilot length in the uplink (1, 2, 4 are typical values that correspond
to different pilot reuse patterns
Bsigma2sxeta Defines the total RF power

27
A Parameter a in the power consumption model

Circuit power Circuit power (i.e., Excluding RF power) for ZF processing with the
numbers of antennas and UEs.
Prelog factor Factor in front of the logarithm in the rate expression

EE Energy efficiency achieved for given processing scheme and SINRs
The performance in high-power regime approaches to peak. When the BS employs ZF

detection, it neglects the effects of noise and maximizes the received signal to interference ratio
(SINR).The resulting signal estimate is free from inter-user interference in the system. When
compared to MRC, computational complexity is higher in ZF detection because it requires
computation of the pseudo-inverse of the channel matrix. The performance in high-power
regime approaches to peak. When the BS employs ZF detection, it neglects the effects of noise
and maximizes the received signal to interference ratio (SINR). In general, ZF precoders
performs well under high SNR conditions. System based on ZF precoding scheme has a poor
performance in low power regime since ZF scheme does not take noise into consideration.
III. Minimum Mean Square Error (MMSE)

MMSE scheme seeks to eliminate inter-user interference as well as noise. System complexity of
MMSE is relatively higher compared to MRC and ZF. From mathematical perspective, MRC
has the lowest complexity among these three precoding schemes. MMSE requires perfect
channel state information (CSI). When MMSE detection is employed, the BS attempts to
maximize the received signal to interference plus noise ratio (SINR).
This can be achieved by minimizing the minimum mean squared error between the signal
estimate ^y and the transmitted symbol vector s. Since MMSE detection maximizes the received
SINR, it performs better than MRC and ZF detection techniques. However, it experiences higher
computational complexity than the other two methods because it requires an increased number
of matrix manipulations. In addition, similar to the case with ZF detection, MMSE may perform
poorly for ill-conditioned channels because matrix inversion significantly amplifies the noise in
the system.

28
Advantages of MMSE are:
 Its combining receiver creates one scalar channel per terminal, thus balancing
between amplifying the signals and suppressing the interference.
 The remaining interference is treated as extra additive noise; thus, conventional

single user detection algorithms can be applied.
 Performance improves by adding more BS antennas.
 Small-scale fading averages out over the array.

29
Table 3.2 Input and Output Parameters of MMSE

PARAMETERS Their use
SINR Scalar SINR value that all UEs should

achieve (equal to 2^ (R bar/B)-1)
H channel Channel realizations for the Monte Carlo

realizations
Circuit power Circuit power (i.e., excluding RF power)

with MMSE processing and fixed number of
antennas/UEs
A Parameter A in the power consumption

model
Prelog Factor Factor in front of the logarithm in the rate

expression
Prefix Power Factor in front of the total RF power.

sigma2B Total noise power (B*sigma2 in W)
lx Average path losses for the UEs in the
Monte
Carlo realizations
Q Number of iterations in power allocation
computation
EE value Energy efficiency achieved for MMSE

processing and given SINRs

30
CHAPTER FOUR
4. RESULT AND DISCUSSION
In this section, we analyse the achievable UL and DL SE’s. The key differences and similarities
between the UL and DL expressions are described and the performance of different precoding
schemes is evaluated.
4.1. Uplink Spectral Efficiency and Receive Combining

We will now study the achievable SE of the UL payload data transmission with different receive
combining schemes. Each BS detects the desired signals by using linear receive combining.
In this simulation, we consider K = 10 UEs per cell and a varying number of BS antennas. There are
fk pilots in each coherence block and the remaining τc−fK samples are used for UL data
transmission. We use Gaussian local scattering with ASD σϕ=10 ° as channel model.
Figure 4.1 Average UL sum SE as a function of the number of BS antennas for

different combining schemes
Figure 4.1: There are K = 10 UEs per cell and the same K pilots are reused in every cell. It shows the
average UL sum SE as a function of the number of BS antennas for universal pilot reuse with f = 1.
M-MMSE gives the largest SE

31
The SE reduces a little with every approximation that is made to obtain a scheme with lower
complexity than M-MMSE. The S-MMSE scheme provides lower SE than M-MMSE, but 5%–10%
higher SE than RZF and ZF. Note that RZF and ZF give essentially the same SE in the range M ≥ 20
that is of main interest in Massive MIMO, but the SE with ZF deteriorates quickly for M < 20 since
the BS does not have enough degrees of freedom to cancel the interference without also cancelling a
large part of the desired signal.
Figure 4.2 shows the average sum SE with a non-universal pilot reuse f. In particular, we consider
cases where each pilot is reused in every second or fourth cells, this is referred to as having a pilot
reuse factor of f = 2 and f = 4, respectively.
Figure 4.2 (a) Pilot reuse factor f = 2

