Motion and Measurement of Distance Light, Shadows and Reflections Electricity and Circuits Fun with Magnets Key Miscellaneous Datavvvy oiee-oas )MOTION AND MEASUREMENT OF DISTANCE mat The observation of a phenomenon is made possible by using the five senses : Sight, smell, toy hearing and taste. : Our senses are not always reliable. They are subjective. Sometimes it is necessary to make an exact measurement. Physics is a science of measurement. We use instruments to get an exact measurement. Measurement is basically a process of comparison of the given quantity with a standard unt Four basic measurements in our daily life are : measurement of length, measurement of mas, measurement of time, and measurement of temperature. The distance between two fixed points is called length. The S.1. unit of length is metre (m). Its multiple is kilometer (km), where | km =1000 m. Its sub multiples are centimetre (cm) and millimetre (mm), where 1 cm = 10% mand Imm = 10°n The most common instruments used to measure length are the metre ruler and the measuring tap which are marked in cm and mm. To measure a length accurately with a metre ruler, the ruler should be placed with its markings close to the object and parallel to its length. The eye is kept in front of and in line with the reading to be taken. When a body moves from one point to another along a straight line or a smooth curve, its motior is called translatory. Motion along a straight line is called rectilinear motion . @-----+----------------0 Motion along a curved path is called curvilinear motion. GroundVI Class - CBSE pe Pe > 6. a PHYSICS Give two examples each of modes of transport used on land, water and air. Modes of transport On land : bullock cart, bus, train etc. On water : boats, ships, motorised boats etc. On air : Aeroplane, jetplane, space crafts etc. Fill in the blanks : 1) One metre is 100cm. 2) Five kilometre is 5000m. 3) Motion of a child on a swing is periodic motion, 4) — Motion of the needle of a sewing machine is periodic motion. Motion of a wheel of a bicycle is circular motion. 5) Why can a pace or a footstep not be used as a standard unit of length ? ard unit of length because its length differ for each Pace or a footstep cannot be used as a stand: individual. So the measurement will be different for different people. nitude 1 metre, 1 centimetre, 1 kilometre, Arrange the following lengths in their increasing maj 1 millimetre. 1 millimetre, I centimetre, 1 metre, 1 kilometre ‘The height of a person is 1.65m. Express it into cm and mm ? Height of a person = 1.65 m [+ 1m =100cm] In centimetre = 1.65 x 100 cm = 165 cm [lem = 10mm] In millimetre = 165 x 10mm. = 1650 mm The distance between Radha's home and her: school is 3250m. Express this distance in kilometre. Mn =1000m=91= hn] 1000 pistance = 3250 m =3250%—55 hm Distance in kilometre = 3.25 km. While measuring Jength of a knitting needle, the reading of the scale at one end is 3.0 em andat What is length of the needle ? nds = 33.1 — 3.0 = 30.1 cm n that has the other end is 33.1em. Actual length is given by difference between two é1 Write the similarities and differences between the motion ofa bicycle and a ceiling fat been switched on. 5 , Similarities + Wheel of a bicycle and ceiling fan (when on) both rotates such that jts distance from a fixed point remains the same, which means that they both show circular motion — Difference ¢ Wheel of a bicycle shows circular motion as well as rectilinear motion where as fan shows only circular motion.PHYSICS 10. eee PP pr a; A. Se Wheel of a bicycle moves forward in same direction because of its rectilinear motion where ag remains at same point. measure distance ? What would he Some Why could you not use an elastic measuring tape to ; ts of the problems you would meet in telling someone about @ distance measured with an gage increases in length when stretched, Whie tape? distance because it ther the tape was stretched ,, Elastic tape cannot be used to measure h telling the measurement taken with an elastic tape we have to tell whe taking measurement and how much. So, this is very difficult. Give two examples of periodic motion. 1) Motion ofa pendulum. 2) Motion of a child on a swing. CoE VERY SHORT ANSWER QUES What is length? 