Texto Medicina English Oficial-1

U.N.S.
XX Departamento de Idiomas
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UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL “SIGLO XX”
DEPARTAMENTO DE IDIOMAS
AREA SALUD
CARRERA MEDICINA
TEXTO GUIA
INGLÉS TÉCNICO I
AUTORA: M.s.C. LOLA ISOLINA MARTINEZ GALVAN
Llallagua -Potosí –Bolivia
Marzo –2022
M.s.c. Lola Isolina Martinez Galvan

U.N.S.XX Departamento de Idiomas
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HUMAN ANATOMY
Reading:
The human body is a remarkably complex and efficient machine. It takes in and absorbs oxygen
through the respiratory system. Then the oxygen –enriched blood is distributed through the cardio
vascular system to all tissues. The digestive system converts digestible food to energy and disposes
of the rest. The skeletal-muscular system gives form to the body. And covering almost the entire
mass is the skin, the largest organ of the body. The science of the structure of this complicated
“machine” is called anatomy.
a) Read through article and complete the activities below:
Cognates: are words with a similar structure in English and Spanish. How many cognates can you
find in this text?
……………………. ……………………. …………………….

……………………. ……………………. …………………….
……………………. ……………………. …………………….
b) Guessing new words: try to find the equivalent terms in the text for these english words.
machine ……………………. Takes in ……………………. through …………………….

then ……………………. enriched ……………………. blood ………………….
tissues ……………………. disposes ……………………. called ………………….
c) Let´s complete the idea.

The human body is………………………………………………………………………
The digestive system………………………………………………………………………..
The skeletal muscular system …………………………………………………………………….
The science of the structure of this complicated “machine” is …………………….
d) Compound words: are two or more English words combined together. Scan the text and
write as many compounds as you can find then translate them.
Example: human body cuerpo humano

………………………………….. ……………………………………
…………………………………. ……………………………………

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………………………………….. ……………………………………
………………………………….. ……………………………………..
…………………………………. ……………………………………..
PREFIXES
Look at these words:

Interchangeable
Unemployment
Misunderstanding
A common way of forming new words in English is by adding a standard combination of letters to
existing words, either at the beginning (prefixes) or at the end (suffixes). Some words may have
both; a prefix and a suffix, like in the examples above.
Prefixes usually change the meaning of the Word. For example, the prefix “un” changes a Word to
negative: unknown means “not known”.
When you read, especially academic test, you will frequently meet unfamiliar words of this type.
Very often, you can guess or deduce the meaning of these terms if you understand the way in which
the words are generally formed in English. Thus you can increase the number of words in your
vocabulary.
Can you form new words by joining a prefix to a base Word? Do not repeat any ítem.
1. Un ___ a direct
2. Dis ___ b title
3. Micro ___ c circle
4. In ___ d possible
5. Sub ___ e magnetise
6. Trans ___ f structure
7. Semi ___ g charge
8. Super ___ h port
9. De ___ i economics
10. Infra ___ j Sonic

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As you see from the words you formed above, most English and Spanish prefixes have the same
Latin origin. But the following need to be studied more carefully since they are not present in
Spanish.
PREFIX MEANING EXAMPLE

Un- not uncertain
undetermined
Under- too little underdeveloped
underestimate
Over- too much overload
overproduction
Fore- before forecast
Foresee
Mis- badly- misinterpret
Wrongly miscalculate
Adjective prefixes with the meaning “not”

Some prefixes give adjectives a negative meaning.
Happy unhappy Like unlike

Posible impossible Legal ilegal (against the law)
Correct incorrect Regular irregular, c.g., irregular verbs
Un- is the most common, e.g., unfriendly, unable, unemployed. (without a job).
In- / im- / ir- / il- are all different spellings of the same negative prefix for adjectives that come from
Latin roots:
 Il- before adjectives starting with “I” (illegal, illogical)
 Im- before “m” or “p” (impatient, impolite)
 Ir- before “r” (irrelevant, irresponsible)
 In- before other letters (invisible, informal)
Dis- is used before some adjectives, c.g., dishonest, and a few verbs, c.g., dislike, disagree.
NOTE: A prefix does not normally change Word stress, c.g, happy / unhappy; posible / imposible.

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VERB PREFIXES: un – and dis-

With some verbs, these prefixes can mean “to do the opposite of an action” or “to reverse an
action”.
I lost the key so I couldn´t unlock the door.
After I unpacked (took everything out of) my suitcase, I put my clothes in the closer.
I got undressed (took off my clothes) and went to bed.
We saw the plane in the sky, but then it disappeared behind a cloud.
I really dislike waiting in long lines.
Briana disagreed with the group´s decisión.
Other verb prefixes

Re- (again) My homework was all wrong, so I had to redo it.
The store closed down, but it will reopen next month.
Over- (too much I went to bed late and overslept (slept too long) this
or too long) morning.
The cashier overcharged me.
(charged too much money ).
Mis – (badly or speak clearly so people don´t misunderstand what you say.
A lot of people misspell the Word misspell.
Activity One.-
Write a prefix to form the opposite of each Word. The first three columns contain adjetives; the last
column constain verbs.
1…un… happy 5……….. correct 9………. Logical 13……….. appear

2……… patient 6………. regular 10………. friendly 14………. pack
3……… polite 7………. visible 11……… employed 15……… lock
4……… legal 8………. possible 12……… honest 16……… like
Activity two.-
Complete the verbs.
1. If you mis ….understand……. the directions you will go to the wrong place.
2. We un …………………………. Our bags as son as we got to the hotel.

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3. She was here a minute ago, but then she dis ………………………..
4. I totally dis ……………………… with his opinión on this subject
SUFFIXES
Here is a list of useful suffixes.
A. NOUN – FORMING SUFFIXES

SUFFIX BASE WORD EXAMPLE MEANING
-ance Perform Performance
-ence Exist Existence
-er Work Worker
-or Operate Operator
-ist/-yst Science, analysis Scientist, analyst
-ian Electric Electrician
-tion Act Action
-ness Weak Weakness
- ing Meet Meeting
-ment Measure Measurement
-ity Flexible Flexibility
-ism Magnet Magnetism
-ship Champion championship
Activity one: form new nouns joining the suffixes in the table with the words below. Do not repeat
any item. Some words may need slight changes.
-ing -er -ance -ness

-or -ment -ist -ity
New nouns meaning

1. Accumulate……………. ………………………………..
2. Achieve………………… ………………………………..
3. Biology…………………. ……………………………….
4. Electric………………….. ………………………………..
5. Mean………………….. ……………………………….
6. Scan………………….. ………………………………..
7. Maintain……………………….. ………………………………

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8. Soft………………… …………………………….
B. ADJECTIVE –FORMING SUFFIXES

-al Education Educational
-ar Rectangle Rectangular
-ic Science Scientific
-ical Logic Logical
-able Profit Profitable
-ible Sense Sensible
-ous Continue Continuous
-ful Use Useful
-less Count Countless
-ish Red Reddish
-ed Process Processed
-ive Effect Effective
-ing Grow growing
ACTIVITY ONE. Form new adjectives joining the suffixes in the table with the words
below. Do not repeat any item.
-ish -less -ing -ous -ive -ful -able -al
New adjectives meaning

1. End………………… ……………………….
2. Object……………….. …………………………….
3. Depend………………….. …………………………..
4. Danger…………………… ………………………….
5. Increase…………………….. ………………………….
6. Use…………………………. ………………………….
7. Mechanic……………… …………………………
8. Self…………………… ………………………..
ACTIVITY TWO: from the words formed above, find antonyms, i.e. words meaning the
opposite, for these words:
Safe ………………………….

