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Journal of Agripet Vol 21 (2): 141-148, October 2021

p-ISSN: 1411-4625 | e-ISSN: 2460-4534 Accredited: 28/E/KPT/2019
available online at http://jurnal.unsyiah.ac.id/agripet

Identification of Quantitative Traits and Qualitative Traits in Aceh Dalam Cattle

Framework for the Preservation of Local Livestock Genetic Resources

(Identification of quantitative traits and qualitative traits in Aceh cattle in the context of preserving animal genetic
resources)

Masduqi1,3 , Eka Meutia Sari2,3* , and Mohd. Agus Nashri Abdullah2,3

1 Master of Animal Husbandry Study Program, Faculty of Agriculture, Syiah Kuala University, Banda Aceh, Indonesia
2
Department of Animal Husbandry, Faculty of Agriculture, Syiah Kuala University, Banda Aceh, Indonesia
3Aceh Cattle and Local Livestock Research Center, Syiah Kuala University, Banda Aceh, Indonesia

ABSTRACT. Aceh cattle are a genetic resource for local livestock and are a breed of local Indonesian cattle spread across Aceh Province, and have
been established based on the Decree of the Minister of Agriculture number: 2907/Kpts/OT.140/6/2011 on 17 June 2011. This study aims to compare
diversity of Acehnese cattle in Aceh Besar District currently with SNI 7651.3:2013. This research was conducted from January to April 2020. The sample
size was 62 male Aceh cattle aged 24-36 months and 106 female Aceh cattle aged 15-18 months. The variables observed were (1) shoulder height
(TP), (2), body length (PB). and (3) chest circumference (LD). Determination of the sample using purposive sampling method. Based on the results of
the study, the quantitative characteristics of male and female Aceh cattle each had shoulder height (TP) 108.08 ± 3.59 cm and 89.53 ± 4.26 cm, body
length (PB) 110.26 ± 4, 92 cm and 88.77 ± 6.52 cm and chest circumference (LD) 141.02 ± 7.34 cm and 107.22 ± 8.92 cm. As many as 48.39% of male
Aceh cattle are in class III category and 30.19% of female Aceh cattle are in class II category based on SNI 7651.3:2013. The qualitative characteristics
of the facial shape of male and female Aceh cattle are concave as a whole with a percentage of 80.65% and 90.57%. While the horns of male Aceh
cattle are curved upwards with an average percentage of 51.61% and female Aceh cattle generally only form short horn circles with an average
percentage of 67.92%. The shape of the back line of male and female Aceh cattle is concave with a percentage of 72.58% and 79.25%.

Keywords: Aceh cattle, quantitative traits, qualitative traits

ABSTRACT. Aceh cattle are a genetic resource for local livestock and are a clump of local Indonesian cattle spread across Aceh Province, and have
been determined based on the Decree of the Minister of Agriculture number: 2907 / Kpts / OT.140 / 6/2011 on 17 June 2011. This study aims to
compare the diversity of Aceh cattle in Aceh Besar district currently with SNI 7651.3: 2013.
This research was conducted in January - April 2020. The total samples of male Aceh cattle aged 24-36 months were 62 cows and 106 female Aceh
cattle aged 15-18 months. The variables observed were (1) shoulder height (TP), (2), body length (PB). and (3) chest circumference (LD). Determination
of the sample using purposive sampling method. Based on the results of the study, the quantitative traits of male and female Aceh cattle each had
shoulder height (TP) 108.08 ± 3.59 cm and 89.53 ± 4.26 cm, body length (PB) 110.26 ± 4.92 cm and 88.77 ± 6.52 cm and chest circumference (LD)
141.02 ± 7.34 cm and 107.22 ± 8.92 cm. A total of 48.39% of Aceh male cattle are in class III category and 30.19% of female Aceh cattle are categorized
as class II based on SNI 7651.3: 2013. The qualitative characteristics of the face shape of male and female Aceh cattle are overall concave with a
percentage of 80.65% and 90.57%. While the horns on male Aceh cattle are curved sideways upward with an average percentage of 51.61% and female
Aceh cattle in general only form a short horn circle with an average percentage of 67.92%. The form of the back line of male and female Aceh cattle is
concave with a percentage of 72.58% and 79.25%.