4 Length is the measure of distance between two points. What is the SI unit of length ? The SI unit of length is metre. What is measurement ? ‘Measurement means comparision of an unknown quantity with some known fixed quantity. What is unit ? While measuring an unknown quantity, it should be compared with known fixed quantity whichis called unit. What is SI unit ? What is SI unit of length ? For the sake of uniformity, scientists of all over the world have accepted a set of standard units of measurement. The system of units now used is known as the International system of units or Slunits. ‘The SI unit of length is metre ‘What are the units of length for small and larger distances ? For smaller distances, Im =100cm Jem= 10mm For larger distance, 1km = 1000 m. What were the means of transport in ancient India ? People did not have an i 'y means of transport at that time, and catty Boods either on their back or using animals, They used to move only on foot an 5a Yeray Eacation Management Pr> ; PHYSICS What were the units of measurement in ancient times ? the length of a foot, the width of a finger and the distance of a step were com= ‘A, Inancient times, | monly used as different units of measurements What are the types of motion ? 9. : Motion can be divided into 3 types. 1) Reetilinear motion , 2) Circular motion, _3) Periodic motion What kind of motion does a ball show ? J as moving forward on the ground. Thus, a ball 10. ‘A. The bal is rolling on the ground rotating as we undergoes a rectilinear as well as rotational motion. 1. Define Rest and motion. 'A. Rest : Ifthe body does not changes its position with respect to surroundings or time is said to be at rest. Motion : If the body changes its position with respect to surroundings or time is said to be in motion. 2. Givesome examples of motion. The movement of a snail on the ground A: 23): ii) A butterfly fluttering from flower to flower iii) A river flowing along on clear rounded pebbles. iy) An aeroplane flying high up in the air - making jet trails. y) Moon revolving around the earth etc. 3. Whatis rectilinear motion ? Give examples. A. Rectilinear motion : Motion of an object ina straight line is called rectilinear motion. Examples: i) — Motion ofa vehicle on straight road ii) March - Past of soldiers in a parade. iii) Falling stone 4. Whatis periodic motion ? Give examples. A. Periodic motion : Motion that repeats itself after same period of time, is called periodic motion. Motion of a pendulum Examples : i) ii) A branch of tree moving to and fro iii) Motion of a child ona swing ivy) Strings of a guitar vy) _ The surface of drums (tabala) being played. ji) Motion of a knitting needle. via PHYSICS 5, | Whatis circular motion ? Give examples. A. Circular motion : In circular motion an object moves such that its distance from a fixed point rep, same. ain ad to it and whirl it with your hand. :i) Take a stone tie a thres Examples ji) The motion of a point m arked on the blade of an electric fan or the hands of clog n measurements used int ancient times. elbow to the finger tips the leg below the ankle, on which a person stands or wajy. s end of outstretched arm to the chin 1. _ Explain the commo i) Cubit: Itis the length from the ii) Foot: Itis the lower extremity 0! iti) Yard : Itis the distance between the d handspan are not used in standard m, ea. 2. Explain with an activities to show that footstep an surement. A. Activity 1: Ask any five students in the class room to measure the length of class room with th footstep and note the values in the following table a Ritnemencass NETRA UT eat Lg the class room to measure the length of table with thair handspan Activity 2 : Ask any five students in and note the values in the following table PTO SU CanLe Number of handspans and handspan a® By observi in activiti sy ring the measurements in activities, It is clear that the length of footstep dat lifferent for different students.So ed in sta dift nt si nts.So footstep and handspan are not used in st 3. Write the in es a ‘alo in picasurement of length using metre scale. a nae ee ahh staat ve the object along its length as shown in figure (i). arly seen on the scale use any other full mark of the scale, a as shown in figure (ii i), Then subtract ; ). Then subtract the reading of