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Having a termination…………………………………………
Reducing……………………………………………
Unreliable………………………………………….
Worthless………………………………………
Generous……………………………….
C. VERB- FORMING SUFFIXES

-ize/-ise Magnet Magnetize
Real Realise
-ate Active activate
Equal equate
-ify Class classify
Simple simplify
-en Deep deepen
Worse worsen
ACTIVITY ONE: form two verbs with each suffix. Remember that some base words will
have to change slightly. Then complete the sentences below with some of these verbs.
-ate -en -ise/ize -ify
New Verbs Meaning

1. Weak………………………… …………………………….
2. Stimulus…………………….. ……………………………..
3. Specific………………………. …………………………..
4. Communication………………. ……………………………
5. Example………………………… ……………………………
6. Familiar………………………. ……………………………..
7. Short………………………… …………………………..
8. Summary …………………………….
1. Corrosion tends to ………………………………..the estructure of a building

2. You need to ……………………………..yourself with words using suffixes
3. Ancient Babylonians managed to……………………….their ideas through cuneiform
writing.
4. Modern computers allow you to………………..text fonts, size of graphics, etc.

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D. ADVERB – FORMING SUFFIXES.

SUFFIX BASE FORM EXAMPLE MEANING
-ly Slow Slowly
Clear Clearly
Compare comparably
ACTIVITY ONE. Write the correct word in the blanks

1. Print printer printing printed
a. A laser……………………….provides an excellent …………………quality
b. A special kind of device is needed to ………………..on microfilms.
2. Train trainer training trained trainee
a. It takes two years of …………………….to became a good computer programmer.
b. A………………………..is person employed at a junior level learning the skills
needed for a job.
c. It is essential to…………………….new students to handle expensive equipment.
3. Calculate calculation calculus calculating calculated
a. ………………..was invented by both Newton and Leibnitz working independently.
b. Computers can do thousands of ……………………..in a second
c. Pascal´s first …………………………machine was called Pascaline.
VERB TO BE
Aff Form Neg. Form
I am a teacher I´m a teacher I´m not a teacher
You are a student You´re a student You aren´t a student
He is an engineer He´s an engineer He isn´t an engineer
She is a housewife She´s a housewife She isn´t a housewife
It is a car It´s a car It isn´t a car
We are bolivians We´re bolivians We aren´t bolivians
You are brazilians You´re brazilians You aren´t brazilians
They are mexicans They´re mexicans They aren´t mexicans
Int. Form Short Answers
am I a teacher? Yes, I am / no, I´m not
are You a student ? Yes, I am /no, I am not

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is He an engineer? Yes, He is / no, he isn´t
is She a housewife? Yes, She is /no she isn´t
is It a car? Yes,It is / no, it isn´t
are We bolivians? Yes, We are / no we aren´t
are You brazilians? Yes, You are / no you aren´t
are They mexicans? Yes, They are / no, they aren´t
ARTICLES a / an / the
Activity one a / an
The Human body

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Activity One
Put all the parts of the human body according to its part of the picture
Head arm back artery
Face elbow stomach joint
Eyes hand shoulder brain
Nose finger thigh rib
Mouth chest leg lips

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Ear neck ankle skin
Activity two. Circle the correct option a / an
Example: a diagnosis an examination.
a / an illness a / an pacient a / an organ.

a / an cell a / an bone a / an inflammation
a / an spinal cord a / an brain a / an blood vessel
Can you write more examples using articles
Activity three the
we use “the” with singular or plural nouns.
For example: singular: the bone the bones

Can you write more examples.
the
the
the
the
the
Activity four what is this?

Look at the pictures and answer the questions
What is this? it is a hand this is a hand

What is this? This is an eye it is an eye
Now answer these questions
1.- What is this? ……………………..

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2.- What is this? …………………………
3.- What is this? ……………………………..
4.- What is this? ……………………………….
5.- What is this? ……………………………….
6.- What is this? …………………………………..
7.- What is this? …………………………………..
8.- What is this? …………………………….
Activity five: Plural forms
What are these?
What are these? they are hands
What are those? Those are feet
Now write ten questions and answers and draw picture using the parts of human body
What are these?
What are these?

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What are these?
What are these?
What are these?
What are the?
What are these?
What are these?
What are these?
What are these?
CARDINAL NUMBERS
1. one 11. eleven 10. ten 24. twenty-four
2. two 12. twelve 20. twenty 36. thirty-six
3. three 13. Thirteen 30. thirty 49. forty-nine
4. four 14. fourteen 40. forty 51. fifty-one
5. five 15. fifteen 50. fifty 67. sixty-seven
6. six 16. sixteen 60. sixty 72. seventy-two
7. seven 17. Seventeen 70. seventy 84. eight-four
8. eight 18. Eighteen 80. eighty 95. ninety-five
9. nine 19. nineteen 90. ninety 100. one (a) hundred

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10 .- ten 1.000 one (a) thousand
Activity One. Write these numbers:

84. …………………………………………. 9326- ………………………………………..
38. …………………………………………. 52- ……………………………………………
79. …………………………………………. 91- ……………………………………………
63. …………………………………………. 47- ……………………………………………
257. two hundred fifty seven ………. 876- ……………………………………………
531. …………………………………………. 5428- ……………………………………………
Activity Two. What is the next number?

a. Twenty-five, thirty, thirty-five ………………………………
b. Six, twelve, twenty-four, ……………………………………..
c. Ten, seven, four, ……………………………………………….
d. forty, forty-six, fifty, fifty six, ………………………………..
e. twenty-one, eighteen, fifteen, ………………………………..
f. forty-five, forty-seven, forty-nine ……………………………
HOW MANY HOW MUCH

Countable nouns Uncountable nouns
Person water
Bone blood
Finger air
Head milk
Leg asthma
Heart stress
THERE IS THERE ARE

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There is a heart in the body
There is a head in the body
There are two legs in human body

There are two ears in the head
SOME + ANY – ¿
There are some fingers in the picture
There are some legs in the pool
There are some teeth in the mouth
There is some milk in the cup

There is some air in the lung
There is some blood on the floor
Negative forms
There aren´t any fingers in the picture
There aren´t any legs in the pool
There aren´t any teeth in the mouth
There isn´t any milk in the cup

There isn´t any air in the lung
There isn´t any blood on the floor
ANY QUESTION
There are some fingers in the picture
Are there any fingers in the picture? Yes, there are
Are there any legs in the pool? No, there aren´t
Are there any teeth in the mouth? Yes, there are
There is some milk in the cup

Is there any milk in the cup? Yes, there is
Is there any air in the lung? No, there isn´t
Is there any blood on the floor? No, there isn´t

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A LOT, A LITTLE, A FEW, MUCH, MANY
Are there any fingers in the picture? Yes, there are a lot /no, there aren´t many
Are there any legs in the pool? No, there aren´t any / yes, there are few
Are there any teeth in the mouth? Yes, there are many / no, there aren´t any
Is there any milk in the cup? Yes, there is a lot / no, there isn´t much
Is there any air in the lung? No, there isn´t any/ yes, there is a little
Is there any blood on the floor? No, there isn´t much/ yes, there is a lot
Activity one.- can you write ten sentences with countable nouns and ten with uncountable nouns
using some, any, a lot a little, a few, much and many.
……………………
…………………
…………………..
…………………….
………………………
……………………
…………………………..
………………………..
……………………
……………………
HOW MUCH HOW MANY
How much water is there in the bottle? There isn´t any
How much energy is there in the battery of your cell phone? There is a lot
How many cars are there in the garage? There aren´t many / there are a lot
How many students are there in the class? There are few./ there are a lot
Activity One.- fill in the blanks with how much, how many; a Little, a few, many and much.
1- …….how many……. People are there in the office? – there aren´t …many…..