32
Figure 4.2 (b) Pilot reuse factor f = 4
Figure 4.2: Average UL sum SE as a function of the number of BS antennas for different combining
schemes. There are K = 10 UEs per cell and either 2K or 4K pilots that are reused across cells
Table 4.1 Average UL sum SE [bit/s/Hz/cell]

Scheme f =1 f =2 f =4
M-MMSE 50.32 55.10 55.41
S-MMSE 45.39 45.83 42.41
RZF 42.83 43.37 39.99
ZF 42.80 43.34 39.97
MR 25.25 24.41 21.95
Table 4.1: for M = 100 and K = 10 for different pilot reuse factors f. The largest value for each
scheme is in bold face. The results are summarized from Figures 4.1 and 4.2.

33
M-MMSE benefits particularly much from having f > 1, because it can better suppress the
interference from UEs in the surrounding cells when these UEs use other pilots. A reuse factor of 4
gives the highest SE with M-MMSE. S-MMSE, RZF, and ZF give comparable SE to each other for
all f, and achieve the highest SE with f = 2. The SE of MR reduces when f is increased since the
improved estimation quality does not outweigh the reduced pre-log factor when the estimate is only
used to coherently combine the desired signal and not to cancel interference. These properties are
quantified in Table 4.3, which summarizes the sum SE of all schemes with M = 100 and different f.
The numbers can be compared with the SE 2.8 bit/s/Hz/cell achieved by a contemporary LTE system.
With all pilot reuse factors, M-MMSE and RZF provide more than an order-of-magnitude higher SE
per cell.
4.2. Downlink Spectral Efficiency and Transmit Precoding

The UL and DL channels are reciprocal within a coherence block, which enables the BS to use the
UL channel estimates also for the computation/selection of precoding vectors. The desired signal to
UE k in cell j propagates over the precoded channel.
Figure 4.3 Average DL sum SE as a function of the number of BS antennas for different precoding schemes
Figure 4.3: There are K = 10 UEs per cell and the same K pilots are reused in every cell.
M-MMSE, S-MMSE, RZF, ZF, and MR precoding. These precoding schemes behave in a similar
way as their UL counterparts. M-MMSE provides the highest SE for any number of antennas. S-
MMSE, RZF, and ZF provide almost the same SE, except that ZF has robustness issues for M < 20

34
antennas. Finally, MR provides the lowest SE among all schemes and it is also the only scheme that
prefers the hardening bound over the estimation bound. MR achieves only 40%–50% of the SE
provided by M-MMSE and 50%–60% of the SE provided by RZF.
Figure 4.4 shows the corresponding sum SE with f = 2 and f = 4 as pilot reuse factors. The results are
once again similar to the UL, both in terms of the SE values and the fact that M-MMSE gives its
highest performance with f = 4, S-MMSE, RZF, and ZF prefer f = 2, and MR gives its highest SE
with f = 1. This observation is emphasized in Table 4.5, which lists the sum SEs with M = 100 for the
different precoding schemes. As in the UL, the computational complexity is higher for the
precoding/combining schemes that provide higher SEs, and we can appoint M-MMSE, RZF, and MR
as three distinct trade-offs between high SE and low complexity. These are the schemes to choose
between in a practical implementation.
Figure 4.4 (a) Pilot reuse factor f = 2

35
Figure 4.4 (b) Pilot reuse factor f = 4
Figure 4.4: Average DL sum SE as a function of the number of BS antennas for different precoding
schemes. There are K = 10 UEs per cell and either 2K or 4K pilots that are reused across cells.
Table 4.2 Average UL sum SE [bit/s/Hz/cell]

Scheme f =1 f =2 f =4
M-MMSE 46.67 51.57 52.63
S-MMSE 42.24 43.13 40.32
RZF 40.44 41.63 38.92
ZF 40.40 41.60 38.89
MR 24.24 23.83 21.93
Table 4.2: Average DL sum SE [bit/s/Hz/cell] for M = 100 and K = 10 for different pilot reuse
factors f. The largest value for each scheme is in bold face. The results are based on Figures 4.3 and
4.4.