Keywords: Aceh cattle, quantitative traits, qualitative traits

INTRODUCTION1 physical and genetic composition as well as good

adaptability to environmental limitations, so it needs to be
Aceh cattle are one of the genetic resources of
protected and preserved. The Aceh cattle originate from
local livestock and one of the local Indonesian cattle
crosses between zebu cattle brought by traders from India
breeds which have an original geographic distribution in
and Bos banteng which then continued to cross over
Aceh Province, and have been cultivated for generations,
hundreds of years ago. Based on the arrangement of
which has been stipulated based on Decree of the Minister
nucleotide bases, it shows that Acehnese cattle are closer
of Agriculture Number: 2907/Kpts/OT.140 /6/2011 dated
to the maternal zebu compared to Bos taurus. The
June 17 2011, that Aceh cattle have a variety of forms,
similarity of base composition in Aceh cattle with Bos
indicus is 94.36% and for Bos taurus is 88.52% (Abdullah
et al., 2007). Based on research
*Correspondence Email: ekameutiasari@unsyiah.ac.id
Received: 31 May 2021
Revised: 21 June 2021
Approved: 26 June
2021 DOI: https://doi.org/10.17969/agripet.v21i2.21185

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mtDNA D-Loop region It is known that Aceh cattle have
the closest relationship with B. indicus and are influenced
by B. Taurus (Sari et al., 2016).
In order to protect and improve the performance
quality of Aceh cattle, in 2013 the Indonesian National
Standard (SNI) 7651.3: 2013 was issued concerning
Aceh beef cattle breeds, which included the quantitative
and qualitative characteristics of Aceh cattle. The growing
motivation of breeders to develop exotic cattle and the
high rate of negative selection for male Aceh cattle will
further increase the possibility of declining performance
of Aceh cattle.
The performance of Aceh cattle can be improved through
livestock selection and the use of superior bulls.
Both are livestock breeding techniques that still play an
important role in efforts to improve the genetic quality of
livestock. Livestock phenotypes can be identified through
body measurements (Otsuka et al., 1980; Karthickeyan
et al., 2006). This research needs to be carried out,
because in Aceh Besar District there is no information
related to studies on the quantitative and qualitative
characteristics of Acehnese cattle.
The objectives to be achieved from this research
include: to add to the latest information about the
condition of the genetic diversity of the quantitative and
qualitative characteristics of Acehnese cattle in Aceh
Besar District, to compare the conditions in the field of
the genetic diversity of the quantitative and qualitative
characteristics of Acehnese cattle in Aceh Besar District
today with SNI 7651.3 :2013.
Materials and Methods
This research was conducted in January - April
2020. The samples of cattle used in this study were 62
male Acehnese cattle aged 24-36 months and 106
female Aceh cattle aged 15-18 months living in Seulimum
District and Lembah Seulawah District. Aceh Besar.
Determination of the cattle sample was carried out using
purposive sampling method.
Quantitative measurements were made on parts
of the body surface which included (1) shoulder height
(TP), (2), body length (PB), and (3) chest circumference
(LD). The measurement method is based on Aceh cattle
SNI (SNI 7651.3:2013). The qualitative characteristics
observed included the shape of the face, horns and
dorsal line. In addition to the primary data obtained in the
field, secondary data was also used which was obtained
from the Aceh Animal Husbandry Service.
Identification of Quantitative and Qualitative Traits in Aceh Cattle in the Context of Preserving Local Livestock Genetic Resources. (Masduki, et al.,)
Journal of Agripet, Volume 21, No. 2, October 2021
The equipment used in the study included
measuring sticks with an accuracy of 0.1 cm (FHK
stainless steel made in Australia), measuring tape with
an accuracy of 0.1 cm (Gordas made in Australia), digital
cameras, cow straps and writing instruments. Data
processing was carried out by descriptive analysis by
calculating the mean, standard deviation and coefficient
of variance using Excel data sheet tabulations. Data
analysis is tabulated by sample location.
Characteristics of body measurements were carried out
by calculating the mean value (x), standard deviation (s)
and coefficient of variation (KK) of each observed size
according to the instructions of Steel and Torrie (1995).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Quantitative Character Diversity Profile
The mean linear body surface dimensions of
Aceh cattle measured include shoulder height, chest
circumference and body length divided by different sexes,
as shown in Table 1.
The average body size of Aceh cattle shows that male
Aceh cattle have a shoulder height of 108.08 ± 3.59 cm,
a body length of 110.26 ± 4.92 cm and a chest
circumference of 141.02 ± 7.34 cm. The body size of
Aceh bulls in this study can be said to be in accordance
with the SNI 7651.3: 2013 standard which states that the
body size of class III male Aceh cattle aged 24-36 months
is shoulder height 105 cm, body length 107 cm and chest
circumference 135 cm. Furthermore, female Aceh cattle
have a shoulder height of 89.53 ± 4.26 cm, a body length