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2- ………………………. Money is there in the drawer? – there´s ………………….
3- ………………………. Glasses are there in the cupboard? There are ……………
4- ………………………. Magazines are there on the shelf? - -there aren´t ………..
5- ………………………. Wine is there in the bottle? – there isn´t …………………..
6- ………………………. Traffic is there in the Street? – there is ……………………
7- ………………………. Employees are there in the company? – there arent´t ……..
ADJECTIVES how?
Scientific magazines boring film modern computer

Efficient machine interesting book expensive cell phone
The underlined words are adjectives. The function of an adjective in a sentence is to describe nouns.
…first floor …interesting….. maps new . building
…smart fax machine …beautiful.. office …old.. desk
…long… table big.. poster old….. books
ADJECTIVES
a little/a few main=chief, principal
a lot = a great deal old=new/Young
above = below other / another
accurate = exact, precise previous / prior
actual = real quiet = noisy
angry = pleased reliable = dependable
awful = terrible rich = por

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beautiful / handsome right = left
boring = interesting right = wrong
brief = lengthy sad = unhappy = happy
careless = careful same = different
clean = dirty several = various
clever = intelligent, smart single = multiple
cold = hot / warm single = married
cheap = expensive slow = fast, quick
dark = light small = big, large
deep = profound straight = direct
each / every strong = weak
easy = hard difficult suitable= appropiate
either / neither cualquiera /ninguno sweet = sour
far = near tall =short
fat = thin thin = thick
full= empty tiny = huge
good =bad ugly =beautiful
hard = soft unsuasual = rare strange
heavy = light useless= useful
hungry = thirsty long = short
last = first late = early
more = less narrow = wide, broad
nice = pretty broad odd = even
amazing busy
available following
own successful
wonderful
Activity One.- write twenty short sentences using adjectives
……………………………………….. …………………………………….
……………………………………… ……………………………………
…………………………………….. ……………………………………
……………………………………. ……………………………………
…………………………………… …………………………………..
…………………………………… ………………………………….

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…………………………………… ………………………………….
………………………………….. …………………………………
…………………………………. …………………………………
…………………………………. ………………………………….
ED ADJECTIVES
Ed adjectives are made from some regular verbs, but there are also some adjectives made from
irregular verbs, they change their form or keep it the same. Study the chart:
Regular verbs Irregular verbs
Connect ___ Connected A connected system Bend ___ bent A bent pipe.
Store ___ stored Stored electricity. Break ___ broken The broken bones
Change ___ changed The changed bulbs. Know ___ known A known muscle.
Calculate ___ calculated A calculated área. Cut ___ cut A cut muscle
Remove ___ removed The removed parts. Burn ___ burnt/ burned Burnt hand.
COMPARATIVE AND SUPERLATIVE FORMS OF THE ADJECTIVES

An adjective is a word that describes a noun. In English language, gender and quantity (number) are
not important for adjectives.
ADJECTIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE

One-syllable Tall Taller (than) The tallest
Adjectives Large Larger The largest
Old
Young
Short
Cheap
Cool
strong
Fat Fatter The Fatttest

Thin Thinner The Thinnest
Hot Hotter The hottest
Late Later The Latest

Fine Finer The Finest
Adjectives Easy Easier (than) The easiest

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Ending in-y Pretty Prettier The prettiest
Happy
Adjectives with two or Modern More modern (than) The most modern
more syllables Expensive Less expensive The least expensive
Interesting
Beautiful
Difficult
Irregular Good Better (than) The best
Adjectives Bad Worse The worst
Far Farther/further The farthest/furthest
Comparative Adjectives.
In the sentence, “than” is used after the comparative adjective, for example:
Men are stronger than woman
Yes, but women are prettier more intelligent and better drives
The armchair is more confortable than a chair
Nowadays, electronic systems are more complex than 20 years ago
Mobile phones are more interesting to use than simple telephones.
Activity one
Write comparative and complete the sentences
Rome is a very old city, but Athens is older than Rome
Bolivia is a big country, but Brazil is bigger than Bolivia
Radio is interesting, but televisión is more interesting than radio………………..
Boston is an exciting city, but New York is more exciting than Boston………………
Portuguese is easy to lern, but English is easier than Portuguese
Saturn is far from the sun, but Neptune is further than Saturn…………….
Skiing is dangerous sport, but climbing mountains is more dangerous than skiing
The Winter in Canada is bad, but in Russia it…………………………………………..
Some magazines are cheap, but newspapers ……………………………………………
English people are friendly, but Italians…………………………………………………
Activity two.- write six comparative sentences

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…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Superlatives Adjectives.- In the sentence “ the” is used before the superlative, for example:
The most important muscle in the body is the heart
The largest organ in the body is the outer covering called skin.
Nowadays, electronics are the most interesting branch of technology.
The brain is not only the most important component of the nervous system
Activity three
The superlatives : complete the sentences using the superlative form of the adjective
Titicaca is in a high country Yes, It´s the highest lake in the world
The Grand Canyon in Arizona is large. Yes, it is the largest Canyon in America
Brad Pitt is a very popular actor. Yes Brad Pitt is the most popular actor.in the USA.
Cheetahs are very fast animal. Yes, the cheetahs are the fatest animals .in the world.
Sharks are dangerous fish. Yes, shaks are the most dangerous fish of all.
The Taj Mahal in India is very beautiful building………………………………..in Asia.
The Simpsons is a funny programme………………………………………..in televisión.
The Plaza is a very good hotel………………………………………………........in La Paz.
Activity four: write six superlative sentences.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

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Activity five:
Which of the following sentences are true and which are false. T F
1.- plastic chairs are stronger than steel chairs ………..F
2.- plastic chairs are cheaper than steel chairs. ………..T
3.- skycrapers are made of bricks and glass ………T
4.- primitive dwelling were wooden …
5.- aluminum is lighter than steel ……..
6.- aluminum is more expensive than steel. ……..
7.- Wood and Stone are natural material.
Activity six:
Rewrite the following sentences in the correct sequence.
1.- more expensive / plastic tables / than / wooden tables / are
Wooden tables are more expensive than plastic tables
2.- a plastic table / wooden table / a / than / is / heavier
A wooden table is heavier than a plastic table
3.- than / the / the / lighter / plastic tables / are / wooden tables
………………………………………………………………………………..
4.- table / stronger / table / wooden / is / than / plastic / the / the / not
…………………………………………………………………………………..
5.- made of / cheaper / wooden / table / plastic / than / a / is / a / table
…………………………………………………………………………………………
CASE OF PERSONAL PRONOUNS

NOMINATIVE OBJECTIVE POSSESSIVE
SUBJECT OBJECT ADJECTIVE PRONOUNS

SINGULAR

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I Me My Mine
You You Your Yours
He Him His His
She Her Her Hers
It It Its ____
PLURAL
We Us Our Ours
You You Your Yours
They Them Their Theirs
el libro de Jhon la computadora de Mary

Jhon ´s book Mary ´s computer
´S GENITIVE
Libraries are among humanity´s most important institutions for several reasons. In the first place,
most of humanity´s collective knowledge is stored in libraries. Libraries protect and preserve this
knowledge. They also classify or group the material into logical and easily available divisions.
Furthermore, libraries make the material available to everyone and even provide librarians to help
us find what we need. Finally, libraries are our link to the past and our gift to the future.
libraries

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FIRST AID IN MEDICAL EMERGENCIES
Medical problems do not always develop slowly. Sometimes there are emergencies. An emergency
is a situation that requiere immediate care to prevent greater harm to the pacient. However, it is
not always posible to get profesional medical help right away, so it is important for everyone to be
familiar with first –aid procedures.
The main objective of first aid is to save lives. Fortunately, most first –aid procedures are not
complicated and can be performed by someone with a minimun of training. In all emergency
cases, a doctor should be called as well as ambulance, if necessary. A written log should be made
starting what treatment was administered and when it was started and completed. This
information will be important to the medical personnel who treat the pacient later.
One of the most serious emergencies occurs when an individual has stopped breathing. This may
be the result of asphyxiation, electrocution, drowning, a heart attack, or some other cause. After
only four minutes without oxygen, brain damage is likely. To prevent brain damage or death,
artificial respiration must be started immediately.
a) Writing new words.