this mark from the reading at the theres hown it ii) Eye must be exactly infron : figure (i), ly infront of the point where the measurement is to be taken as a —oh o Fig @) Fig (ii) 4. Explain anactivity to find the length of the curved line. A, Wecannot measure the length of a curved line directly by using a metre scale. We can use a thread to measure the length of a curved line. A Put a knot on the thread near one of its ends. Place this knot on the point A. Now,place a sma portion of the thread along the line, keeping it taut using your fingers and thumb. Hold the thread. this end point with one hand. Using the other hand, stretch a little more portion of the thread along t curved line. Go on repeating this process till the other end B of the curved line is reached. Make mark on the thread where it touches the end B. Now stretch the thread along a metre scale. Measu the length between the knot in the beginning and the final mark on the thread. This gives the length the curved line AB. I i a Invention of wheel made a great change in modes of transport Different modes of transport are used to go from one place to another place. > They are On land : Bus, train etc.| PHYSICS vv vv v MeewaN ¥ V Vv v= vey Vv © Inwater : Boat, ships etc. — Inair: Acroplane, helicopter ete s an important role in our life. The measurement of length and distance play: the width of a finger, the distance of a step as units of In ancient times, people used length of a foot, measurement. Measurement made with length of foot, handspan are different for different persons. ‘Acubitis the length from the elbow to the fingure tip. outstretched arm to the chin. A yard is the distance between the end of the fan unknown quantity with some known quanti Measurement basically involves the comparision o} called a unit. yystem. The French created a standard unit of system is called metric s, J units) is the modern form of the men The International system of units (commonly known as S system and is the world's most widely used system of measurement. ‘Thread is used for measuring the length of a curved line. Distance is the length covered by an object. Metre is the unit of length in SI system. Metre scale is used for measuring length. Correct position of eye is important for making measurement. If the position of body changes with respect to time, then the body is said to be in motion Different types of motions are. i)Rectilinear motion _ ii) Circular motion Motion of an object in a straight line is called rectilinear motion Incircular motion, an object moves such that its distance from a fixed point remains th iii) Periodic motion e samme Motion that repeats itself after same period of time is called periodic motion.10. The area of a square of side 100 A constant quantity used for cc won during the measurement of unknown quantity is called In 190), scientists adopted uniform and convenient common sts of standard units for the measurernent of various physical quantities this system is known as the — is the animal which carry loads in hilly areas . The basis of all our vehicles is wheel HF). ‘The length of the curved line can be measured with a ruler yy The motion of the drawer of a table is translatory cry Cow's were used to carry loads and draw carts in olden days (UP) Column - I Column - It i) cubit P) supersonic jets ii) yard g) lorry iii) road transport le 53.34 cm iv) air transport $)91.44.cm Dann od ee i) Translatory motion A vehicle moving on a road. ii) Curvilinear motion iii) Circular motion iv) Rotatory motion vy) Oscillatory motion vi) Periodic motion.Multiple choice questions : i. 10. i 12. 13. 14. 15: 16. The SI unit of length is a) millimetre b) kilometre One Billionth of a second is called a) Micro second b) Nano second c) metre c) Pico second Which of the following quantities are physical quantities c)time c) Rectilinear motion c) Periodic motion a) length b) mass Bullock cart moving on a straight road is which type of motion a) Circular motion b) Periodic motion Motion of the earth around the sun is which type of motion a)Rectilinear motion _b) Random motion Submultiple of length is a) metre b) kilometre c) centimetre Which one of these is an example of linear motion a) car moving on straight road c) motion of giant wheel