NEW YORK CITY COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY

THE CITY UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK

Department of Radiologic Technology & Medical Imaging

Spring 2018
RAD 2426 - Imaging Modalities
Course Outline / Learning Outcomes

Professor Lillian Amann, MSRS, RT (R)

Room P- 513
Lamann@citytech.cuny.edu
Office Hours: Thursday 12:00 to 2:00pm

Note: All other course related documents can be found on Blackboard

Revised: January 2018
 New York City College of Technology/CUNY
Department of Radiologic Technology & Medical Imaging

Spring 2018

COURSE: RAD 2426 – Imaging Modalities (2 cl hrs. 2 cr.)

INSTRUCTOR: Professor Lillian Amann OFFICE: Room P513

EMAIL: Lamann@citytech.cuny.edu PHONE: (718) 260-5360

OFFICE HOURS: Thursday: 12:00am – 2:00pm

COURSE DESCRIPTION:
This course provides a study of various imaging systems, including recent advances in medical imaging.

PREREQUISITES: RAD 2325, RAD 2326, RAD 2327, and RAD 2328.
COREQUISITES: RAD 2425, RAD 2427, AND RAD 2428

COURSE OBJECTIVES:
Upon completion of RAD 2426, students will be able to:
1. Identify various imaging modalities of radiology
2. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of diverse imaging techniques
3. Analyze the proper sequencing of radiologic procedures and rationale
4. Identify and discuss emerging technologies in the field of radiologic technology
5. Demonstrate leadership and exercise effective communication skills.
6. Participate in a group research project, to encourage teamwork and help improve research skills.

TEXTBOOK:
REQUIRED:
 Bushong - Radiologic Science for Technologists – Physics, Biology and Protection, latest
Edition. Mosby, 2013.
 Carlton – Principles of Radiographic Imaging – An Art and a Science, latest Ed. Thomson, 2013.
 Frank – Merrill’s Atlas – 3rd Volume, latest Edition. Mosby, 2012.

COURSE REQUIREMENTS AND ASSESSMENT

Students enrolled in RAD 2426 must:
1. Attend and actively participate in all lecture sessions.
2. Complete writing intensive assignments associated with this course.
3. Obtain weekly lecture materials posted on blackboard approximately one week before each class for
the entire semester.
4. Meet on blackboard when indicated by the instructor.
5. Participate in all scheduled exam and quiz sessions.

Note:
All quizzes will be given during the first 15 minutes of class. Students who are absent will NOT be
given a make-up quiz. A grade of zero will be entered for quizzes missed. The lowest quiz grade will
not be dropped.
COURSE GRADING
Course Participation 5%
Average of Quizzes 10%
Writing Assignments 25%
Midterm Exam 20%
Final Exam 40%
Total 100%

CLASSROOM CONDUCT
 No cellular phone interruptions during class (Turn off before class).
 Students are expected to participate in all classes and class activities through discussion, inquiry
and individual or group activities in the classroom.
 Arrival 10 minutes after the scheduled start of class time will be counted as lateness.
 No talking during instructor’s lectures or when another student is speaking.
 Food and drinks are not allowed in the classroom at any time.
 Note: Copied or “shared” work will be considered cheating and result in an “F” for the course.