1.- sometimes ………………………. 2.- however………………………….
3.- fortunately ……………………….. 4.- as well as …………………….
5.- right away………………………… 6.- performed……………………….
7.- heart attack ……………………… 8.- brain damage……………………..
b) Answer to these questions

1. What is an emergency?
………………………………………………………………..
2.- what is the main objective of first aid?
………………………………………………………………….
3.- which is the most serious emergencies?.
………………………………………………………………….
C) translating
An emergency is a situation that requiere immediate care to prevent greater harm to the pacient..

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…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
The main objective of first aid is to save lives. Fortunately, most first –aid procedures are not
complicated and can be performed by someone with a minimun of training.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
One of the most serious emergencies occurs when an individual has stopped breathing. This may
be the result of asphyxiation, electrocution, drowning, a heart attack, or some other cause.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
VERBS
Verbs indicate an action, an event or a state. Their conjugation varies according to personal
pronoun.
Example:
(To) be (To) have (To) work (To) use
I am I have I work I use
You are You have You work You use
He is He has He Works He uses
She is She has She Works She uses
It is It has It Works It uses
We are We have We work We use
They are They have They work They use
Third person they end in “s” when the personal pronoun is singular. The rules for plural nouns
and singular verb endings are the same.
Regular:
VERB Singular Plural

Store It stores They store
Charge It charges They charge
Block It blocks They block
Connect It connects They connect

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Drive It drives They drive

Hold It holds They hold
Irregular:
1.- When the verb ends in: “o”, “s”, “ss”, “sh”, “ch”, “x” and “z”, we add “-es”

Do It does They do
Go It goes They go
Watch It watches They watch
Pass It passes They pass
Mix It mixes They mix
Push It pushes They push
2.- When the verb ends in: “y”, with a consonant before it, we change “y” by “i” and add “-es”

Amplify It amplifies They amplify
Supply It supplies They supply
Try It tries They try
It They
It They
It They
3.- When the verb ends in: “y” with a vowel before it, we just add “-s”

Display It displays They display
Play It plays They play
Buy It buys They buy
It They
It They
It They

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4.- When the verb changes.

Be It is They are
Have It has They have
Verb to work
Auxiliaries DO - DOES
Aff Form Neg. Form
I work I don´t work
You work You don´t work
He works He doesn´t work
She works She doesn´t work
It works It doesn´t work
We work We don´t work
You work You don´t work
They work They don´t work
Do + not = don´t does + not = doesn´t
do I work? Yes, I do / no, I don´t
do You work ? Yes, I do /no, I don´t
does He work ? Yes, He does/ no, he doesn´t
does She work ? Yes, She does /no, she doesn´t
does It work? Yes, It does / no, it doesn´t
do We work ? Yes, We do / no, we don´t
do You work? Yes, You do / no, you don´t
do They work? Yes, They do / no, they don´t
Activity One: Make these sentences negative.

1.- Mary works in Brazil. Mary doesn´t work in Brazil.
2.- The company has 200 employees ….. has + not = hasn´t have + not = haven´t

________________________________________________________________________________
3.- We make computers. …
4.- Alice and Joe sell mobile phones. …
5.- Evelin organizes conferences. …
Activity two : Complete the conversation with do, does, don´t or doesn´t
A: do you work for Philips electronics?
B: No, I …………… I work for Oster.
A: ……………….Alice Miller work for Oster?
B: yes, she ……………….. She works in the marketing department.
A: ……………….. your company manufacture televisions?
B: No, it …………………. It makes radios.
DO YOU KNOW?
CHIDHOOD OBESITY GOES GLOBAL
Chilhood obesity is rapidly becoming a global epidemic. The U S continues to lead the way, with as
many as 37 % of its children and adolescents carrying around too much fat. But other countries are
rapidly catching up. According to stadistics presented at the European Congress on Obesity in
Finland, more than 20% of European youngsters between the ages of 5 and 17 are either
overweight or obese. Asia lags behind the US and Europe in its obesity statistics, but Thailand,
Malaysia, Japan and the Philippines have all reported troubling increases in recent year. Up to 10%
of China´s 290 million children are already believed to be overweight or obese, and that
percentage is expected to have doublé a decade from now. So across Asia too, childhood obesity i
son the rise, and a less marked trend has been documented even in urbanised áreas of sub-
Saharan Africa.
Why do children become obese? One important factor is insulin, a hormone which enables the
body to store extra calories as fat. Physical exercises helps control insuline levels, while ingestiong
fat combined with starches and sugar can cause surges in insuline levels. A child who sits in front
of TV. For hours on end, eating potato chips, and doughnuts, is an ideal fat-storage machine.
What is urgently needed is for schools, health professionals, parents and children to work
together. Encouragingly, changing a family´s lifestyle in healthy ways does not appear to be all that
difficult: it involves regular exercise, slightly smaller portions and slightly different food, and this,
say health officials is a message that badly needs to get out.
Activity One
Now translate this interesting test

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Activity Two.
are these statements True or false?
1.- Just over one third of the total population of the US is overweight T F
2.- Asia and Europe have an equal proportion of obese children T F
3.- It is forecast that the proportion of overweight or obese children in China will reach 20% in ten
years´time T F
4.- there is a downward trend in chilhood obesity in some African towns and cities T F
5.- Insulin levels rise sharply when foods with high levels of starch, sugar and fat are eaten T F
6.- Parents play the most important role in improving eating habits T F
Question words
What is your name? my name is………..
What is this? This is a head
Who is your Human Anatomy teacher? His name is …..
Who are with overweight in the test?
Which is your car? It´s the grey one next to the tree
Which house is yours? It´s the white house
Whose are those photocopies? They are Jhon´s
Whose are these glasses? They are Mary´s

________________________________________________________________________________
Where are you going? I am going to the library
Where do you travel? I travel to La Paz
When is your birthday? It´s on April
When is your interview? It´s tomorrow
How do you go to university? I go on foot, I go by taxi, I go by bus
How do you communicate with your parents? I communicate by telephone, by letter
How much is that computer? It´s 5.000 Bs.
How much is this car?
How many physicist exercises are there? There are ten
How many keys do you have? I have two keys
Why is Mary crying? Because She is ill
Why are you happy? Because I win a lotery
Activity 1
Read the text 1 and 2 again and answer to these questions.
What is obesity?
………………………………………………………..
Why is important the eating habits?
………………………………………………………
How many countries has the obesity problem ?
…………………………………………………………
How important is physical exercises?
……………………………………………………….
Where can we find fat storage machine?
……………………………………………….
Which countries are mentioned in the test?
…………………………………………………………..
Activity One. Complete the sentences with words from the box
Directors, CEO, employees, staff, manager, colleagues, boss, personnel

________________________________________________________________________________
1.- A CEO makes important decisions and leads the company.