of 88.77 ± 6.52 cm and a chest circumference of 107.22
± 8.92 cm. This is in accordance with the reference SNI
7651.3: 2013 which states that the body dimensions of
class III female Aceh cattle at the age of 15-18 months
are: shoulder height 86 cm, body length 82 cm and chest
circumference 94 cm.
In contrast to what was reported by Merkens
(1926) stated that male Aceh cattle have a shoulder
height of 115.5 cm, a body length of 126.0 cm and a
chest circumference of 160.8 cm. The decline in
performance in Aceh cattle is caused by recent
exploitation of Aceh cattle genetic resources, namely
crossing livestock without laws, biosecurity, identification,
monitoring, evaluation and control has caused many
breeders to be interested in crossing their cattle, so that
the cattle population Aceh is getting less and less, which
in turn is increasingly difficult for Acehnese cattle breeders
to get pure Acehnese bulls.
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Thus, inbreeding occurs which results in stunted
offspring and
Table 1. Body Measurements of Male and Female Aceh Cattle in Aceh Besar District
Male
Quantitative Properties
n xÿ
Shoulder Height (cm) 62 108.08
Body Length(cm) 62 110,26
Chest Circumference (cm) 7.34 107.22 62 141.02
Information : TP = shoulder height, PB = body length, LD = chest circumference, n = number of samples, xÿ= mean, SD = standard
deviation, KK = coefficient of variance
Coefficient of Diversity
Diversity is said to be low if the coefficient of
variation is below 5%, if the coefficient of variation is
between 6-14% it is said to be moderate, and high if
the coefficient of variation is above 15% (Kurnianto,
2009). The mean coefficient of variation (CC) for body
size in the study area was low to moderate, wherein
male Aceh cattle had a CA value of shoulder height of
3.32%, body length of 4.46% and chest circumference
of 5.21%. Then the female Aceh cattle have an average
KK value of shoulder height of 4.57%, body length of
7.35% and chest circumference of 8.32%.
Based on the data above, male Acehnese cattle
tend to have a homogeneous performance.
This means that the possibility of using available bulls
at the study site to be selected as superior bulls has
also decreased.
According to Hartati et al. (2010), the higher the
coefficient of variation in the body size parameter
variable indicates that this variable tends to vary.
Conversely, the lower the coefficient of variability of a
variable, it indicates that the variable is more stable,
because it is so little affected by the environment that
it can be used as an identifier for cattle in each
population.
SNI Class Mean Body Size of Aceh Cattle
Based on Figure 1 it can be seen that the
average SNI class for Aceh bulls shows a percentage
of 6.45% in class I, 12.90% in class II and 48.39% in
class III. Then in female Aceh cattle it was 28.30% in
class I, 30.19% in class II and 26.42% in class III. In
general, based on the results of this study, it shows
that the dominance of class data for male Aceh cattle
is in class III and for female Aceh cattle is in class II
according to SNI 7651.3: 2013 reference.
Traditional (extensive) maintenance systems
lead to nutritional adequacy
Identification of Quantitative and Qualitative Traits in Aceh Cattle in the Context of Preserving Local Livestock Genetic Resources. (Masduki, et al.,)
Journal of Agripet, Volume 21, No. 2, October 2021
cases of Acehnese cattle that are difficult to calve were
found (Abdullah et al., 2007).
Female
SD KK % n xÿ SD Family %
3.59 3,32 106 89.53 4,26 4.75
4.92 4.46 106 88.77 6,52 7.35
5,21 106 8,92 8,32
available only from natural grass without additional
feed boosters (concentrates), low introduction of AI,
high rate of inbreeding are the causative factors for
lowering the phenotypic performance of cattle. Previous
research on female Aceh cattle at the same age (Putra,
2015) stated that as many as 46% were in class III
based on SNI. The low level of productivity of Aceh
cattle indicates that there is a need for a role and
government policy in an effort to improve the genetics
of local cattle through breeding female Aceh cattle with
superior Aceh cattle bulls and application of artificial
insemination technology using superior Aceh cattle
(IB) semen straw . Based on the facts above, it is
necessary to make efforts to conserve Aceh cattle in a
directed and sustainable manner (Sari et al., 2020).
The Average Shoulder Height of Aceh Cattle Based on
SNI class
Cow's shoulder height is used to identify how
big the appearance of the cow frame is and the
possibility of increasing live weight through the muscle
tissue that is bound around the body frame. In Figure
2 it can be seen that Aceh male cattle aged 24-36
months are classified into class III based on SNI
7651.3: 2013 with an average of 41.94%, then as
much as 22.58% are classified in class II and 20.97%
in class I 14.52% of male Acehnese cattle that do not
meet the criteria based on shoulder height. In female
Aceh cattle aged 15-18 months, the average class III
was 24.53%, class II was 27.36%, class I was 36.79%
and 11.32% did not meet the criteria based on shoulder
height. Based on the average shoulder height, female
Aceh cattle in this study area still have good genetic
quality
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Journal of Agripet, Volume 21, No. 2, October 2021