36
CHAPTER FIVE
5. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
5.1. Conclusion
Massive MIMO is an innovative technology which helps in the achievement of higher
system throughput and reliable transmission for 5G and beyond wireless networks. This system
introduces the opportunity of increasing attainable data rate by optimizing the spectrum
efficiency. It is also able to use linear precoding such as MRC, ZF and MMSE at the base
station.
The BSs should use the same vectors for UL receive combining and DL transmits precoding,
motivated by the UL-DL duality. The M-MMSE scheme provides the highest SE and requires
the highest computational complexity, while the MR scheme has the lowest complexity and SE.
The RZF scheme provides a good SE-complexity trade-off. The channel estimates provided by
the low-complexity EW-MMSE estimator are sufficient for these schemes to work well, thus
high-complexity channel estimators are not needed .For less number of antenna that are
implemented in the system, ZF brings much higher SEs than MR under the best case inter cell
interference since then the potential gain from mitigating cell interference is very high.
The average case interference simulation is done which is mostly used for practical scenario
evaluation. As the number of user equipment’s increases there will be chance of interference
than small number of UEs. The simulations and numerical results show that using linear
precoding technique, and increasing number of base station antennas we can enhance
achievable spectral efficiency.
5.2. Recommendation and Future Work

More research is needed to introduce new beam forming techniques to achieve high spectral
efficiency and less multipath fading. When the number of BS antennas increases detection
becomes harder, so that more advanced precoding techniques are required.
Massive MIMO is a new technology that comes with many challenges and issues that must
be investigated. Therefore, there are plenty of possible research directions. The following list is
providing some of the potential research directions in massive MIMO: Extend the

37
Investigation to include issues such as higher numbers of BS antennas and different estimation
method and compare their effects.
Investigating the performance of massive MIMO in multi-cells scenario and compare it to

the performance of the current small cells. Pilot contaminations: this is one of the things that
significantly can limit the performance of massive MIMO. Dealing with this issue that happens
during the training period because of interference from other cells is very important research
directions.
The effect of pilot contamination can be reduced using larger frequency reuse factors.
However, this will decrease the spectral efficiency because it reduces the pre-log factor.
Increasing the cell size can also reduce the effect of pilot contamination because the power of
the signal inside the cell is going to be much stronger than interference from other cells. The
problem is that the users at the edge of the cell might not be able to receive a decent quality of
service. Therefore, an appropriate design to reduce the effect of pilot contamination that
considers the size of the cell and pilot reuse factor should be investigated.
The mechanism of acquiring the channel state information still need to be investigated to get
an appropriate answer for many issues such as the possibility of blind estimations and the using
FDD instead of TDD.

38
REFERENCES
[1] H.Q.Ngo, A. Ashikhmin, H.Yang, E.G. Larsson, and T.L. Marzetta, Cell-Free Mssive MIMO Versus Small
Cells, vol. 16, 2014, pp. 1-30.
[2] T. Marzetta, Noncooperative Cellular Wireless With Unlimited Numbers of Base Station Antennas, vol. 9,
2010, pp. 3590-3600.
[3] A. J. Paulraj, D. A. Gore, R. U. Nabar, and H. Bolcskei, AN Overview of MIMO Communications, A key to
Gigabit Wireless, vol. 92, 2004.
[4] A. Goldsmith, S. A. Jafar, N. Jindal, and S. Vishwanath, Capacity limits of MIMO Channels, vol. 21, 2003,
pp. 684-702.
[5] A.Nosratinia,T.Hunter, and A.Hedayat,, Cooperative Communication in Wireless nerwork, vol. 42, pp. 74-
80.
[6] E.Telater, Capacity of multi-antenna Gausian channels, vol. 10, 2014, pp. 585-595.
[7] P. Viswanath and D.N.C. Tse, Duality, achievable rates and sum rate capacity of Gaussian {MIMO}
Broadcast Channel, vol. 49, 2003, pp. 2658-2668.
[8] D. Gesbert, M. Shafi and D. Shiu, An Overview of MIMO Space Time Code Wireless Systems, vol. 21, 2003,
pp. 281-302.

39
APPENDIX
Up link Code
close all;
clear;
L =30;
K =50;
Mrange = 10:10:100;
Mmax = max(Mrange);
fRange = [1 2 4];
nbrOfSetups = 1;
nbrOfRealizations = 10;
B = 20e6;
p = 100;
noiseFigure = 7;
noiseVariancedBm = -174 + 10*log10(B) + noiseFigure;
tau_c = 200;
accuracy = 2;
ASDdeg = 10;
sumSE_MR = zeros(length(Mrange),length(fRange),nbrOfSetups);
sumSE_ZF = zeros(length(Mrange),length(fRange),nbrOfSetups);
sumSE_RZF = zeros(length(Mrange),length(fRange),nbrOfSetups);
sumSE_SMMSE = zeros(length(Mrange),length(fRange),nbrOfSetups);
sumSE_MMMSE = zeros(length(Mrange),length(fRange),nbrOfSetups);
for n = 1:nbrOfSetups
disp([num2str(n) ' setups out of ' num2str(nbrOfSetups)]);
[R,channelGaindB] = functionExampleSetup(L,K,Mmax,accuracy,ASDdeg);
channelGainOverNoise = channelGaindB - noiseVariancedBm;
for m = 1:length(Mrange)