2.- I enjoy my job because I like the people I work with. They are great …………
3.- we are pleased to welcome two new ……………….. to the board
4.- She is good sales…………… .She´s in charge of sales team in Belgium and France.
5.- the ……………..restaurant is open at 12:00 pm. For lunch.
6.- My ………………is in charge of 14 people
Activity two
Present Simple Affirmative
a. At midnight, I write a report and send it to the team
b. We have a video conference every Monday.
c. My company is in London but I work with an international team
d. She Works in Dubai.
e. The team has a meeting every week.
Activity three. Fill in the gaps with the correct form in the verb from the box in the correct
places.
Alison Miller is 34 years old, she comes from New Zealand and she is an architect. Alison
…………………for a big company in London.
She is married to an English doctor, Arthur Miller. They …………. Two children, David
and Jessica. The children …………to a school near their house. Alison and her husband
like doing different things: she ………… art museums after
work and …………….. tennis on Saturdays. He prefers to stay
Come/ comes at home. Arthur ………….. reading and gardening in his free
Like/likes time. But on Friday evening they…………………..together.
Have/has They meet some friend at the restaurant where
Play/plays they…………………chinese food and ………………red wine.
Chat/ chats They just relax and …………………..about interesting topics
Work/ Works like music, books and films.
Drink/drinks
Go out/ goes out

Activity four.
Go /goes
Complete the text with the correct form of the verbs in the box.
Visit /visits
Eat / eats Have 2 start 2 work 2 drive 2 meet live

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I live in a house with two people, Andrea and Rob. We ………………for the same
company, but in different departments. Andrea is design manager, and
Rob…………………in HR. Andrea usually ……………………to work because she
……………. Her job at 8:00am. Rob and I …………………..work at 9:30am, so we often
travel by train. On Friday, we all start at 9:00am and we…………………..to the office
together. Rob often goes out and……………….. lunch in a restaurant, but Andrea and I
usually…………………lunch at our desks because we´re busy. On Thursday,
we…………………..colleagues from other departments after work.
Frequency adverbs.
a. Colleagues often work on internatinal projects.
b. In traditional teams, people usually work for the same company.
c. This sometimes helps the team to decide if an idea is good or bad
d. Teams are not always formal
Always
Usually
Often
I Sometimes get up at 7 oćlock
Seldon
never
Always
Usually
Often
She Sometimes Gets up at 7 oćlock
Seldon
never

________________________________________________________________________________
Activity one
Use frequency advebs to write true sentences
Go to meeting - get up early – have lunch in a restaurant – read a news paper – play sport
– eat dinner in a restaurant – be late for appointments
I sometimes go to meeting
……………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………..
……………………………………………………………………………………….
……………………………………………………………………………………….
……………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………..
DO YOU REMEMBER THE TIME?

What time is it?

________________________________________________________________________________
It´s twelve oćlock it´s seven oćlock
It´s half past seven it´s seven thirty
It´s a quarter past seven it´s seven fifteen
It´s a quarter to seven it´s seven forty five

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It´s seven past ten it´s seven ten
It´s five to seven it´s six fifty five
Activity two
Match the sentences 1-6 with the times a-f .
1- María usually eats dinner at 9:30p.m. a) nine thirty in the morning
2- Jack often has breakfast meeting at 8:00a.m. b) one fifteen in the morning.
3- Kenji has a video conference at 9:30a.m. c) eight in the evening
4- Sergie always has lunch at 1:15p.m. d) one fifteen in the aftenoon
5- Michelle sometimes gets the train home e) eight oćlock in the
from work at 20:00 morning
6- Lukas´s plane leaves at 01: 15 f) nine thirty in the evening
Activity three
Can you write some sentences about your self
…………………………………………………………………………………………………….
……………………………………………………………………………………………………..

________________________________________________________________________________
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………..
………………………………………………………………………………………………..
………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………..
Activity four: read to these sentences and translate into spanish
It always snows in Winter here.
They usually arrive late to work
She sometimes goes out to the conference.
We seldon go out at night.
We never eat meat at home.
Activity five: study the interrogative form of the sentence and the short answer.
Go to the library? No, never

Have a holiday? Once a year
Do you ever see a science fiction film? Twice a month
How often do you go to see a play? Very often
Travel by plane? Four times a year.
Activity six: WHO IS WHO? Four people talk about their job and daily activities. Choose from
the list and write the correct number on the spaces provided.
------- a nurse -----------a university profesor -----------a shopkeeper
-------a journalist ---------a mechanic ---------- a novelist
…….a secretary -------an amateur footballer ------1----a taxi driver

________________________________________________________________________________
1. I usually get up at 5 a. m. I start work at 6 oćlock and finish at 3 p.m. I have dinner at 3:30
and then I relax in front of televisión. In the evening, I go to the pub where I meet my
colleagues. We all like our job, but we think it is hard because have to deal with difficult
people, traffic wardens and traffic jams with lot of cars blocking the Streets. So, you must
have a lot of patience – especially on rainy days.
2. I never get up before 3 p.m. when I am working at night. I have my main meal at
teatime. In the evening, I go out with my boyfriend: we usually go for a drink or to
cinema. When I´m with him, I try to relax and forget about work, the patients, and
especially the doctors. My job is very demanding and delicate because I have to deal
with a lot of pressure.
3. I don´t get up very early, just in time to run to the bus stop. I don´t come home for lunch
because I train in the sports fields during the lunch break. In the evening, I train again
from 6 to 8. When I get home, I have a healthy dinner full of vitamins and proteins. At
10:30 I go to bed and read a sports magazine. I like what I´m doing: it´s tiring but I enjoy
it. I´m not a born sportsman, but I am aggressive and have good reflexes.
4. I usually get up at 7:30, I work from 8:30 to 5 with a break for lunch. I don´t like my job. There
is usually loads of work, typing, filing, answering the phone, talking to visitors, and so on. You
can´t take the initiative and you must be prepared to be patient, tolerant, and ready to take orders
from your boss- who is not always in the best of moods!
Present Continuous tense

Verb to be as auxiliary
Ending ING
Aff Form Neg. Form

I am speaking I´m speaking I´m not speaking

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You are speaking You´re speaking You aren´t speaking
He is speaking He´s speaking He isn´t speaking
She is speaking She´s speaking She isn´t speaking
It is speaking It´s speaking It isn´t speaking
We are speaking We´re speaking We aren´t speaking
You are speaking You´re speaking You aren´t speaking
They are speaking They´re speaking They aren´t speaking

am I speaking? Yes, you are / no, you aren´t
are You speaking ? Yes, I am, /no, I ´m not
is He speaking? Yes, He is / no, he isn´t
is She speaking? Yes, She is /no she isn´t
is It speaking? Yes,It is / no, it isn´t
are We speaking? Yes, We are / no we aren´t
are You speaking? Yes, You are / no you aren´t
are They speaking? Yes, They are / no, they aren´t
The present continuous has the following uses.
 Things that are happening now.
I´m speaking on the phone.
 Temporary actions and situations
We´re having medical problems in the world
Key Word
at the moment, currently, now, just/right now, this week/ month/year.
The present continuous also has the following use.
 Things that are arranged for a fixed time in the future.
I´m travelling to Brazil next week.
The visitors are arriving at 10:30 on Friday.
Is the plane leaving at 2:00 pm. On Monday?
Key words.
In a moment, later today, tonight, tomorrow, tomorrow morning, the day after
tomorrow, next week/month/year, on Monday, on 1st August, in a
week/fortnight/months´time, in six months, in three years.

________________________________________________________________________________
Activity one: decide if these sentences refer to something that is happening now (N) or
happening in the future (F)? how do you know?
1.- I´m starting work again next September. F
2.- I´m just finishing work now. N
3.- Then in July I´m staying with my brother in New York F
4.- St the moment, I´m having fun looking at maps and imagining the journey.
5.- I´m not enjoying work very much at present.
6.- After a fortnight in Thailand, I´m talking a train to Malaysia N
Activity two: rewrite the sentences using the present continuous of the verbs in brackets.
Decide if they are about now (N) or the future (F).
1.- we (export) a lot of rice to Europe this month.
We are exporting a lot of rice to Europe this month. F
2.- I (fly) to Chili the day after tomorrow
…………………………………………………………..
3.- You (go) to the Tokyo trade fair in July?
……………………………………………………….
4.- He (have) a meeting later this afternoon.
…………………………………………………….
5.- They (not look) for a new supplier.
………………………………………………………
6.- what time he (arrive)?
…………………………………………………..
7.- I (take) my car to work next week.
……………………………………………………
8.- we (prepare) the presentation at the moment.
……………………………………………………………
FUTURE TIME
Auxiliary will
Aff Form Neg. Form
I will work I won´t work
You will work You won´t work
He will work He won´t work
She will work She won´t work

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It will work It won´t work
We will work We won´t work
You will work You won´t work
They will work They won´t work
Auxiliary be going to
I am going to work I am not going to work