due to the dominance of the resulting data showing
that female Aceh cattle are included in class I, then
the shoulder height of male Aceh cattle is dominated
in class III based on the instructions of SNI
7651.3:2013.
The large percentage of class III in male
Aceh cattle can occur due to several possibilities.
First, the working of gene expression in Aceh cattle
to changes in environmental conditions which can
be explained through the phenomenon of phenotypic
flexibility. Increasing population and industry
pressure on productive land can shift cattle to less
productive land, even to critical land. This
assumption has been proven by modeling
phenotypic flexibility in experimental mice (Mus
musculus) by Abdullah
et al. (2005) that, wild mice that have adapted to
the environment with all the changes that exist have
genes that regulate production and reproduction
which are superior to environmental stress
compared to laboratory mice.
It is suspected that this gene is also owned by large
ruminants including cows. The second possibility is
that there has been negative selection in this cattle
population. Large bulls are sold as beef cattle. The
remaining male Aceh cattle in the population herd
are Acehnese bulls which have a small body size
and act as males and gain breeding potential in that
population (Abdullah et al., 2007 ) .

Figure 1. Percentage of Male and Female Aceh Cattle SNI Classes in Aceh Besar District

Figure 2. Percentage of Shoulder Height according to SNI Class for Male and Female Aceh Cattle in Aceh Besar District.

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Journal of Agripet, Volume 21, No. 2, October 2021

Average Body Length of Aceh Cattle based on
SNI Class The results
of the study on body length of cattle can be
seen in Figure 3. The body length of male Aceh
cattle at the age of 24-36 months is most
distributed in class III, with an average of 45.16%,
then in class II of 25.81% and class I being the
lowest with a percentage of 9.68%. Furthermore,
female Aceh cattle aged 15-18 months showed
that the average body length was in class I of
56.60%, class II of 21.70% and class III of 10.38%.
Then the percentage of the average body height
of male and female Aceh cattle that do not meet
the requirements of SNI 7651.3: 2013 is 19.35%
and 11.32% respectively.
The results above show that the dominance
of the average body length of female Aceh cattle
is in class I. Meanwhile, the high distribution of
male Aceh cattle in class III is the result of internal
crossbreeding cattle which generally have a poor
ability to adapt to the environment compared to
cross-bred cattle. outer cross.
with
This bad effect is caused by the combined
influence of homozygous recessive genes (Noor,
2008).
Aceh Cattle Chest Circumference Average
SNI class
Chest circumference is one of the body
dimensions that can be used as an indicator to
measure the growth and development of livestock.
In addition, chest circumference is a body
measurement used to estimate body weight.
Cows need feed containing
high protein and energy for muscle, bone and fat
growth. Growth is the easiest measure to assess
productivity, shoulder height, body length, and
chest circumference (Adiwinarti et al., 2011). Figure
4 shows that class I is the highest average
percentage of chest circumference of male Aceh
cattle at the age of 24-36 months with a percentage
of 41.94%, class II of 24.19% and class III of
24.19%. Furthermore, data on the chest
circumference of female Aceh cattle aged 15-18
months are most widely distributed in class I with
a total average of 82.08%. Class II as much as
3.77% and class III as much as 11.32%. Then the
percentage value of the average body length of
male and female Aceh cattle that do not meet the
requirements of SNI 7651.3: 2013 is 16.13% and
2.83% respectively.
The data above shows that male and female
Aceh cattle based on chest circumference are
generally classified as class I.
This happened because all the samples in this
study had entered sexual maturity, so the focus of
growth had entered the phase of forming meat and
fat, so that the value of chest circumference was
dominated in class I. The condition of the pasture
field at the time the sampling was carried out had
fertile grass, p. This is due to weather conditions
entering the end of the rainy season. Cattle reared
in an extensive system on fertile pastures tend to
be larger due to adequate intake of fresh grass in
pasture locations.