40
disp([num2str(m) ' antennas out of ' num2str(length(Mrange))]);
for s = 1:length(fRange)
f = fRange(s);
[Hhat,C,tau_p,Rscaled] =
functionChannelEstimates(R(1:Mrange(m),1:Mrange(m),:,:,:),channelGainOverNoise,nb
rOfRealizations,Mrange(m),K,L,p,f);
[SE_MR,SE_RZF,SE_MMMSE,SE_ZF,SE_SMMSE] =
functionComputeSE_UL(Hhat,C,Rscaled,tau_c,tau_p,nbrOfRealizations,Mrange(m),K,L,p
);
sumSE_MR(m,s,n) = mean(sum(SE_MR,1));
sumSE_ZF(m,s,n) = mean(sum(SE_ZF,1));
sumSE_SMMSE(m,s,n) = mean(sum(SE_SMMSE,1));
sumSE_RZF(m,s,n) = mean(sum(SE_RZF,1));
sumSE_MMMSE(m,s,n) = mean(sum(SE_MMMSE,1));
clear Hhat C Rscaled;
end
end
clear R;
end
figure(s);
hold on; box on;
plot(Mrange,mean(sumSE_MMMSE(:,s,:),3),'rd-','LineWidth',1);
plot(Mrange,mean(sumSE_SMMSE(:,s,:),3),'b:','LineWidth',1);
plot(Mrange,mean(sumSE_RZF(:,s,:),3),'k-.','LineWidth',1);
plot(Mrange,mean(sumSE_ZF(:,s,:),3),'r--','LineWidth',1);
plot(Mrange,mean(sumSE_MR(:,s,:),3),'bs-','LineWidth',1);
xlabel('Number of antennas (M)');

ylabel('Average sum SE [bit/s/Hz/cell]');
legend('M-MMSE','S-MMSE','RZF','ZF','MR','Location','NorthWest');
ylim([0 60]);
end
Down link code

close all;
clear;

41
L = 16;
K = 10;
Mrange = 10:10:100;
Mmax = max(Mrange);
fRange = [1 2 4];
nbrOfSetups =1;
nbrOfRealizations = 50;
B = 20e6;
p = 100;
rho = 100;
noiseFigure = 7;
noiseVariancedBm = -174 + 10*log10(B) + noiseFigure;
tau_c = 200;
accuracy = 2;
ASDdeg = 10;
sumSE_MR = zeros(length(Mrange),length(fRange),nbrOfSetups);
sumSE_ZF = zeros(length(Mrange),length(fRange),nbrOfSetups);
sumSE_SMMSE = zeros(length(Mrange),length(fRange),nbrOfSetups);
sumSE_RZF = zeros(length(Mrange),length(fRange),nbrOfSetups);
sumSE_MMMSE = zeros(length(Mrange),length(fRange),nbrOfSetups);
for n = 1:nbrOfSetups
disp([num2str(n) ' setups out of ' num2str(nbrOfSetups)]);
[R,channelGaindB] = functionExampleSetup(L,K,Mmax,accuracy,ASDdeg);
channelGainOverNoise = channelGaindB - noiseVariancedBm;
for m = 1:length(Mrange)
disp([num2str(m) ' antennas out of ' num2str(length(Mrange))]);
f = fRange(s);
42
[Hhat,C,tau_p,Rscaled,H] =
functionChannelEstimates(R(1:Mrange(m),1:Mrange(m),:,:,:),channelGainOverNoise,nb
rOfRealizations,Mrange(m),K,L,p,f);
[SE_hardening_MR,SE_hardening_RZF,SE_hardening_MMMSE,SE_hardening_ZF,SE_hardening
_SMMSE] =
functionComputeSE_DL_hardening(H,Hhat,C,Rscaled,tau_c,tau_p,nbrOfRealizations,Mra
nge(m),K,L,p,rho);
[SE_MR,SE_RZF,SE_MMMSE,SE_ZF,SE_SMMSE] =
functionComputeSE_DL_estimation(H,Hhat,C,Rscaled,tau_c,tau_p,nbrOfRealizations,Mr
ange(m),K,L,p,rho);
SE_MR(SE_hardening_MR>SE_MR) =
SE_hardening_MR(SE_hardening_MR>SE_MR);
SE_RZF(SE_hardening_RZF>SE_RZF) =
SE_hardening_RZF(SE_hardening_RZF>SE_RZF);
SE_MMMSE(SE_hardening_MMMSE>SE_MMMSE) =
SE_hardening_MMMSE(SE_hardening_MMMSE>SE_MMMSE);
SE_ZF(SE_hardening_ZF>SE_ZF) =
SE_hardening_ZF(SE_hardening_ZF>SE_ZF);
SE_SMMSE(SE_hardening_SMMSE>SE_SMMSE) =
SE_hardening_SMMSE(SE_hardening_SMMSE>SE_SMMSE);
sumSE_MR(m,s,n) = mean(sum(SE_MR,1));
sumSE_ZF(m,s,n) = mean(sum(SE_ZF,1));
sumSE_SMMSE(m,s,n) = mean(sum(SE_SMMSE,1));
sumSE_RZF(m,s,n) = mean(sum(SE_RZF,1));
sumSE_MMMSE(m,s,n) = mean(sum(SE_MMMSE,1));
clear H Hhat C Rscaled;
end
end
clear R;
end
figure(s);
hold on; box on;
plot(Mrange,mean(sumSE_MMMSE(:,s,:),3),'rd-','LineWidth',1);
plot(Mrange,mean(sumSE_SMMSE(:,s,:),3),'b:','LineWidth',1);
plot(Mrange,mean(sumSE_RZF(:,s,:),3),'k-.','LineWidth',1);
plot(Mrange,mean(sumSE_ZF(:,s,:),3),'r--','LineWidth',1);
plot(Mrange,mean(sumSE_MR(:,s,:),3),'bs-','LineWidth',1);
xlabel('Number of antennas (M)');