You are going to work you are not going to work
He is going to work he isn´t going to work
She is going to work she isn´t going to work
It is going to work it isn´t going to work
We are going to work we aren´t going to work
You are going to work you aren´t going to work
They are going to work they aren´t going to work
Activity one: complete the sentences with be going to or will

a) She is going to succeed because she works hard.
b) She will succeed because she works hard.
c) I ´ll telephone you next Friday.
d) Will you answer my letter?
e) Is he going to ask for a raise?
f) I am going to talk to professor Kim tomorrow
Modal Verbs
Modal auxiliary verbs are used with other verbs to expresss ability, possibility, recommendation,
obligation, or to state truths or facts. Study the chart
Modal verb Meaning Example
CAN Mental or physical ability. An electric current can flow through a diode.
I can run fast in park / She can solve that problem
Possibility. I can swim / he can play the piano
MAY If the device does not work, it may have a fault in the circuit

________________________________________________________________________________
Possibility. It might block the flow of current.
MIGHT Obligation. Human must use covers to be safe
MUST I must study hard
Recommendation or advice. The new system should be installed in a restricted area.
SHOULD You should ask to your mother about your problem
Possibility. They could interrupt the electric flow.
Stating general truths or facts A transistor will amplify an electric current
COULD
WILL
Activity one.- some more example. Read them and translate

Would.
 polite offersand requests
would you like coffee?
I´d (= I would ) like to reserve a table for tonight.
Note:
I´d like coffee (request)
I like coffee (general comment)
Can
 ability
I can cook
They can´t speak German
 possibility
we can meet at the restaurant
they can´t come next week
 requests.
Can you help me, please?
Could
 polite requests
could I have the bill, please?
 Suggestions
I could drive you to the airport.
He could speak to the IT department.

________________________________________________________________________________
Note: could is also the past simple of can.
We couldn´t go to the conference yesterday, but we can go today
Should
 To give advice
You should design a new logo
You shouldn´t do business with them
PAST TENSE
VERB TO BE
Aff Form Neg. Form
I was I wasn´t
You were You weren´t
He was He wasn ´t
She was She wasn´t
It was It wasn´t
We were We weren´t
You were You weren´t
They were They weren´t

was I ? Yes, you were / no, You weren´t
were You ? Yes, I was /no, I wasn´t
was He? Yes, He was / no, he wasn´t
was She? Yes, She was /no she wasn´t
was It? Yes, It was / no, it wasn´t
were We? Yes, We were / no we weren´t
were You? Yes, You were / no you weren´t
were They? Yes, They were / no, they weren´t
Verb to study
Auxiliaries Did
Aff Form Neg. Form
I studied I didn´t study did + not

________________________________________________________________________________
You studied You didn ´t study
He studied He didn´t study
She studied She didn´t study
It studied It didn´t study
We studied We didn´t study
You studied You didn´t study
They studied They didn´t study

did I study? Yes, I did / no, I didn´t
did You study ? Yes, I did /no, I didn´t
did He study ? Yes, He did/ no, he didn´t
did She study ? Yes, She did /no, she didn´t
did It study? Yes, It did / no, it didn´t
did We study ? Yes, We did / no, we didn´t
did You study? Yes, You did / no, you didn´t
did They study? Yes, They did / no, they didn´t
VERBS IN THE PAST SIMPLE TENSE

SOME USEFUL VERBS
N° INFINITIVE SIMPLE PAST PAST MEANING
PARTICIPLE
1 To Accumulate Accumulated Accumulated Acumular
2 To Actívate Activitated Activitated Activar
3 Add Added Added Añadir, aumentar, sumar,
agregar.
4 Adjust Adjusted Adjusted Ajustar, adaptar
5 Allow Allowed Allowed Permitir, dejar hacer
6 amplify Amplified Amplified Amplificar, ampliar

________________________________________________________________________________
7 appear Appeared Appeared Aparecer
8 apply applied appear Aplicar, ejercer
9 arise arose arisen Surgir, producirse
10 assume assumed assumed Asumir, suponer, dar por

hecho
11 attempt attempted attempted Intentar
12 avoid avoided avoided Evitar, eludir
13 balance balanced balanced Aquilibrar
14 be was/were been Ser o estar
15 become became become Convertirse, llegar a ser
Empezar, comenzar
16 begin began begun Doblar, encorvar
17 bend bent bent Parpadear
18 blink blinked blinked Bloquear, impedir
19 block blocked blocked Romper,
20 break broke broken quebrarse,interrumpir
Traer, llevar
21 bring brought brought Construir, crear, producir
22 build build build Quemar, arder
Comprar
23 burn burned/burn burned/burnt Calcular
24 buy bought bought Llamar
25 calculate calculated calculated Cancelar, anular
26 call called called Llevar, trasladar
27 cancel canceled canceled Atrapar
28 carry carried carried Causar, provocar
29 catch caught caught Cambiar
30 cause caused caused Cargar
31 change changed changed Revisar, chequear
32 charge charged charged Elegir, escoger,
33 check checked checked seleccionar
34 choose chose chosen Cerrar

________________________________________________________________________________
Venir, llegar
35 close closed closed Comprimir
36 come came come Dirigir, guiar, conducir
37 compress compressed compressed Conectar
38 conduct conducted conducted Consistir, conformar
Contener
39 connect connected connected Convertir (se)
40 consist consisted consisted Enfriar
41 contain contained contained Cubrir, tapar, abarcar
42 convert converted converted Crear, producir
43 cool cooled cooled Cortar, reducir,apagar
44 cover covered covered Disminuir, reducir
45 créate created created Depender
46 cut cut cut Diseñar
47 decrease decreased decreased Determinar, decidir
48 depend depended depended Inhabilitar, anular
49 design designed designed Hacer
50 determine determined determined Dibujar
51 disable disabled disabled Taladrar, perforar
52 do did done Conducir, manejar
53 draw drew drawn Permitir
54 drill drilled drilled Entrar, ingresar
55 drive drove driven Examinar, revisar
56 enable enabled enabled Exceder, superar
57 enter entered entered Salir
58 examine examined examined Ampliar, expandir
59 exceed exceeded exceded Exponer(se) a algo
60 exit exited exited Extender, prolongar
61 expand expanded expanded Caer, bajar
62 expose exposed exposed Fallar
63 extend extended extended Llenar, rellenar
64 fall fell fallen Encontrar, hallar, buscar
65 fault faulted faulted Arreglar, fijar
66 fill filled filled Fluir, circular

________________________________________________________________________________
67 find found found Seguir, resultar
Formar, construir
68 fix fixed fixed Congelar
69 flow flowed flowed Funcionar
70 follow followed followed Generar
71 form formed formed Conseguir, recibir
72 freeze froze frozen Dar/conceder
73 function functioned functioned Ir, salir
74 Generate Generated Generated Colgar
75 Get Got Got/gotten Ocurrir, suceder
76 Give Gave Given Tener
77 Go Went Gone Calentar
78 Hang Hung Hung Sostener, mantener
79 Happen Happened Happened Alojar, albergar
80 Have Had Had Encender
81 Heat Heated Heated Incluir
82 Hold Held Held Aumentar, incrementar
83 House Housed Housed Indicar
84 Ignite Ignited Ignited Insertar, introducir
85 Include Included Included Instalar
86 Increase Increased Increased Aislar
Atascar, obstruir
87 Indicate Indicated Indicated Juntar, unirse a algo
88 Insert Inserted Inserted Mantener, guardar
89 Install Installed Installed Saber, conocer
90 Insulate Insulated Insulated Durar, perdurar
91 Jam Jammed Jammed Llevar, conducir
92 Join Joined Joined Dejar, salir
93 Keep Kept Kept Dejar, permitir
94 Know Knew Known Yacer
95 Last Lasted Lasted Levantar
96 Lead Led Led Unir, vincular
97 Leave Left Left Mirar
98 Let Let Let Buscar