Figure 3. Percentage of Body Length according to SNI Class for Male and Female Aceh Cattle in Aceh Besar District

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Journal of Agripet, Volume 21, No. 2, October 2021

90.00 82.08
80.00
70.00
60.00
distribution
class
data
(%)
SNI

50.00 41.94 Male

40.00
Female
30.00 24,19
17,74 16,13
20.00 11.32
10.00 3.77 2.83
0.00
Class I Class II Class III Not pass

Figure 4. Percentage of Chest Circumference According to SNI Classes for Male and Female Aceh Cattle in Aceh Besar District

Comparison of Quantitative Values of Cattle
Aceh Based on SNI Class
Male Aceh cattle aged 24-36 months have a
shoulder height of 108.08 ± 3.59 cm, body length of
110.26 ± 4.92 cm and chest circumference of 141.02
± 7.34 cm (Table 2). Thus it can be said that male
Aceh cattle are included in class III based on the
criteria for all quantitative characteristics.
Furthermore, in female Aceh cattle (Table 2) as a
whole the criteria for quantitative characteristics can
be concluded that female Aceh cattle at the age of
15-18 months are included in class II classification
based on SNI 7651.3: 2013 with an average shoulder
height of 89.53 ± 4.26 cm, length body 88.77 ± 6.52
cm and chest circumference 107.22 ± 8.92 cm.
The results of this study are slightly different based
on research by Budisatria (2017) which shows that
the TP and PB sizes of male and female Aceh cattle
at the age of 1.5-3 years belong to
community farms in North Aceh were 92.76 ± 5.11
cm and 95.00 ± 3.14 cm, then 96.72 ± 4.85 cm and
97.58 ± 5.72 cm.
The results of this study differ from those
reported by Abdullah et al. (2007) that the average
body size of TG, PB and LD in male Aceh cattle
aged 4 years is 105.56 ± 4.76 cm, 107.69 ± 5.68 cm
and 138.69 ± 2.28 cm respectively . Then the female
Aceh cattle were 92.78 ± 6.51 cm, 92.01 ± 6.51 cm
and 116.19 ± 8.94 cm respectively. The maintenance
pattern which is still traditional is by giving random
feed, namely in the form of field grass so that the
nutritional content is not sufficient for the needs of
the cow. The feed given must be of high quality,
which contains substances needed by the livestock
body such as water, carbohydrates, fats, proteins
and minerals (Syamsu, 2003).

Table 2. Comparison of the results of the study of the body measurements of male and female Aceh cattle with SNI Number
7651.3:2013
SNI 7651.3:2013
No Quantitative Properties Research result
Class I Class II Class III
Male
1 Shoulder Height (cm) 108.08±3.59 112 109 105
2 Body Length (cm) 110.26±4.92 116 113 107
3 Bust(cm) 141.02±7.34 143 140 135
Female
4 Shoulder Height (cm) 89.53±4.26 90 88 86
5 Body Length (cm) 88.77±6.52 87 84 82
6 Bust(cm) 107.22±8.92 99 97 94