NYCCT POLICY ON ACADEMIC INTEGRITY

Students and all others who work with information, ideas, texts, images, music, inventions, and other
intellectual property owe their audience and sources accuracy and honesty in using, crediting, and
citing sources. As a community of intellectual and professional workers, the College recognizes its
responsibility for providing instruction in information literacy and academic integrity, offering models
of good practice, and responding vigilantly and appropriately to infractions of academic integrity.
Accordingly, academic dishonesty is prohibited in The City University of New York and at New York
City College of Technology and is punishable by penalties, including failing grades, suspension, and
expulsion. The complete text of the College policy on Academic Integrity may be found in the catalog.
 RAD 2426 – Imaging Modalities
Assignments, Quiz & Exam Schedule
Session Date Topi Reading Assignment Presentations/Due dates
c
#1 2/1 Syllabus Review/Intro See Syllabus and BB Team Leaders will submit names of
to Assignments speakers for SL Oral presentations.
#2 2/8 Mammography I & II Bushong chap 24 No Oral Presentations
Carlton chap 38
#3 2/15 Mammography III Bushong chap 24 No Oral Presentations
Carlton chap 38
#4 2/22 Bone Densitometry Handout Materials No Oral Presentations
Merrill’s Atlas chap 35
#5 3/1 Computed Bushong chap. 28 No Oral Presentations
Quiz #1 Tomography Carlton chap. 41
I 20 Merrill’s Atlas chap 31
Questions
(#2 pencil needed)
#6 3/8 Computed Bushong chap. 28 No Oral Presentations
Tomography Carlton chap. 41
II Merrill’s Atlas chap 31
#7 3/15 50 questions Study Lectures 1 to 7 No Oral Presentations
MT EXAM (#2 pencil needed) Review related
reading assignments

#8 3/22 Magnetic Carlton Chap 42 No Oral Presentations

Resonance Imaging Merrill’s Atlas chap 32
I
#9 3/29 Magnetic Carlton Chap 42 SL Paper Due
Resonance Imaging Merrill’s Atlas chap 32 April 1st by
II 11pm
4/5 Spring Recess 3/30/17 – 4/8/17 No Classes
#10 4/12 Ultrasound Handout Materials & No Oral Presentations
Merrill’s Atlas chap
33
#11 4/19 No Lecture Study Lectures 8 & 9
Quiz #2 20 Questions- Review related
quiz reading assignments
(#2 pencil
needed)
#12 4/26 Radiation Therapy Handout Materials & 1. Credentialing Applications
Merrill’s Atlas chap 37 2. Club Hr.: Collection of
all documents & fees.

#13 5/3 Nuclear Medicine Handout Materials & Article review due by 11pm
Merrill’s Atlas chap 34

#14 5/10 No Lecture No reading assignments Oral Presentations for

Mandatory Group Projects
Attendance
#15 TBA
Final
Exam
 RAD 2426 Outline

Week
I. PRESENTATION OF WRITING ASSIGNMENTS
1. Project description
2. Oral presentation and written reports
II. MAMMOGRAPHY
A. Introduction
B. Definition
C. Principles the principles and purpose of mammography
1. Breast cancer facts
2. Basic risk factors
3. Ways to reduce risks of developing breast cancer
D. Mammography guidelines
E. Anatomy of the breast
1. Glandular tissue
2. Fibrous tissue
3. Adipose tissue
4. Milk ducts
F. Mammographic equipment
1. Tube design
2. Accessory equipment

III. MAMMOGRAPHY CONT.

A. Image processing
B. Procedural care
C. Positioning
1. Breast compression
D. Filming
E. Mammographic findings
F. Breast Pathology
1. Breast mass
2. Proliferative abnormalities
3. In-Situ Malignancies
4. Invasive Malignancies
5. Calcifications
G. Phantom images and quality control

IV. BONE DENSITOMETRY

A. Introduction
B. Definitions
C. Osteoporosis facts
D. Risks factors for osteoporosis
E. Symptoms/indicators
F. Prevention of osteoporosis
G. Bone densitometry
1. Guidelines
2. Types of bone mineral density tests
H. Examination procedure
I. Treatment
 RAD 2426 Outline

V. COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY I
A. Introduction
B. Definitions
C. Principles and purpose of computed tomography
D. Data accumulation process
E. Historical perspectives
1. 1st generation
2. 2nd generation
3. 3rd generation
4. 4th generation
F. Quiz 1 on Lectures 2,3 &4

VI. COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY II

A. X-ray tube used in CT
B. CT collimation
C. CT detectors
D. Image reconstruction procedure
E. Definitions
1. Pixel
2. Voxel
3. matrix
G. CT numbers
H. Image display system
I. Window width and level
J. Image quality
K. Patient exposure
L. CT artifacts