________________________________________________________________________________
99 Lie Lay Lain Aflojar
100 Lift Lifted Lifted Perder
101 Link Linked Linked Mantener,conservar
102 Loot at Looked at Looked at Hacer, crear, fabricar
103 Loot for Looked for Looked for Marcar, señalar
104 Loosen Loosened Loosened Significar
105 Lose Lost Lost Medir
106 Maintain Maintained Maintained Mezclar
107 Make Made Made Montar, instalar
108 Mark Marked Marked Mover, trasladar
109 Mean Meant Meant Multiplicar
110 Measure Measured Measured Necesitar
111 Mix Mixed Mixed Ocurrir, suceder
112 Mount Mounted Mounted Abrir
113 Move Moved Moved Funcionar, manejar,
114 Multiply Multiplied Multiplied accionar
115 Need Needed Needed Oponerse
116 Occur Occurred Occurred Ajustar en exceso
117 Open Opened Opened Pasar
118 Opérate Operated Operated Poner, colocar
Enchufar
119 Oppose Opposed Opposed Energizar, impulsar
120 Overtighten Overtightened Overtightened Presionar, apretar
121 Pass Passed Passed Prevenir
122 Place Placed Placed Producir
123 Plug in Plugged in Plugged in Estirar, jalar
124 Power Powered Powered Bombear
125 Press Pressed Pressed Empujar, presionar
126 Prevent Prevented Prevented Poner, colocar
127 Produce Produced Produced Poner, colocar, (dentro
128 Pull Pulled Pulled de)
129 Pump Pumped Pumped Poner, colocar (fuera de)
130 Push Pushed Pushed Abandonar, salir
131 Put Put Put Leer

________________________________________________________________________________
132 Put in Put in Put in Recibir
Recargar
133 Put on Put on Put on Reducir
Referir
134 Quit Quit/quitted Quit/quitted, Liberar
135 Read Read Read Retirar, quitar
136 Receive Received Received Reparar
137 Recharge Recharged Recharged Volver a colocar, repner
138 Reduce Reduced Reduced Representar
139 Refer Referred Referred Restaurar, restablecer,
140 Reléase Released Released restituir
141 Remove Removed Removed Retornar, regresar,
142 Repair Repaired Repaired devolver
143 Replace Replaced Replaced Elevar
Rotar
144 Represent Represented Represented Correr
145 Restore Restored Restored Enroscar, atornillar
Enroscar, atornillar
146 Return Returned Returned (dentro)
Enroscar, atornillar
147 Rise Rose Risen (fuera)
148 Rotate Rotated Rotated Ver
149 Run Ran Run Seleccionar
150 Screw Screwed Screwed Enviar
151 Screw in Screwed in Screwed in Fijar, establecer
Sacudir
152 Screw on Screw on Screw on Disparar
Mostrar
153 See Saw Seen Cerrar
154 Select Selected Selected Cortar, detener
155 Send Sent Sent Deslizar
156 Set Set Set Especificar
157 Shake Shook Shaken Gastar
158 Shoot Shot Shot Derramar

________________________________________________________________________________
159 Show Showed Shown/showed Partir
160 Shut Shut Shut Extenderse
161 Shut off Shutted off Shutted off Estar de pie
162 Slide Slid Slid Iniciar, empezar
163 Specify Spedified Spedified Disminuir, reducir
164 Spend Spent Spent Aumentar, incrementar
165 Spill Spilt/spilled Spilt/spilled Detener
166 Split Split Split Almacenar, guardar
167 Spread Spread Spread Desmantelar, quitar, pelar
168 Stand Stood Stood Sustraer, restar
169 Start Started Started Abastecer, suministrar
170 Step down Steped down Steped down Apagar
171 Step up Steped up Steped up Encender
Tomar
172 Stop Stopped Stopped Tener tendencia a algo
173 Store Stored Stored Comprobar, hacer la
174 Strip Striped Striped prueba
Lanzar
175 Substract Substracted Substracted Ajustar
176 Supply supplied supplied Tocar
Transferir
177 Switch off Switched off Switched off Tratar, intentar, hacer la
178 Switch on Switched on Switched on prueba
179 Take Took Taken Girar
180 Tend Tended Tended Apagar
Encender
181 Test Tested Tested Entender
Desenroscar, desatornillar
182 Throw Threw Thrown Usar
183 Tighten Tightened Tightened Variar
184 Touch Touched Touched Verificar
185 Transfer Transfered Transfered Mirar, observar
186 Try Tried Tried Trabajar, funcionar
Escribir

________________________________________________________________________________
187 Turn Turned Turned enseñar
188 Turn off Turned off Turned off
189 Turn on Turned on Turned on
190 Understand Understood Understood
191 Unscrew Unscrewed Unscrewed
192 Use Used Used

193 Vary Varied Varied
194 Verify Verified Verified
195 Watch Watched Watched
196 Work Worked Worked
197 Write Wrote Written
teach taught Taught
CHARLES BABBAGE
1792 - 1871
The English scientist Charles Babbage is considered the father of computers although he never saw
his invention fineshed.
Babbage wanted to invent a calculating machine to speed up and simplify mathematical
calculations. He worked on designs using gears cogs and levers.
His first version, called the Difference Engine, was completed in 1833. This machine could work
out the logarithms of numbers. Then Babbage went on to design his Analytical Engine which was
shown at the Paris Exhibition in 1855. It had several features of the modern computer, such as a
program (a card with holes punched in it), and a memory store; it could accept input (numbers), do
calculations using a set of rules, and give results on printed paper. He was assisted in his work by
Ada Lovelace, daughter of the poet Lord Byron.
She is remembered by a computer programming languge called ADA, used by the US Department
of defence.
Babbage´s Analytical Engine would have been the first proper computer although it was
mechanical, not electronic. However, he continually changed the plans as he tried to design several
improved versions of it. When he ran out of funds, he tried to invent a mathematical system for
winning money by placing best on horse races. Unfortunately, it failed, and he lost even more
money, so he could never complete his invention. However, his ideas are the basis of today´s
computers.

________________________________________________________________________________
MARIE CURIE
Madam Curie was born in Poland in 1867. From an early age she was interested in science, so she
became a scientist at a time when women scientists were very rare.
In 1889 she went to France to study at the university and there she married a French scientist, Pierre
Curie. Both shared a passion for study and research. Their work on the field of radioactivity was
characterised by long hours in an ill-equipped laboratory.
In 1903 they both received the Novel Prize for their work on physics. Unfortunately, Pierre died in
a traffic accident in 1906, so she lost her partner, not only in marriage but in research as well. She
never overcome this loss and she had to raise two small children alone. Nevertheless, she continued
her research work.
During her investigations, while examining pitchblende, a uranium ore, she discovered radium and
polonium. In 1910 she succeeded in isolating radium metal. She also gave the same radioactivity to
the emission of radiation from atoms. Today, the word ćurie´ is used for the unit of measurement
of radioactivity. One of the first oractical uses of her discovery was a mobile X-ray unit, which
helped wounded soldiers during World War I.
In 1911 she was given a second Nobel Prize, this time in chemistry, for the discovery of two new
elements. So she became one of only four people to receive two Nobel Prizes. Now it is horrifying
to think about her and other scientists handling uranium, a radioactive element, with their bare
hands, unaware of the danger. Not surprisinngly, in 1934, she died of leukaemia caused by an
overexposure to radioactivity.
She used to say to their children “one should not notice what has been done”.
In 1995, and breaking the norms of centuries of sexism, the ashes of this remarkable woman and
scientist were buried by the French government in the Pantheon reserved to the nations´s ´Great
Men´.
Activity one: read the texts and answer the questions below.
How was Madam Curie´s research on radium contribute to medicine?
…………………………………………………………………………………
What caused her death?
……………………………………………………………………………..
Who was Pierre Curie?