d) centimetre d) Fe t ) Femto second d) all of these l d) Rotatory motion [ d) Oscillatory Motion d) handspan b) moving blades of mixer d) second's hand of clock The to and fro motion of a simple pendulum is called a) Rotatory motion The most common time a) Sun dial b) Oscillatory motion measuring devices b) Pendulum [ The smallest time interval that can be measured with commonly available clocks and watches is a) hour b) minute Which device used for measuring the distance covered by the vehicle. a) Speedometer b) Odometer Striker in the game of carrom moves in a) zig - zag motion The basic unit of time is a) hour b) circular motion b) minute ‘The device which is used for measuring time intervals in sports activities is called a) Wrist watch A kilometre are equal to a) 4,00,000 metre b) Pendulum clock b) 40000 metre A bird flying in the sky is a) rotation b) revolution c) Vibratory motion _d) All of these c) Clocks d) Alll of these c) second d) All of these [ c) Both (a) & (b) d) None of Fe c)rectilinear motion _d) periodic ae c) second d) All of these l c) Stop watch d) Both (b) & ©) ¢) 4000 metre d) 400 metre c)translatory motion —_d) spin7 aporahs 17. Which of the following 1s not a combination of two mations CLA a) movement of a bicycle b) movement of a player on a ground ¢) motion of a ball on a ground d) rotation of earth Sait 18. One decimetre is at a) 10 decametre b) 10cm ©) 100. em dy \ decareare 19. Which is a correct relationship fe 4 a) im=100cm b) lem = 100 mm. ¢) km = 100m d) all the above 20. The height of a person is 2.75m, which is equal to tat aj27Scm b) 275 mm ¢) 2750mm djbsthaac Assertion and Reason Type questions : 2) Both A and R are correct and R is the correct explanation of A b) Both Aand R are correct but R is not the correct explanation of A ¢) Ais correct. R is incorrect 4) A is incorrect, R is correct 21. Assertion (A): SI unit of length is metre. { J Reason (R) : For the sake of uniformity, scientists of all over the world using standard units of measurement. 22. Assertion (A): March - past of soldiers in a parade is rotatory motion. oe Reason (R) : Motion of an object ina straight line is called rectilinear motion. 23. Assertion (A): Metre scale is used for measuring length a Reason (R) : Measurement means comparision of an unknown quantity with some known fixed quantity. 24. Assertion (A): Wheel of a bicycle and ceiling fan both shows circular motion. { J Reason (R) : Incircular motion an object moves such that its distance from a fixed point remain same. Olympiad corner : 1 Basic unit of length in M.KS system is i l J a) Centimetre b) metre c) Foot d) cubit 2. Surface of a table corresponds to = te] 2) Length b) Volume ¢) Area d) size 3. The minirnum distance measure of ordinary scale is { alen b) Imm ¢) 1inch aim 4. The foot is divided into inche 36 t 2) 30 by 2.45 ce) 12 ) : A { Five kilometre is m 5 by 5000 ©) F000 os20. — FRTOMS —_— The standard unit to measure the distance. a) Foot - span b) Hand — span c) Cubit d) metre 1 metre = . a) 10 millimetre b) 100 millimetre c) 100 centimetre d) 10 cent lkm= a) 10m b) 100m ¢) 1000 m 4) 1000 cm Metric system was adopted in India in the year a) 1957 b) 1947 c) 1967 d) 1952 1 Knot=. . knv/h a) 1852 b) 1.852 c) 18.52 d) 185.2 1 mile = km. a) 161 b) 16.1 c) 1.61 d) 0.161 Im=.. cm? a)1 b)2 c)3 a4 On centimetre graph, area of each small square is [ a) Im? b) 1 cm* c) 1 km? d) All the above One yard is divided into [ a) 2 feet b) 3 feet c) 4 feet d) I% feet The measure of extent of the plane surface occupied by an object is called [ a) length b) area c) volume d) any of these The measure of extent of the space occupied by a body is refered as [ a) length b) area c) volume d) any of these The error that occur due to the wrong position of eye while taking the readings is called a) perspective error b) parallax error ) perview error d) none of these To avoid parallax error [ a) eye should be placed exactly above the point where the measurement is to be taken b) eye should be placed away from the point where the measurement is to be taken c) eye should be placed obliquely to the point where the measurement is to be taken d) none of these The symbol of square centimetre [ 2 Cur b) eM? o) om? 4) CMP The symbol foot [ a) Ft b)ft co) fT d) FT EEE