VII. MIDTERM
 RAD 2426 Outline

VIII. MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING

A. Introduction
B. Definition
1. magnetism
2. radio frequencies
3. nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)
C. Historical Perspectives
1. Wolfgang Pauli
2. Felix Bloch & Edward Purcell
3. Jasper Jackson
4. Raymond Damadian
5. Paul Lauterbur
D. Equipment
1. superconductive magnets
2. permanent magnets
3. resistive magnets
4. gradient coils
5. RF coils
6. table
7. computer
B. Safety
1. inverse cube law
2. ferromagnetic materials
3. electronic items
4. surgical implants

IX. MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING II

A. Principles of MRI
1. magnetic resonance
2. MRI
3. relaxation times
4. hydrogen nuclei
B. Signal Production
1. magnetic spin
2. precession
3. magnetic field
C. Pulse Sequence
1. proton density
2. relaxation time
3. flow
D. Image Parameters
E. Contrast Media
1. gadolinium compounds
2. teslascan
3. feridex
4. toxicity
5. safety
F. Quality Assurance
1. unit calibration
2. warm up procedure
 RAD 2426 Outline

X. ULTRASOUND IMAGING
A. Introduction
B. Definition
C. Historical Perspectives
1. ultrasound and the titanic
2. SONAR
3. Douglas Howry
4. Dussick
5. Hertz and Edler
6. First scanner
7. Real-time ultrasound
D. Physical Principles
1. mechanical oscillations
2. acoustic wave
3. transducer
4. types of transducer
5. sound velocity
E. Advantages of Ultrasound
1. mobility
2. cost-effective
3. noninvasive
4. low maintenance
F. Clinical Applications
1. Introduction
2. Definition
G. Abdomen and Peritoneum
H. Neonatal Neurosonography
I. Gynecologic Applications
J. Obstetric Applications
K. Vascular Applications
L. Cardiologic Procedures and Applications
M. Superficial Structures

XI. NO LECTURE - QUIZ 2

XII. RADATION THERAPY

A. Introduction
1. Role of a radiation therapist
B. Historical Development
C. Technical Aspects
1. Equipment
D. Steps in Dosimetry Treatment Planning
Types of radiation treatments
1. Internal
2. External
Immobilization devices
1. Simple
2. Complex
Positing Aids
 RAD 2426 Outline
XIII. NUCLEAR MEDICINE TECHNOLOGY
A. Introduction
B. History of Nuclear Medicine
1. Old NM scanner
2. New scanner
C. Value of Nuclear Medicine
1. Diagnosis
2. Management
3. Treatment
4. Prevention
D. Patient Variation
1. Pediatric
2. Adolescent
3. Middle-aged
4. Geriatric
E. Common Examinations
1. Bone scans
2. Heart scans
1. Breast scans
2. Liver and gallbladder scans
3. Thyroid uptake and scans
4. Lung scans
5. GI bleeding scans
F. PET Scans
G. Scintimammo
H. Nuclear Medicine Procedure
1. injection
2. swallow
3. injection
I. Nuclear Medicine Imaging
1. gamma camera
J. Safety
1. leaded gloves and underwear
2. lead-lined waist can
3. leaded sharps container
K. Side Effects of Radiopharmaceuticals
L. Procedure Preparation
M. Duration of examination
N. PET/CT and Fusion Imaging
O. Post Examination Instructions

XIV. NO LECTURE, ORAL PRESENTATIONS

XV. FINAL EXAMINATION

 RAD 2426 Learning Outcomes

Week 1
Condition: Lecture, discussion and assigned reading on principles of mammography and breast
anatomy. Learning Outcomes: At the end of the lecture, the student will be able to:
1. Discuss the principles and purposes of mammography
2. List the components of the mammography unit
3. Label a diagram of a mammography unit
4. Discuss the anatomy and physiology of the female breast
5. Discuss imaging principles of mammography
6. Groups will be selected for research project and speakers for presentation.