________________________________________________________________________________
…………………………………………………………………………….
Why is Babbage considered the´father of computers´?
………………………………………………………………………..
What could Babbage´s Difference Machine do?
…………………………………………………………………………..
Why couldn´t he complete his last invenion?
……………………………………………………………………………..
Which of these people received two nobel Prizes?
……………………………………………………………………………
DID YOU KNOW…?

Superconductivity is the ability to conduct electricity without resistance. It was first observed by a
duch physicist in 1911 and, since the late 1980s, scientists have discovered more than 100
superconducting materials.
Some applications do not seem posible soon, such as perfect energy storage systems. Others may
become true in the near future, such as efficient generation, transmission
and storage of electricity, detection of electromagnetic signals, protection of electrical grids and the
development of better celular communication technology.
Activity 1
Read the text again and answer to these questions.
What is superconductivity?
………………………………………………………..
Why is important the superconductivity?
………………………………………………………
How many superconductivity materials are there?
…………………………………………………………
When was discovered the superconductivity?
……………………………………………………….
Who discovered the superconductivity?
……………………………………………….
What is electricity?
…………………………………………………………..
Where can we find the electricity?

________________________________________________________________________________
……………………………………………………………
Why is important electricity?
…………………………………………………………..
Who invented the electric light bulb?
………………………………………………………….
RELATIVE CLAUSES
One way of defining things, especially in academic writing, is through relative clauses. A relative
clause, like an adjective, adds extra or essential information to a noun, and tells us more precisely
what something or someone is. A relative clause is a group of words with a subject and a verb
which contains important or additional information about a person, a thing, a place, etc. To help us
to identify who or what we are referring to. The relative clause is linked to the main clause by who
or that for people and which or that for things.
Look at these examples:
We met a woman. She can speak six lenguages
(2 sentences)
We met a woman who/that can speak six lenguages
(1 sentence)
Now study the examples in the table:
Main clause relative clause
An ecologist is someone who (that) studies the environment.
People: who – that
An archaeologist is a researcher. He studies ancient cultures.
An archaeologist is a researcher who/that studies ancient cultures.
Things and animals: which – that
Dinosaurs are animals. They lived millions of years ago.
Dinosaurs are animals which/that lived millions of years ago.
A seismoscope is an instrument. It detects earthquakes.
A seismoscope is an instrument which/that detects earthquakes.
Activity one: Make ten good sentences from this table. Use the words in colmun 1 and 3 once
only, and then compare your sentences with your partner´s.
1. There are many people. *is considered a cumputer genius.
2. Einstein was a remarkable scientist. *protects the Earth from the Sun.

________________________________________________________________________________
3. Bill Gales is an American millonaire. Who *can be dangerous for health.
4. The ozone layer is formed by a colourless gas. *is played with sixteen pieces.
5. The internet is a world-wide web. *developed the Theory of Relativity.
6. Smoking is an awful habit. *was killed in the USA in 1980.
which
7. Chess is a game for two people. * provides thousands of information ítems.
8. John Lennon was a great rock musician. *have seen UFOs
The relative pronouns who, which or that may be left out or not written when they are the object of
the sentence. Consider the following examples:
Charles Chaplin was a great comic actor. Some people admire him even now.
ACTIVE VOICE PASSIVE VOICE

Simple Present
What do they teach?
They teach English in high schools English is taught in high schools by them
Is English taught in high school?
English is not taught in high schools.
Present Continuous
What are they teaching?
They are teaching English this year English is being taught this year by them
Present Perfect
What have they taught?
They have taught English for many years. English has been taught for many years.
Present Perfect Continuous

They have been teaching English for many Not used
years.
Past Tense
What did they teach?
They taught English last year. English was taught last year
Past Continuous
What were they teaching?

________________________________________________________________________________
They were teaching English English was being taught
When I started school When I started school
Past Perfect
What had they taught?
They had taught English for many years When I English had been taught for many years when I
started school started school.
Past Perfect Continuous
They had been teaching English for many years Not used
when I started school.
Future
What will they teach?
They will teach English next year. English will be taught next year.
What are they going to teach?
They are going to teach English next year English is going to be taught next year
Future Continuous
They will be teaching English next year Not used
Future Perfect
What will have they taught?
They will have taught English for three years by English will have been taught for three years by
next September next September.
Future Perfect Continuous
They will have been teaching English for three Not used
years by next year.
Modal verbs
They must teach English in high school English must be taught in high school

________________________________________________________________________________
Activity one.- the passive voice is represented by the structure: to be + past participle of a main
verb.
Study the following sentences and translate.
An electric cable carries electricity electricity is carried by an electric cable
A transisto amplifies current current is amplified by a transistor
The motor drives the gearbox The gearbox is driven by the motor
Diagram A shows some fuses some fuses are shown in diagram A.
Activity two.- translate these passive sentences into Spanish.

1.- It has been frequently suggested that mobile phones are not completely safe.
…Se ha sugerido frecuentemente que los teléfonos celulares no son completamente seguros.
2.- It is widely assumed that first world countries use up most of the natural resources.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
3.- It must be remembered that fossil fuels will eventually be exhausted.
………………………………………………………………………………………..
4.- it was always thought that oceans would provide us with food supplies in the future.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………..
5.- It has been proved that the ozone layer has been seriously damage
…………………………………………………………………………………………………….
6.- it will be noted that genetic engineering has both advantages and disadvantages.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………..
7.- it is hoped that alternative sources of energy will be found in the near future.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
8.- it has been decided that medical research for AIDS must be a priority.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………..
9.- it should be kept in mind that agricultural methods must be improved in por countries.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
10.- it must be stated that engineering helps improve people´s lives.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………

________________________________________________________________________________

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AUTORA: M.s.C. LOLA ISOLINA MARTINEZ GALVAN

Llallagua -Potosí –Bolivia

M.s.c. Lola Isolina Martinez Galvan

……………………. ……………………. …………………….

machine ……………………. Takes in ……………………. through …………………….

c) Let´s complete the idea.

Example: human body cuerpo humano

M.s.c. Lola Isolina Martinez Galvan

Look at these words:

M.s.c. Lola Isolina Martinez Galvan

PREFIX MEANING EXAMPLE

Adjective prefixes with the meaning “not”

Happy unhappy Like unlike

M.s.c. Lola Isolina Martinez Galvan

VERB PREFIXES: un – and dis-

Other verb prefixes

1…un… happy 5……….. correct 9………. Logical 13……….. appear

M.s.c. Lola Isolina Martinez Galvan

A. NOUN – FORMING SUFFIXES

-ing -er -ance -ness

New nouns meaning

M.s.c. Lola Isolina Martinez Galvan

B. ADJECTIVE –FORMING SUFFIXES

SUFFIX BASE WORD EXAMPLE MEANING

New adjectives meaning

M.s.c. Lola Isolina Martinez Galvan

C. VERB- FORMING SUFFIXES

New Verbs Meaning

1. Corrosion tends to ………………………………..the estructure of a building

M.s.c. Lola Isolina Martinez Galvan

D. ADVERB – FORMING SUFFIXES.

ACTIVITY ONE. Write the correct word in the blanks

M.s.c. Lola Isolina Martinez Galvan

The Human body

M.s.c. Lola Isolina Martinez Galvan

M.s.c. Lola Isolina Martinez Galvan

Activity two. Circle the correct option a / an

Example: a diagnosis an examination.

a / an illness a / an pacient a / an organ.

Can you write more examples using articles

Activity three the

we use “the” with singular or plural nouns.

For example: singular: the bone the bones

Activity four what is this?

What is this? it is a hand this is a hand

M.s.c. Lola Isolina Martinez Galvan

3.- What is this? ……………………………..

4.- What is this? ……………………………….

5.- What is this? ……………………………….

6.- What is this? …………………………………..

7.- What is this? …………………………………..

8.- What is this? …………………………….

Activity five: Plural forms

What are these?

What are these? they are hands

What are those? Those are feet

What are these?

What are these?

M.s.c. Lola Isolina Martinez Galvan

What are these?

What are these?

What are these?