ylabel('Average sum SE [bit/s/Hz/cell]');
legend('M-MMSE','S-MMSE','RZF','ZF','MR','Location','NorthWest');
ylim([0 60]);
end
43

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SMESTER PROJECT 2022

WOLAITA SODO UNIVERSITY

Title: PERFORMANCE ANALYISI OF CHANNEL STATE

No. NAME OF CANDIDATES ID No

1 SAMRAWIT GIZAW ENG/R/461/10

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING

March 17, 2022

No. NAME OF CANDIDATES ID No Signature

1. SAMRAWIT GIZAW ENG/R/461/10 _____________

Electrical and Computer Engineering (Communication Stream)

Department Head Sign.

Electrical and Computer Engineering (Communication Stream)

Electrical and Computer Engineering (Communication Stream)

Electrical and Computer Engineering (Communication Stream)

Electrical and Computer Engineering (Communication Stream)

2.2.2. Frequency Division Duplex (FDD)......................................................................................12

Electrical and Computer Engineering (Communication Stream)

Electrical and Computer Engineering (Communication Stream)

Electrical and Computer Engineering (Communication Stream)

CSI Channel State Information

FDD Frequency Division Duplex

IID Independent and Identically Distributed

LMMSE Linear Minimum Mean Square Error

LTE Long Term Evolution

MIMO Multiple Input multiple output

MU-MIMO Multi-User MIMO

MSE Mean Square Error

SCM Spatial Channel Model

SINR Signal-to-Interference-Plus-Noise Ratio

SNR Signal to Noise Ratio

SU-MIMO Single-User MIMO

TDD Time Division Duplex

Electrical and Computer Engineering (Communication Stream)

1.2. Statement of Problem

1.3. Literature Review

Electrical and Computer Engineering (Communication Stream)

Electrical and Computer Engineering (Communication Stream)

1.4.2. Specific Objective

1.5.Scope of the Project

Electrical and Computer Engineering (Communication Stream)

Input the value of the variables

Calculate the system capacity

Check the reuse frequency

Repeat the process of different variables

Figure 1.1 Flow chart for spectral efficiency simulation

1.7. Significance of the Project

Electrical and Computer Engineering (Communication Stream)

1.8. Organization of the Project

Electrical and Computer Engineering (Communication Stream)

2.1. Different Types of MIMO System

Multiple- input single-output (MISO) systems models are discussed briefly.

2.1.1. Single-In Single-Out System

Figure 2.1 SISO System

2.1.2. Single-In Multiple-Out

Figure 2.2 SIMO system

Electrical and Computer Engineering (Communication Stream)

2.1.3. Multiple-In Single-Out System

Figure 2.3 MISO system

Figure 2.4 MIMO system

Electrical and Computer Engineering (Communication Stream)

 Facilitate resource allocation

 The total time spent for training, however, increases linearly.

In massive MIMO, hundreds of terminals can be simultaneously served with a BS equipped

2.2. Characteristics of Massive MIMO