Week 2&3
Condition: Lecture, discussion and assigned reading on mammographic positioning and breast
diseases. Learning Outcomes: At the end of the lecture, the student will be able to:
1. Describe imaging of the augmented breast
2. Describe image processing
3. Discuss the requirement for compression in mammography
4. Discuss the differences between diagnostic and screening mammography

Week 4
Condition: Lecture, discussion and assigned reading on principles of bone densitometry, risk factors
and examination procedures.
Learning Outcomes: At the end of the lecture, the student will be able to:
1. Discuss the principles and purpose of bone densitometry
2. List the components of the bone densitometry unit
3. Label a diagram of a bone densitometer
4. Discuss the progression of osteoporosis
5. Describe factors to combat osteoporosis
6. Discuss patient assessment and imaging procedure
7. List factors which affect bone deterioration
8. Describe treatment methods

Week 5
Condition: Lecture, discussion and assigned reading on computed tomography scanning
perspectives. Learning Outcomes: At the end of the lecture, the student will be able to:
1. Discuss the principles and purpose of Computed Tomography
2. Describe the data accumulation process
3. Compare the first, second, third and fourth generation CT scanners
4. Discuss the type of x-ray tubes used in CT
5. Describe the collimation employed in CT
6. List four properties of good CT detectors
7. Compare the gas type to crystal type of CT detectors
8. Describe the image reconstruction procedure
9. Quiz 1 on Lectures 2-4
 RAD 2426 Learning Outcomes

Week 6
Condition: Lecture, discussion and assigned reading on computed tomography scanning perspectives
II. Learning Outcomes: At the end of the lecture, the student will be able to:
1. Define CT numbers
2. Describe the image display system
3. Define window width and window level
4. Discuss the image quality of CT
5. Define pixel, voxel and matrix
6. Present oral presentation on an advanced imaging modality.
7. Discuss patient exposure of CT
8. Describe the artifacts associated with CT
9. Present oral presentation on an advanced imaging modality.
10. Research paper due.

Week 7 Midterm Exam – Lectures 1-6

Week 8&9
Condition: Lecture, discussion and assigned reading on principles of magnetic resonance
imaging. Learning Outcomes: At the end of the lecture, the student will be able to:
1. Discuss the relationship of angular momentum to nuclear structure
2. Describe the nature of a magnetic field
3. Define magnetic dipole moment
4. Discuss the parameters of MRI
5. Describe the mechanism for relaxation
6. Discuss the instrumentation of MRI
7. Describe MRI techniques
8. Discuss the instrumentation of MRI
9. Describe MRI techniques
10. Discuss the hazards of MRI
11. Describe the MRI image
12. Discuss MRI Quality Assurance

Week 10
Condition: Lecture, discussion and assigned reading on ultrasound imaging
procedures. Learning Outcomes: At the end of the lecture, the student will be able to:
1. Discuss the principles and purpose of ultrasound
2. Describe the characteristics of sound
3. Describe the ultrasonic transducer
4. Discuss the characteristics of Piezoelectric Crystals
5. Describe the characteristics of an ultrasonic beam
6. Describe the interactions between ultrasound and matter
7. Contrast A, B, TM and Real Time modes of ultrasonic display
8. Define Gray-Scale
9. Discuss the imaging principles
10. Explain the Doppler Technique
11. Credentialing Applications

Week 11 No lecture, Quiz 2 only on Lectures 8, 9 &10

RAD 2426 Learning Outcomes

Week 12
Condition: Lecture, discussion and assigned reading on basic principles of Radiation
Therapy. Learning Outcomes: At the end of the lecture, the student will be able to:
1. Define Radiation Therapy
2. Describe the principles and purpose of RT
3. Discuss the historical perspectives
4. Describe the steps in RT
5. Discuss the Dosimetry planning stage
6. Discuss treatment plans and future trends.
7. Credentialing Applications

Week 13
Condition: Lecture, discussion and assigned reading on basic principles of nuclear medicine
technology. Learning Outcomes: At the end of the lecture, the student will be able to:
1. Define Nuclear Medicine
8. Describe the principles and purpose of NM
9. Describe the characteristics of NM
10. Discuss radioactive isotopes and imaging principles
11. Describe patient care techniques and PET& PET/CT scanning procedures
12. List the requirements and procedures involved in fusion imaging
13. Article Review Due by 11pm

Week 14 No Lecture, Oral Presentations for Groups Projects

Week 15 FINAL EXAMINATION