This is in accordance with the SNI reference that the

Profile of Diversity of Qualitative Characteristics of Aceh Cattle
The results of observing the facial shape of face shape of Aceh cattle tends to be concave, in
male and female Aceh cattle in Table 3 are dominated line with what was revealed by Abdullah et al. (2007)
by a concave face shape with an average which stated that only a small proportion (4.5%) had
percentage of 80.65% and 90.57% respectively. Results straight front lines,

Identification of Quantitative and Qualitative Traits in Aceh Cattle in the Context of Preserving Local Livestock Genetic Resources. (Masduki, et al.,)
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The concave front line of Aceh cattle is also found
in Coastal cattle, while the front line of Madura cattle
is generally straight.
In Table 4 the shape of the horns of male
Aceh cattle is dominated by the shape of the horns
curving to the side with an average percentage of
51.61% and the shape of the horns for female Aceh
cattle in general only form short horn circles with an
average percentage of 67.92%. Abdullah (2007)
stated that Aceh cattle generally have horns, but
there are also 7% hornless cows only found in
females. The length and shape of the growth of the
horns varies and continues to elongate as the cow
grows. The growth of the horns of the female cow
leads to the side, curves up then forward, and in the
male it leads to the side, curves up. The horns of
bulls are larger than those of females. Furthermore,
Mukhtar et al. (2015) stated that 59.69% of the
horns of Aceh cattle were V-shaped or grew
sideways upwards.
Table 3. Frequency of Aceh cattle face shapes in Aceh Besar District Male
No. Face shape
Sunken
1 Flat
23 Convex
Table 4. Frequency of growth forms of Aceh cattle horns in Aceh Besar District Male n (%)
No Horn Shape
1 Sideways curved up
2 Sideways straight
3 Only form short horn loops
4 No horns (kupung)
5 Curved up
6 Curved downwards
Table 5. Frequency of male and female Acehnese cattle dorsal lines in Aceh Besar District No. Male
dorsal line n (%)
1 Concave 45 (72.58)
2 Flat 11 (17.74)
3 Convex 6 (9.68)
CONCLUSION
There was a decrease in the performance of
Aceh cattle based on an assessment of body
measurements which showed that male Aceh cattle
were dominated in class III and female Aceh cattle
in class II based on SNI 7851.3:2013 reference.
Qualitatively, the shape of the face and back line of
Aceh cattle tends to be concave, and the horns of
male Aceh cattle are dominated by the shape of the
sideways curved upwards and the shape of the horns.
Identification of Quantitative and Qualitative Traits in Aceh Cattle in the Context of Preserving Local Livestock Genetic Resources. (Masduki, et al.,)
Journal of Agripet, Volume 21, No. 2, October 2021
The back line can show the ideal body shape
in a livestock. Based on Table 5, in general the
shape of the back line of Aceh cattle is concave with
a percentage of 72.58% in male Aceh cattle and
79.25% in female Aceh cattle. The same thing was
also expressed by Abdullah et al. (2007) that in
general Aceh cattle have a concave back line
(89.25%). The concave back line of Aceh cattle is a
characteristic of Pesisir and PO cattle.
Bali cattle, according to Handiwirawan and
Subandriyo (2004), have a straight back line and
are a type of descendant of Bos sondaicus or Bos
banteng. Furthermore, the results of the research
by Setiadi and Diwyanto (1997), Madura cattle have
a straight back line, but it was also found that cows
have a concave back line (34.7%) and a small
proportion (6.1%) have a convex back line.
n (%) 50 Female n
(80.65) 9 (%) 96
(14.52) 3 (90.57) 7
(4.84) (6.60) 3 (2.83)
Female n
(%) 32 (51.61) 0 (0.00) 16 (25.81) 11
(10.38) 5 (8.06) 72 (67.92) 0 (0.00) 23
(21 .70) 9 (14.52) 0 (0.00) 0 (0.00) 0
(0.00)
Female n
(%) 84
(79.25) 13
(12.26) 9 (8.49)
Aceh female cows generally only form short horn
circles.
SUGGESTION
The low percentage of Aceh cattle grouping
in class I based on SNI indicates that the performance
of Aceh cattle is decreasing. There needs to be
special attention from the government to create a
targeted breeding program to maintain and improve
performance
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superior Aceh cattle population through livestock selection,
increasing the introduction of AI using Aceh cattle semen,
increasing the number of superior bulls in densely
populated areas, and limiting the use of exotic cattle
semen.
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